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Academic literature on the topic 'MAX phase materials'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "MAX phase materials"

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Zhang, Qiqiang, Yanchun Zhou, Xingyuan San, Wenbo Li, Yiwang Bao, Qingguo Feng, Salvatore Grasso, and Chunfeng Hu. "Zr2SeB and Hf2SeB: Two new MAB phase compounds with the Cr2AlC-type MAX phase (211 phase) crystal structures." Journal of Advanced Ceramics 11, no. 11 (November 2022): 1764–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40145-022-0646-7.

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AbstractThe ternary or quaternary layered compounds called MAB phases are frequently mentioned recently together with the well-known MAX phases. However, MAB phases are generally referred to layered transition metal borides, while MAX phases are layered transition metal carbides and nitrides with different types of crystal structure although they share the common nano-laminated structure characteristics. In order to prove that MAB phases can share the same type of crystal structure with MAX phases and extend the composition window of MAX phases from carbides and nitrides to borides, two new MAB phase compounds Zr2SeB and Hf2SeB with the Cr2AlC-type MAX phase (211 phase) crystal structure were discovered by a combination of first-principles calculations and experimental verification in this work. First-principles calculations predicted the stability and lattice parameters of the two new MAB phase compounds Zr2SeB and Hf2SeB. Then they were successfully synthesized by using a thermal explosion method in a spark plasma sintering (SPS) furnace. The crystal structures of Zr2SeB and Hf2SeB were determined by a combination of the X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The lattice parameters of Zr2SeB and Hf2SeB are a = 3.64398 Å, c = 12.63223 Å and a = 3.52280 Å, c = 12.47804 Å, respectively. And the atomic positions are M at 4f (1/3, 2/3, 0.60288 [Zr] or 0.59889 [Hf]), Se at 2c (1/3, 2/3, 1/4), and B at 2a (0, 0, 0). And the atomic stacking sequences follow those of the Cr2AlC-type MAX phases. This work opens up the composition window for the MAB phases and MAX phases and will trigger the interests of material scientists and physicists to explore new compounds and properties in this new family of materials.
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IVANENKO, K. O., and A. M. FAINLEIB. "МАХ PHASE (MXENE) IN POLYMER MATERIALS." Polymer journal 44, no. 3 (September 16, 2022): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.44.03.165.

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This article is a review of the Mn+1AXn phases (“MAX phases”, where n = 1, 2 or 3), their MXene derivatives and the reinforcement of polymers with these materials. The MAX phases are a class of hexagonal-structure ternary carbides and nitrides ("X") of the transition metal ("M") and the A-group element. The unique combination of chemical, physical, electrical and mechanical properties that combine the characteristics of metals and ceramics is of interest to researchers in the MAX phases. For example, MAX phases are typically resistant to oxidation and corrosion, elastic, but at the same time, they have high thermal and electrical conductivity and are machinable. These properties stem from an inherently nanolaminated crystal structure, with Mn+1Xn slabs intercalated with pure A-element layers. To date, more than 150 MAX phases have been synthesized. In 2011, a new family of 2D materials, called MXene, was synthesized, emphasizing the connection with the MAX phases and their dimension. Several approaches to the synthesis of MXene have been developed, including selective etching in a mixture of fluoride salts and various acids, non-aqueous etching solutions, halogens and molten salts, which allows the synthesis of new materials with better control over the chemical composition of their surface. The use of MAX phases and MXene for polymer reinforcement increases their thermal, electrical and mechanical properties. Thus, the addition of fillers increases the glass transition temperature by an average of 10%, bending strength by 30%, compressive strength by 70%, tensile strength up to 200%, microhardness by 40%, reduces friction coefficient and makes the composite material self-lubricating, and 1 % wt. MAX phases increases thermal conductivity by 23%, Young’s modulus increases. The use of composites as components of sensors, electromagnetic protection, wearable technologies, in current sources, in aerospace and military applications, etc. are proposed.
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Krotkevich, D., and et al. "Manufacturing of MAX-phase based gradient porous materials from preceramic papers." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Fizika 65, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/00213411/65/12/132.

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Gorshkov, V. A., P. A. Miloserdov, N. V. Sachkova, M. A. Luginina, and V. I. Yukhvid. "SHS METALLURGY OF Cr2AlC MAX PHASE BASED CAST MATERIALS." Izvestiya Vuzov. Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya i Funktsional’nye Pokrytiya (Universitiesʹ Proceedings. Powder Metallurgy аnd Functional Coatings), no. 2 (January 1, 2017): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1997-308x-2017-2-47-54.

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Gorshkov, V. A., P. A. Miloserdov, N. V. Sachkova, M. A. Luginina, and V. I. Yukhvid. "SHS Metallurgy of Cr2AlC MAX Phase-Based Cast Materials." Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals 59, no. 5 (September 2018): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s106782121805005x.

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Sonestedt, M., and K. Stiller. "Using atom probe tomography to analyse MAX-phase materials." Ultramicroscopy 111, no. 6 (May 2011): 642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.12.031.

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Poon, B., L. Ponson, J. Zhao, and G. Ravichandran. "Damage accumulation and hysteretic behavior of MAX phase materials." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 59, no. 10 (October 2011): 2238–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2011.03.012.

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Qu, Lianshi, Guoping Bei, Marlies Nijemeisland, Dianxue Cao, Sybrand van der Zwaag, and Willem G. Sloof. "Point contact abrasive wear behavior of MAX phase materials." Ceramics International 46, no. 2 (February 2020): 1722–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.09.145.

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Salvo, Christopher, Ernesto Chicardi, Rosalía Poyato, Cristina García-Garrido, José Antonio Jiménez, Cristina López-Pernía, Pablo Tobosque, and Ramalinga Viswanathan Mangalaraja. "Synthesis and Characterization of a Nearly Single Bulk Ti2AlN MAX Phase Obtained from Ti/AlN Powder Mixture through Spark Plasma Sintering." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 2217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092217.

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MAX phases are an advanced class of ceramics based on ternary carbides or nitrides that combine some of the ceramic and metallic properties, which make them potential candidate materials for many engineering applications under severe conditions. The present work reports the successful synthesis of nearly single bulk Ti2AlN MAX phase (>98% purity) through solid-state reaction and from a Ti and AlN powder mixture in a molar ratio of 2:1 as starting materials. The mixture of Ti and AlN powders was subjected to reactive spark plasma sintering (SPS) under 30 MPa at 1200 °C and 1300 °C for 10 min in a vacuum atmosphere. It was found that the massive formation of Al2O3 particles at the grain boundaries during sintering inhibits the development of the Ti2AlN MAX phase in the outer zone of the samples. The effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Ti2AlN MAX phase was investigated and discussed.
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Bai, Xiaojing, Ke Chen, Kan Luo, Nianxiang Qiu, Qing Huang, Qi Han, Haijing Liang, Xiaohong Zhang, and Chengying Bai. "Structural, Electronic, and Mechanical Properties of Zr2SeB and Zr2SeN from First-Principle Investigations." Materials 16, no. 15 (August 3, 2023): 5455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16155455.

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MAX phases have exhibited diverse physical properties, inspiring their promising applications in several important research fields. The introduction of a chalcogen atom into a phase of MAX has further facilitated the modulation of their physical properties and the extension of MAX family diversity. The physical characteristics of the novel chalcogen-containing MAX 211 phase Zr2SeB and Zr2SeN have been systematically investigated. The present investigation is conducted from a multi-faceted perspective that encompasses the stability, electronic structure, and mechanical properties of the system, via the employment of the first-principles density functional theory methodology. By replacing C with B/N in the chalcogen-containing MAX phase, it has been shown that their corresponding mechanical properties are appropriately tuned, which may offer a way to design novel MAX phase materials with enriched properties. In order to assess the dynamical and mechanical stability of the systems under investigation, a thorough evaluation has been carried out based on the analysis of phonon dispersions and elastic constants conditions. The predicted results reveal a strong interaction between zirconium and boron or nitrogen within the structures of Zr2SeB and Zr2SeN. The calculated band structures and electronic density of states for Zr2SeB and Zr2SeN demonstrate their metallic nature and anisotropic conductivity. The theoretically estimated Pugh and Poisson ratios imply that these phases are characterized by brittleness.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "MAX phase materials"

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Rybka, Marcin. "Optical properties of MAX-phase materials." Thesis, Linköping University, Applied Optics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-60008.

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MAX-phase materials are a new type of material class. These materials are potentiallyt echnologically important as they show unique physical properties due to the combination of metals and ceramics. In this project, spectroscopic ellipsometry in the spectral range of 0.06 eV –6.0 eV was used to probe the linear optical response of MAX-phases in terms of the complexd dielectric function ε(ω) = ε1(ω) + iε2(ω). Measured data were fit to theoretical models using the Lorentz and generalized oscillator models. Data from seven different samples of MAX-phase materials were obtained using two ellipsometers. Each sample dielectric function was determined, including their infrared spectrum.

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Thore, Andreas. "A theoretical investigation of Tin+1AlCn and Mn2GaC MAX phases : phase stability and materials properties." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tunnfilmsfysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-111955.

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This thesis presents theoretical research on MAX phases (M=transition metal, A=A-group element, X=carbon and/or nitrogen), with focus on predictions of phase stability as well as of physical properties. The first part is an investigation of the phase stability of the MAX phases Ti2AlC, Ti3AlC2, and Ti4AlC3 at elevated temperatures, where the former two phases have been obtained experimentally. Phase stability calculations of MAX phases usually do not take temperature dependent effects such as electronic excitations and lattice vibrations into consideration due to significantly increased computational cost. The results have nevertheless so far been quite accurate, with good agreement between theory and experiments. Still, the question whether the inclusion of temperature into the calculations could significantly alter the results as compared to previous 0 K calculations needs to be investigated, since this has bearing on the reliability of future predictions of the stability of not yet known MAX phases. However, it is shown that for Tin+1AlCn, the different temperature dependent effects largely cancel each other. The results therefore suggest that to go beyond 0 K calculations for phase stability predictions of MAX phases is motivated only for borderline cases. The second part investigates the Mn2GaC MAX phase, which was recently predicted from theoretical phase stability calculations and subsequently synthesized. As a new member of the MAX phase family as well as being one of the first known MAX phases to exhibit magnetism, it is of interest to explore its physical properties. Here, we have used firstprinciples calculations to determine the electronic, vibrational and elastic properties. Analysis of the electronic band structure indicates anisotropy in transport properties, while the electronic and phonon density of states shows that the relative orientation of the Mn magnetic moments over the Ga layers affects the distribution of the electronic and vibrational states for both Mn and Ga. The Voigt bulk, Voigt shear, and Young's modulus is also investigated, together with the Poisson's ratio, the elastic anisotropy, and the  machinability via two machinability indices. In relation to experimental results of the moduli of other M2AC phases, the Voigt bulk and shear moduli are concluded to be fairly low, 157 and 93 GPa, respectively, while the magnitude of the Young's modulus at 233 GPa is intermediate. The Poisson's ratio, which is 0.25, on the other hand, is comparatively high. The phase is shown to be elastically quite isotropic, and, just as other M2GaC phases, also machinable. As all here investigated properties are affected by the choice of magnetic spin configuration, the results show the importance of identifying the correct magnetic ground state in future theoretical work on magnetic MAX phases.

The series name of this thesis Linköping Studies in Science and Technology Licentiate Thesis is incorrect. The correct name is Linköping Studies in Science and Technology Thesis.

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Petruhins, Andrejs. "Synthesis and characterization of Ga-containing MAX phase thin films." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tunnfilmsfysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-110764.

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The study of magnetic Mn+1AXn (MAX) phases (n = 1 − 3, M – a transition metal, A – an A group element, X – C or N) is a recently established research area, fuelled by theoretical predictions and first confirmed experimentally through alloying of Mn into the well-known Cr2AlC and Cr2GeC. Theoretical phase stability investigations suggested a new magnetic MAX phase, Mn2GaC, containing Ga which is liquid close to room temperature. Hence, alternative routes for MAX phase synthesis were needed, motivating a further development of magnetron sputtering from liquid targets. In this thesis, (Cr1-xMnx)2GaC 0 ≤ x ≤ 1  MAX phase thin films have been synthesized from elemental and/or compound targets, using ultra high vacuum magnetron sputtering. Initial thin film synthesis of Cr2GaC was performed using elemental targets, including liquid Ga. Process optimization ensured optimal target size and crucible geometry for containing the Ga. Films were deposited at 650 °C on MgO(111) substrates. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy confirms the growth of epitaxial Cr2GaC MAX phase with minor inclusions of Cr3Ga. To explore the magnetic characteristics upon Mn alloying, synthesis of (Cr0.5Mn0.5)2GaC thin films was performed from elemental Ga and C and a composite Cr/Mn target of 1:1 composition. Films were deposited on MgO(111), Al2O3(0001) (with or without NbN seed layer), and 4° off-cut 4H-SiC(0001) substrates. The films are smooth and of high structural quality as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The film composition measured by high resolution energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirms a composition corresponding to (Cr0.5Mn0.5)2GaC. The magnetic response, as measured with vibrating sample magnetometry, displays a ferromagnetic component, however, the temperature dependence of the magnetic moments and saturation fields suggests competing magnetic interaction and possible non-collinear magnetic ordering. Finally, inspired by theoretical predictions, a new member of the MAX phase family, Mn2GaC, was synthesized. This is the first MAX phase containing Mn as a sole M element. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy confirms the characteristic MAX phase structure with a 2:1:1 composition. Theoretical work suggests that the magnetic ground state is almost degenerate between ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic. Vibrating sample magnetometry shows ferromagnetic response with a transition temperature Tc of 230 K. However, also for this phase, complex magnetism is suggested. Altogether, the results indicate a new family of magnetic nanolaminates with a rich variation of magnetic ground states.
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Rampai, Tokoloho. "Synthesis of Ti₂AlC, Ti₃AlC₂ and Ti₃SiC₂ MAX phase ceramics; and their composites with c-BN." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18463.

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MAX phase ceramics are ternary ceramics with both metallic and ceramic properties. The existing backing materials in grinding wheels can be made of ceramics or metals. In these applications, ceramics have the disadvantage of low toughness, and most metals have the disadvantages of relatively high density and intolerance to some very high temperatures. The MAX phases have a combination of the main advantages of both metals and ceramics: they are soft and machinable yet also heat-tolerant, strong and lightweight. Cubic boron nitride (c-BN) is a widely used abrasive in grinding wheels, which is exceeded in hardness only by diamond. Composites of c-BN and selected MAX phases may result in materials of some interesting and useful properties for application in industry. Firstly MAX phases, Ti₃SiC₂; Ti₃AlC₂ and Ti₂AlC were synthesised, then reaction couples of MAX-cBN are made in order to investigate the best conditions for composite synthesis, and to analyse the interfacial phases which occur. Finally, the MAX-cBN composites were synthesised from the reaction couple studies. The following results were obtained: 1. Samples synthesised to obtain Ti₃AlC₂ were largely composed of the Ti₂AlC, and thus synthesis of the Ti₃AlC₂ MAX phase was deemed unsuccessful. 2. Nearly pure samples of Ti₂AlC and Ti₃SiC₂ were successfully synthesised with high densities, 99.16% and 98.21%, respectively, of the theoretical density. 3. Reaction couple studies revealed that the Ti₃SiC₂ /c-BN couple was successfully made at 1400°C, 10MPa pressure for 30 minutes, and Ti₂AlC/c-BN couple was successfully made at 1500°C, 10MPa pressure for 30 minutes. The interfacial phases characterised by XRD and SEM found here were TiN, TiC, TiB₂ and AlN for the latter and TiN, TiS₂ and TiB₂ for the former. 4. These conditions were used to successfully synthesise MAX/c-BN composites where both could react and still remain intact. The interfacial phases characterised by XRD and SEM found here were TiAl, TiC, TiB₂ and AlN for Ti₂AlC/c-BN and TiN, TiC, TiS₂ and TiB₂ for Ti₃SiC₂ /c-BN. From these results the following conclusion was drawn: Ti₂AlC and Ti₃SiC₂ are fully compatible with c-BN in order to synthesise a composite with notable properties such as the fracture toughness, suggested by the observed fracture mechanism seen from the fracture surface of these composites.
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Li, Sa. "Materials Design from ab initio Calculations." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4274.

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Frodelius, Jenny. "Characterization of Ti2AlC coatings deposited with High Velocity Oxy-Fuel and Magnetron Sputtering Techniques." Licentiate thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Thin Film Physics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11422.

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This Thesis presents two different deposition techniques for the synthesis of Ti2AlC coatings. First, I have fabricated Ti2AlC coatings by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying. Analysis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show dense coatings with thicknesses of ~150 µm when spraying with a MAXTHAL 211TM Ti2AlC powder of size ~38 µm in an H2/O2 gas flow. The films showed good adhesion to stainless steel substrates as determined by bending tests and the hardness was 3-5 GPa. X-ray diffraction (XRD) detected minority phases of Ti3AlC2, TiC, and AlxTiy alloys. The use of a larger powder size of 56 µm resulted in an increased amount of cracks and delaminations in the coatings. This was explained by less melted material, which is needed as a binding material. Second, magnetron sputtering of thin films was performed with a MAXTHAL 211TM Ti2AlC compound target. Depositions were made at substrate temperatures between ambient and 1000 °C. Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) shows that the films exhibit a C composition between 42 and 52 at% which differs from the nominal composition of 25 at% for the Ti2AlC-target. The Al content, in turn, depends on the substrate temperature as Al is likely to start to evaporate around 700 °C. Co-sputtering with Ti target at a temperature of 700 °C, however, yielded Ti2AlC films with only minority contents of TiC. Thus, the addition of Ti is suggested to have two beneficial roles of balancing out excess of C and to retain Al by providing for more stoichiometric Ti2AlC synthesis conditions. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray pole figures show that the Ti2AlC grains grow in two preferred orientations; epitaxial Ti2AlC (0001) // Al2O3 (0001) and with 37° tilted basal planes of Ti2AlC (101̅7) // Al2O3 (0001).


Report code: LIU-TEK-LIC-2008:15.
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Frodelius, Jenny. "Characterization of Ti2AlC coatings deposited with High Velocity Oxy-Fuel and Magnetron Sputtering Techniques." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tunnfilmsfysik, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11422.

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This Thesis presents two different deposition techniques for the synthesis of Ti2AlC coatings. First, I have fabricated Ti2AlC coatings by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying. Analysis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show dense coatings with thicknesses of ~150 µm when spraying with a MAXTHAL 211TM Ti2AlC powder of size ~38 µm in an H2/O2 gas flow. The films showed good adhesion to stainless steel substrates as determined by bending tests and the hardness was 3-5 GPa. X-ray diffraction (XRD) detected minority phases of Ti3AlC2, TiC, and AlxTiy alloys. The use of a larger powder size of 56 µm resulted in an increased amount of cracks and delaminations in the coatings. This was explained by less melted material, which is needed as a binding material. Second, magnetron sputtering of thin films was performed with a MAXTHAL 211TM Ti2AlC compound target. Depositions were made at substrate temperatures between ambient and 1000 °C. Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) shows that the films exhibit a C composition between 42 and 52 at% which differs from the nominal composition of 25 at% for the Ti2AlC-target. The Al content, in turn, depends on the substrate temperature as Al is likely to start to evaporate around 700 °C. Co-sputtering with Ti target at a temperature of 700 °C, however, yielded Ti2AlC films with only minority contents of TiC. Thus, the addition of Ti is suggested to have two beneficial roles of balancing out excess of C and to retain Al by providing for more stoichiometric Ti2AlC synthesis conditions. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray pole figures show that the Ti2AlC grains grow in two preferred orientations; epitaxial Ti2AlC (0001) // Al2O3 (0001) and with 37° tilted basal planes of Ti2AlC (101̅7) // Al2O3 (0001).
Report code: LIU-TEK-LIC-2008:15.
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Magné, Damien. "Synthèse et structure électronique de phases MAX et MXènes." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2284/document.

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Les objectifs de ce travail sont d'une part d'étudier la structure électronique de carbures de titane bidimensionnels appartenant à la famille des MXènes, et d'autre part de synthétiser des films minces pour caractériser certaines de leurs propriétés. L'étude de la structure électronique a été réalisée sur le système Ti3C2T2 avec une attention particulière portée aux groupements de surface T (T=OH, F ou O) en comparant les résultats obtenus par spectroscopie de perte d'énergie des électrons à ceux des calculs ab initio. Cette étude, portée à la fois sur les excitations du gaz d'électrons de valence et des électrons de coeur, a permis de mettre en évidence la localisation des groupements de surface, ainsi que leur influence sur la structure électronique du MXene. La comparaison des simulations et des spectres expérimentaux a également permis de caractériser la nature chimique des groupements de surface. Enfin, la limite d'une telle étude est discutée en considérant les phénomènes d'irradiation responsables de la perte d'atomes d'hydrogène. La synthèse d'échantillons modèles nécessite la synthèse préalable d'un film mince de phase MAX précurseur pour le MXene : nous avons choisi la phase Ti2AlC, précurseur de Ti2C. La synthèse de Ti2AlC a été réalisée par recuit ex-situ de systèmes multicouches déposés à température ambiante. Les films ont été caractérisés par diffraction des rayons X et microscopie électronique en transmission. Au-delà de l'obtention d'un film mince de Ti2AlC texturé, cette étude a permis de montrer que la phase recherchée était obtenue via des mécanismes d'interdiffusions induisant la formation d'une solution solide métastable vers 400°C qui se transforme en phase MAX vers 600°C. Enfin, l'application de ce procédé à la phase V2AlC a permis de montrer l'importance de l'orientation de la phase initiale pour l'obtention d'un film mince texturé
The aim of this work is at first to study the electronic structure of bidimensional titanium carbide systems, belonging to the MXene family and also to synthesize thin films of such new materials to characterize their properties. The study of the electronic structure has been performed for the Ti3C2T2 MXene with a special attention to the T surface groups by using a combination of electron energy loss spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. This study, focused on both valence and core electrons excitations, enabled the identification of the surface group localization, their influence on the MXene electronic structure as well as their chemical nature. The limits of our TEM-based study is also discussed in view of irradiation phenomena which induce the loss of hydrogen atoms. The synthesis of a MXene thin film requires, beforehand, that of a MAX phase thin film: we opted for Ti2AlC, the precursor for the Ti2C MXene. The MAX phase thin film synthesis was carried out by ex-situ annealing of a multilayer layers. X-ray diffraction experiments and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy observations show that a highly textured Ti2AlC thin film is obtained above 600°C after the formation, at 400°C, of a metastable solid solution. Finally, by using the same process for V2AlC, we demonstrate that the initial phase orientation plays a key role for the texture of the thin film so obtained
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Ramzan, Muhammad. "Structural, Electronic and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Functional Materials." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Materialteori, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-205243.

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The search for alternate and renewable energy resources as well as the efficient use of energy and development of such systems that can help to save the energy consumption is needed because of exponential growth in world population, limited conventional fossil fuel resources, and to meet the increasing demand of clean and environment friendly substitutes. Hydrogen being the simplest, most abundant and clean energy carrier has the potential to fulfill some of these requirements provided the development of efficient, safe and durable systems for its production, storage and usage. Chemical hydrides, complex hydrides and nanomaterials, where the hydrogen is either chemically bonded to the metal ions or physiosorbed, are the possible means to overcome the difficulties associated with the storage and usage of hydrogen at favorable conditions. We have studied the structural and electronic properties of some of the chemical hydrides, complex hydrides and functionalized nanostructures to understand the kinetics and thermodynamics of these materials. Another active field relating to energy storage is rechargeable batteries. We have studied the detailed crystal and electronic structures of Li and Mg based cathode materials and calculated the average intercalation voltage of the corresponding batteries. We found that transition metal doped MgH2 nanocluster is a material to use efficiently not only in batteries but also in fuel-cell technologies. MAX phases can be used to develop the systems to save the energy consumption. We have chosen one compound from each of all known types of MAX phases and analyzed the structural, electronic, and mechanical properties using the hybrid functional. We suggest that the proper treatment of correlation effects is important for the correct description of Cr2AlC and Cr2GeC by the good choice of Hubbard 'U' in DFT+U method. Hydrogen is fascinating to physicists due to predicted possibility of metallization and high temperature superconductivity. On the basis of our ab initio molecular dynamics studies, we propose that the recent claim of conductive hydrogen by experiments might be explained by the diffusion of hydrogen at relevant pressure and temperature. In this thesis we also present the studies of phase change memory materials, oxides and amorphization of oxide materials, spintronics and sulfide materials.
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Gupta, Surojit Barsoum M. W. "Tribology of MAX phases and their composites /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2006. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860%20/875.

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Books on the topic "MAX phase materials"

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Austin, Chang Y., Sommer Ferdinand, Metallurgical Society of AIME. Alloy Phases Committee., Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. Meeting, and Symposium on the Thermodynamics of Alloy Formation (1997 : Orlando, Fla.), eds. Thermodynamics of alloy formation: Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the Alloy Phase Committee of the joint EMPMD/SMD of the Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society, held at the annual meeting in Orlando, Florida, USA, February 9-13, 1997 to honor the W. Hume-Rothery Award recipient, Professor Bruno Predel of the Max-Planck Institut Für Metallforschung at Stuttgart, Germany. Warrendale, Pa: The Society, 1997.

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MAX phases and ultra-high temperature ceramics for extreme environments. Hershey, PA: Engineering Science Reference, an imprint of IGI Global, 2013.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Analysis of surfaces from the LDEF A0114, phase II: Semi-annual report on NAG1-1228 for the reporting period Mar. 1st - Aug. 31, 1992. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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Gregory, J. C. Analysis of surfaces from the LDEF A0114, phase II: Semi-annual report on NAG1-1228 for the reporting period Mar. 1, 1991 - Aug. 31, 1991. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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Prokofiev, Sergey. Peadar agus an Mac Tíre. Baile Átha Cliath [Dublin]: Coiscéim, 1998.

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Maja, Charkiewicz, and Gontar Beata, eds. Godziny. 2nd ed. Poznań: Rebis, 2003.

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Juanfang, Huang, ed. Sheng ming zhong de mei hao que han. Taibei Shi: Cheng bang wen hua shi ye gu fen you xian gong si, 2013.

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Frances, Stephen. The Fault in Our Stars. Melbourne, Australia: Penguin Books, 2014.

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Green, John. The fault in our stars. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2012.

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Catherine, Gibert, ed. Nos étoiles contraires. Paris: Nathan, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "MAX phase materials"

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Lambrinou, K., T. Lapauw, B. Tunca, and J. Vleugels. "MAX Phase Materials for Nuclear Applications." In Developments in Strategic Ceramic Materials II, 223–33. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119321811.ch21.

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Bei, Guoping, Guoping Bei, and Peter Greil. "Oxidation-induced Crack Healing in MAX Phase Containing Ceramic Composites." In Advanced Ceramic Materials, 231–60. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119242598.ch6.

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Forquin, P., N. Savino, L. Lamberson, M. Barsoum, and M. Morais. "Dynamic Fragmentation of MAX Phase Ti3SiC2 from Edge-On Impact Experiments." In Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1, 355–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95089-1_65.

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Fröhlich, Maik. "Investigations on the Oxidation Behavior of Max-Phase Based Ti2AlC Coatings on γ-TiAl." In Strategic Materials and Computational Design, 161–69. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470944103.ch16.

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Naik Parrikar, Prathmesh, Huili Gao, Miladin Radovic, and Arun Shukla. "Static and Dynamic Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Ti2AlC MAX Phase and Fiber Reinforced Ti2AlC Composites." In Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1, 9–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06995-1_3.

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Fletcher, Lloyd, Logan Shannahan, and Fabrice Pierron. "Comparison of the High Strain Rate Response of Boron/Silicon Carbide and MAX Phase Ceramics Using the Image-Based Inertial Impact Test." In Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1, 57–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86562-7_10.

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Munagala, Sai Priya. "MAX Phases: New Class of Carbides and Nitrides for Aerospace Structural Applications." In Aerospace Materials and Material Technologies, 455–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2134-3_20.

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Kumar, D., M. Alam, and J. Sanjayan. "A Novel Concrete Mix Design Methodology." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 457–68. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_46.

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AbstractConcrete mix design is the methodology for mixing binder, aggregate and water to achieve required physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. In particular, the physical properties depend on the volume fraction of each element in the concrete recipe. In this study we considered cement mortar, complying with ASTM C105, as the reference concrete with cement as the binder and silica sand as the aggregate. The reference mortar was denser with high thermal conductivity and compressive strength at given rheological properties. A denser concrete presents difficulty in material handling and imposes a safety risk, and high thermal conductivity increases building energy consumption. Therefore, lightweight concrete (LWC) has been developed by replacing silica sand with porous materials. LWC includes cement as the binder, with silica sand and other porous materials as the primary and binary fillers. The mass of the filler materials is determined by their particle density and volume fraction. LWC has low thermal mass, thereby exacerbating the summertime overheating and peak cooling demand of buildings. Therefore, there is a need to design a LWC with high thermal mass by incorporating phase change materials (PCM), which are mainly incorporated as tertiary filler. Here, we propose a novel concrete mix design methodology to incorporate PCM composite as a partial replacement of the porous material without changing binding materials.
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Ching, Wai-Yim. "Materials Informatics Using Ab initio Data: Application to MAX Phases." In Information Science for Materials Discovery and Design, 187–212. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23871-5_10.

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Matsuzaki, Hiroyuki, and Hiroshi Okamoto. "Photoinduced Phase Transitions in MMX-Chain Compounds." In Material Designs and New Physical Properties in MX- and MMX-Chain Compounds, 231–42. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1317-2_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "MAX phase materials"

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HITCHCOCK, DALE, and MICHAEL DRORY. "POSTER-MAX PHASE MATERIALS AND MXENES AS HYDROGEN BARRIER COATINGS." In LDRD YEAR END POSTER SESSION. US DOE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1651112.

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Lester, Brian T., and Dimitris C. Lagoudas. "Modeling of Hybrid Shape Memory Alloy Composites Incorporating MAX Phase Ceramics." In ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-7969.

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A new hybrid shape memory alloy (SMA)-ceramic composite is being developed for use in extreme environments. The proposed composition is intended to address past issues with brittle failure in the ceramic phase by generating a compressive residual stress state in that phase. This biasing load takes advantage of the superior mechanical properties of ceramics when loaded in compression. Past investigations of SMA composites with an elasto-plastic second phase have shown that such a residual stress state may be developed in the second phase through the generation of irrecoverable, plastic strains. To take advantage of this characteristic, a class of ceramics known as the MAX phases are being used. These ceramics have a unique response characterized by the formation of kink bands which can allow for both recoverable and irrecoverable inelastic strains. A model of the hybrid composite incorporating this response and the effects of the microstructure is developed to explore the ability of this material system to generate such stress states. To this end, an approximation of the MAX phase response is introduced to describe the irrecoverable kink band formation. The effects of the microstructure are accounted for through the generation of a finite element mesh from microtomography results of the considered composite. Finite element simulations of the hybrid composite are performed using the assumed MAX phase response and a recent 3D phenomenological SMA constitutive model. The effective stress-temperature response of the composite is determined and the interaction of the different phases is discussed. Specifically, it is shown that composite still exhibits a hysteretic response although with a decreased hysteresis height and shifted transformation temperatures. The effect of the microstructure on the composite response is discussed. Finally, it is shown that through an actuation loading path a compressive residual stress state is developed in the ceramic phase.
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Gutzmann, H., F. Gärtner, T. Klassen, D. Höche, and C. Blawert. "Cold-Spraying of Ti2AlC MAX-Phase Coatings." In ITSC 2012, edited by R. S. Lima, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, A. McDonald, and F. L. Toma. ASM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2012p0368.

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Abstract Cold spraying was applied to deposit Ti2AlC on different substrate materials. The study of single impacts by scanning electron microscopy indicates that bonding of the first layer is mainly attributed to the deformation and shear instabilities of the substrates. Nevertheless, the irregularly shaped particles appear to flatten by the impact. This deformation seems to be attributed to local, internal shear, but also to internal fracture. By applying up to five passes under more sophisticated spray parameters, Ti2AlC - coatings with thicknesses of about 110 to 155 µm can be achieved. XRD analysis of the coating proves that the crystallographic structure of the feedstock can be retained during cold spraying. The coating microstructures show rather low porosity, but several cracks between spray layers. Successful build-up of more than one monolayer can probably be attributed to internal deformation and occurring shear instabilities within the highly anisotropic Ti2AlC - phase.
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Lester, Brian T., and Dimitris C. Lagoudas. "Modeling of the Effective Actuation Response of SMA-MAX Phase Composites With Partially Transforming NiTi." In ASME 2013 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2013-3200.

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Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) composites are being increasingly investigated to address a variety of engineering problems. An application of growing interest is an SMA-MAX phase ceramic composite for use in extreme environments. By joining these two constituents, it is intended that the martensitic transformation of the SMA phase may be used with the unique kinking behavior of the MAX phases to improve the composite response. One particular intended outcome of this utilization is the development of residual stress states in the composite. These residual stress states are generated due to the formation of irrecoverable strains resulting from the interaction of the inelastic mechanisms in the system. By tailoring this stress state, the improved mechanical response of the ceramic phase under compression may be taken advantage of. These residual stress states and their effect on the effective thermomechanical response of the composite are explored in this work. To this end, a finite element model of the composite is development. Specifically, a recent 3D phenomenological constitutive model of the SMA phase is incorporated to describe the effects of martensitic transformation and a constitutive assumption for the MAX phase response associated with kink band formation is introduced. An additional non-transforming NiTi phase is noted and the role of its constitutive response is considered. This model is used to study the micromechanics of the associated composite residual stress states. The influence of these residual stresses on the effective actuation response is then investigated and the on the associated composite behavior determined. Specifically, it is shown that the variation in inactive NiTi leads to an altered actuation response.
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Adinberg, R., and D. Zvegilsky. "Thermal Measurement System for Phase Change Materials." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86844.

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A lab scale set-up designed based on reflux heat transfer is used for studying latent heat storage for concentrating solar power systems. Phase change materials (PCM) with temperature of fusion range between 300 and 400°C are being tested using this system, including metal alloys and inorganic salts. In the present configuration, the system provides thermal measurements of PCM specimens of about 1000 g under heating temperature up to 450°C and enables simultaneous studying calorimetric properties of the loaded materials and heat transfer effects developed in the thermal storage process composed of charge and discharge phases. The measurement technique includes a thermal analysis model aimed at evaluating the experimental data. Results of the thermal measurements conducted with a thermal storage medium composed of potassium nitrate KNO3 (m.p. 334°C) as PCM and Diphyl (synthetic thermal oil, max working temperature 400°C) as the heat transfer fluid are presented and discussed in this study.
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Sonoda, T., S. Nakao, and M. Ikeyama. "Synthesis of MAX-Phase Containing Ti-Si-C Films by Sputter-Deposition Using Elemental Targets." In 2013 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2013.ps-8-19.

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Hassan, Md Mehadi, Madhavan Radhakrishnan, David Otazu, Thomas Lienert, and Osman Anderoglu. "Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Additive Manufactured AISI - 420 Martensitic Steel Developed by Directed Energy Deposition Method." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71777.

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Abstract The traditional manufacturing approach to produce engineering components can have a high energy cost, high material waste, longer delivery times, and specific geometries that may be unattainable. The recent developments in additive manufacturing might provide the opportunity to produce complex engineering components, reduced manufacturing costs, and reduced delivery times. Direct Energy Deposition (DED) offers excellent possibilities such as fabrication of metal components with complex geometries, repair of high-value equipment, development of functionally graded materials, and large-scale additive fabrication or repair. This work focuses on the fabrication of AISI 420 martensitic steel using DED for the application of the aerospace, automotive, and medical industries. AISI 420 martensitic steel (12.7%Cr, 0.4%C in wt.%) was successfully deposited onto 316L substrate by a Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS®) process carried out in an open atmosphere. The cross-sectional examination by electron microscopy and XRD confirms the dual-phase microstructure of martensitic needles in random orientation and approximately 22 wt. % of austenite lamellar phase by Rietveld refinement and quantitative phase analysis. There are no cracks observed throughout the materials. However, the area fraction of porosity was found to be 0.4%, with the max size of 2μm. Preliminary mechanical characterization by micro-Vickers hardness tests shows uniform hardness about 725 (HV) trend across the build. The microstructure, the chemical composition of the phases, and the mechanical properties of the steel could be affected by the post-heat treatment, which is very sensitive. The team investigates to optimize the heat-treating method to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties.
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Foltynski, Jacek, Jason Franqui, Andriy Vasiyschouk, Ruslan Mudryy, and Kenneth Blecker. "Material Characterization of Phase Change Materials for Munitions Safety Applications." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94225.

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Abstract Ammunition packaging is a critical safety component throughout a munitions lifecycle. Packaged munitions are subjected to a series of harmonized Insensitive Munitions (IM) and Final Hazard Classification (FHC) tests that dictate limits on storage and transportation operations. System level IM tests include bullet and fragment impact, fast and slow heating and sympathetic detonations among others. The reaction severity of packaged ammunition to each external stimulus creates the basis for the final hazard classification. Detonations and explosions result in restrictive shipping and storage quantities. Benign reactions result in less restrictive final hazard classifications that allow for improved logistical efficiencies. Significant studies are being conducted to improve insensitivity and hazard classifications of legacy munitions without redesigning the ammunition or energetic material. This work investigates the integration of phase change materials (PCM) into munitions packaging to improve IM reactions during fast and slow heating. Both fast and slow heating are possible occurrences in the military ammunition lifecycle due to vehicle accidents, fuel spills or enemy actions. The materials in question are a solid, wax-like substance that begin to melt at a specific temperature. Once the PCM reaches it latent heat of fusion it acts as a heat sink that can absorb large amounts of energy. This property may help improve cook-off reactions of packaged ammunition that is exposed to an uncontrolled external heat source such as a fuel fire. Limiting and delaying heat transfer to extremely sensitive primary explosives and igniters may allow less sensitive components to burn out and prevent a detonation or explosion. Material testing was conducted to quantify the thermal characteristics of several PCM configurations. A legacy mortar package was selected as the test bed with a focus on the propulsion charge and its ignition train. A numerical model was utilized to identify potential designs for evaluation. Limited free volume created a challenge to fit enough PCM into the required areas needed to achieve the desired result. Full scale heating tests were conducted with an inert munition to collect system thermal data, including interactions of multiple layers of packaging materials. The PCM influenced the thermal response of the legacy packaging system as compared against baseline data. When used in specific locations and quantity for the packaging system in question, the PCM absorbs enough heat energy to show a measurable decrease in munition skin temperature at critical points of interest. The findings show that phase change materials may reduce reaction severity of legacy munitions by influencing heat transfer in designated areas. A robust and economical containment method for PCM is still required for munition applications.
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Jiang, Quanzhong, Yongyuan Song, Daliang Sun, Xinliang Lu, and Huanchu Chen. "A New Photorefractive Material KNSBN:Co." In Photorefractive Materials, Effects, and Devices II. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pmed.1991.ma4.

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Potassium sodium strontium barium niobate (KNSBN) has been developed in our country for the first time1. It is a new ferroelectric with A-sites thoroughly occupied by K+, Na+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ ions. Comparing to BaTiO3, KNSBN crystals have no phase transition at room temperature, but have large hardness coefficient and 180° ferroelectric domains that are easy to be polarized. KNSBN will be one of the most prospective photorefractive materials that can be used in holographic storage , image amplification and optical phase conjugation2. The purpose of this paper is to describe the crystal growth and photorefractive properties of KNSBN:Co.
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Harun, Sulaiman Wadi, Mustafa Mohammed Najm, and Ahmad H. A. Rosol. "Ultrafast laser generation using MAX phase material as a mode-locker." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FRONTIER OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0123307.

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Reports on the topic "MAX phase materials"

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Hitchcock, Dale, Brenda Garcia-Diaz, T. Krentz, and M. Drory. MAX phase materials and MXenes as hydrogen barrier coatings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1651111.

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Martinez-Rodriguez, M., B. Garcia-Diaz, L. Olson, R. Fuentes, and R. Sindelar. Max Phase Materials And Coatings For High Temperature Heat Transfer Applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1224037.

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Weeks, Timothy "Dash." DTPH56-13-X-000013 Modern High-Toughness Steels for Fracture Propagation and Arrest Assessment-Phase II. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012037.

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NIST work developed processes to identify the stress/strain/crack velocity conditions for unstable high-rate ductile crack propagation found in a full-scale pipeline burst test and duplicate those conditions in a medium-scale test. With modeling to validate conditions and assumptions used in reducing the scale of the tests. A medium-scale test to elucidate material property data necessary to qualify high-strength high-toughness steels based on the correlation to large-scale tests. Parametric determination of the material properties governing fracture propagation or arrest-ability was developed. This will assist researchers to determine a relevant and effective small-scale test (or tests) that provides enough information for material selection, design, reliability, as well as integrity and risk assessment. Pipe evaluated includes API5L X70 and X80 pipe. The strain was measured by a three-dimensional digital image correlation system. This project takes a phased approach with complementary research in successive phases beginning with a road map to systematically fill gaps in knowledge and understanding of the problem of unstable high-rate ductile running failures in pipelines. This report is structured to highlight the problem statement with respect to the current state of the art understanding, define knowledge gaps and present the plan, and progress toward meeting the objective. The following sections specifically cover the effort to develop and inform a constitutive material model necessary for the structural model of the medium-scale test. The material testing required to inform the constitutive material model is presented. Conclusions of this phase of the project are also presented in addition to the proposed work in Phase III of the project.
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Montoya, Miguel A., Daniela Betancourt-Jiminez, Mohammad Notani, Reyhaneh Rahbar-Rastegar, Jeffrey P. Youngblood, Carlos J. Martinez, and John E. Haddock. Environmentally Tuning Asphalt Pavements Using Phase Change Materials. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317369.

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Environmental conditions are considered an important factor influencing asphalt pavement performance. The addition of modifiers, both to the asphalt binder and the asphalt mixture, has attracted considerable attention in potentially alleviating environmentally induced pavement performance issues. Although many solutions have been developed, and some deployed, many asphalt pavements continue to prematurely fail due to environmental loading. The research reported herein investigates the synthetization and characterization of biobased Phase Change Materials (PCMs) and inclusion of Microencapsulated PCM (μPCM) in asphalt binders and mixtures to help reduce environmental damage to asphalt pavements. In general, PCM substances are formulated to absorb and release thermal energy as the material liquify and solidify, depending on pavement temperature. As a result, PCMs can provide asphalt pavements with thermal energy storage capacities to reduce the impacts of drastic ambient temperature scenarios and minimize the appearance of critical temperatures within the pavement structure. By modifying asphalt pavement materials with PCMs, it may be possible to "tune" the pavement to the environment.
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Lewan. PR-389-114503-R02 Leak Prevention in CO2 Pipeline Valves and Launches by Correct Seal Material Selection. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010537.

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PRCI required guidelines for pipeline valve stem seals in CO2 rich applications such as for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and carbon capture and storage (CCS). In particular, guidance was needed to ascertain when standard O-rings may be used, when a switch to rapid gas decompression (RGD) resistant O-rings is recommended and when O-rings should be replaced by more robust energized lip seals and/or by more robust seal materials. The guidelines would interface with both NORSOK M 710 Rev. 3 and ISO 23936-2, and give specific details on procedures, steps and decisions that have to be taken when attempting to qualify seals for dense phase CO2 use. In order to develop these guidelines, well established sealing compounds having proven RGD resistance were selected for study, along with materials which were not known for their RGD resistance. RGD testing was performed on housed O-rings of each compound using CO2 rich applications. The previous Phase I of the project was carried out with a decompression rate of 20 bar/min over 8 RGD cycles. In this Phase II of the project more severe 70 and 127 bar/min rates were used. Also for the 20 bar/min rates the number of RGD cycles was increased to 50 to see how robust the seal materials could be.
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Biagio, Massimo Di. PR-182-124505-R04 Developing Tools to Assure Safety Against Crack Propagation. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011472.

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Recent industry experience is showing that modern lower grade steels (X60 to X70) are not having the same fracture behavior as older steels of the same grade. As a major consequence, past material qualification test methods may be no longer valid for these new steels and may not provide safe design guidance, both for the evaluation of the brittle to ductile transition temperature and for the prediction of ductile fracture arrest requirements. MAT-8-1 Project Phase 2 was specifically focused on brittle-to-ductile transition temperature assessment and may ultimately lead to reliable testing methods to evaluate the behavior of modern steels, to allow the industry to design safe gas pipelines. Specific small and full-scale experimental activities have been carried out, with the aim to verify the correspondence between the brittle-to-ductile transition temperatures determined using different small-scale sample geometries and comparing the results with four full-scale West Jefferson tests.
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Barsoum, Michel, Grady Bentzel, Darin J. Tallman, Robert Sindelar, Brenda Garcia-Diaz, and Elizabeth Hoffman. Diffusion, Thermal Properties and Chemical Compatibilities of Select MAX Phases with Materials For Advanced Nuclear Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1253946.

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Clausen, Jay, Susan Frankenstein, Jason Dorvee, Austin Workman, Blaine Morriss, Keran Claffey, Terrance Sobecki, et al. Spatial and temporal variance of soil and meteorological properties affecting sensor performance—Phase 2. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41780.

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An approach to increasing sensor performance and detection reliability for buried objects is to better understand which physical processes are dominant under certain environmental conditions. The present effort (Phase 2) builds on our previously published prior effort (Phase 1), which examined methods of determining the probability of detection and false alarm rates using thermal infrared for buried-object detection. The study utilized a 3.05 × 3.05 m test plot in Hanover, New Hampshire. Unlike Phase 1, the current effort involved removing the soil from the test plot area, homogenizing the material, then reapplying it into eight discrete layers along with buried sensors and objects representing targets of inter-est. Each layer was compacted to a uniform density consistent with the background undisturbed density. Homogenization greatly reduced the microscale soil temperature variability, simplifying data analysis. The Phase 2 study spanned May–November 2018. Simultaneous measurements of soil temperature and moisture (as well as air temperature and humidity, cloud cover, and incoming solar radiation) were obtained daily and recorded at 15-minute intervals and coupled with thermal infrared and electro-optical image collection at 5-minute intervals.
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Deb, Robin, Paramita Mondal, and Ardavan Ardeshirilajimi. Bridge Decks: Mitigation of Cracking and Increased Durability—Materials Solution (Phase III). Illinois Center for Transportation, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-023.

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Type K cement offers a lower slump than conventional concrete, even at a higher water-to-cement ratio. Therefore, a suitable chemical admixture should be added to the Type K concrete mix design at a feasible dosage to achieve and retain target slump. In this project, a compatibility study was performed for Type K concrete with commercially available water-reducing and air-entraining admixtures. Slump and air content losses were measured over a period of 60 minutes after mixing and a particular mid-range water-reducing admixture was found to retain slump effectively. Furthermore, no significant difference in admixture interaction between conventional and Type K concrete was observed. Another concern regarding the use of Type K concrete is that its higher water-to-cement ratio can potentially lead to higher permeability and durability issues. This study also explored the effectiveness of presoaked lightweight aggregates in providing extra water for Type K hydration without increasing the water-to-cement ratio. Permeability of concrete was measured to validate that the use of presoaked lightweight aggregates can lower water adsorption in Type K concrete, enhancing its durability. Extensive data analysis was performed to link the small-scale material test results with a structural test performed at Saint Louis University. A consistent relation was established in most cases, validating the effectiveness of both testing methods in understanding the performance of proposed shrinkage-mitigation strategies. Stress analysis was performed to rank the mitigation strategies. Type K incorporation is reported to be the most effective method for shrinkage-related crack mitigation among the mixes tested in this study. The second-best choice is the use of Type K in combination with either presoaked lightweight aggregates or shrinkage-reducing admixtures. All mitigation strategies tested in this work were proved to be significantly better than using no mitigation strategy.
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Allen, Jeffrey, Robert Moser, Zackery McClelland, Md Mohaiminul Islam, and Ling Liu. Phase-field modeling of nonequilibrium solidification processes in additive manufacturing. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42605.

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This project models dendrite growth during nonequilibrium solidification of binary alloys using the phase-field method (PFM). Understanding the dendrite formation processes is important because the microstructural features directly influence mechanical properties of the produced parts. An improved understanding of dendrite formation may inform design protocols to achieve optimized process parameters for controlled microstructures and enhanced properties of materials. To this end, this work implements a phase-field model to simulate directional solidification of binary alloys. For applications involving strong nonequilibrium effects, a modified antitrapping current model is incorporated to help eject solute into the liquid phase based on experimentally calibrated, velocity-dependent partitioning coefficient. Investigated allow systems include SCN, Si-As, and Ni-Nb. The SCN alloy is chosen to verify the computational method, and the other two are selected for a parametric study due to their different diffusion properties. The modified antitrapping current model is compared with the classical model in terms of predicted dendrite profiles, tip undercooling, and tip velocity. Solidification parameters—the cooling rate and the strength of anisotropy—are studied to reveal their influences on dendrite growth. Computational results demonstrate effectiveness of the PFM and the modified antitrapping current model in simulating rapid solidification with strong nonequilibrium at the interface.
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