Journal articles: 'Maturation'

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Boeyer, Melanie E., Emily V. Leary, Richard J. Sherwood, and Dana L. Duren. "Evidence of the non-linear nature of skeletal maturation." Archives of Disease in Childhood 105, no. 7 (January 23, 2020): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-317652.

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ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess longitudinal trajectories of skeletal maturation to determine if children exhibit periods of rapid maturation during normal childhood and adolescence.DesignRetrospective longitudinal study. Patients: 345 participants, with an average of 25 assessments per participant, between 3 and 20 years of age from the Fels Longitudinal Study.Main outcome measuresChronological age (ie, timing) and rate (ie, tempo) of skeletal maturation, as assessed by the Fels Method, at each maturational milestone, as well as the duration of time spent between any two milestones, were calculated for each participant-specific maturational trajectory and compared between three unique, non-linear maturational trajectory types.ResultsMore than 81% of participants exhibited a rapid period of skeletal maturation during childhood and/or adolescence, most of whom were characterised by a single maturational spurt during adolescence. Participants with only a single adolescent spurt in skeletal maturation reach adolescent onset and peak approximately 2.8 and 4.2 years earlier, respectively, in boys (p<0.001) and girls (p<0.001), than when compared with participants with both childhood and adolescent spurts. Differences in the timing and tempo of maturational milestones were driven primarily by trajectory type.ConclusionsRapid changes in skeletal maturation occur during normal childhood and/or adolescence, indicating the presence of a maturational spurt: a developmental phenomenon that has remained largely uncharacterised. This work highlights patterned changes in the timing, tempo and duration of longitudinal skeletal maturation while simultaneously shifting the paradigm that skeletal maturation progresses linearly.

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Flor-Cisneros, Armando, Ellen W. Leschek, Deborah P. Merke, Kevin M. Barnes, Marilena Coco, Gordon B. Cutler, and Jeffrey Baron. "In Boys with Abnormal Developmental Tempo, Maturation of the Skeleton and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Remains Synchronous." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021954.

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The primary mechanism that initiates puberty is unknown. One possible clue is that pubertal maturation often parallels skeletal maturation. Conditions that delay skeletal maturation also tend to delay the onset of puberty, whereas conditions that accelerate skeletal maturation tend to hasten the onset of puberty. To examine this relationship, we studied boys with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (n = 13) and familial male-limited precocious puberty (n = 22), two conditions that accelerate maturational tempo, and boys with idiopathic short stature (n = 18) in which maturational tempo is sometimes delayed. In all three conditions, the onset of central puberty generally occurred at an abnormal chronological age but a normal bone age. Boys with the greatest skeletal advancement began central puberty at the earliest age, whereas boys with the greatest skeletal delay began puberty at the latest age. Furthermore, the magnitude of the skeletal advancement or delay matched the magnitude of the pubertal advancement or delay. This synchrony between skeletal maturation and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis maturation was observed among patients within each condition and also between conditions. In contrast, the maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis did not remain synchronous with other maturational processes including weight, height, or body mass index. We conclude that in boys with abnormal developmental tempo, maturation of the skeleton and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis remains synchronous. This synchrony is consistent with the hypothesis that in boys, skeletal maturation influences hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis maturation.

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Yoneda, Michio, Masayuki Yamamoto, Tetsuo Yamada, Makoto Takahashi, and Yasuhiro Shima. "Temperature-induced variation in sexual maturation of Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95, no. 6 (April 10, 2015): 1271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315415000405.

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Temperature is one of the most influential factors for the sexual maturation of fishes, but understanding of the extent to which temperature affects the maturational schedules is limited in multiple-spawning fishes over a protracted season. This study examined the effect of temperature on sexual maturation of Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus siblings under high and low temperature regimes on different birthdates. The maturation probability differed between the two temperature regimes. Specimens in high temperature regimes matured at much smaller size and younger age than their counterparts. Also, a significant difference in the maturation probability between sexes was found at low temperatures, but not at high temperatures. Our findings show that temperature affects the maturational schedules of siblings of Japanese anchovy, suggesting that the size and age at sexual maturation could differ among cohorts, even in a given sampling location and/or year.

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GUINNEE, M. A., A. W. GEMMILL, B. H. K. CHAN, M. E. VINEY, and A. F. READ. "Host immune status affects maturation time in two nematode species – but not as predicted by a simple life-history model." Parasitology 127, no. 5 (October 17, 2003): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003003998.

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In theory, the age at which maturation occurs in parasitic nematodes is inversely related to pre-maturational mortality rate, and cross-species data on mammalian nematodes are consistent with this prediction. Immunity is a major source of parasite mortality and parasites stand to gain sizeable fitness benefits through short-term adjustments of maturation time in response to variation in immune-mediated mortality. The effects of thymus-dependent immune responses on maturation in the nematode parasites Strongyloides ratti and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were investigated using congenitally thymus-deficient (nude) rats. As compared with worms in normal rats, reproductive maturity of parasites (presence of eggs in utero) in nude rats occurred later in S. ratti but earlier in N. brasiliensis. Immune-mediated differences in maturation time were not associated with differences in worm length. Thymus-dependent immunity had no effect on pre-maturational mortality. Results are discussed in relation to theoretical expectations and possible explanations for the observed patterns in parasite maturation.

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Yu, Dayeol, and Donghyun Kim. "Assessment of Midpalatal Suture Maturation by Skeletal Maturity on Hand Wrist Radiographs." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY 48, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5933/jkapd.2021.48.1.31.

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The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the correlation between the midpalatal suture maturation and skeletal maturation in growing children aged 7 - 15 years and predict the maturational stages of the midpalatal suture corresponding to skeletal maturity assessed by the skeletal maturation indicators (SMI) and middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3) stages. The group of this retrospective study was consisted of randomly selected 132 male and 135 female in age from 7 - 15 years. The maturation of the midpalatal suture was evaluated by using images from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) while the skeletal age was assessed by hand-wrist radiography. CBCT images and hand-wrist radiographs used in this study were obtained from all subjects for orthodontic diagnosis before orthodontic treatment. The maturational stages of the midpalatal suture showed strong correlations with both SMI and MP3 stages. The correlation between the midpalatal suture maturation and SMI (Spearman’s correlation coefficient, ϒS = 0.905, p < 0.05) was slightly greater than that of MP3 stages (ϒS = 0.830, p < 0.05). There was a positive significant correlation between the midpalatal suture maturation and chronological age (ϒS = 0.868,p < 0.05). CBCT for evaluation of the midpalatal suture maturational stages may be unnecessary in every pediatric patients because SMI and MP3 stages were both replaceable useful methods for assessing maturation of the midpalatal suture before orthopedic treatment. In this retrospective study, the diagnostic reliability of the SMI method for estimating midpalatal suture maturation showed better reliability than the MP3 method.

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Albaladejo-Saura, Mario, Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal, Noelia González-Gálvez, and Francisco Esparza-Ros. "Relationship between Biological Maturation, Physical Fitness, and Kinanthropometric Variables of Young Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010328.

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There is a growing interest in knowing the relationship between biological maturation and sport performance-related variables of young athletes. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between biological maturation, physical fitness, and kinanthropometric variables of athletes during their growing period, according to their sex. The systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement and the search protocol was registered in PROSPERO, code: CRD42020208397. A search through the PubMed, Web of Sciences, and EBSCO databases was performed. A total of 423 studies were screened and 13 were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was completed by using the mean and standard deviation of each variable according to each maturation status (early, on time, or late). Differences depending on maturation were found on physical fitness, with better results in the advanced maturational groups in the male population (standard mean difference (SMD) = 0.17–2.31; p < 0.001–0.05). Differences depending on maturation were found for kinanthropometric variables in males (SMD = 0.37–2.31; p < 0.001–0.002) and height and body mass in females (SMD = 0.96–1.19; p < 0.001). In conclusion, the early maturation group showed higher values in kinanthropometric variables and better results in physical fitness, highlighting the importance of the maturational process in the talent selection programs. Despite that, more research is needed to clarify the relationship of maturation with the other variables on female populations and the changes in the muscle and bone variables during the maturation processes of both sexes.

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Kang, J. K., J. H. Yang, K. Naruse, C. S. Park, K. S. Min, and D. I. Jin. "315THE REDUCTION OF MATURATIONAL COMPETENCE BY STREPTOMYCIN DURING IN VITRO MATURATION OF GOAT FOLLICULAR OOCYTES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 2 (2004): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv16n1ab315.

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Antibiotics are commonly added to mammalian oocyte maturation media, but their effects on oocytes maturation have not been examined thoroughly. Goat follicular oocytes were used to investigate whether penicillin, streptomycin or gentamycin affect maturational competence of oocytes and subsequent parthenogenetic activation potential in vitro. Cumulus-oocyte complexes collected from a local abattoir were matured for 24h in five treatments, and matured oocytes were cultured for 48h in five treatments after parthenogenetic activation by treatment with ionomycin, followed by immediate exposure to 6-diethlaminopurine; (1) Control: TCM-199 medium with no antibiotics, (2) TCM-199 with 100IU/mL−1 penicillin (P-4687, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), (3) TCM-199 with 50μgmL−1 streptomycin (S-1277, Sigma), (4) TCM-199 with 50μgmL−1 gentamycin (G-1264, Sigma) and (5) TCM-199 with both 100IUmL−1 penicillin and 50μgmL−1 streptomycin. Maturation rates at 24h post-in vitro maturation and parthenogenetic cleavage development at 48h post-activation were evaluated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Student’s t-test. Penicillin and gentamicin treatment groups did not affect maturation rates and percentages of cleavage to 2–4 cell stage at 48h post-chemical oocyte activation. However, when streptomycin was present in the maturation medium, the percentages of matured oocytes at 24h post-in vitro maturation of immature goat oocytes were significantly lower than those from the other groups. However, among the five treatments, there was no significant difference in cleavage rates of matured oocytes at 48h post-activation (Table 1). Therefore, streptomycin did interfere with the maturation of immature goat oocytes, but did not affect the subsequent development of matured goat oocytes. The mechanism by which streptomycin affects the maturation of goat follicular oocytes needs to be investigated further. We conclude that streptomycin in oocyte maturation medium can be detrimental during in vitro maturation of goat follicular oocytes. Table 1 Effect of antibiotics on maturational competence of goat follicular oocytes and subsequent parthenogenetic activation potential in vitro

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Reho, John J., Xiaoxu Zheng, James E. Benjamin, and Steven A. Fisher. "Neural programming of mesenteric and renal arteries." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 307, no. 4 (August 15, 2014): H563—H573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00250.2014.

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There is evidence for developmental origins of vascular dysfunction yet little understanding of maturation of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) of regional circulations. We measured maturational changes in expression of myosin phosphatase (MP) and the broader VSM gene program in relation to mesenteric small resistance artery (SRA) function. We then tested the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in programming of SRAs and used genetically engineered mice to define the role of MP isoforms in the functional maturation of the mesenteric circulation. Maturation of rat mesenteric SRAs as measured by qPCR and immunoblotting begins after the second postnatal week and is not complete until maturity. It is characterized by induction of markers of VSM differentiation (smMHC, γ-, α-actin), CPI-17, an inhibitory subunit of MP and a key target of α-adrenergic vasoconstriction, α1-adrenergic, purinergic X1, and neuropeptide Y1 receptors of sympathetic signaling. Functional correlates include maturational increases in α-adrenergic-mediated force and calcium sensitization of force production (MP inhibition) measured in first-order mesenteric arteries ex vivo. The MP regulatory subunit Mypt1 E24+/LZ- isoform is specifically upregulated in SRAs during maturation. Conditional deletion of mouse Mypt1 E24 demonstrates that splicing of E24 causes the maturational reduction in sensitivity to cGMP-mediated vasorelaxation (MP activation). Neonatal chemical sympathectomy (6-hydroxydopamine) suppresses maturation of SRAs with minimal effect on a conduit artery. Mechanical denervation of the mature rat renal artery causes a reversion to the immature gene program. We conclude that the SNS captures control of the mesenteric circulation by programming maturation of the SRA smooth muscle.

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Uchikura, Kenzo, Masashi Nagano, and Mitsugu Hishinuma. "Prediction of maturational competence of feline oocytes using supravital staining of cumulus cells by propidium iodide." Zygote 20, no. 4 (May 18, 2011): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096719941100027x.

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SummaryWe examined the relationship between integrity of cumulus cells and nuclear maturation rate after in vitro culture to determine a non-invasive prediction of the maturational competence of feline oocytes. Feline cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected from either small (400–800 μm) or large (≥800 μm) follicles. Immediately after collection, cumulus cells were evaluated morphologically (thickness of cumulus cell layers) and stained with propidium iodide (PI), which penetrates only non-viable cells. Cumulus cells without PI staining were judged as having good membrane integrity. After evaluation, COCs were cultured for 30 h and their nuclear maturation rate was determined. The nuclear maturation rate of oocytes derived from large follicles (89.8%) was higher (p < 0.05) than that from small follicles (60.8%). There was no difference in the maturation rate of oocytes from follicles with the same size regardless of cumulus morphology. In contrast, oocytes that had cumulus cells with good membrane integrity showed a higher maturation rate (93.8%) than oocytes with poor cumulus integrity (76.9%) in large follicles (p < 0.05). We conclude that evaluation of membrane integrity of cumulus cells by propidium iodide staining can be used to predict the maturational competence of oocytes.

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Armstrong, Neil, Joanne R. Welsman, and Brian J. Kirby. "Performance on the Wingate Anaerobic Test and Maturation." Pediatric Exercise Science 9, no. 3 (August 1997): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.9.3.253.

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The influence of sexual maturation on the Wingate anaerobic test performance of 100 boys and 100 girls, ages 12.2 ±0.4 years, was examined using Tanner’s indices of pubic hair and, in boys, salivary testosterone as measures of maturation. No sex differences (p > .05) in either peak power (PP) or mean power (MP) were revealed. Significant main effects (p < .01) for maturation were detected for both PP and MP expressed in W, W · kg−1, or with body mass controlled using allometric principles. Testosterone did not increase the variance in PP or MP explained by body mass alone (p > .05). No sex or maturational effects were observed for postexercise blood lactate (p > .05). Testosterone was not (p > .05) correlated with blood lactate. Thus, sexual maturation exerts an influence on PP and MP independent of body mass, but maturational effects on postexercise blood lactate remain to be proven in this age group.

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Golladay, Gregory J. "Maturation." Arthroplasty Today 24 (December 2023): 101315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artd.2023.101315.

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Dantas, Renata Poliane Nacer de Carvalho, Thaisys Blanc dos Santos Simões, Petrus Gantois Dias Massa Santos, Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas, and Breno Guilherme De Araújo Tinoco Cabral. "Satisfaction of Body Image in Adolescents With Different Maturity Stages." Journal of Human Growth and Development 27, no. 3 (December 18, 2017): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.127574.

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Introduction: Adolescence is a period marked by intense body modifications that occur differently according to the maturational stage and sex, which can generate different body image perceptions.Objective: This study aims to compare and associate body image satisfaction in different maturational stages. Methods: Overall, 207 adolescents of both sexes aged 10-12 years were evaluated. Maturation was estimated through an equation predictive of skeletal age and for the body image evaluation, the scale of silhouettes was used. The statistical tests used were chi-square and logistic regression (odds ratio) with respective confidence intervals (95% CI).Results: There was a prevalence of body image dissatisfaction of 63.8% (p <0.001). In both sexes, subjects with accelerated maturation had greater body image dissatisfaction (girls p = 0.0, boys p = 0.04), and desire to reduce their silhouette scale (p <0.001). Subjects with accelerated maturation were 2.88 more likely (CI 95% 1.03 - 8.05) of having body image dissatisfaction when compared to normal maturation; however, when adjusting for body mass index, the association lost its significance. Conclusion: It could be concluded that body dissatisfaction perceived by young individuals is independent of sex, and there is an association between accelerated maturational stage 2.88 times higher than in the normal maturational stage in relation to body dissatisfaction, in which the body mass index appears to be the main predictor for body dissatisfaction.

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Sumi, Mamta P., and Arnab Ghosh. "Hsp90 in Human Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Approaches." Cells 11, no. 6 (March 12, 2022): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11060976.

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The maturation of hemeprotein dictates that they incorporate heme and become active, but knowledge of this essential cellular process remains incomplete. Studies on chaperon Hsp90 has revealed that it drives functional heme maturation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) along with other proteins including GAPDH, while globin heme maturations also need an active sGC. In all these cases, Hsp90 interacts with the heme-free or apo-protein and then drives the heme maturation by an ATP dependent process before dissociating from the heme-replete proteins, suggesting that it is a key player in such heme-insertion processes. As the studies on globin maturation also need an active sGC, it connects the globin maturation to the NO-sGC (Nitric oxide-sGC) signal pathway, thereby constituting a novel NO-sGC-Globin axis. Since many aggressive cancer cells make Hbβ/Mb to survive, the dependence of the globin maturation of cancer cells places the NO-sGC signal pathway in a new light for therapeutic intervention. Given the ATPase function of Hsp90 in heme-maturation of client hemeproteins, Hsp90 inhibitors often cause serious side effects and this can encourage the alternate use of sGC activators/stimulators in combination with specific Hsp90 inhibitors for better therapeutic intervention.

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Eppig, JJ. "Coordination of nuclear and cytoplasmic oocyte maturation in eutherian mammals." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 8, no. 4 (1996): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9960485.

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As oocytes near the end of their growth phase, they become competent to undergo two aspects of maturation, cytoplasmic and nuclear. Both are essential for the formation of an egg having the capacity for fertilization and development to live offspring. Nuclear maturation encompasses the processes reversing meiotic arrest at prophase I and driving the progression of meiosis to metaphase II. Cytoplasmic maturation refers to the processes that prepare the egg for activation and preimplantation development. This review focuses on the developmental programmes whereby oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage acquire competence to undergo nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, the coordination of programmes regulating the acquisition of these competencies in GV-stage oocytes, and the coordination of the maturational processes themselves. Although the developmental programme of the GV-stage oocyte for acquiring competence to complete preimplantation development does not appear to be tightly linked to the acquisition of competence to complete nuclear maturation, GV breakdown (GVB) is probably essential for activating some critical aspects of cytoplasmic maturation, particularly those related to fertilization and activation. Nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation are normally coordinated by this mechanism requiring the mixing of the GV contents with the cytoplasm at the time of GVB, but some processes of cytoplasmic maturation related to successful preimplantation development probably still occur without coordination with nuclear maturation. Thus, continued differentiation of GV-stage oocytes is necessary after the acquisition of competence to undergo nuclear maturation, to allow for the deposition of the maternal factors required for the development of preimplantation embryos beyond the 2-cell stage.

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Guo, Yuxuan, Yangpo Cao, Blake D. Jardin, Isha Sethi, Qing Ma, Behzad Moghadaszadeh, Emily C. Troiano, et al. "Sarcomeres regulate murine cardiomyocyte maturation through MRTF-SRF signaling." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): e2008861118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008861118.

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The paucity of knowledge about cardiomyocyte maturation is a major bottleneck in cardiac regenerative medicine. In development, cardiomyocyte maturation is characterized by orchestrated structural, transcriptional, and functional specializations that occur mainly at the perinatal stage. Sarcomeres are the key cytoskeletal structures that regulate the ultrastructural maturation of other organelles, but whether sarcomeres modulate the signal transduction pathways that are essential for cardiomyocyte maturation remains unclear. To address this question, here we generated mice with cardiomyocyte-specific, mosaic, and hypomorphic mutations of α-actinin-2 (Actn2) to study the cell-autonomous roles of sarcomeres in postnatal cardiomyocyte maturation. Actn2 mutation resulted in defective structural maturation of transverse-tubules and mitochondria. In addition, Actn2 mutation triggered transcriptional dysregulation, including abnormal expression of key sarcomeric and mitochondrial genes, and profound impairment of the normal progression of maturational gene expression. Mechanistically, the transcriptional changes in Actn2 mutant cardiomyocytes strongly correlated with those in cardiomyocytes deleted of serum response factor (SRF), a critical transcription factor that regulates cardiomyocyte maturation. Actn2 mutation increased the monomeric form of cardiac α-actin, which interacted with the SRF cofactor MRTFA and perturbed its nuclear localization. Overexpression of a dominant-negative MRTFA mutant was sufficient to recapitulate the morphological and transcriptional defects in Actn2 and Srf mutant cardiomyocytes. Together, these data indicate that Actn2-based sarcomere organization regulates structural and transcriptional maturation of cardiomyocytes through MRTF-SRF signaling.

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Almeida-Neto, Paulo Francisco de, Dihogo Gama de Matos, Vanessa Carla Monteiro Pinto, Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas, Tatianny de Macêdo Cesário, Luíz Felipe da Silva, Alexandre Bulhões-Correia, Felipe José Aidar, and Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinôco Cabral. "Can the Neuromuscular Performance of Young Athletes Be Influenced by Hormone Levels and Different Stages of Puberty?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 5637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165637.

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Background: Endocrine mechanisms can be a determining factor in the neuromuscular performance of young athletes. Objective: The objective of the present study was to relate maturational and hormonal markers to neuromuscular performance, as well as to verify whether young athletes with different testosterone levels show differences in muscle strength. Methods: The sample consisted of 37 young male Brazilian athletes (11.3 ± 0.94 years) who were members of a sports initiation project. Hormonal markers were analyzed biochemically by blood samples, and maturation markers by mathematical models based on anthropometry. Body composition was verified by tetrapolar bioimpedance. The performance of upper and lower limb strength and body speed were analyzed. Results: Hormonal and maturational markers were related to neuromuscular performance (p < 0.05). Young people with higher testosterone levels showed higher muscle strength (p < 0.05). Artificial neural networks showed that testosterone predicted the performance of upper limbs by 49%, and maturation by 60%. Maturation foreshadowed the performance of lower limbs by 30.3%. Conclusion: Biological maturation and hormonal levels can be related to neuromuscular performance, and young people with higher testosterone levels show superior muscle strength in relation to the others.

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Cappellari, Alberto M. "Normal Neonatal Electroencephalogram at a Glance." Journal of Neonatology 34, no. 4 (December 2020): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973217920977532.

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Interpreting neonatal electroencephalogram (EEG) presents a challenge owing to rapid evolution of EEG patterns occurring during brain maturation in the neonatal period and rich variety of normal patterns of EEG activity, which is difficult to categorize completely. Furthermore, the description of some aspects during maturation varies in different studies. Neonatal EEG is unfamiliar to most neurologists, and its interpretation requires knowledge of the physiological markers of electrogenesis maturation. The purpose of this review was to provide health-care professionals in the neonatal intensive care unit with guidance on the more common normal maturational features of the neonatal EEG. A simplified layout with the essential elements of normal neonatal EEG is included.

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Yu, Qinlin, Yun Peng, Huiying Kang, Qinmu Peng, Minhui Ouyang, Michelle Slinger, Di Hu, Haochang Shou, Fang Fang, and Hao Huang. "Differential White Matter Maturation from Birth to 8 Years of Age." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 4 (December 9, 2019): 2674–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz268.

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Abstract Comprehensive delineation of white matter (WM) microstructural maturation from birth to childhood is critical for understanding spatiotemporally differential circuit formation. Without a relatively large sample of datasets and coverage of critical developmental periods of both infancy and early childhood, differential maturational charts across WM tracts cannot be delineated. With diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of 118 typically developing (TD) children aged 0–8 years and 31 children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) aged 2–7 years, the microstructure of every major WM tract and tract group was measured with DTI metrics to delineate differential WM maturation. The exponential model of microstructural maturation of all WM was identified. The WM developmental curves were separated into fast, intermediate, and slow phases in 0–8 years with distinctive time period of each phase across the tracts. Shorter periods of the fast and intermediate phases in certain tracts, such as the commissural tracts, indicated faster earlier development. With TD WM maturational curves as the reference, higher residual variance of WM microstructure was found in children with ASD. The presented comprehensive and differential charts of TD WM microstructural maturation of all major tracts and tract groups in 0–8 years provide reference standards for biomarker detection of neuropsychiatric disorders.

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Hogan, Clorinda, Shaun Abbott, Mark Halaki, Marcela Torres Castiglioni, Goshi Yamauchi, Lachlan Mitchell, James Salter, Michael Romann, and Stephen Cobley. "Maturation-based Corrective Adjustment Procedures (Mat-CAPs) in youth swimming: Evidence for restricted age-group application in females." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 7, 2022): e0275797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275797.

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Inter-individual differences in maturation-associated development can lead to variations in physical performance, resulting in performance (dis)advantages and maturation selection bias within youth sport systems. To address such bias and account for maturational differences, Maturation-based Corrective Adjustment Procedures (Mat-CAPs) could be beneficial. The present study aimed to: (1) determine maturity timing distributions in youth female swimming; (2) quantify the relationship between maturation status and 100-m front-crawl (FC) performance; (3) implement Mat-CAPs to remove maturational influences upon swimming performance. For Aim 1 and 2, participants were 663 female (10–15 years) swimmers who participated in 100-m FC events at Australian regional, state, and national-level competitions between 2016–2020 and underwent anthropometric assessment (mass, height and sitting height) to estimate maturity timing and offset. For Aim 3, participants aged 10–13 years were categorised into maturity timing categories. Maturity timing distributions for Raw (‘All’, ‘Top 50%’ and ‘Top 25%’) and Correctively Adjusted swim times were examined. Chi-square, Cramer’s V and Odds Ratios determined the presence of maturation biases, while Mat-CAPs identified whether such biases were removed in targeted age and selection-groups. Results identified that between 10–13 years, a significantly higher frequency of ‘early’ maturers was apparent, although tapered toward higher frequencies of ‘Late-normative’ maturers by 14–15 years. A curvilinear relationship between maturity-offset and swim performance was identified (R2 = 0.51, p<0.001) and utilised for Mat-CAPs. Following Mat-CAPs application, maturity timing biases evident in affected age-groups (10–13 years), and which were magnified at higher selection levels (‘Top 50%’ & ‘25%’ of swim performances) were predominantly removed. Findings highlight how maturation advantages in females occurred until approximately 13 years old, warranting restricted Mat-CAPs application. Mat-CAPS has the potential to improve female swimmer participation experiences and evaluation.

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Keshava, S. "The Growth Progression in Linear Body Measures among the Jeunkuruba, Kadukuruba and Yerava Tribal Boys of Karnataka." Indian Journal of Research in Anthropology 8, no. 2 (February 26, 2023): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijra.2454.9118.8222.2.

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The present study has been carried out to analyze population-wise growth progression in linear body measures among the Jenukuruba, Kadukuruba, and Yerava (boys aged 10- 16 years) Scheduled tribes of Karnataka. A total of 475 subjects were measured cross-sectionally for 12 linear body measurements following the standard measurement techniques. Analysis results of the present study exhibit the prevalence of Cephalo-Caudal and Caudo-Cephalic sequence of maturation within the components of extremities among Jenukuruba and Kadukuruba boys, but in the case of Yerava boys shows only Cephalo-Caudal sequence of maturation throughout the age range studied. When taking account of within the subsegments of the upper extremities Jenukuruba boys at all ages show only CaudoCephalic sequence of maturation, where as Kadukuruba boys show Caudo-Cephalic as well as mixed gradients of maturational sequence, but in case of Yerava boys shows Cephalo-Caudal sequence besides mixed gradients of maturational sequence. And in the sub-segments of the lower extremities, Jenukuruba shows Caudo-Cephalic the sequence of growth, where as among Kadukuruba and Yerava exhibit Caudo-Cephalic as well as mixed gradients of maturational sequence throughout the age range studied.

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Elliott, C. F., and W. J. Pearce. "Effects of maturation on cell water, protein, and DNA content in ovine cerebral arteries." Journal of Applied Physiology 79, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.3.831.

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The present study examined the effects of maturation on base-soluble protein, DNA content, and intracellular water volume in ovine cerebral arteries to evaluate these variables as references for normalization of levels of cellular constituents in studies of vascular maturation. With maturation, base-soluble protein per unit wet weight (measured by using the Bradford method) increased by 27% to 46%, and cell volume (estimated as the ratio of cell water to DNA) increased by 53% to 97%. However, intracellular water per unit wet weight (calculated as the difference between total water measured by dehydration and extracellular water measured by using the extracellular marker [57Co]EDTA) increased by only 1% to 16%, because of maturation-related hypertrophy (quantitated histologically) combined with decreased cell number per unit wet weight (DNA content, quantitated by using Hoechst dye, decreased by 32% to 41%). In addition, the effects of maturation were artery specific: maturational increases in cell water and volume were more pronounced in common carotid than in cerebral arteries. These findings demonstrate that different methods of normalization can produce quantitatively opposite results in maturation-related studies. For cellular constituents, the most physiologically relevant normalization is relative to intracellular water volume, which yields units of apparent intracellular concentration. Because the relative content of intracellular water per unit wet weight changes little with maturation, normalization of levels of cellular constituents relative to wet weight provides a reasonable index of intracellular concentration. Clearly, no single approach is optimal for all studies, and the method of normalization should be carefully considered with regard to effects of maturation on vascular composition.

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Tolstykh, N. N. "Modern maturation." Консультативная психология и психотерапия 23, no. 4 (2015): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2015230402.

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On a material of foreign and domestic studies discusses the problems of the modern get older involving the periods of adolescence, youth and early life . It is shown that different countries have different ideas about who is considered an adult, and that these representations, as well as markers of adulthood has changed markedly over the past decade. In most countries as a result of the recent socio-cultural changes observed lengthening of the period of adolescence that today not only ends with the end of adolescence, but takes almost the whole period of youth, covering the third dozen of human life. Along with the increase in time of maturing, there is a marked change in the content of such age periods as adolescence and youth.

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Stevens-Hernandez, Christian J., and Lesley J. Bruce. "Reticulocyte Maturation." Membranes 12, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12030311.

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Changes to the membrane proteins and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton must occur for a reticulocyte to mature into a red blood cell (RBC). Different mechanisms of reticulocyte maturation have been proposed to reduce the size and volume of the reticulocyte plasma membrane and to eliminate residual organelles. Lysosomal protein degradation, exosome release, autophagy and the extrusion of large autophagic–endocytic hybrid vesicles have been shown to contribute to reticulocyte maturation. These processes may occur simultaneously or perhaps sequentially. Reticulocyte maturation is incompletely understood and requires further investigation. RBCs with membrane defects or cation leak disorders caused by genetic variants offer an insight into reticulocyte maturation as they present characteristics of incomplete maturation. In this review, we compare the structure of the mature RBC membrane with that of the reticulocyte. We discuss the mechanisms of reticulocyte maturation with a focus on incomplete reticulocyte maturation in red cell variants.

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Guo, Yuxuan, and William T. Pu. "Cardiomyocyte Maturation." Circulation Research 126, no. 8 (April 10, 2020): 1086–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.119.315862.

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Maturation is the last phase of heart development that prepares the organ for strong, efficient, and persistent pumping throughout the mammal’s lifespan. This process is characterized by structural, gene expression, metabolic, and functional specializations in cardiomyocytes as the heart transits from fetal to adult states. Cardiomyocyte maturation gained increased attention recently due to the maturation defects in pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocyte, its antagonistic effect on myocardial regeneration, and its potential contribution to cardiac disease. Here, we review the major hallmarks of ventricular cardiomyocyte maturation and summarize key regulatory mechanisms that promote and coordinate these cellular events. With advances in the technical platforms used for cardiomyocyte maturation research, we expect significant progress in the future that will deepen our understanding of this process and lead to better maturation of pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocyte and novel therapeutic strategies for heart disease.

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DeLuca, Francesco, and Jeffrey Baron. "Skeletal Maturation." Endocrinologist 9, no. 4 (July 1999): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019616-199907000-00008.

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Trounson, A., C. Anderiesz, G. M. Jones, A. Kausche, N. Lolatgis, and C. Wood. "Oocyte maturation." Human Reproduction 13, suppl 3 (June 1, 1998): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/13.suppl_3.52.

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Veesler, David, and John E. Johnson. "Virus Maturation." Annual Review of Biophysics 41, no. 1 (June 9, 2012): 473–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biophys-042910-155407.

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Huotari, Jatta, and Ari Helenius. "Endosome maturation." EMBO Journal 30, no. 17 (August 31, 2011): 3481–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2011.286.

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Newmark, Peter. "Celltech maturation." Nature 336, no. 6197 (November 1988): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/336296c0.

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Barnes, Frank L., and Marc-André Sirard. "Oocyte Maturation." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 18, no. 02 (2000): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-12551.

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Hume, Robert, Christine Conner, and Mhairi Gilmour. "Lung maturation." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 55, no. 1B (March 1996): 529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns19960046.

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McAnarney, Elizabeth R. "Social maturation." Journal of Adolescent Health Care 6, no. 2 (March 1985): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-0070(85)80033-4.

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Resnick, Michael D., Marianne McGrath, and Robert Tenbensel. "Social maturation." Journal of Adolescent Health Care 6, no. 2 (March 1985): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-0070(85)80034-6.

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Visan, Ioana. "Maturation programs." Nature Immunology 21, no. 4 (March 23, 2020): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-0655-z.

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Bell, Elaine. "DC maturation." Nature Reviews Immunology 3, no. 4 (April 2003): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri1071.

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Sakamoto, Tomoya, and Daniel P. Kelly. "Cardiac maturation." Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 187 (February 2024): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.12.008.

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Freitas, Alex Sander, Marise Fagundes Silveira, Deseirée Sant Ana Haikal, Antônio Prates Caldeira, Vinícius Dias Rodrigues, and Renato Sobral Monteiro-Júnior. "Body morphology and bone age in obese and non-obese girls aged 8 to 15 years old." Revista de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas 22, no. 1 (June 22, 2023): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/cmbio.v22i1.52656.

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Introduction: childhood obesity is one of the main public health problems worldwide, leading to health status repercussions and growth and maturation process implications in both children and adolescents. Objective: the aim of this study was to verify body morphology and bone age variations in girls with obesity and without obesity. Methodology: this comprises a cross-sectional study conducted with 140 girls aged 8 to 15 years old, 70 with obesity and 70 without obesity. Hip and waist circumferences, body mass, height and and Body Mass Index (BMI) were determined. For maturation status determinations, bone ages were determined by a left wrist and hand radiography employing the Fels method. Results: the findigs indicate significant correlations between nutritional and maturation statuses (r=0.80; p˂0.01). Girls with obesity presented higher weight and BMI values, larger waist and hip circumferences and more advanced bone age compared to girls without obesity (p˂0.01). The same significant differences (p˂0.01) were noted in the contrasting maturational group analysis, where girls presenting advanced maturation always exhibited the highest parameter values. Conclusion: nutritional status is associated to maturation status, and girls with obesity exhibit more advanced bone age than girls without obesity.

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Padula, Stephanie L., Nivedhitha Velayutham, and Katherine E. Yutzey. "Transcriptional Regulation of Postnatal Cardiomyocyte Maturation and Regeneration." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 3288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063288.

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During the postnatal period, mammalian cardiomyocytes undergo numerous maturational changes associated with increased cardiac function and output, including hypertrophic growth, cell cycle exit, sarcomeric protein isoform switching, and mitochondrial maturation. These changes come at the expense of loss of regenerative capacity of the heart, contributing to heart failure after cardiac injury in adults. While most studies focus on the transcriptional regulation of embryonic or adult cardiomyocytes, the transcriptional changes that occur during the postnatal period are relatively unknown. In this review, we focus on the transcriptional regulators responsible for these aspects of cardiomyocyte maturation during the postnatal period in mammals. By specifically highlighting this transitional period, we draw attention to critical processes in cardiomyocyte maturation with potential therapeutic implications in cardiovascular disease.

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Kumari, Pooja, Neeta Sehgal, S. V. Goswami, and Neerja Aggarwal. "Multifactorial control of gonadotropin release for induction of oocyte maturation: Influence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin release-inhibiting factor and dopamine receptors in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 2 (June 12, 2021): 686–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2695.

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Several external and internal factors contribute to the reproductive success of teleosts, which makes the reproductive process complex and unique. In the Indian freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis, monsoon plays a crucial role as it fine tunes the neuroendocrine axis, culminating in oocyte maturation. Therefore, induction of oocyte maturation requires the coordinated interaction among hypothalamic, hypophyseal, and peripheral hormones. In the present investigation, dual neuroendocrine control of oocyte maturation has been demonstrated in the catfish, H. fossilis. The maturational response in gravid catfish is inhibited in the presence of dopamine but GnRH evokes the oocyte maturation and ovulation. GnRH upregulates the expression of lhb gene as well as increases plasma levels of LH significantly within 30 minutes of its administration. Destruction of the preoptic region in gravid catfish by electrolytic or chemical lesions also causes oocyte maturation and ovulation. But this response is inhibited if dopamine is injected into the nucleus preopticus periventricularis-lesioned fishes. These observations support the role of dopamine as an inhibitory factor, therefore specific receptors of dopamine have been characterized in catfish and their expression in the brain has been quantified. Dopamine receptors are upregulated in dopamine-treated fishes and downregulated if a dopamine antagonist (pimozide) is injected. The present study suggests the presence of inhibitory mechanism for LH secretion in gravid catfish. Abolition of this inhibition is necessary to release LH surge, which in turn stimulates resumption of meiosis and ovulation. Thus peptidergic as well as aminergic systems regulate oocyte maturation in H. fossilis. Neuroendocrine regulation of oocyte maturation and ovulation has major implications for inducing spawning in aquaculture.

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Smiljakovic, Tatjana, and Wolfgang Tomek. "Meiotic maturation and in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 22, no. 1-2 (2006): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0602029s.

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In vitro production of embryos, and, as part of this method, in vitro maturation of oocytes, have received great attention in last ten-fifteen years. It is well established in bovine. Here, in this review is presented importance of this method, usual meiotic division is described, as well, as importance of biochemical investigations of several protein factors and enzymes, which control these processes.

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Michanski, Susann, Katharina Smaluch, Anna Maria Steyer, Rituparna Chakrabarti, Cristian Setz, David Oestreicher, Christian Fischer, et al. "Mapping developmental maturation of inner hair cell ribbon synapses in the apical mouse cochlea." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 13 (March 13, 2019): 6415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812029116.

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Ribbon synapses of cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) undergo molecular assembly and extensive functional and structural maturation before hearing onset. Here, we characterized the nanostructure of IHC synapses from late prenatal mouse embryo stages (embryonic days 14–18) into adulthood [postnatal day (P)48] using electron microscopy and tomography as well as optical nanoscopy of apical turn organs of Corti. We find that synaptic ribbon precursors arrive at presynaptic active zones (AZs) after afferent contacts have been established. These ribbon precursors contain the proteins RIBEYE and piccolino, tether synaptic vesicles and their delivery likely involves active, microtubule-based transport pathways. Synaptic contacts undergo a maturational transformation from multiple small to one single, large AZ. This maturation is characterized by the fusion of ribbon precursors with membrane-anchored ribbons that also appear to fuse with each other. Such fusion events are most frequently encountered around P12 and hence, coincide with hearing onset in mice. Thus, these events likely underlie the morphological and functional maturation of the AZ. Moreover, the postsynaptic densities appear to undergo a similar refinement alongside presynaptic maturation. Blockwise addition of ribbon material by fusion as found during AZ maturation might represent a general mechanism for modulating ribbon size.

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Ferreira, Ayrton Bruno De Morais, Jason Azevedo de Medeiros, Rafaela Catherine Da Silva Cunha de Medeiros, Luiz Afonso Rangel Serrano, Vanessa Carla Monteiro Pinto, Matheus Dantas, and Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas. "Level of physical activity and motor coordination of schoolchildren in different maturational stages." Journal of Human Growth and Development 29, no. 3 (December 12, 2019): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.v29.9536.

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Introduction: Motor development studies and debates reveal that sport and physical activity develop and improve motor skills. These studies seek to understand the changes that occur with movement, which becomes more complex as it develops through physical activity. Objective: To compare the level of physical activity and motor coordination of students in different maturational stages and to relate the level of physical activity with the motor coordination of young people. Methods: Descriptive research with cross-sectional design. A total of 46 male subjects aged 10 to 14 years participated in the study. Baecke's usual physical activity questionnaire was applied; the maturity stage was verified through the Puberal Maturation Prediction Equation; the body composition was evaluated through the Guedes protocol for children and adolescents; Finally, the coordinative performance was classified using the Korperkoordinationstest fur Kinder (KTK) test battery. Results: There were significant differences for the variables Age and Height among all stages: P3, P4 and P5 maturation. The differences found in the variable body weight occurred only between the P3 and P5 stages; P4 and P5. It was also observed that no significant differences were found for motor coordination between maturation stages. The same occurred when physical activity indexes were compared. Conclusion: There is no difference in the level of physical activity between stages 3, 4 and 5 of sexual maturation, nor does the maturational stage seem to influence the level of motor coordination of young students.

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Chattergoon, Natasha N. "Thyroid hormone signaling and consequences for cardiac development." Journal of Endocrinology 242, no. 1 (July 2019): T145—T160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-18-0704.

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The fetal heart undergoes its own growth and maturation stages all while supplying blood and nutrients to the growing fetus and its organs. Immature contractile cardiomyocytes proliferate to rapidly increase and establish cardiomyocyte endowment in the perinatal period. Maturational changes in cellular maturation, size and biochemical capabilities occur, and require, a changing hormonal environment as the fetus prepares itself for the transition to extrauterine life. Thyroid hormone has long been known to be important for neuronal development, but also for fetal size and survival. Fetal circulating 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) levels surge near term in mammals and are responsible for maturation of several organ systems, including the heart. Growth factors like insulin-like growth factor-1 stimulate proliferation of fetal cardiomyocytes, while thyroid hormone has been shown to inhibit proliferation and drive maturation of the cells. Several cell signaling pathways appear to be involved in this complicated and coordinated process. The aim of this review was to discuss the foundational studies of thyroid hormone physiology and the mechanisms responsible for its actions as we speculate on potential fetal programming effects for cardiovascular health.

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Miller, Gregg A., Naveen Goel, Aleksandr Khariton, Alexander Friedman, Yevgeny Savransky, Ilya Trusov, Kiran Jotwani, Eric Savransky, Dean Preddie, and William Perry Arnold. "Aggressive Approach to Salvage Non-Maturing Arteriovenous Fistulae: A Retrospective Study with follow-up." Journal of Vascular Access 10, no. 3 (July 2009): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112972980901000309.

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Purpose To establish a standardized approach for the maturation of non-maturing arteriovenous fistulae. Methods consecutive patients (n=122) with non-maturing fistulae presented to our outpatient vascular access center for percutaneous interventions to assist in maturation. The techniques used included flow rerouting, competing branch vein elimination, staged balloon angioplasty, and limited controlled extravasation. Results Successful fistula maturations were achieved in 118/122 patients. Fistulae were divided into two classes according to initial vessel size: class 1 (6.0–8.0 mm diameter, >6 mm deep) and class 2 (2.0–5.0 mm diameter) fistulae were evaluated for differences in technical procedures and clinically successful fistula maturation. Class 1 and class 2 fistulae were evaluated for mean number of procedures to maturation (1.6 and 2.6, respectively), and time to maturation (5 and 7 weeks, respectively). Follow-up for 109 of the initial 118 patients was achieved (mean=24 months, range=0.25–60 months). Class 1 and class 2 fistulae had primary patencies of 17 and 39% at 6 months; and secondary patencies of 72 and 77% at 12 months, 53 and 61% at 24 months, and 42 and 32% at 36 months, respectively. Primary and secondary patencies (Mann-Whitney test, p=0.44 and p=0.38, respectively) of class 1 and class 2 fistulae did not differ significantly, and secondary patencies were comparable to other fistula salvage studies. Conclusion Fistula salvage attempts should not be limited by factors such as a diffusely small diameter or an inaccessibly deep position.

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Perçin, Fatih, and Eren Haydan. "MATURATION PYRAMID OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY." e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy 12, no. 4 (October 31, 2017): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12739/nwsa.2017.12.4.1a0393.

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Wang, Lu, Thomas M. Murphy, and Pasquale Chitano. "Mechanisms of airway smooth muscle relaxation during maturation." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 83, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 833–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y05-056.

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Greater airway responsiveness in healthy juveniles is considered a factor in the higher asthma prevalence at a young age compared with adults. We have developed a guinea pig maturational model that utilizes tracheal strips from 1-week-, 3-week-, and 3-month-old guinea pigs to study the role of airway smooth muscle (ASM) in juvenile airway hyperresponsiveness. Because a reduced ability of ASM to spontaneously relax may contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness by maintaining bronchospasm and thus high airway resistance, we have employed this model to study ASM spontaneous relaxation during electrical field stimulation (EFS). Since relaxation during EFS had been neither described nor quantified during maturation, we developed new indices that allowed an appropriate comparison of the relaxing response from strips of different age animals. Using these indices we found that, whereas strips from adult animals relax to a level of tension similar to that found in the absence of stimulation, this ability to spontaneously relax is essentially absent in trachealis from infant animals. These results confirmed that maturation of ASM relaxation may play a role in juvenile airway hyperresponsiveness and that our maturational model is suitable to study the mechanisms regulating spontaneous relaxation in physiological conditions. We investigated the role of prostanoids in ASM relaxation and showed that cyclooxygenase inhibition increases relaxation in infant ASM to levels similar to adults. These results suggest that prostanoids regulate the ability of ASM to spontaneously relax, i.e., they reduce relaxation. We have produced preliminary data suggesting a maturational change in the level of prostanoids. Moreover, the possible action of acetylcholinesterase on maturation of ASM relaxation is discussed here on the basis of a preliminary study. We suggest that impairment of ASM relaxation likely contributes to increased airway responsiveness.Key words: acetylcholinesterase, airway responsiveness, asthma, ontogenesis, prostanoids.

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Oliveira Luz, Leonardo Gomes de, Tatiana Durão D`Ávila Luz, João Valente-dos-Santos, João Pedro Duarte, André Filipe Teixeira e. Seabra, Cristina Padez, and Manuel João Coelho e. Silva. "BIOLOGICAL MATURATION AND MUSCULAR STRENGTH: MEDIATION ANALYSIS IN PREPUBESCENT GIRLS." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 24, no. 3 (May 2018): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220182403180114.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Biological maturation has been related to the level of physical activity and motor competence of children. Objectives: This study aimed to: 1) analyze the association between biological maturation and performance in muscular strength tests and 2) examine whether the relationship between maturation and performance in physical tests is mediated by anthropometric variables. Method: The sample was composed of 71 eight-year-old Brazilian girls. Anthropometry considered stature, body mass, waist circumference, estimated fat mass and fat-free mass. Biological maturation was assessed based on the percentage of predicted adult stature. The physical tests consisted of 2-kg medicine ball throw, handgrip strength, sit-ups and standing long jump. Pearson’s correlation test was conducted between the study variables and the last stage consisted of a causal mediation analysis. Results: Biological maturation was significantly associated with the 2-kg medicine ball throw (r=0.52) and handgrip strength (r=0.42) tests. In the 2-kg medicine ball throw, the relationship with maturation was mediated by body mass (total mediation, Sobel’s Test = 2.214, p<0.05) and by estimated lean mass (total mediation; Sobel’s Test = 3.146, p<0.001). In the handgrip strength test, body mass was the only mediating variable (total mediation; Sobel’s Test = 2.251, p<0.05). Conclusions: Advanced maturational status appears to contribute to the performance of prepubescent girls in muscular strength tests in which there is no translocation of total or partial body mass. It is recommended that studies be conducted in other age groups. Level of Evidence III; Study of nonconsecutive patients; without consistently applied reference ‘‘gold’’ standard.

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de Almeida-Neto, Paulo Francisco, Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas, Vanessa Carla Monteiro Pinto, Tatianny de Macêdo Cesário, Nathália Monastirski Ribeiro Campos, Eduardo Estevan Santana, Dihogo Gama de Matos, Felipe J. Aidar, and Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinoco Cabral. "Biological Maturation and Hormonal Markers, Relationship to Neuromotor Performance in Female Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 3277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093277.

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Background: Mechanisms that influence muscle strength can interfere with neuromotor performance and overall health, thus hormone markers and maturation can interact in this process. Objective: The present study aimed to verify the relationship of hormonal markers and biological maturation on neuromotor abilities in young people. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 44 female participants (11.5 ± 1.5 years). Hormones were analyzed biochemically. Skeletal and somatic maturation were analyzed using anthropometry. The muscular power of the upper and lower limbs, body speed with change of direction, and speed of the upper limbs were verified. Results: Bone age was correlated with hormonal markers (estradiol: r = 0.58; p = 0.0007), (testosterone: r = 0.51; p = 0.005). Peak growth velocity correlated with estradiol (r = 0.51; p = 0.004). The power of the lower limbs (estradiol: r = 0.52; p = 0.006; testosterone: r = 0.42; p = 0.03) and of the upper limbs (estradiol: r = 0.51; p = 0.007; testosterone: r = 0.42; p = 0.02) had a positive correlation with hormone levels and had similar results with maturation. The analysis by artificial neural networks indicated that the maturation can predict the neuromotor performance between 57.4% and 76%, while the hormonal markers showed a potential of more than 95% for the foreshadowing of the neuromotor performance of the upper limbs. Conclusion: It was possible to conclude that the hormones had a relationship with maturational development and bone age in female subjects.

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Israel, E. J., K. Y. Pang, P. R. Harmatz, and W. A. Walker. "Structural and functional maturation of rat gastrointestinal barrier with thyroxine." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 252, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): G762—G767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1987.252.6.g762.

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It has been noted that the closure of the intestinal barrier to immunoglobulins is a normal maturational process in the rat. It has also been noted that the microvillus membrane (MVM) of newborn animals differs from adult MVM. The purpose of this study is to document whether thyroid hormone can induce closure in vivo in the rat and to relate this effect of thyroxine to the structural and functional maturation of the intestinal MVM. To assess closure, 2-wk-old rats were fed a rat immunoglobulin G (IgG), and serum antibody binding activity was measured 4 h later. The antibody binding activity of treated animals (T) was 1.5-2 times less than that of controls (C) (P less than 0.001), indicating that thyroxine stimulates closure. The MVM similarly showed signs of maturation. Structural maturation was demonstrated by the lower fluidity of the thyroid-treated animals' membranes. Under the influence of thyroxine, the number of receptors on the MVM for IgG had decreased [2.8 X 10(-7) M (C) vs. 1.7 X 10(-7) M (T)], while the Ka remained the same, demonstrating the functional maturation of the MVM. In conclusion, thyroid hormone can induce both structural and functional maturation of the intestinal MVM and can enhance the intestinal mucosal barrier by decreasing the penetration of antibodies.

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Noble, NA, QP Xu, and JH Ward. "Reticulocytes. I. Isolation and in vitro maturation of synchronized populations." Blood 74, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v74.1.475.475.

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Abstract Studies of reticulocyte maturation have been limited by the inability to obtain pure populations of age-synchronized reticulocytes and by the absence of well-defined methods for the maturation of reticulocytes in vitro. Many of these problems were overcome using temporary suppression of erythropoiesis with thiamphenicol and phlebotomy resulting in a highly reproducible reticulocyte response, Percoll density gradient separation of cells yielding essentially pure populations of age- synchronized reticulocytes, and liquid culture techniques where cell lysis is minimal. The system allows reproducible study of well-defined cohorts of reticulocytes as they mature into erythrocytes. During in vitro maturation we serially monitored changes in reticulocyte count, glucose consumption, 125I-transferrin binding, fluorescein (FITC)- labeled transferrin binding, the activities of four erythrocyte enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, and lactate dehydrogenase) and the appearance of cells on scanning electron microscopy. These variables changed at different rates suggesting that multiple mechanisms underlie these maturational events. Transferrin binding and reticulocyte count decreased most rapidly and reached values near zero after three to four days in culture. The four enzyme activities decreased much more slowly, and only two reached pretreatment values after seven days in culture. In contrast to the findings of others, scanning electron microscopy suggested that cells do not assume the normal biconcave shape in this system. The methods described make it feasible to study the process of reticulocyte maturation in vitro. The data presented represent a first step in the study of the coordination and interrelationships of various maturational processes.

Journal articles on the topic 'Maturation'

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