Academic literature on the topic 'Matrix partitions'

Cette thèse est consacrée au problème de la comparaison de deux partitions non strictes (floues/probabilistes, possibilistes) d'un même ensemble d'individus en plusieurs clusters. Sa résolution repose sur la définition formelle de mesures de concordance reprenant les principes des mesures historiques développées pour la comparaison de partitions strictes et trouve son application dans des domaines variés tels que la biologie, le traitement d'images, la classification automatique. Selon qu'elles s'attachent à observer les relations entre les individus décrites par chacune des partitions ou à quantifier les similitudes entre les clusters qui composent ces partitions, nous distinguons deux grandes familles de mesures pour lesquelles la notion même d'accord entre partitions diffère, et proposons d'en caractériser les représentants selon un même ensemble de propriétés formelles et informelles. De ce point de vue, les mesures sont aussi qualifiées selon la nature des partitions comparées. Une étude des multiples constructions sur lesquelles reposent les mesures de la littérature vient compléter notre taxonomie. Nous proposons trois nouvelles mesures de comparaison non strictes tirant profit de l'état de l'art. La première est une extension d'une approche stricte tandis que les deux autres reposent sur des approches dite natives, l'une orientée individus, l'autre orientée clusters, spécifiquement conçues pour la comparaison de partitions non strictes. Nos propositions sont comparées à celles de la littérature selon un plan d'expérience choisi pour couvrir les divers aspects de la problématique. Les résultats présentés montrent l'intérêt des propositions pour le thème de recherche qu'est la comparaison de partitions. Enfin, nous ouvrons de nouvelles perspectives en proposant les prémisses d'un cadre qui unifie les principales mesures non strictes orientées individus.

O presente trabalho dedica-se ao estudo de algumas consequências da representação matricial para conjuntos de partições de inteiros e funções mock theta. Na primeira parte do texto, classificamos as partições geradas por seis diferentes funções mock theta, de acordo com a soma das entradas da segunda linha das matrizes associadas, e apresentamos algumas fórmulas fechadas e identidades para essas partições. De nimos também a família ffm (q)gm 1 de funções mock theta, inspiradas pelo que chamamos de versão sem sinal da função f1(q). Fornecemos uma representação matricial análoga para as funções fm (q), o que leva a resultados interessantes a respeito das partições geradas por elas. A parte II do texto trata de uma nova abordagem que gera um conjunto diferente de partições de inteiros. A definição desse conjunto baseia-se na construção de um caminho sobre o reticulado Z2, determinado pela representao matricial para diferentes conjuntos de partições de n, e que liga a reta x + y = n a origem. As novas partições possuem apenas partes mpares distintas, com algumas restições particulares. Esse processo de construção de novas partições, chamado de Path Procedure, e aplicado a partições irrestritas, bem como para partições contadas pelas 1a e 2a Identidades de Rogers-Ramanujan e funções mock theta f5 (q) e T1(q).

On dit d'un sous-ensemble de NP qu'il présente une dichotomie s'il contient des problèmes qui sont soit résolubles en temps polynomial (dans Ptime), soit difficiles (NP-complets). La classe des problèmes de satisfaction de contraintes (CSP) finis est un sous-ensemble bien connu de NP qui présente une telle dichotomie. La classe de complexité NP n'a pas de dichotomie à moins que P = NP. Pour ces deux classes, il existe des logiques qui leur sont associées. -- NP est capturé par la logique Existentielle du second ordre (ESO) par le théorème de Fagin, c'est-à-dire qu'un problème est dans NP si et seulement s'il est exprimable par une formule ESO.-- CSP est un sous-ensemble de la logique de Feder et Vardi, le fragment monotone, monadique et sans inégalités de SNP, lui-même un fragment syntaxique de ESO (MMSNP); et, pour chaque formule de MMSNP, il existe un problème CSP équivalent via des réductions polynomiales.Ceci implique que la logique ESO, tout comme NP, n'a pas de dichotomie, à contraster avec le fait que MMSNP a une dichotomie tout comme CSP. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier les propriétés de dichotomie de sous-ensembles de NP qui contiennent strictement CSP ou MMSNP.Feder et Vardi ont prouvé que si nous omettons une des trois propriétés qui définissent MMSNP, à savoir être monotone, monadique ou omettre les inégalités, alors la logique résultante n'a pas de dichotomie. Comme leurs preuves restent parfois sommaires, nous revisitons ces résultats et fournissons des preuves détaillées. Le fragment guardé et monotone de SNP (GMSNP) est une extension connue de MMSNP qui est obtenue en relâchant la restriction "monadique" de MMSNP. Nous définissons de manière similaire une nouvelle logique appelée MMSNP avec des inégalités gardées, en relâchant la restriction d'être "sans inégalités". Nous prouvons qu'elle est strictement plus expressive que MMSNP et qu'elle possède également une dichotomie.Il existe une logique MMSNP₂ qui étend MMSNP de la même manière que MSO₂ étend la logique monadique du second ordre (MSO). On sait que MMSNP₂ est un fragment de GMSNP et que ces deux classes ont toutes deux une dichotomie ou n'en ont pas. Nous revisitons ce résultat et le renforçons en prouvant que, en ce qui concerne le fait d'avoir une dichotomie, sans perte de généralité, on peut considérer seulement les problèmes MMSNP₂ sur des signatures à un élément, au lieu des problèmes GMSNP sur des signatures finies arbitraires.Nous cherchons à prouver l'existence d'une dichotomie pour les MMSNP₂ en construisant en temps polynomial, pour tout problème MMSNP₂, un problème MMSNP équivalent. Nous rencontrons quelques obstacles pour construire une telle équivalence. Cependant, si nous permettons aux formules MMSNP d'être composées d'un nombre dénombrable de conjonctions négatives, nous prouvons qu'une telle équivalence existe. De plus, la formule MMSNP infinie correspondante a la propriété d'être "régulière". Cette propriété de régularité signifie que, dans un certain sens, cette formule est essentiellement finie. Il est connu que les problèmes MMSNP réguliers peuvent être exprimés par CSP sur des modèles oméga-catégoriques. De plus, il existe une caractérisation de la dichotomie algébrique pour les CSP oméga-catégoriques qui décrivent des problèmes MMSNP. Si l'on parvient à étendre cette caractérisation algébrique sur les problèmes réguliers MMSNP, alors notre résultat fournirait une dichotomie algébrique pour MMSNP₂. (...)<br>A subset of NP is said to have a dichotomy if it contains problem that are either solvable in P-time or NP-complete. The class of finite Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSP) is a well-known subset of NP that follows such a dichotomy. The complexity class NP does not have a dichotomy unless P = NP. For both of these classes there exist logics that are associated with them. -- NP is captured by Existential Second-Order (ESO) logic by Fagin's theorem, i.e., a problem is in NP if and only if it is expressible by an ESO sentence.-- CSP is a subset of Feder and Vardi's logic, Monotone Monadic Strict NP without inequalities (MMSNP), and for every MMSNP sentence there exists a P-time equivalent CSP problem. This implies that ESO does not have a dichotomy as well as NP, and that MMSNP has a dichotomy as well as CSP. The main objective of this thesis is to study subsets of NP that strictly contain CSP or MMSNP with respect to the dichotomy existence.Feder and Vardi proved that if we omit one of the three properties that define MMSNP, namely being monotone, monadic or omitting inequalities, then the resulting logic does not have a dichotomy. As their proofs remain sketchy at times, we revisit these results and provide detailed proofs. Guarded Monotone Strict NP (GMSNP) is a known extension of MMSNP that is obtained by relaxing the "monadic" restriction of MMSNP. We define similarly a new logic that is called MMSNP with Guarded inequalities, relaxing the restriction of being "without inequalities". We prove that it is strictly more expressive than MMSNP and that it also has a dichotomy.There is a logic MMSNP₂ that extends MMSNP in the same way as MSO₂ extends Monadic Second-Order (MSO) logic. It is known that MMSNP₂ is a fragment of GMSNP and that these two classes either both have a dichotomy or both have not. We revisit this result and strengthen it by proving that, with respect to having a dichotomy, without loss of generality, one can consider only MMSNP₂ problems over one-element signatures, instead of GMSNP problems over arbitrary finite signatures.We seek to prove the existence of a dichotomy for MMSNP₂ by finding, for every MMSNP₂ problem, a P-time equivalent MMSNP problem. We face some obstacles to build such an equivalence. However, if we allow MMSNP sentences to consist of countably many negated conjuncts, then we prove that such an equivalence exists. Moreover, the corresponding infinite MMSNP sentence has a property of being "regular". This regular property means that, in some sense, this sentence is still finite. It is known that regular MMSNP problems can be expressed by CSP on omega-categorical templates. Also, there is an algebraic dichotomy characterisation for omega-categorical CSPs that describe MMSNP problems. If one manages to extend this algebraic characterisation onto regular MMSNP, then our result would provide an algebraic dichotomy for MMSNP₂.Another potential way to prove the existence of a dichotomy for MMSNP₂ is to mimic the proof of Feder and Vardi for MMSNP. That is, by finding a P-time equivalent CSP problem. The most difficult part there is to reduce a given input structure to a structure of sufficiently large girth. For MMSNP and CSP, it is done using expanders, i.e., structures, where the distribution of tuples is close to a uniform distribution. We study this approach with respect to MMSNP₂ and point out the main obstacles. (...)

We study the leading order asymptotics of a Random Matrix theory partition function related to colored triangulations. This partition function comes from a three Hermitian matrix model that has been introduced in the physics literature. We provide a detailed and precise description of the combinatorial objects that the partition function counts that has not appeared previously in the literature. We also provide a general framework for studying the leading order asymptotics of an N dimensional integral that one encounters studying the partition function of colored triangulations. The results are obtained by generalizing well know results for integrals coming from Hermitian matrix models with only one matrix that give the leading order asymptiotics in terms of a finite dimensional variational problem. We apply these results to the partition function for colored triangulations to show that the minimizing density of the variational problem is unique, and agrees with the one proposed in the physics literature. This provides the first complete mathematically rigorous description of the leading order asymptotics of this matrix model for colored triangulations.

The major goal for physicochemical screening of pharmaceuticals is to predict human drug absorption, distribution, elimination, excretion and toxicity. These are all dependent on the lipophilicity of the drug, which is expressed as a partition coefficient i.e. a measure of a drug’s preference for the lipophilic or hydrophilic phases. The most common method of determining a partition coefficient is the shake flask method using octanol and water as partitioning media. However, this system has many limitations when modeling the interaction of ionised compounds with membranes, therefore, unreliable partitioning data for many solutes has been reported. In addition to these concerns, the procedure is tedious and time consuming and requires a high level of solute and solvent purity. Micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) has been proposed as an alternative technique for measuring partition coefficients utilising surfactant aggregates, known as micelles. This thesis investigates the application of MLC in determining micelle-water partition coefficients (logPMW) of pharmaceutical compounds of varying physicochemical properties. The effect of mobile phase pH and column temperature on the partitioning of compounds was evaluated. Results revealed that partitioning of drugs solely into the micellar core was influenced by the interaction of charged and neutral species with the surface of the micelle. Furthermore, the pH of the mobile phase significantly influenced the partitioning behaviour and a good correlation of logPMW was observed with calculated distribution coefficient (logD) values. More interestingly, a significant change in partitioning was observed near the dissociation constant of each drug indicating an influence of ionised species on the association with the micelle and retention on the stationary phase. Elevated column temperatures confirmed partitioning of drugs considered in this study was enthalpically driven with a small change in the entropy of the system because of the change in the nature of hydrogen bonding. Finally, a quantitative structure property relationship was developed to evaluate biological relevance in terms of predicting skin permeability of the newly developed partition coefficient values. This study provides a better surrogate for predicting skin permeability based on an easy, fast and cheap experimental methodology, and the method holds the predictive capability for a wider population of drugs. In summary, it can be concluded that MLC has the ability to generate partition coefficient values in a shorter time with higher accuracy, and has the potential to replace the octanol-water system for pharmaceutical compounds.

The interplay between spectrum and structure of graphs is the recurring theme of the three more or less independent chapters of this thesis. The first chapter provides a method to relate the eigensolutions of two matrices, one being the principal submatrix of the other, via an arbitrary annihilating polynomial. This is extended to lambda-matrices and to matrices the entries of which are rational functions in one variable. The extension may be interpreted as a possible generalization of other known techniques which aim at reducing the size of a matrix while preserving the spectral information. Several aspects of an application in order to reduce the computational costs of ordinary eigenvalue problems are discussed. The second chapter considers the straightforward extension of the well known concept of equitable partitions to weighted graphs, i.e. complex matrices. It provides a method to divide the eigenproblem into smaller parts corresponding to the front divisor and its complementary factor in an easy and stable way with complexity which is only quadratic in matrix size. The exploitation of several equitable partitions ordered by refinement is discussed and a suggestion is made that preserves hermiticity if present. Some generalizations of equitable partitions are considered and a basic procedure for finding an equitable partition of complex matrices is given. The third chapter deals with isospectral and unitary equivalent graphs. It introduces a construction for unitary equivalent graphs which contains the well known GM-switching as a special case. It also considers an algebra of graph matrices generated by the adjacency matrix that corresponds to the 1-dimensional Weisfeiler-Lehman stabilizer in a way that mimics the correspondence of the coherent closure and the 2-dimensional Weisfeiler-Lehman stabilizer. The algebra contains the degree matrix, the (combinatorial, signless and normalized) Laplacian and the Seidel matrix. An easy construction produces graph pairs that are simultaneously unitary equivalent w.r.t. that algebra.