Journal articles on the topic 'Mature industrial district'

In this study the international trajectories of mature district evolution are investigated as a special case of institutional change, and a theoretical model for their evolution is proposed. This model is based on the idea that international growth and re-positioning represent the fundamental alternative to district sterilization and decline, in a framework where global markets provide the major pressure for change or decline but could also provide new opportunities for renewal. Alternative paths emerge from the combination of trigger events due to globalization and district leaders' behaviour: disembeddedness, re-embeddedness and multiple embeddedness are proposed here as the three main outcomes of mature district evolution. The latter constitutes a new construct introduced in this study in order to explore the possibility that districts relate themselves to global space creating similar systems abroad and/or establishing ties with existing systems, each one representing both a local network and a node of a global network.

This research aimed to explore the adaptive reuse pattern of the industrial heritage in the 798 Art District. It looks at how the relatively mature Cultural-creative industry links to urban regeneration activities, and what can be learnt from the redevelopment experience. In particular, it explores the role of the Cultural-creative industry and how it used the local industrial heritage to achieve the current layout and operation model of 798 art district. The adaptive reuse model of industrial heritage and the cultural–creative industry is assessed, the current issues and some targeted suggestions of 798 Art District are identified. During the historical evolution, the combination of the deserted urban land and the Cultural-creative industry worked as a successful redevelopment model. Although several studies have summarized of the development history of 798 Art District and its significant role in urban land and art markets, there has been little research on the role of creative class and industrial heritage in art districts and local tourism. This research will first provide literature review looking at the definition and development process of the Cultural-creative industry, the conservation and reuse of industrial heritage and the real-life cases of the reuse of industrial heritage in China. Then, the in-depth quantitative and qualitative methods are used to examine the development trajectory and characteristics of Beijing 798 Art District, the visitors’ tourist experience and the role of industrial heritage at the site. Ultimately, the discussion part will provide the comparison between 798 Art Districts with contemporaneous cases of industrial heritage reusing, and provide some recommendations to future development and operation.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore how sustainability can become a source of competitive advantage for mature manufacturing sectors where technologies are standardized, and innovation is mainly generated across the value chain and not by individual companies.Design/methodology/approachFrom the methodological point of view, this research estimates the sustainability status of ceramic production in the Sassuolo district (Italy), using the Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) model, and changing the observation point for the analysis, from the enterprise (micro level) to the entire sector (meso level).FindingsThis paper provides an analysis of the environmental, economic and social impacts of the four main types of ceramic tiles manufactured in Italy, both in aggregate terms for the entire sector and per square meter of product.Practical implicationsThe methodological approach used in this research is easy to replicate both for companies when designing their sustainability strategies and for public decision makers when assessing the sustainability performance of a sector or supply chain.Social implicationsFor the first time, a socio-economic impact assessment is proposed for the ceramic sector, conducted in parallel with the environmental impact assessment through stakeholder mapping and prioritization.Originality/valueThis paper conceptualizes the theme of relations and interdependencies between ceramic producers organized in industrial districts and the territories in which they operate in order to determine empirically the sustainability performance of Italian ceramic sector, using the LCSA model with a territorial extension that presupposes an innovative contribution to current literature and practice.

Mature this development of business startups Micro, Small, and Intermediate (MSME) supported with technological development. The existence of the industrial revolution 4.0 has a positive impact on developments business world. Utilization of the latest appropriate technology in business development based on in the spirit of an established entrepreneur will be able to optimize the process as well as the results of a business unit that is developed. E-commerce training in the home industry provides benefits to business actors Micro, Small, and Intermediate in Bireuen District for increase turnover sale as well as could develop a business that live it to grow become more big again. The existence of an e-website This commerce customer gets not only from the scope of Bireuen Regency, but also customers can be from outside Aceh, of course it can help the government in improve the economy, especially in the regencies, so that the regencies are open to opportunities for able to compete on a national and international level. Order process, sales process and stock goods can conducted with fast and accurate so that could help monitoring effort and also naturally could increase turnover sale for perpetrator MSME which exists in Bireuen Regency.

Fossil energy much still needed and exhalated in demand every year on industrial sector, household, and transportation in Indonesia. In the other hand, oil gas production has decreases as many of oil and gas reservoirs have saturated with water breakthrough. Therefore, Enhance Oil Recovery [EOR] as one of proposed solution is adopted to optimize the remaining reserves of oil wells exploitation, especially from mature field that has lesser production capacity towards production problems. Ledok field Cepu district, Central Java Indonesia has many mature wells that produce liquids with its water cut higher than 90 %. The objective of study is to determine which variables that are involve on black liquor or Sodium Ligno Sulphonate [SLS] application as surfactant for EOR on laboratory measurements. Core flooding measurements had been developed and measured. Crude, formation water, and SLS surfactant were injected into the artificial cores. FTIR test show appearance of Sulphonate and Ether alkyl in its composition. Preliminary results show the surfactant has optimum performance to recover oil up to 79% with IFT value 10-1 dyne/cm.

<p><em>Th</em><em>e industrial development in Wonoayu district contributes to economic growth in society. On the other hand, there is a shift of norms because of open information access that affects sexual intercourse among teenagers. This results in an early marriage because the girls have already been pregnant. This research uses a qualitative approach in order to investigate the influential factors, causes, motives and impact of the early marriage, and how society’s view on early marriage in Wonoayu district. The contributing factors of early marriages are sexual intercourse and pre-marital pregnancy. The motives of early marriage are; religiously legal marriage, reducing economic burden of parent, and preserving social reputation of their parents. Meanwhile the impact of legally formal marriage is to avoid sin and to protect the children’s status legally. Economically, the family in general is not ready to get married, and psychologically they are not mature yet, because they still have strong ego and are not independent.</em></p>

31 are species of the MedicagoL. genus — alfalfa common in the Caucasus, 21 in Azerbaijan. 1 of them is cultivated, 7 are distributed directly in the Shirvan territory. As a result of the studies carried out in 10 cenopopulations in different phytocenological arrays, it was revealed that the M. caerulea species is characteristic of all CPs, and at the same time is effective. In terms of age indices and efficiency indices in 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 populations, individuals belonging to the juvenile and immature periods of ontogenesis mainly dominate (Δ=0.08–0.28; ω=0.21–0,54). In 8 and 9 fully mature populations, the spread rate of the species, as well as their indices, were high (Δ=0.39–0.55; ω=0.82–0.89). Only in 5 and 6 populations were no individuals found belonging to the senile (s) and subsenile (ss) periods, which is one of the signs confirming the constant development of plant populations. The largest reserve for the annual exploitation of the M. caerulea species falls on the Kura-Araz lowland and the Pirgulu massif of the Shamakhi district. Thus, from the results obtained, it can be concluded that the supply and use of the plant in natural resources as food can be carried out continuously.

Abstract: Haryana is also one of the wealthier states of India and had been second highest per capital in come in the country at 138,859 in the year 2011-2012 and in the year 2012-2013 including the largest number of rural crorepatis mainly Ahirs and jats in India. Haryana is one of the most economically developed regions in the south Asia and its agriculture and manufacturing industry had experienced sustained growth since in 1970. Haryana is India’s largest manufacturer of passenger cars, twowheelers and tractors. Since 2000 the state has emerged as the largest recipient of investment per capita in India. The city of Gurgaon has rapidly emerged as a major hub for information technology and auto-mobile manufacture of two wheelers Faridabad, Panchkula, Dharuhara, Bawal, Sonipat, Panipat, Yamuna, Nagar and Rewari are also industrial hubs. With the Panipat refinery being the second largest refinery in south Asia, there are also long established steel, plywood, paper and textile industries in the state. Haryana was the outermost location of the ancient Indus valley civilization with the centers such as Banawali and Rakhigari, is now a village of Hisar district. The site is dated to be over 5000 years old. Evidence pried roads drainage system, large rain water collection storage system, terracotta brick. Statue production and skilled metal work (in both precious metals) has been covered. Excavation conduct of Rakhigari includes that the settlement witnessed all the phases of Harapan (3200-2700 BC) as well as mature Harappan (2700-1800 BC). The position of Rakhigari is a unique Harappan site which promises to reveal new civilizations by a thousand years or more said a latest publication of department of Archaeology and museums, authored by vardan. Keywords: Banawali Rakhigari Evidence Settlement Harppan Archaeology museuns

About 50,000 plants are used for economic purposes, but only a small part has been introduced into the culture. The main method of obtaining vegetable raw materials is direct collection in places of natural growth of plants. Cultivation and industrial cultivation of wild plants will reduce the anthropogenic pressure on natural habitats. Oxycoccus palustris Pers. is a species that needs to be actively introduced into culture. Cranberries contain many biologically active substances. In natural habitats, a high polymorphism of plants is observed. In this regard, there is a need to select promising forms and evaluate their economically valuable traits of marsh cranberry. The aim of the study is to compare and evaluate the prospects for using samples of marsh cranberries with different berry shapes in the natural conditions of the Moscow region. The study was conducted on the basis of materials collected from the territory of a swamp located in the Domodedovo urban district of the Moscow region in 2020 and 2021. The plants had different berry shapes: round (typical), intermediate, and drop-shaped. Accounting and observations were carried out according to the standard methodology for setting up experiments with fruit crops. The analysis of experimental data was carried out by the method of single-factor analysis of variance. According to the results of the study, it turned out that the shape of the fruit affects the variability of the length, width, weight and number of developed seeds. Significant differences in the length, width, weight and number of mature seeds in samples with different fruit shapes were determined. The obtained results testify to the biological diversity of fruit forms in marsh cranberries (Oxycoccus palustris Pers.). It has been established that samples with a drop-shaped form are most original, which creates the prerequisites for the use of tear-shaped berries more widely due to their decorative effect and fewer seeds in the fruit. Keywords: CRANBERRY, FRUITS, SEEDS, ANALYSIS OF ANOVA, DIFFERENCES

One of the villages in Bali that is still running its daily life traditionally is Tenganan Pegringsingan village. This village is located in Manggis District, Karangasem Regency, Bali Province. This village is a Bali Age village (original Balinese village). This village has three hills, namely Kangin Hill, Kauh Hill, and Kaja Hill. The condition of the forest is very sustainable, because it is managed traditionally. There are various plant species in it, some are used traditionally and there are some plant species that have not been used traditionally. In the meantime, there has been no research that has recorded the plant species in the forest, both those that can be used by the local community and those that have not been utilized. This study were to determine the composition of useful plant species in the forest of Tenganan Pegringsingan village, Bali. and to determine the diversity index of useful plant species in the forest of Tenganan Pegringsingan village. This study was an explorative study. The population of this study was the entire useful plant species in the area of Bukit Kangin forest. The sample of this study was the entire useful plant species covered by the squares sized of 20x20m (for data collection of mature habitus species), 10x10m (for sapling), and 1x1m (for seedling), 65 squares for each data collection. The plant species composition analyzed descriptively and diversity index refers to Shannon-Wiener. Then, it followed by the analysis of equity (E) and species richness (R). The results of the study showed that (1) there were 77 plant species in Bukit Kangin forest. Based on the Tenganan Pegringsingan Bali Aga social culture, 46 of them (60%) were useful plant species for the local people, whereas the remaining 31 plant species (40%) were the unutilized plant species, (2) There were 31 plant families which consisted of 46 useful plant species with as many as 2,249 total species individual. The conclusion of this research is the majority (60%) of these plants is used by the local community and 40% are not traditionally used by the local community. Useful plants traditionally utilized by local communities are for the purposes of religious ceremonial material (Hindu) as many as 29 plant species (35.80%), for medicinal purposes as many as 18 plant species (27.70%), as many as 17 plant species food ( 20.99%), the need for board materials is 13 plant species (16.05%), the need for clothing and industrial materials is 2 plant species (2.47%).

Industrial development is a challenging issue in recent times, as its adverse impact directly influences the environment. Paper and pulp industries are generally declared as one of the highly polluting industries in the country. However, nowadays they are also identified as the industry mounting with environmental and economic pressures to reduce the volume and toxicity of generated industrial wastewaters. Paper industries generate varieties of contaminants depending upon the manufacturing process. Especially, disposal of polluted water directly affects the soil structures, not only in industrial area but also in agricultural fields. Therefore, the present work accentuates on the examination of paper effluent characteristics, its impact on soil quality, and germination of groundnut seedlings. Seedling growth in polluted soil and fertile soil were monitored for 90 days. For this process, effluent, soil samples were collected from the paper industry located in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India. Soil samples were tested for their nutrients’ level, concentration of heavy metals as per the standard quality procedures. Distribution of nutrients, heavy metal concentrations were studied in the matured crops. Sample crop registered mixed concentration of nutrient levels/heavy metals against the prescribed WHO/FAO standards, whereas control crop exhibited values within standards sufficing its healthier growth. This implies that the irrigation of the farmland with industrial water alters nutrient availabilities, in turn promoting toxic leachates into the soil. Further, the soil performances due to the percolation of industrial discharges reflected in the complexities of crop growth.

Организация эффективного промышленного производства картофеля – одна из актуальных задач современного российского АПК. Цель исследований: оптимизация режимов орошения и минерального питания при выращивании картофеля с использованием капельного орошения. Исследования влияния водообеспеченности и питательного режима почвы на рост, развитие, водопотребление и урожайность картофеля при поливе системами капельного орошения проводили в 2008–2010 годах на светло-каштановых почвах СПК «Престиж» Ленинского района Волгоградской области. Почвы подзоны характеризуются маломощными гумусовыми горизонтами (0,15–0,25 м) и низким содержанием гумуса (1,6–2,3%) в пахотном слое. Реакция почвенного раствора слабощелочная (рН – 7,0–8,3). В рамках двухфакторного опыта изучались три режима орошения с поддержанием предполивного порога влажности почвы на уровне 80% НВ: вариант А1 – с фазы цветения, А2 – с фазы бутонизации, А3 – с фазы всходов, а также четыре дозы минеральных удобрений расчетно на получение уровня урожая: N40P50K0– 20 т/га, N100P100K70 – 30 т/га, N155P150K180– 40 т/га и N210P200K290 – 50 т/га. Для поддержания порога предполивной влажности почвы 70% НВ в период от посадки до всходов требовалось провести 1–2 полива, в период от посадки до бутонизации – от 1 до 3 поливов, в период от посадки до начала цветения – от 2 до 5 с поливной нормой 160 м3/га. Для поддержания порога предполивной влажности почвы 80% НВ с фазы всходов необходимо провести от 8 до 20 поливов, с начала фазы бутонизации – от 7 до 18 поливов, с начала фазы цветения – от 6 до 15 поливов по 130 м3/га. Суммарное водопотребление картофеля при сочетании факторов, обеспечивающих формирование урожайности до 50 т/га зрелых клубней, составляло 3470–3590 м3/га воды. Период вегетации от посадки до начала фазы сбора продукции возрастал с 91–97 суток при внесении удобрений дозой N40P50K0 и поддержании предполивного уровня влажности почвы 80% НВ с начала фазы цветения до 100–108 суток при внесении удобрений дозой N210P200K290и поддержании предполивного уровня влажности почвы 80% НВ с фазы всходов. The organization of effective industrial production of potatoes is one of the urgent tasks of the modern Russian agro-industrial complex. The purpose of the research is to optimize irrigation regimes and mineral nutrition when growing potatoes using drip irrigation. Studies of the influence of water availability and the nutrient regime of the soil on the growth, development, water consumption and yield of potatoes when watering with drip irrigation systems were carried out in 2008–2010 on light chestnut soils of the SEC Prestige of the Leninsky district of the Volgograd region. The soils of the subzone are characterized by low-power humus horizons of 0.15–0.25 m and a low humus content (1.6–2.3%) in the arable layer. The reaction of the soil solution is slightly alkaline (pH – 7.0–8.3). As part of a two-factor experiment, three irrigation regimes were studied with maintaining the pre-irrigation threshold of soil moisture at 80% NWC: option A1 – from the flowering phase, A2 – from the budding phase, A3 – from the germination phase, as well as four doses of mineral fertilizers calculated to obtain the yield level: N40P50K0– 20 t/ha, N100P100K70 – 30 t/ha, N155P150K180– 40 t/ha and N210P200K290 – 50 t/ha. To maintain the threshold of pre-watering soil moisture of 70% NWC in the period from planting to germination, 1–2 watering was required, in the period from planting to budding – from 1 to 3 watering, in the period from planting to the beginning of flowering – from 2 to 5 with a watering rate of 160 m3/ha. To maintain the threshold of pre-watering soil moisture of 80% NWC from the germination phase, it is necessary to carry out from 8 to 20 watering, from the beginning of the budding phase – from 7 to 18 watering, from the beginning of the flowering phase – from 6 to 15 watering of 130 m3/ha. The total water consumption of potatoes with a combination of factors that ensure the formation of a yield of up to 50 t/ha of mature tubers was 3470–3590 m3/ha of water. The vegetation period from planting to the beginning of the harvest phase increased from 91–97 days when applying fertilizers with a dose of N40P50K0and maintaining a pre-watering soil moisture level of 80% NWC from the beginning of the flowering phase to 100–108 days when applying fertilizers with a dose of N210P200K290 and maintaining a pre-watering soil moisture level of 80% NWC from the germination phase.

The article presents the phytocenological and bioecological analyzes of Helichrysum aurantiacum Boiss. et Huet., an endemic species of the Asteraceae family and assessments in plant coenopopulations of the plant. The studies were carried out in 3 districts of Gazakh-Tovuz Economic Region of Azerbaijan. Ten natural populations where H. aurantiacum species are distributed were selected. In the selected populations, the integral characteristics of the demographic structure of the plant, age and efficiency indices were studied. The formations and associations were determined, the project cover of the areas was calculated, and the abundance was determined. In the H. aurantiacum species, the highest indicator is observed in the generative development stages (225-243 individuals were counted in the g1-g3 period). The efficiency coefficient of H. aurantiacum species in mature populations was ω=0.52-0.76. The high value of the efficiency coefficient in CP 7, 6 and 10 is related to the high number dynamics of plants belonging to the juvenile and immature phases before the generative development phases, and the small number of individuals belonging to the aging (s, ss) phases. The resource potential of the plant was determined and the biological reserve in the districts was 1241.1 centners, and the annual supply was 498.6 centners. This allows the supply of H. aurantiacum species in Tovuz, Agstafa and Gazakh districts located in the north-east of the Lesser

The article presents the results of the research of recreational and health stands in Kremenets district of Ternopil region. The total area of these forests is 5868.2 hectares. Studies of the typological structure of the forests were carried out according to the methods of AlekseevPohrebniak Forest Typology of Forestry Ecological School. MapInfo Professional 12.0 and a vector map of Ukraine were used to construct a map-scheme of the research region. The typological variety of recreational and health-improving stands is represented from subors (В) to dubravas (D). Thus, dubravas are the largest share among them (72.9% of the total area covered with forest vegetation). The share of the area of sudubravas is 17.7% of the total area covered with forest vegetation; the rest is subors (9.4%). Forest managers have identified 14 types of forests on the territory of the research facility. Thus, there are only 2 types of forest in the subors, 8 types of forest in the sudubravas and 4 types of forests in the dubravas. The most common type of forest in Kremenets district is fresh hornbeam forest represented 71.6% of the total area covered with forest vegetation. The share of fresh hornbeam-oak-pine forest reaches 17.1%; a slightly smaller share is represented by fresh oak-pine subors — 9.4%. The forest species diversity is represented by 22 species of trees. Thus, among these tree species, the largest area is occupied by Common Oak (Quercus robur L.) — 40.6% of the total area covered with forest vegetation, and 29.1% — by Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Stands of artificial origin (78.0% of the total area covered with forest vegetation) are dominant; the rest of stands have natural origin (22.0%). The age structure of stands is unbalanced. Middle-aged stands dominate (57.9% of the total area covered with forest vegetation). The share of maturing, young and matured forests ranges from 9.0 to 14.9% of the total forest area. In terms of relative completeness, stands with a density of 0.71–0.8 dominate which is 37.7% of the total area covered with forest vegetation. The share of stands with completeness of 0.61–0.7 (29.9%) and 0.81–0.9 (14.5%) is slightly smaller. The bonitete classes are dominated by stands of the I bonitete class — 51.3% of the total area covered with forest vegetation. Thus, the share of II, Ia and III bonitete classes varies from 7.1 to 23.3% of the total forest area

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Minyak pala yang dihasilkan dari penyulingan biji pala<br />merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor Indonesia. Di Kabupaten Fakfak<br />Papua, komoditas pala dikembangkan dari jenis Myristica argentea. Jenis<br />pala ini dapat menghasilkan minyak, namun karakteristik minyaknya<br />belum banyak diketahui. Biji pala (terutama biji yang tua) juga<br />mengandung lemak yang memiliki komponen utama trigliserida-<br />trimiristin yang banyak digunakan dalam industri kosmetik dan industri<br />oleo chemical sebagai substitusi lemak pangan, maupun dalam industri<br />pelumas. Kandungan trimiristin dalam lemak pala jauh lebih tinggi<br />dibandingkan dengan minyak kelapa, minyak inti sawit, dan minyak<br />babassu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji karakteristik minyak pala<br />Papua dan mengetahui rendemen lemak trimiristin dari bijinya. Penelitian<br />dilakukan pada bulan Januari - Mei 2010 di Laboratorium Pengujian Balai<br />Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat, Bogor. Biji pala yang digunakan<br />sebagai bahan penelitian ini diambil langsung dari tujuh pohon yang<br />terdapat di kebun wilayah Air Besar, Kabupaten Fakfak, Papua. Minyak<br />disuling dengan cara destilasi uap. Minyak yang dihasilkan dianalisis<br />sesuai dengan Standar Internasional (ISO, 2002), yang meliputi sifat fisika<br />kimia (berat jenis, indeks bias, putaran optik, kelarutan dalam etanol, sisa<br />penguapan, dan komposisi komponen kimia). Identifikasi komponen-<br />komponen kimia utama dalam minyak pala dianalisis menggunakan<br />metode kromatografi gas. Lemak trimiristin diisolasi dari biji (metode<br />ekstraksi dengan pelarut organik) dan analisis kandungan trimiristin<br />(metode kromatografi gas). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa<br />rendemen minyak pala Papua sangat rendah yaitu 3,11%. Karakteristik<br />fisika kimia minyak tidak sesuai dengan Standar Internasional. Biji pala<br />Papua mengandung trimiristin, dengan rendemen rata-rata 79,50% (dari<br />total lemak pala) dan tingkat kemurnian rata-rata 99,20%. Dengan<br />demikian, biji pala Papua dapat berperan sebagai sumber trimiristin yang<br />mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi.<br />Kata kunci : pala Papua, Myristica argentea, minyak pala, lemak pala,<br />trimiristin</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Nutmeg oils produced by the distillation of nutmeg seed is one<br />of Indonesia's export commodities. In Fakfak Regency of Papua, nutmeg<br />Myristica argentea type is well developed. The type of nutmeg is good oil<br />producer, however its characteristics has not been known. Nutmeg seed<br />(especially the mature one) also contain fats with triglyceride-trimyristin<br />as main components, which is widely used in the cosmetics industry and<br />oleo-chemical industry as a substitute of fatty food, as well as in industrial<br />lubricants. The trimyristin content of nutmeg fat is much higher than that<br />of coconut oil, palm kernel oil and babassu oil. This study aimed at<br />examining the oil characteristics and trimyristin content of Papua nutmeg<br />seed. The experiment was conducted from January to May 2010 in the<br />Testing Laboratory of the Research Institute for Spices and Medicinal<br />Plants in Bogor. Nutmeg seed which was used as research material, was<br />taken directly from the 7 trees located in a certain nutmeg garden, at the<br />area of the Air Besar District, Fakfak, Papua. Oil was distilled by steam<br />distillation. The oil was then analyzed its physico-chemical characteristics<br />(specific gravity, refractive index, optical rotation, solubility in ethanol,<br />residue evaporation and chemical components). The main chemical<br />components of nutmeg oil were analyzed using the gas chromatography<br />method. Fat trimyristin isolated from the seeds (through organic solvents<br />extraction) and the content was analyzed (gas chromatography method).<br />The results showed that the yield of Papua nutmeg oil is very low (3.11%).<br />Its physico-chemical characteristics of the oil did not match the<br />International Standards. It is also observed that Papua nutmeg contains<br />trimyristin, with the average yield of 79.50%, and average purity level of<br />99.20%. Papua nutmeg, therefore, is a potential source of trimyristin, a<br />product with high economic value.<br />Key words: Papua nutmeg, Myristica argentea, oil, fat, trimyristin</p>

Abstract The flexural ultrasonic transducer (FUT) consists of a piezoelectric ceramic bonded to an edge-clamped elastic plate, for both generation and detection of ultrasound waves. It is typically employed for proximity measurement, such as in automotive parking systems, and for flow measurement in gases and liquids. Conventional industrial applications have generally incorporated FUTs with resonance frequencies up to around 50 kHz. However, there have been recent advances in the understanding of the FUT, both in terms of fabrication and operation, enabling the potential for measurement in a wider range of applications, including those of elevated pressure, temperature, and requiring multiple operating frequencies. Ultrasound measurement with FUTs at frequencies greater than 50 kHz is desirable in a range of applications, including gas and water metering in petrochemical plants, district heating, and power industries. The major restricting limitation of designing transducers to operate at these higher frequencies has been a relatively poor understanding of these transducers work, including optimisation of design and performance, and the few reports into how different modes of a FUT can be utilised for practical and reliable measurement. In this study, the higher order modal dynamics of the FUT are investigated through measurement of high frequency ultrasound waves in air, for different fundamental operating modes. A combination of experimental techniques is applied, comprising electrical impedance analysis and laser Doppler vibrometry. The experimental research is supported by analytical solutions to reveal complex higher order modal dynamics of the FUT. This investigation represents further development in widening the industrial application potential of the FUT.

AbstractHigh-temperature carbonate fuel cells are recognized as the cleanest and most efficient power generation option for commercial and industrial customers. The firstgeneration carbonate fuel cell plants have shown an electrical efficiency of 45–48%.The electrolyte in this fuel cell is a mixture of alkali carbonates, and it operates at a highenough temperature that the heat by-product can be used for cogeneration applications such as district heating, hot water, process steam, and absorption chilling for air conditioning. Alternatively, the heat by-product can be used with an unfired gas turbine for additional electrical generation. Depending on location, application, and load size, carbonate fuel cells are expected to achieve an overall energy efficiency of 65–80% in cogeneration and combined cycle applications. The cell hardware uses commonly available stainless steels. Electrode materials are nickel-based. Furthermore, standard, well-established manufacturing processes are employed. Therefore, carbonate fuel cells are well positioned to be cost-competitive with alternative technologies. Significant progress has been made in the development, manufacturing, product engineering, and field operation of carbonate fuel cell technology. Megawatt and submegawatt units are operating worldwide. A comprehensive review of carbonate fuel cell technology and materials are presented in this article.

This study determined the quality of the mix ratio of sand and cement in sandcrete block in Ondo State of Nigeria. This involved the determination of number of headpans of sand that are mixed with one headpan of cement and the ratio of cement sand mix in sandcrete blocks produced in Ondo State. This study was carried out through interview of labourers at the 90 spots of block moulding in Ondo State. Thirty spots were taken each of the three senatorial districts in Ondo State. The study showed the cement sand mix ratio to be 1:11. This implies that there is 83% increase of sand in the mix above the standard. Very weak sandcrete blocks have arisen from this mix ratio over the years and must have contributed to the incessant building collapses. The followings are the recommendations: Sandcrete blocks should be made on the site in an approved machine to be provided by the contractor or an approved supplier and should have a minimum crushing strength of 273.4 tonner per square of gross area at 28 days in case of hollow blockwork. The blocks should be composed of 1:6 cement and sand measured by volume unless otherwise specified or directed on the site, turned three times until an even colour and consistency occur throughout. Water should be added gently from a watering can through a rose, the quantity of water added being just sufficient to secure cohesion. After wetting, the mixture shall be turned over three times and well rammed into moulds and smoothed from the machine on pellets, the blocks should be made to mature under shade in different rows, one block high, with a space between each block and for at least 24 hours. Then they should not be stacked up or removed from shade for at least a further 7 days then stacked up not more than 5 blocks high in shade for a minimum of 14 days. No block should be built into any part of the building until they have been cured for at least 14 days. The faces of blocks except where otherwise described should be left rough for plastering. The concrete blocks generally shall be 450 mm long, 225mm or 150mm deep and of the required thickness.Keywords: Cement, Sand, Cement Sand Mix, Sandcrete Block, Ondo State Nigeria.

Background: Health status of school children and their school environment plays an important role in the development of physical and mental health, and good personnel behaviors had a significant role in future life of children. Objective: This study was conducted to estimate the frequency of health problems among school children of district Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Methodology: This study was conducted in district Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; Pakistan. A total of n=225 school children of age 4-12 years were selected and examined for health problems. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the health status of children regarding health problems. Results: Results showed that 45.56% of children had age < 8 years; 54.44% had age > 8 years; 81.33% of children parents had monthly income < PKR: 45000; 56% children living in mud-made homes; and 46.675 were underweight. Moreover, 15.56% of children had eye discharge; 28.89% backache; 8.44% ear discharge; 16.445 earaches; 47.11% poor oral hygiene status; 60.44% were not using toothbrush; and 22.67% had dental caries. Furthermore, 41.33% had not clean their hair and not took bath within last 48 hours; and 32.89% had poor nail hygiene status for the past one week. Conclusions: It was concluded that school children had several medical health problems and showed relationship with hygiene status of children, tooth-brushing use and its frequency, parents monthly income, and body mass index of children and thus adequate preventive, promotive and behavioral strategies were needed to reduce health problems among school going children. Keywords: School Children, Health Status, Underweight, Eye, Ear, Hygiene, Income, Swat, Kohat.

Background: Parasitic infection is one of the most common infections in school age children because of poor quality of water, deprived sanitation system and lack of enough health care facilities in underdeveloped countries. Parasitic infections lead to anemia, growth retardation, weight loss, and other physical and mental health problems in children. Current study is designed to evaluate frequency of different intestinal parasitic infections and possible associated risk factors among school students in of District Buner Pakistan. Material and method: This Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Riaz Clinical Laboratory District Buner. All asymptomatic school going children between 5 to 15 years’ age of both genders were included in the study. Those students who had present with symptoms of gastrointestinal infection were excluded from the study. A total of 440 samples were collected from different public and private school’s children. Out of total 240 samples were collected from public sector schools and 200 samples from private sector school’s children. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to gather data on socio-demographic and associated risk factors. The adequate stool specimens were collected in sterile, screw caped disposable plastic container. All samples were examined under microscope using a direct wet mount and formal ether concentration technique. Data was analyzed through SPSS-22 and presented in the form of tables, Pie chart and bar graphs. Results: Out of 440 samples, 23.63% (104/440) were positive for an ova and cysts of different parasites. The parasite positivity ratio is greater in public sector school children (30%) compare to private sector school children (16%). Taenia saginata were most common parasite (8.4%) in school age children followed by Hymenolepis nana (5.68%), Ascaris lumbricoides (5.45%), Enterobius vermicularis 1.13%, and Strongyloides stecoralis (0.68%) were least common parasite in District Buner, Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa. Conclusion: Major contributor for the high prevalence of parasitic infections in public school children were found to be poor personal and environmental hygiene, lack of proper sanitation, contaminated food and water supply, personal habits of the children like nail biting and finger sucking, illiterate mother and low socio-economic status of the individuals. Keywords: Intestinal parasites, Worm infestation, School going children, Socioeconomic impact

The soils of northern Ghana are mostly undeveloped and characterized by poor fertility and productivity especially towards the Sahara desert. The issue of climate change affecting rainfall patterns and high cost of fertilizers further exacerbates issues surrounding productive soils and food security. Waste separation is not a common practice in both rural and urban areas of the country. Domestic composting of kitchen waste is therefore not a popular practice amongst small holder farmers in the area, as they mostly rely on subsidized fertilizers and waste from livestock and other animals to improve their soils. The Regentropfen College of Applied Sciences in Ghana has however mapped out a research plan that sought to use kitchen waste from their students’ hostel and model schools to promote nutrient cycling in their ecosystem to produce 100% organic food products to sustain its community. The intervention will eventually be scaled up in the immediate community (Bongo district) after implementation. The main ideology of this endeavour is to promote sustainable agriculture, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable livelihoods for all. This article is therefore a mini review on the subject matter.

The COVID-19 pandemic has seriously affected China's macroeconomy, industrial transformation, and high-quality development. Research on economic patterns and urban network systems can provide a reference for healthy development of the regional economic system. The evolution of the economic pattern and urban network system of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) from 2010 to 2020 is investigated using methods (e.g., the gravity center model, the gravitational force model, social network analysis, and geographic information system). (1) The gravity center of gross domestic product (GDP) of the GBA is located in Nansha district, Guangzhou, with a skewing direction northwest-east-northwest and a movement rate of “large-small-large.” The center of import and export and the center of consumption show a “zigzagging migration” in which the center of investment shows an “irregular (random) migration”. (2) The economic connection degree of cities in the GBA exhibits a high ascending velocity, and the whole area tends to be mature, with a significant effect of spatial proximity. With the steady increase in network density, there is significant polarization of network centrality in the region. The four major cohesive subgroups have been relatively stable and consistent with the degree of geographic proximity of the cities. The center-periphery structure is more significant, in which the core area is extended to the cities on the east coast of the Pearl River Estuary, thus forming the core cluster of “Hong Kong-Shenzhen-Guangzhou-Dongguan.” In this study, the evolution of economic patterns and urban network systems in the GBA over the past decade is analyzed using multiple methods (i.e., gravity model, urban network system analysis, and geographic information system) based on urban socioeconomic data by starting from various spatial elements (e.g., “points, lines, and networks”) to gain insights into and optimize research on regional economic development after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Purpose The best strategy to apply for the future cannot disregard a careful analysis of the past and is the one capable of seizing opportunities from outside. Manufacturing sectors are characterized by sudden changes, and in this work, we analyze the ceramic tiles sector characterized by a mature technology in which innovation has played a key role. Design/methodology/approach This study aims to provide a sectorial analysis based on a historical data set (2004–2019) to highlight how an industry is performing both operationally and in terms of eco-efficiency. For this purpose, from a methodological point of view, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used. Findings The results of the analysis show that the Spanish ceramics industry shows a growing economic trend by taking advantage of lower industrial costs, while the Italian industry is characterized by a modest decline partially mitigated by exports. The industrial districts are an aggregation of companies that in the ceramic sector has allowed to combine innovation, sustainability and digitalization and is a model toward the maximization of sustainable efficiency because it is a place of aggregation of resources and ideas. Originality/value This study experiments with an innovative way of addressing traditional industry analysis, namely, integrating the reflective management approach with DEA-based backward analysis. This provides decision makers with the basis for new interpretations of variable trends.

ExpositionPortland, Oregon (USA) has become known for an artisanal or ‘maker’ economy that relies on a resurgence of place specificity (Heying), primarily expressed and exported to a global audience in the notion of ‘Portland Made’ (Roy). Portland Made reveals a tension immanent in the notion of ‘place’: place is both here and not here, both real and imaginary. What emerges is a complicated picture of how place conceptually captures various intersections of materiality and mythology, aesthetics and economics. On the one hand, Portland Made represents the collective brand-identity used by Portland’s makers to signify a products’ material existence as handcrafted, place-embedded, and authentic. These characteristics lead to certain assumptions about the concept of ‘local’ (Marotta and Heying): what meaning does Portland Made convey, and how is such meaning distributed? On the other hand, the seemingly intentional embedding of place-specificity in objects meant for distribution far outside of Portland begs another type of question: how does Portland come to be discursively representative of these characteristics, and how are such representations distributed to global audiences? How does this global distribution and consumption of immaterial Portland feed back into the production of material Portland?To answer these questions we look to the realm of social media, specifically the popular image-based service Instagram. For the uninitiated, Instagram is a web-based social media service that allows pictures to be shared and seen by anyone that follows a person or business’ Instagram account. Actions include posting original photos (often taken and posted with a cell phone), ‘liking’ pictures, and ‘hash-tagging’ posts with trending terms that increase visibility. Instagram presents us with a complex view of place as both material and virtual, sometimes reifying and sometimes abstracting often-contradictory understandings of place specificity. Many makers use Instagram to promote their products to a broad audience and, in doing so, makers participate in the construction of Portland’s mythology. In this paper, we use empirical insights to theorise makers’ role in shaping and cultivating the virtual and material aspects of place. Additionally, we discuss how makers navigate the complex relationships tied to the importance of place in their specific cultural productions. In the first section, we develop the notion of a curated maker subjectivity. In the second section, we consider the relationship between subjectivity and place. Both sections emphasize how Instagram mediates the relationship between place and subjectivity. Through spotlighting particular literatures in each section, we attempt to fill a gap in the literature that addresses the relationship between subjectivity, place, and social media. Through this line of analysis, we attempt to better understand how and where Portland is made, along with the implications for Portland’s makers.ActionThe insights from this paper came to us inadvertently. While conducting fieldwork that interrogated ‘localism’ and how Portland makers conceptualise local, makers repeatedly discussed the importance of social media to their work. In our fieldwork, Instagram in particular has presented us with new opportunities to query the entanglements of real and virtual embedded in collective identifications with place. This paper draws from interviews conducted for two closely related research projects. The first examines maker ecosystems in three US cities, Portland, Chicago and New York (Doussard et. al.; Wolf-Powers and Levers). We drew from the Portland interviews (n=38) conducted for this project. The second research project is our multi-year examination of Portland’s maker community, where we have conducted interviews (n=48), two annual surveys of members of the Portland Made Collective (n=126 for 2014, n=338 for 2015) and numerous field observations. As will be evident below, our sample of makers includes small crafters and producers from a variety of ‘traditional’ sectors ranging from baking to carpentry to photography, all united by a common identification with the maker movement. Using insights from this trove of data as well as general observations of the changing artisan landscape of Portland, we address the question of how social media mediates the space between Portland as a material place and Portland as an imaginary place.Social Media, Subjectivity, and Authenticity In the post-Fordist era, creative self-enterprise and entrepreneurialism have been elevated to mythical status (Szeman), becoming especially important in the creative and digital industries. These industries have been characterized by contract based work (Neff, Wissinger, and Zukin; Storey, Salaman, and Platman), unstable employment (Hesmondhalgh and Baker), and the logic of flexible specialization (Duffy and Hund; Gill). In this context of hyper individualization and intense competition, creative workers and other entrepreneurs are increasingly pushed to strategically brand, curate, and project representational images of their subjectivity in order to secure new work (Gill), embody the values of the market (Banet-Weiser and Arzumanova), and take on commercial logics of authenticity (Duffy; Marwick and boyd). For example, Duffy and Hund explore how female fashion bloggers represent their branded persona, revealing three interrelated tropes typically used by bloggers: the destiny of passionate work; the presentation of a glam lifestyle; and carefully curated forms of social sharing. These curated tropes obscure the (unpaid) emotional and aesthetic labour (Hracs and Leslie), self-discipline, and capital required to run these blogs. Duffy and Hund also point out that this concealment is generative of particular mythologies about creative work, gender, race, and class. To this list we would add place; below, we will show the use of Instagram by Portland’s makers not only perpetuates particular mythologies about artisan labour and demands self-branding, but is also a spatial practice that is productive of place through the use of visual vernaculars that reflect a localized and globalized articulation of the social and physical milieu of Portland (Hjorth and Gu; Pike). Similar to many other artists and creative entrepreneurs (Pasquinelli and Sjöholm), Portland’s makers typically work long hours in order to produce high quality, unique goods at a volume that will afford them the ability to pay rent in Portland’s increasingly expensive central city neighbourhoods. Much of this work is done from the home: according to our survey of Portland Made Collective’s member firms, 40% consist of single entrepreneurs working from home. Despite being a part of a creative milieu that is constantly captured by the Portland ‘brand’, working long hours, alone, produces a sense of isolation, articulated well by this apparel maker:It’s very isolating working from home alone. [...] The other people I know are working from home, handmade people, I’ll post something, and it makes you realize we’re all sitting at home doing the exact same thing. We can’t all hang out because you gotta focus when you’re working, but when I’m like ugh, I just need a little break from the sewing machine for five minutes, I go on Instagram.This statement paints Instagram as a coping mechanism for the isolation of working alone from home, an important impetus for makers to use Instagram. This maker uses Instagram roughly two hours per workday to connect with other makers and to follow certain ‘trendsetters’ (many of whom also live in Portland). Following other makers allows the maker community to gauge where they are relative to other makers; one furniture maker told us that she was able to see where she should be going based on other makers that were slightly ahead of her, but she could also advise other makers that were slightly behind her. The effect is a sense of collaborative participation in the ‘scene’, which both alleviates the sense of isolation and helps makers gain legitimacy from others in their milieu. As we show below, this participation demands from makers a curative process of identity formation. Jacque Rancière’s intentional double meaning of the French term partage (the “distribution of the sensible”) creates space to frame curation in terms of the politics around “sharing in” and “sharing out” (Méchoulan). For Rancière, the curative aspect of communities (or scenes) reveals something inherently political about aesthetics: the politics of visibility on Instagram “revolve around what is seen and what can be said about it, who has the ability to see and the talent to speak, around the properties of space and the possibilities of time” (8-9). An integral part of the process of curating a particular identity to express over Instagram is reflected by who they follow or what they ‘like’ (a few makers mentioned the fact that they ‘like’ things strategically).Ultimately, makers need followers for their brand (product brand, self-brand, and place-brand), which requires makers to engage in a form of aesthetic labour through a curated articulation of who a maker is–their personal story, or what Duffy and Hund call “the destiny of passionate work”–and how that translates into what they make at the same time. These identities congeal over Instagram: one maker described this as a “circle of firms that are moving together.” Penetrating that circle by curating connections over Instagram is an important branding strategy.As a confections maker told us, strategically using hashtags and stylizing pictures to fit the trends is paramount. Doing these things effectively draws attention from other makers and trendsetters, and, as an apparel maker told us, getting even one influential trendsetter or blogger to follow them on Instagram can translate into huge influxes of attention (and sales) for their business. Furthermore, getting featured by an influential blogger or online magazine can yield instantaneous results. For instance, we spoke with an electronics accessories maker that had been featured in Gizmodo a few years prior, and the subsequent uptick in demand led him to hire over 20 new employees.The formulation of a ‘maker’ subjectivity reveals the underlying manner in which certain subjective characteristics are expressed while others remain hidden; expressing the wrong characteristics may subvert the ability for makers to establish themselves in the milieu. We asked a small Portland enterprise that documents the local maker scene about the process of curating an Instagram photo, especially curious about how they aesthetically frame ‘site visits’ at maker workspaces. We were somewhat surprised to hear that makers tend to “clean too much” ahead of a photo shoot; the photographer we spoke with told us that people want to see the space as it looks when it’s being worked in, when it’s a little messy. The photographer expressed an interest in accentuating the maker’s ‘individual understanding’ of the maker aesthetic; the framing and the lighting of each photo is meant to relay traces of the maker to potential consumers. The desire seems to be the expression and experience of ‘authenticity’, a desire that if captured correctly grants the maker a great deal of purchase in the field of Portland Made consumers. This is all to say that the curation of the workspaces is essential to the construction of the maker subjectivity and the Portland imaginary. Maker workshops are rendered as real places where real makers that belong to an authentic maker milieu produce authentic Portland goods that have a piece of Portland embedded within them (Molotch). Instagram is central in distributing that mythology to a global audience.At this point we can start to develop the relationship between maker subjectivity and place. Authenticity, in this context, appears to be tied to the product being both handmade and place-specific. As the curated imaginary of Portland matures, a growing dialogue emerges between makers and consumers of Portland Made (authentic) goods. This dialogue is a negotiated form of authority in which the maker claims authority while the consumer simultaneously confers authority. The aforementioned place-specificity signals a new layer of magic in regards to Portland’s distinctive position: would ‘making’ in any other place be generative of such authority? According to a number of our interviewees, being from Portland carries the assumption that Portland’s makers have a certain level of expertise that comes from being completely embedded in Portland’s creative scene. This complex interplay between real and virtual treats Portland’s imaginary as a concrete reality, preparing it for consumption by reinforcing the notion of an authoritative collective brand (Portland Made). One bicycle accessory maker claimed that the ability of Portland’s makers to access the Portland brand transmits credibility for makers of things associated with Portland, such as bikes, beer, and crafty goods. This perhaps explains why so many makers use Portland in the name of their company (e.g. Portland Razor Company) and why so many stamp their goods with ‘Made in Portland’.This, however, comes with an added set of expectations: the maker, again, is tasked with cultivating and performing a particular aesthetic in order to achieve legitimacy with their target audience, only this time it ends up being the dominant aesthetic associated with a specific place. For instance, the aforementioned bicycle accessory maker that we spoke with recalled an experience at a craft fair in which many of the consumers were less concerned with his prices than whether his goods were handmade in Portland. Without this legitimation, the good would not have the mysticism of Portland as a place locked within it. In this way, the authenticity of a place becomes metonymic (e.g. Portlandia), similar to how Detroit became known as ‘Motor City’. Portland’s particular authenticity is wrapped up in individuality, craftiness, creativity, and environmental conscientiousness, all things that makers in some way embed in their products (Molotch) and express in the photos on their Instagram feeds (Hjorth).(Social) Media, Place, and the Performance of Aesthetics In this section, we turn our attention to the relationship between subjectivity, place, and Instagram. Scholars have investigated how television production (Pramett), branding (Pike), and locative-based social media (Hjorth, Hjorth and Gu, Hjorth and Lim, Leszczynski) function as spatial practices. The practices affect and govern experiences and interactions with space, thereby generating spatial hybridity (de Souza e Silva). McQuire, for example, investigates the historical formation of the ‘media city’, demonstrating how various media technologies have become interconnected with the architectural structures of the city. Pramett expands on this analysis of media representations of cities by interrogating how media production acts as a spatial practice that produces and governs contested urban spaces, the people in those spaces, and the habitus of the place, forming what she dubs the “media neighbourhood.” The media neighbourhood becomes ordered by the constant opportunities for neighbourhood residents to be involved in media production; residents must navigate and interact with local space as though they may be captured on film or asked to work in the background production at any moment. These material (on site shooting and local hiring practices) and immaterial (textual, musical, and visual representations of a city) production practices become exploitative, extracting value from a place for media industries and developers that capitalize on a place’s popular imaginary.McQuire’s media city and Pramett’s media neighbourhood help us understand the embeddedness of (social) media in the material landscapes of Portland. Over the past few years, Portland has begun experiencing new flows of tourists and migrants–we should note that more than a few makers mentioned in interviews that they moved to Portland in order to become makers–expecting to find what they see on Instagram overlaid materially on the city itself. And indeed, they do: ‘vibrant’ neighbourhood districts such as Alberta Arts, Belmont, Mississippi, Hawthorne, Northwest 23rd, and downtown Portland’s rebranded ‘West End’ are all increasingly full of colourful boutiques that express maker aesthetics and sell local maker goods. Not only do the goods and boutiques need to exemplify these aesthetic qualities, but the makers and the workspaces from which these goods come from, need to fit that aesthetic.The maker subjectivity is developed through the navigation of both real and virtual experiences that contour the social performance of a ‘maker aesthetic’. This aesthetic has become increasingly socially consumed, a trend especially visible on Instagram: as a point of reference, there are at least four Portland-based ‘foodies’ that have over 80,000 followers on Instagram. One visible result of this curated and performed subjectivity and the place-brand it captures is the physical transformation of Portland: (material) space has become a surface onto which the (virtual) Instagram/maker aesthetic is being inscribed, a stage on which the maker aesthetic is performed. The material and immaterial are interwoven into a dramaturgy that gives space a certain set of meanings oriented toward creativity, quirkiness, and consumption. Meanings cultivated over Instagram, then, become productive of meaning in place. These meanings are consumed by thousands of tourists and newly minted Portlanders, as images of people posing in front of Portland’s hipster institutions (such as Salt & Straw or Voodoo Donuts) are captured on iPhones and redistributed back across Instagram for the world to experience. Perhaps this is why Tokyo now has an outpost of Portland’s Blue Star Donuts or why Red Hook (Brooklyn) has its own version of Portland’s Pok Pok. One designer/maker, who had recently relocated to Portland, captured the popular imaginary of Portland in this conversation:Maker: People in Brooklyn love the idea that it came from Portland. People in Seattle love it; people in the Midwest love that it came from Portland right now, because Portland’s like the thing.Interviewer: What does that mean, what does it embody?Maker: They know that it’s local, it like, they know that maker thing is there, it’s in Portland, that they know it’s organic to Portland, it’s local to Portland, there’s this crazy movement that you hear throughout the United States about–Interviewer: So people are getting a piece of that?Maker: Yeah.For us, the dialogical relationship between material and immaterial has never been more entangled. Instagram is one way that makers might control the gap between fragmentation and belonging (i.e. to a particular community or milieu), although in the process they are confronted with an aesthetic distribution that is productive of a mythological sense of place that social media seems to produce, distribute, and consume so effectively. In the era of social media, where sense of place is so quickly transmitted, cities can come to represent a sense of collective identity, and that identity might in turn be distributed across its material landscape.DenouementThrough every wrench turn, every stitching of fabric, every boutique opening, and every Instagram post, makers actively produce Portland as both a local and global place. Portland is constructed through the material and virtual interactions makers engage in, both cultivating and framing everyday interactions in space and ideas held about place. In the first section, we focused on the curation of a maker aesthetic and the development of the maker subjectivity mediated through Instagram. The second section attempted to better understand how those aesthetic performances on Instagram become imprinted on urban space and how these inscriptions feedback to global audiences. Taken together, these performances reveal the complex undertaking that makers adopt in branding their goods as Portland Made. In addition, we hope to have shown the complex entanglements between space and place, production and consumption, and ‘here’ and ‘not here’ that are enrolled in value production at the nexus of place-brand generation.Our investigation opens the door to another, perhaps more problematic set of interrogations which are beyond the scope of this paper. In particular, and especially in consideration of Portland’s gentrification crisis, we see two related sets of displacements as necessary of further interrogation. First, as we answer the question of where Portland is made, we acknowledge that the capturing of Portland Made as a brand perpetuates a process of displacement and “spatio-subjective” regulation that both reflects and reproduces spatial rationalizations (Williams and Dourish). This dis-place-ment renders particular neighbourhoods and populations within Portland, specifically ethnic minorities and the outer edges of the metropolitan area, invisible or superfluous to the city’s imaginary. Portland, as presented by makers through their Instagram accounts, conceals the city’s “power geometries” (Massey) and ignores the broader social context Portland exists in, while perpetuating the exclusion of ethnic minorities from the conversation about what else is made in Portland.Second, as Portland Made has become virtually representative of a deepening connection between makers and place, the performance of such aesthetic labour has left makers to navigate a process that increasingly leads to their own estrangement from the very place they have a hand in creating. This process reveals an absurdity: makers are making the very thing that displaces them. The cultivation of the maker milieu attracts companies, in-movers, and tourists to Portland, thus creating a tight real estate market and driving up property values. Living and working in Portland is increasingly difficult for makers, epitomized by the recent sale and eviction of approximately 500 makers from the Town Storage facility (Hammill). Additionally, industrial space in the city is increasingly coveted by tech firms, and competition over such space is being complicated by looming zoning changes in Portland’s new comprehensive plan.Our conclusions suggest additional research is needed to understand the relationship(s) between such aesthetic performance and various forms of displacement, but we also suggest attention to the global reach of such dynamics: how is Portland’s maker ecosystem connected to the global maker community over social media, and how is space shaped differentially in other places despite a seemingly homogenizing maker aesthetic? 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