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Journal articles on the topic 'MAX phase materials'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Zhang, Qiqiang, Yanchun Zhou, Xingyuan San, Wenbo Li, Yiwang Bao, Qingguo Feng, Salvatore Grasso, and Chunfeng Hu. "Zr2SeB and Hf2SeB: Two new MAB phase compounds with the Cr2AlC-type MAX phase (211 phase) crystal structures." Journal of Advanced Ceramics 11, no. 11 (November 2022): 1764–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40145-022-0646-7.

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AbstractThe ternary or quaternary layered compounds called MAB phases are frequently mentioned recently together with the well-known MAX phases. However, MAB phases are generally referred to layered transition metal borides, while MAX phases are layered transition metal carbides and nitrides with different types of crystal structure although they share the common nano-laminated structure characteristics. In order to prove that MAB phases can share the same type of crystal structure with MAX phases and extend the composition window of MAX phases from carbides and nitrides to borides, two new MAB phase compounds Zr2SeB and Hf2SeB with the Cr2AlC-type MAX phase (211 phase) crystal structure were discovered by a combination of first-principles calculations and experimental verification in this work. First-principles calculations predicted the stability and lattice parameters of the two new MAB phase compounds Zr2SeB and Hf2SeB. Then they were successfully synthesized by using a thermal explosion method in a spark plasma sintering (SPS) furnace. The crystal structures of Zr2SeB and Hf2SeB were determined by a combination of the X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The lattice parameters of Zr2SeB and Hf2SeB are a = 3.64398 Å, c = 12.63223 Å and a = 3.52280 Å, c = 12.47804 Å, respectively. And the atomic positions are M at 4f (1/3, 2/3, 0.60288 [Zr] or 0.59889 [Hf]), Se at 2c (1/3, 2/3, 1/4), and B at 2a (0, 0, 0). And the atomic stacking sequences follow those of the Cr2AlC-type MAX phases. This work opens up the composition window for the MAB phases and MAX phases and will trigger the interests of material scientists and physicists to explore new compounds and properties in this new family of materials.

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2

IVANENKO, K. O., and A. M. FAINLEIB. "МАХ PHASE (MXENE) IN POLYMER MATERIALS." Polymer journal 44, no. 3 (September 16, 2022): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.44.03.165.

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This article is a review of the Mn+1AXn phases (“MAX phases”, where n = 1, 2 or 3), their MXene derivatives and the reinforcement of polymers with these materials. The MAX phases are a class of hexagonal-structure ternary carbides and nitrides ("X") of the transition metal ("M") and the A-group element. The unique combination of chemical, physical, electrical and mechanical properties that combine the characteristics of metals and ceramics is of interest to researchers in the MAX phases. For example, MAX phases are typically resistant to oxidation and corrosion, elastic, but at the same time, they have high thermal and electrical conductivity and are machinable. These properties stem from an inherently nanolaminated crystal structure, with Mn+1Xn slabs intercalated with pure A-element layers. To date, more than 150 MAX phases have been synthesized. In 2011, a new family of 2D materials, called MXene, was synthesized, emphasizing the connection with the MAX phases and their dimension. Several approaches to the synthesis of MXene have been developed, including selective etching in a mixture of fluoride salts and various acids, non-aqueous etching solutions, halogens and molten salts, which allows the synthesis of new materials with better control over the chemical composition of their surface. The use of MAX phases and MXene for polymer reinforcement increases their thermal, electrical and mechanical properties. Thus, the addition of fillers increases the glass transition temperature by an average of 10%, bending strength by 30%, compressive strength by 70%, tensile strength up to 200%, microhardness by 40%, reduces friction coefficient and makes the composite material self-lubricating, and 1 % wt. MAX phases increases thermal conductivity by 23%, Young’s modulus increases. The use of composites as components of sensors, electromagnetic protection, wearable technologies, in current sources, in aerospace and military applications, etc. are proposed.

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3

Krotkevich, D., and et al. "Manufacturing of MAX-phase based gradient porous materials from preceramic papers." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Fizika 65, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/00213411/65/12/132.

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4

Gorshkov, V. A., P. A. Miloserdov, N. V. Sachkova, M. A. Luginina, and V. I. Yukhvid. "SHS METALLURGY OF Cr2AlC MAX PHASE BASED CAST MATERIALS." Izvestiya Vuzov. Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya i Funktsional’nye Pokrytiya (Universitiesʹ Proceedings. Powder Metallurgy аnd Functional Coatings), no. 2 (January 1, 2017): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1997-308x-2017-2-47-54.

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5

Gorshkov, V. A., P. A. Miloserdov, N. V. Sachkova, M. A. Luginina, and V. I. Yukhvid. "SHS Metallurgy of Cr2AlC MAX Phase-Based Cast Materials." Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals 59, no. 5 (September 2018): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s106782121805005x.

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6

Sonestedt, M., and K. Stiller. "Using atom probe tomography to analyse MAX-phase materials." Ultramicroscopy 111, no. 6 (May 2011): 642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.12.031.

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7

Poon, B., L. Ponson, J. Zhao, and G. Ravichandran. "Damage accumulation and hysteretic behavior of MAX phase materials." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 59, no. 10 (October 2011): 2238–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2011.03.012.

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8

Qu, Lianshi, Guoping Bei, Marlies Nijemeisland, Dianxue Cao, Sybrand van der Zwaag, and Willem G. Sloof. "Point contact abrasive wear behavior of MAX phase materials." Ceramics International 46, no. 2 (February 2020): 1722–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.09.145.

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9

Salvo, Christopher, Ernesto Chicardi, Rosalía Poyato, Cristina García-Garrido, José Antonio Jiménez, Cristina López-Pernía, Pablo Tobosque, and Ramalinga Viswanathan Mangalaraja. "Synthesis and Characterization of a Nearly Single Bulk Ti2AlN MAX Phase Obtained from Ti/AlN Powder Mixture through Spark Plasma Sintering." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 2217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092217.

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MAX phases are an advanced class of ceramics based on ternary carbides or nitrides that combine some of the ceramic and metallic properties, which make them potential candidate materials for many engineering applications under severe conditions. The present work reports the successful synthesis of nearly single bulk Ti2AlN MAX phase (>98% purity) through solid-state reaction and from a Ti and AlN powder mixture in a molar ratio of 2:1 as starting materials. The mixture of Ti and AlN powders was subjected to reactive spark plasma sintering (SPS) under 30 MPa at 1200 °C and 1300 °C for 10 min in a vacuum atmosphere. It was found that the massive formation of Al2O3 particles at the grain boundaries during sintering inhibits the development of the Ti2AlN MAX phase in the outer zone of the samples. The effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Ti2AlN MAX phase was investigated and discussed.

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10

Bai, Xiaojing, Ke Chen, Kan Luo, Nianxiang Qiu, Qing Huang, Qi Han, Haijing Liang, Xiaohong Zhang, and Chengying Bai. "Structural, Electronic, and Mechanical Properties of Zr2SeB and Zr2SeN from First-Principle Investigations." Materials 16, no. 15 (August 3, 2023): 5455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16155455.

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MAX phases have exhibited diverse physical properties, inspiring their promising applications in several important research fields. The introduction of a chalcogen atom into a phase of MAX has further facilitated the modulation of their physical properties and the extension of MAX family diversity. The physical characteristics of the novel chalcogen-containing MAX 211 phase Zr2SeB and Zr2SeN have been systematically investigated. The present investigation is conducted from a multi-faceted perspective that encompasses the stability, electronic structure, and mechanical properties of the system, via the employment of the first-principles density functional theory methodology. By replacing C with B/N in the chalcogen-containing MAX phase, it has been shown that their corresponding mechanical properties are appropriately tuned, which may offer a way to design novel MAX phase materials with enriched properties. In order to assess the dynamical and mechanical stability of the systems under investigation, a thorough evaluation has been carried out based on the analysis of phonon dispersions and elastic constants conditions. The predicted results reveal a strong interaction between zirconium and boron or nitrogen within the structures of Zr2SeB and Zr2SeN. The calculated band structures and electronic density of states for Zr2SeB and Zr2SeN demonstrate their metallic nature and anisotropic conductivity. The theoretically estimated Pugh and Poisson ratios imply that these phases are characterized by brittleness.

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11

Zhou, Aiguo, Yi Liu, Shibo Li, Xiaohui Wang, Guobing Ying, Qixun Xia, and Peigen Zhang. "From structural ceramics to 2D materials with multi-applications: A review on the development from MAX phases to MXenes." Journal of Advanced Ceramics 10, no. 6 (November 10, 2021): 1194–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40145-021-0535-5.

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AbstractMAX phases (Ti3SiC2, Ti3AlC2, V2AlC, Ti4AlN3, etc.) are layered ternary carbides/nitrides, which are generally processed and researched as structure ceramics. Selectively removing A layer from MAX phases, MXenes (Ti3C2, V2C, Mo2C, etc.) with two-dimensional (2D) structure can be prepared. The MXenes are electrically conductive and hydrophilic, which are promising as functional materials in many areas. This article reviews the milestones and the latest progress in the research of MAX phases and MXenes, from the perspective of ceramic science. Especially, this article focuses on the conversion from MAX phases to MXenes. First, we summarize the microstructure, preparation, properties, and applications of MAX phases. Among the various properties, the crack healing properties of MAX phase are highlighted. Thereafter, the critical issues on MXene research, including the preparation process, microstructure, MXene composites, and application of MXenes, are reviewed. Among the various applications, this review focuses on two selected applications: energy storage and electromagnetic interference shielding. Moreover, new research directions and future trends on MAX phases and MXenes are also discussed.

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12

Chlubny, L., J. Lis, K. Chabior, P. Chachlowska, and C. Kapusta. "Processing And Properties Of MAX Phases – Based Materials Using SHS Technique." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 859–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0219.

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Abstract Authors present results of works on the interesting new group of advanced ceramics called MAX phases – Ti-based ternary carbides and nitrides. They have an original layered structure involved highly anisotropic properties laying between ceramics and metals, with high elastic modulus, low hardness, very high fracture toughness and high electrical and heat conductivity. Using Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS) in the combustion regime it is possible to prepare MAX phases-rich powders that can be used as the precursors for preparation of dense MAX polycrystals by presureless sintering or hot-pressing. Different novel Ti-based phases with layered structures, namely: Ti3AlC2 and Ti2AlC have been synthesized in a combustion regime. The possibility of controlling of combustion phenomena for obtaining near single-phase products is discussed in details as well as some of properties of the materials tested as structure and functional ceramics.

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13

Stolin, A. M., P. M. Bazhin, O. A. Averichev, M. I. Alymov, A. O. Gusev, and D. A. Simakov. "Electrode materials based on a Ti–Al–C MAX phase." Inorganic Materials 52, no. 10 (September 16, 2016): 998–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020168516100174.

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14

Lapauw, T., A. K. Swarnakar, B. Tunca, K. Lambrinou, and J. Vleugels. "Nanolaminated ternary carbide (MAX phase) materials for high temperature applications." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 72 (April 2018): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2017.11.038.

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15

Li, Youbing, Jun Lu, Mian Li, Keke Chang, Xianhu Zha, Yiming Zhang, Ke Chen, et al. "Multielemental single–atom-thick A layers in nanolaminated V2(Sn, A) C (A = Fe, Co, Ni, Mn) for tailoring magnetic properties." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 2 (December 26, 2019): 820–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916256117.

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Tailoring of individual single–atom-thick layers in nanolaminated materials offers atomic-level control over material properties. Nonetheless, multielement alloying in individual atomic layers in nanolaminates is largely unexplored. Here, we report 15 inherently nanolaminated V2(AxSn1-x)C (A = Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and combinations thereof, with x ∼ 1/3) MAX phases synthesized by an alloy-guided reaction. The simultaneous occupancy of the 4 magnetic elements and Sn in the individual single–atom-thick A layers constitutes high-entropy MAX phase in which multielemental alloying exclusively occurs in the 2-dimensional (2D) A layers. V2(AxSn1-x)C exhibit distinct ferromagnetic behavior that can be compositionally tailored from the multielement A-layer alloying. Density functional theory and phase diagram calculations are performed to understand the structure stability of these MAX phases. This 2D multielemental alloying approach provides a structural design route to discover nanolaminated materials and expand their chemical and physical properties. In fact, the magnetic behavior of these multielemental MAX phases shows strong dependency on the combination of various elements.

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16

Qureshi, Muhammad Waqas, Xinxin Ma, Guangze Tang, and Ramesh Paudel. "Structural Stability, Electronic, Mechanical, Phonon, and Thermodynamic Properties of the M2GaC (M = Zr, Hf) MAX Phase: An ab Initio Calculation." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 5148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225148.

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The novel ternary carbides and nitrides, known as MAX phase materials with remarkable combined metallic and ceramic properties, offer various engineering and technological applications. Using ab initio calculations based on generalized gradient approximation (GGA), local density approximation (LDA), and the quasiharmonic Debye model; the electronic, structural, elastic, mechanical, and thermodynamic properties of the M2GaC (M = Zr, Hf) MAX phase were investigated. The optimized lattice parameters give the first reference to the upcoming theocratical and experimental studies, while the calculated elastic constants are in excellent agreement with the available data. Moreover, obtained elastic constants revealed that both the Zr2GaC and Hf2GaC MAX phases are brittle. The band structure and density of states analysis showed that these MAX phases are electrical conductors, having strong directional bonding between M-C (M = Zr, Hf) atoms due to M-d and C-p hybridization. Formation and cohesive energies, and phonon calculations showed that Zr2GaC and Hf2GaC MAX phases’ compounds are thermodynamically and dynamically stable and can be synthesized experimentally. Finally, the effect of temperature and pressure on volume, heat capacity, Debye temperature, Grüneisen parameter, and thermal expansion coefficient of M2GaC (M = Zr, Hf) are evaluated using the quasiharmonic Debye model from the nonequilibrium Gibbs function in the temperature and pressure range 0–1600 K and 0–50 GPa respectively.

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17

Krinitcyn, Maksim, and Nikita Toropkov. "Structure, Phase Composition, and Properties of Ti3AlC2—Nano-Cu Powder Composites." Coatings 12, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121928.

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Composites based on the MAX-phases are promising materials for wide range application. Composites MAX-phase–copper can be used in electrical engineering as wear-resistant and durable sliding contact materials. Such composites can be used as coatings on sliding contacts to improve local strength and wear-resistance without a significant increase in production costs. In this work, Ti3AlC2—nano-Cu composites with the ratio Ti3AlC2:Cu = 1:1 by weight or approximately 4:1 by volume were studied. The main task of the study is to obtain a dense structure, as well as to study the effect of the sintering temperature of the samples on their structure, phase composition, mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity. In addition, the sintered specimens were subjected to a hot isostatic pressing to possibly further increase the density. It was found that the best combination of strength, density, and electrical conductivity is achieved after sintering at 1050 °C. A further increase in the sintering temperature leads to an intensification of the MAX phase decomposition process, and at a lower sintering temperature, the copper matrix remains incompletely formed.

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18

Zhang, Jianning, Ke Chen, Xun Sun, Ming Liu, Xiao Hu, Liu He, Zhengren Huang, et al. "MAX Phase Ceramics/Composites with Complex Shapes." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 4 (January 25, 2021): 5645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c22289.

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19

Szutkowska, Magdalena, Daniel Toboła, Lucyna Jaworska, and Marcin Rozmus. "New diamond composite tools and their impact on AISI 4140 alloy steel surface after slide burnishing." Mechanik 92, no. 10 (October 7, 2019): 610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2019.10.78.

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Working parts of slide burnishing tools were made from two new diamond composites with ceramic bonding: MAX Ti3GeC2 and TiB2nano phases, respectively. Microstructure and micro composition were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Vickers hardness HV1 values were 36 and 46 GPa, Young’s moduli 490 and 560 GPa, tensile strengths 400 and 560 MPa, fracture toughness 8.4 and 11.0 MPa·m1/2 and friction coefficient values 0.63 and 0.56, respectively for the composites with MAX Ti3GeC2 and TiB2nano phases. The tools were tested by slide burnishing on previously turned AISI 4140 alloy steel bar. Improvement in the surface geometric structure was demonstrated for both materials, more so in the case of TiB2nano phase, as compared to burnishing bycomposites with MAX Ti3GeC2 phase.

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20

Fattahi, Mehdi, and Majid Zarezadeh Mehrizi. "Formation mechanism for synthesis of Ti3SnC2 MAX phase." Materials Today Communications 25 (December 2020): 101623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101623.

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21

Mane, Rahul B., Haribabu Ampolu, Sahil Rohila, and Bharat B. Panigrahi. "Oxidation kinetics of Ti3GeC2 MAX phase." Corrosion Science 151 (May 2019): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.02.018.

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22

Boyko, Yu I. "Creep of the Ti₃AlC₂ MAX-phase ceramics." Functional materials 26, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm26.01.83.

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23

Gorshkov, V. A., N. Yu Khomenko, and D. Yu Kovalev. "Synthesis of cast materials based on MAX phases in Cr–Ti–Al–C system." Izvestiya vuzov. Poroshkovaya metallurgiya i funktsional’nye pokrytiya, no. 2 (September 23, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1997-308x-2021-2-13-21.

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Two variants of the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis process, namely SHS from elements and SHS metallurgy, were combined to obtain cast materials based on the MAX phases of Cr2AlC and (Cr0,7Ti0,3)2AlC. Experiments involved mixtures with compositions calculated according to the chemical scheme 70%(Cr2O3 + 3Al + C)/(2Ti + Al + C) + + 30%(3CaO2 + 2Al). Synthesis was carried out in a 3 l reactor at an argon pressure of 5 MPa. The structure and phase composition of the reaction product were studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. It was found during the research that the ratio of original reagents has a significant effect on the synthesis parameters and phase composition of desired products. The possibility of obtaining a cast material based on the titanium-doped Cr2AlC phase was shown. It was found that the resulting product is a composite material based on the (Cr1–хTiх)2AlC (х = 0,18÷0,28) phase, and the content of this phase is 43–62 wt.% depending on the original ratio of reagents. The material microstructure features by the presence of laminate layers with carbide grain inclusions. The end product contains carbide (Ti0,9Cr0,1C, Cr7C3, Cr3С2)and intermetallic (Al8Cr5, AlTi3) impurities due to the insufficient life time of a melt formed in the combustion wave.

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24

Miloserdov, Pavel A., Vladimir A. Gorshkov, Ivan D. Kovalev, and Dmitrii Yu Kovalev. "High-temperature synthesis of cast materials based on Nb2AlC MAX phase." Ceramics International 45, no. 2 (February 2019): 2689–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.10.198.

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25

Lyu, J., E. B. Kashkarov, N. Travitzky, M. S. Syrtanov, and A. M. Lider. "Sintering of MAX-phase materials by spark plasma and other methods." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 1980–2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05359-y.

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26

Karimi, Soheil, Teresa Go, Robert Vaßen, and Jesus Gonzalez-Julian. "Cr2AlC MAX phase foams by replica method." Materials Letters 240 (April 2019): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.01.026.

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27

Petrus, Mateusz, Jaroslaw Wozniak, Tomasz Cygan, Wojciech Pawlak, and Andrzej Olszyna. "Novel Alumina Matrix Composites Reinforced with MAX Phases—Microstructure Analysis and Mechanical Properties." Materials 15, no. 19 (October 5, 2022): 6909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196909.

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This article describes the manufacturing of alumina composites with the addition of titanium aluminum carbide Ti3AlC2, known as MAX phases. The composites were obtained by the powder metallurgy technique with three types of mill (horizontal mill, attritor mill, and planetary mill), and were consolidated with the use of the Spark Plasma Sintering method at 1400 °C, with dwelling time 10 min. The influence of the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the obtained composites was analyzed. The structure of the MAX phase after the sintering process was also investigated. The chemical composition and phase composition analysis showed that the Ti3AlC2 addition preserved its structure after the sintering process. The increase in fracture toughness for all series of composites has been noted (over 20% compared to reference samples). Detailed stereological analysis of the obtained microstructures also could determine the influence of the applied mill on the homogeneity of the final microstructure and the properties of obtained composites.

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28

Azina, Clio, Stanislav Mráz, Grzegorz Greczynski, Marcus Hans, Daniel Primetzhofer, Jochen M. Schneider, and Per Eklund. "Oxidation behaviour of V2AlC MAX phase coatings." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 40, no. 13 (October 2020): 4436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.05.080.

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29

Manulyk, Alexander. "MAX Phases: Understanding of Erosion, Corrosion and Oxidation Resistance Properties in TiAlSiCN and TiCrSiCN Compositions." MRS Proceedings 1812 (2016): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2016.11.

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ABSTRACTNewly discovered MAX phases are attractive due to their unique combined properties: mechanical, high temperature, erosion and corrosion resistance. These materials are considered metallic and ceramic at the same time, and they could be the perfect solution for a variety of industrial and scientific applications. In this study, detailed attention has been paid to complex compositions of several transition metals, such as Ti and Cr in TiCrSiCN, whereas Al and Si are recommended for TiAlSiCN. These materials require a combination of both C and N to form the MAX phases (in the “X” position in the formula M(n+1)AXn). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of these elements located at the “M”, “A” and “X” positions on the mechanical properties of the materials. The results of the thermogravimetric analysis of TiCrSiCN showed that this phase is stable at temperatures as high as 1400 °C, while the Ti3SiC2 phase is stable up to 1300 °C.

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30

Kirstein, Oliver, Jian F. Zhang, Erich H. Kisi, and D. P. Riley. "Ab Initio Phonon Dispersion Curves Used to Check Experimentally Determined Elastic Constants of the MAX Phase Ti₃SiC₂." Advanced Materials Research 275 (July 2011): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.275.135.

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The ternary carbide Ti3SiC2 is the archetype of MAX phases. To date, MAX phases have proven difficult to synthesize as sufficiently large single crystals from which single crystal elastic constants might be obtained. Therefore, the elastic properties not only of Ti3SiC2 but other MAX phases are extensively studied by ab initio methods. Recently single crystal elastic constants were experimentally determined for the first time using neutron diffraction. The experiment revealed extreme shear stiffness which is not only quite rare in hexagonal materials but also strongly contradicts the predictions of all published MAX phase elastic constants from ab initio calculations. In the present paper we would like to show that such shear stiffness can possibly be supported by ab initio calculations and the calculated phonon dispersion along high symmetry directions.

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31

Tabares, Eduardo, Michael Kitzmantel, Erich Neubauer, Antonia Jimenez-Morales, and Sophia A. Tsipas. "Sinterability, Mechanical Properties and Wear Behavior of Ti3SiC2 and Cr2AlC MAX Phases." Ceramics 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics5010006.

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MAX phases are a promising family of materials for several demanding, high-temperature applications and severe conditions. Their combination of metallic and ceramic properties makes MAX phases great candidates to be applied in energy production processes, such as high temperature heat exchangers for catalytic devices. For their successful application, however, the effect of the processing method on properties such as wear and mechanical behavior needs to be further established. In this work, the mechanical and wear properties of self-synthesized Ti3SiC2 and Cr2AlC MAX phase powders consolidated by different powder metallurgy routes are evaluated. Uniaxial pressing and sintering, cold isostatic pressing and sintering and hot pressing were explored as processing routes, and samples were characterized by analyzing microstructure, phase constitution and porosity. Wear behavior was studied by reciprocating-sliding tests, evaluating the wear rate by the loss of material and the wear mechanism.

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32

Rasid, Zarrul Azwan Mohd, Mohd Firdaus Omar, Muhammad Firdaus Mohd Nazeri, Syahrul Affandi Saidi, Andrei Victor Sandu, and Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd. "A Study of two Dimensional Metal Carbide MXene Ti3C2 Synthesis, characterization conductivity and radiation properties." Materiale Plastice 56, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.19.3.5244.

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Since the discovery of exceptional properties of graphene, a lot of researchers focused on the discovery of another nobel two-dimensional (2D) materials. Recently, an elegant exfoliation approaches was proposed as a method to synthesis a new family of transitional 2D metal carbide or nitrades of MXene from a layered MAX phase. A layered MAX phase of Ti3AlC2 was synthesized through pressureless sintering (PLS) the initial powder of 3TiH2/1.1Al/2C without preliminary dehydrogenation under argon atmosphere at 1350 oC. An elegant exfoliation approach was used to eliminates Al from its precursor to form a layered-structure of Ti3C2. In this study, thermal conductivity of MAX phase and MXene were studied using absolute axial heat flow method to measure the abilities sample to conduct heat and the data was collected using Picolog 1216 Data Logger. Electrical conductivity of these two materials was also compared by using two-point probe, due to its simplicity. Radiation properties of 2D MXene Ti3C2 was studied by using an established radon monitor, placed in closed, fabricated container. Morphological and structural properties of this 2D material were also studied using an established FESEM and XRD apparatus. SEM images shows two types of morphology which is a layer of Ti3C2 and the agglomerates Al2O3 with graphite. XRD pattern reveals three phases in this material which is a rhombohedral Al2O3, rhombohedral graphite and rhombohedral Ti3C2 phases, respectively. Thermal and electrical conductivity of MXene were proven higher than MAX phase. Radon concentration for this material for five consecutive days explains the radiation level of this material which is under the suggestion value from US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). From this finding, it is can conveniently say that the MXene material can be promising material for electronic application.

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33

Högberg, H., P. Eklund, J. Emmerlich, J. Birch, and L. Hultman. "Epitaxial Ti2GeC, Ti3GeC2, and Ti4GeC3 MAX-phase thin films grown by magnetron sputtering." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0105.

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We have grown single-crystal thin films of Ti2GeC and Ti3GeC2 and a new phase Ti4GeC3, as well as two new intergrown MAX-structures, Ti5Ge2C3 and Ti7Ge2C5. Epitaxial films were grown on Al2O3(0001) substrates at 1000 °C using direct current magnetron sputtering. X-ray diffraction shows that Ti–Ge–C MAX-phases require higher deposition temperatures in a narrower window than their Ti–Si–C correspondences do, while there are similarities in phase distribution. Nanoindentation reveals a Young’s modulus of 300 GPa, lower than that of Ti3SiC2. Four-point probe measurements yield resistivity values of 50–200 μΩcm. The lowest value is obtained for phase-pure Ti3GeC2(0001) films.

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34

Davydov, D. M., E. R. Umerov, E. I. Latukhin, and A. P. Amosov. "THE INFLUENCE OF ELEMENTAL POWDER RAW MATERIAL ON THE FORMATION OF THE POROUS FRAME OF TI3ALC2 MAX-PHASE WHEN OBTAINING BY THE SHS METHOD." Vektor nauki Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 3 (2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2073-5073-2021-3-37-47.

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The ternary carbide compound Ti3AlC2 belongs to the so-called MAX-phases – a new type of ceramic materials with unique properties. A simple energy-saving method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) based on combustion is one of the promising methods for the production of this MAX-phase. The application of the SHS technology is to produce a Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase porous frame with the homogeneous porous structure without such defects as large pores, laminations, and cracks is of great interest. The paper investigates the possibility of producing such a porous frame with the maximum content of the Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase using powders of Ti, Al, and C elements of various grades different in particle sizes and carbon forms (soot or graphite) as initial components. Porous frame samples were produced by the open-air burning of pressed briquettes of charge of the initial powders of the selected grades without applying external pressure. The authors studied the macro- and microstructure of the obtained samples, their density, and phase composition. The study shows that using the finest titanium and carbon powders leads to the excessively active combustion with gas evolution and the synthesis of the defective porous samples with the charge briquette shape distortion, large pores, laminations, and cracks. Besides the titanium carbide by-phase, the highest values for the MAX-phase amount in the SHS-product were obtained using the titanium powder of the largest-size fraction together with the graphite powder, rather than soot. The excess aluminum powder addition to the stoichiometric ratio to the initial charge leads to an increase in the MAX-phase amount in the SHS product, compensating for the loss of aluminum due to evaporation. An increase in the sample volume (scale factor) also leads to an increase in the MAX-phase amount in the SHS product due to the slower cooling of the product after the reaction.

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35

Davydov, D. M., E. R. Umerov, E. I. Latukhin, and A. P. Amosov. "THE INFLUENCE OF ELEMENTAL POWDER RAW MATERIAL ON THE FORMATION OF THE POROUS FRAME OF TI3ALC2 MAX-PHASE WHEN OBTAINING BY THE SHS METHOD." Vektor nauki Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 3 (2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2073-5073-2021-3-37-47.

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The ternary carbide compound Ti3AlC2 belongs to the so-called MAX-phases – a new type of ceramic materials with unique properties. A simple energy-saving method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) based on combustion is one of the promising methods for the production of this MAX-phase. The application of the SHS technology is to produce a Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase porous frame with the homogeneous porous structure without such defects as large pores, laminations, and cracks is of great interest. The paper investigates the possibility of producing such a porous frame with the maximum content of the Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase using powders of Ti, Al, and C elements of various grades different in particle sizes and carbon forms (soot or graphite) as initial components. Porous frame samples were produced by the open-air burning of pressed briquettes of charge of the initial powders of the selected grades without applying external pressure. The authors studied the macro- and microstructure of the obtained samples, their density, and phase composition. The study shows that using the finest titanium and carbon powders leads to the excessively active combustion with gas evolution and the synthesis of the defective porous samples with the charge briquette shape distortion, large pores, laminations, and cracks. Besides the titanium carbide by-phase, the highest values for the MAX-phase amount in the SHS-product were obtained using the titanium powder of the largest-size fraction together with the graphite powder, rather than soot. The excess aluminum powder addition to the stoichiometric ratio to the initial charge leads to an increase in the MAX-phase amount in the SHS product, compensating for the loss of aluminum due to evaporation. An increase in the sample volume (scale factor) also leads to an increase in the MAX-phase amount in the SHS product due to the slower cooling of the product after the reaction.

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36

Drouelle, E., V. Gauthier-Brunet, J. Cormier, P. Villechaise, P. Sallot, F. Naimi, F. Bernard, and S. Dubois. "Microstructure-oxidation resistance relationship in Ti3AlC2 MAX phase." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 826 (June 2020): 154062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154062.

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37

Peng, Shengyuan, Yihan Wang, Xin Yi, Yifan Zhang, Ying Liu, Yangyang Cheng, Huiling Duan, Qing Huang, and Jianming Xue. "Ion irradiation induced softening in Cr2AlC MAX phase." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 939 (April 2023): 168660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.168660.

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38

Rackl, Tobias, and Dirk Johrendt. "The MAX phase borides Zr2SB and Hf2SB." Solid State Sciences 106 (August 2020): 106316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2020.106316.

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39

Low, It-Meng. "An Overview of Parameters Controlling the Decomposition and Degradation of Ti-Based Mn+1AXn Phases." Materials 12, no. 3 (February 4, 2019): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12030473.

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A critical overview of the various parameters, such as annealing atmospheres, pore microstructures, and pore sizes, that are critical in controlling the decomposition kinetics of Ti-based MAX phases is given in this paper. Ti-based MAX phases tend to decompose readily above 1400 °C during vacuum annealing to binary carbide (e.g. TiCx) or binary nitride (e.g. TiNx), primarily through the sublimation of A elements such as Al or Si, forming in a porous MXx surface layer. Arrhenius Avrami equations were used to determine the activation energy of phase decomposition and to model the kinetics of isothermal phase decomposition. Ironically, the understanding of phase decomposition via exfoliating or selective de-intercalation by chemical etching formed the catalyst for the sensational discovery of Mxenes in 2011. Other controlling parameters that also promote decomposition or degradation as reported in the literature are also briefly reviewed and these include effects of pressure and ion irradiations.

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40

Kolabylina, T., V. Bushlya, I. Petrusha, D. Johansson, J. E. Ståhl, and V. Turkevich. "Superhard pcBN tool materials with Ti3SiC2 MAX-phase binder: Structure, properties, application." Journal of Superhard Materials 39, no. 3 (May 2017): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1063457617030029.

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41

Afanasyev, N. I., and O. K. Lepakova. "THE SYNTHESIS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON MAX-PHASE Ti3SiC2 CONTAINING BORIDES." Spacecrafts & Technologies 2, no. 4 (2018): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26732/2618-7957-2018-4-225-228.

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42

Jiang, Janna, and Per Nylén. "Numerical Modelling of the Compression Behaviour of Single-Crystalline MAX-Phase Materials." Advanced Materials Research 89-91 (January 2010): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.89-91.262.

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In this article a numerical model to describe the mechanical behaviour of nanophased singlecrystalline Ti3SiC2 is proposed. The approach is a two dimensional finite element periodic unit cell consisting of an elastic matrix interlayered with shear deformable slip planes which obey the Hill’s yield criterion. The periodic unit cell is used to predict compression material behaviour of Ti3SiC2 crystals with arbitrary slip plane orientations. Stress strain relationships are derived for Ti3SiC2, and the effect of slip plane volume fraction as well as orientation of the slip planes are investigated. The two main deformation mechanisms of the material namely; ordinary slip and so called kinking are considered in the study.

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43

Li, Xiaoqiang, Xi Xie, Jesus Gonzalez-Julian, Jürgen Malzbender, and Rui Yang. "Mechanical and oxidation behavior of textured Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC2 MAX phase materials." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 40, no. 15 (December 2020): 5258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.07.043.

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44

Bazhin, P. M., and A. M. Stolin. "SHS extrusion of materials based on the Ti-Al-C MAX phase." Doklady Chemistry 439, no. 2 (August 2011): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012500811080052.

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45

Xu, Xiaolong, Tungwai Leo Ngai, and Yuanyuan Li. "Synthesis and characterization of quarternary Ti3Si(1−x)AlxC2 MAX phase materials." Ceramics International 41, no. 6 (July 2015): 7626–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.02.088.

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46

Mane, Rahul B., R. Vijay, Bharat B. Panigrahi, and D. Chakravarty. "High temperature decomposition kinetics of Ti3GeC2 MAX phase." Materials Letters 282 (January 2021): 128853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128853.

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47

Hadi, M. A., U. Monira, A. Chroneos, S. H. Naqib, A. K. M. A. Islam, N. Kelaidis, and R. V. Vovk. "Phase stability and physical properties of (Zr1-Nb )2AlC MAX phases." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 132 (September 2019): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2019.04.010.

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48

Henniche, Abdelkhalek, Mehdi Derradji, Jun Wang, Wen-bin Liu, Jia-hu Ouyang, and Aboubakr Medjahed. "High-performance polymeric nanocomposites from phthalonitrile resin and silane surface–modified Ti3AlC2 MAX phase." High Performance Polymers 30, no. 4 (March 27, 2017): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008317699678.

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In this work, Ti3AlC2 M n+ 1AX n (MAX) phase ceramic nanoparticles were prepared and used as new kind of reinforcement for a typical high-performance phthalonitrile (PN) resin. The synergistic combination of both phases led to nanocomposites with improved thermal and mechanical properties. For instance, the thermal conductivity and tensile properties of the neat resin were highly enhanced upon adding more nanofiller contents. Moreover, the PN resin toughness was ameliorated by 129% at the maximum nanoparticles loading of 15 vol%. The experimental investigations were also compared with predictions from series, Halpin–Tsai, and Kerner models, and a full discussion was provided. A high-resolution transmission electron microscope confirmed the ability of the MAX phase to create a conductive network, especially at high nanofiller amounts. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses of the tensile fractured surfaces revealed positive changes in the morphology, such as an increase in the roughness and amount of hackling as well as the formation of multiple microcracks. The MAX phase also enhanced the thermal stability, stiffness, and glass transition temperature of the neat resin. This work confirms the superiority of the MAX phase ceramics over the traditional ones in enhancing the properties of the PN resin and opens the way for further research in the field.

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Dahlqvist, Martin, and Johanna Rosen. "Predictive theoretical screening of phase stability for chemical order and disorder in quaternary 312 and 413 MAX phases." Nanoscale 12, no. 2 (2020): 785–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr08675g.

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Chen, Ke, Xiaojing Bai, Xulin Mu, Pengfei Yan, Nianxiang Qiu, Youbing Li, Jie Zhou, et al. "MAX phase Zr2SeC and its thermal conduction behavior." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 41, no. 8 (July 2021): 4447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.03.013.

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