Academic literature on the topic 'Matlabas wetland'

The Hailar River is an important river in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. It plays an extremely important role in maintaining the ecological balance of the region. However, in recent decades, the Hailar River and its surrounding areas have been developed at a high rate and its wetland resources have faced various threats. In this study, vegetation changes in the Hailar River wetlands were analyzed using remote sensing data from the Landsat TM (1987, 2001, and 2010) and Landsat OLI-TIRS (2019) satellites. A vegetation change model was developed using Matlab software to assess vegetation changes in the area. There were significant changes in the wetland vegetation of the lower Hailar River study site between 1987 and 2019. There was an increase in open sand habitat with a sparse vegetation area of 1.08 km2, a decrease in grassland area of 13.17 km2, and an increase in the forest area of 15.91 km2. The spatial distribution of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) varied across the study site and was high overall. The vegetation types varied with distance from the river. There are two possible explanations for positive and negative vegetation change trends. In areas where the water supply is sufficient and relatively stable, the cover of forest vegetation was gradually increasing and the herbaceous plant community is gradually evolving into a scrub woodland plant community. In areas where the water supply is lacking, there are changes in the sense of a decrease of forest vegetation and an increase of open sand habitat with sparse vegetation. Therefore, this study suggests that the existing wetlands should be protected, used wisely, and developed rationally to provide sustainable resources for the next generation.

The aim of this research was to use experimental planning to collect data and also to establish a methodology to compare them with theoretical data, where both are associated to the dynamics of reduction in pollutants in a natural treatment system for wastewater. The experimental data were collected and evaluated from two of these systems, built according to Valentim & Amendola (1999) and Collaço (2001), at the Center of Mechanization and Agricultural Automation of the Agricultural Institute of Campinas, located in Jundiaí, SP, Brazil. These systems were rectangular in shape; one with crushed stone and another with chopped tires used as support bed to hold the plants, both with macrophyte species Typha sp. The theoretical data were obtained from a mathematical model, adapted to describe the physical process of subsurface flow. The numerical simulations using the implicit finite difference numerical method were carried out using MATLAB 6.1 software. The results of the comparative analysis between theoretical and experimental data are presented for the two types of support beds. Some coefficients and parameters were adjusted to characterize the constructed systems. The results obtained were analyzed and some conclusions about the physical process as well as those about the adequacy of the mathematical model were made.

Currently the climate computer offers many benefits and solves problems related to the regulation, monitoring and controls. Greenhouse growers remain vigilant and attentive, facing this technological development. They ensure competitiveness and optimize their investments / production cost which continues to grow. The application of artificial intelligence in the industry known for considerable growth, which is not the case in the field of agricultural greenhouses, where enforcement remains timid. It is from this fact, we undertake research work in this area and conduct a simulation based on meteorological data through MATLAB Simulink to finally analyze the thermal behavior greenhouse microclimate energy. In this paper we present comparison of modeling and simulation management of the greenhouse microclimate by fuzzy logic between a wetland (Dar El Beida Algeria) and the other arid (Biskra Algeria).

Currently the climate computer offers many benefits and solves problems related to the regulation, monitoring and controls. Greenhouse growers remain vigilant and attentive, facing this technological development. they ensure competitiveness and optimize their investments / production cost which continues to grow. The application of artificial intelligence in the industry known for considerable growth, which is not the case in the field of agricultural greenhouses, where enforcement remains timid. it is from this fact, we undertake research work in this area and conduct a simulation based on meteorological data through MATLAB Simulink to finally analyze the thermal behavior -greenhouse microclimate energy . In this paper we present comparison of modeling and simulation management of the greenhouse microclimate by fuzzy logic between a wetland (Dar El Beida Algeria) and the other arid (Biskra Algeria).

We present a software package for the supervised classification of images useful for cover-type mapping of freshwater habitat (e.g., water surface, gravel bars, vegetation). The software allows the user to select a representative subset of pixels within a specific area of interest in the image that the user has identified as a cover-type habitat of interest. We developed a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows the user to select single pixels using a dot, line, or group of pixels within a defined polygon that appears to the user to have a spectral similarity. Histogram plots for each band of the selected ground-truth subset aid the user in determining whether to accept or reject it as input data for the classification processes. A statistical model, or classifier, is then built using this pixel subset to assign every pixel in the image to a best-fit group based on reflectance or spectral similarity. Ideally, a classifier incorporates both spectral and spatial information. In our software, we implement quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) for spectral classification and choose three spatial methods—mode filtering, probability label relaxation, and Markov random fields—to incorporate spatial context after computation of the spectral type. This multi-step interactive process makes the software quantitatively robust, broadly applicable, and easily usable for cover-type mapping of rivers, their floodplains, wetlands often components of these functionally linked freshwater systems. Indeed, this supervised classification approach is helpful for a wide range of cover-type mapping applications in freshwater systems but also estuarine and coastal systems as well. However, it can also aid many other applications, specifically for automatic and quantitative extraction of pixels that represent the water surface area of rivers and floodplains.

Matlabas is a mountain mire in Marakele National Park, located within the headwaters of the Limpopo River in South Africa. This mire consists of a complex of valley-bottom and seepage wetlands with small elevated peat domes. The occurrence of one decaying peat dome, which has burnt, and desiccated wetland areas with terrestrial vegetation has raised concerns. The aim of this study was to understand the mire features and water flows in order to identify the potential drivers causing wetland degradation. Wells and piezometers were installed to monitor the hydraulic head and collect water samples for analysis of ion composition, 18O and 2H stable isotope content, and δ13C and 14C isotope content for radiocarbon dating. Moreover, peat temperature profiles were measured and peat deposits were also dated using radiocarbon. Results indicate that the Matlabas mire developed in the lowest central-east side of the valley by paludification at the onset of the Holocene. During the Mid-Holocene, peat development was extended laterally by autogenic and allogenic processes. Three types of water flows driving peat development were identified – sheet flow, phreatic groundwater flow and deep groundwater flow – two of which are surface or near surface flows. The recent occurrence of decaying peat domes and desiccated wetland areas is possibly related to loss of exfiltrating deep groundwater flows that have resulted from drainage by the head-cut channels in the mire and interception of near surface water flow by an access road, respectively. Interventions should be undertaken to prevent further degradation of the mire. Significance: This study is the first, as far as we are aware, on the ecohydrology of an inland mountainous mire in southern Africa. The results highlight the importance of the current wetland management (including rehabilitation) initiatives in South Africa. The integrative ecohydrological methods can be applied in other headwater wetlands in southern Africa.

Introduction. The concentration of methane in the Earth's atmosphere, the second most potent greenhouse gas, continues to rise since 2007 [Canadell et al., 2021]. The need to significantly reduce the anthropogenic emission of methane into the atmosphere in order to limit the increase in global temperature by 2100 within 2C relative to the period from 1850 to 1900 is recognized by both the scientific community [IPCC, 2021] and the leadership of most countries of the world, including Russia, who signed and ratified the Paris Agreement, adopted following the results of the 21st Conference of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change [Climate Agenda of Russia, 2021]. Reduction of methane emissions and control over it throughout the territory of managed ecosystems will require huge resources and investments, development of new climate-smart technologies. A reasonable compromise may be to identify the most important sources of methane within managed ecosystems (also called hot spots) and to introduce changes in their land-use in accordance with the principles of sustainable development and science-based environmental management. The major type of economic activity in the taiga natural zone of West Siberia is oil production [Koleva, 2007; Volkova, 2010]. Since 35-40% of the West Siberian middle taiga area is covered with waterlogged ecosystems - wetlands and floodplains [Peregon et al., 2009; Terentieva et al., 2016], a significant part of this infrastructure is located in wetland ecosystems and has a strong impact on them. In this paper, we made the first attempt to understand, how the most common types of disturbances by oil production (road, pipeline and electric power transmission line construction) can affect methane emissions from the most common disturbed waterlogged ecosystems in the region (oligotrophic raised bogs on a terrace or watershed) and eutrophic lowland swamps in the floodplain). We measured methane emission from the surface of disturbed wetland ecosystems, physicochemical and biological factors influencing it, to identify which ecosystems are hot spots of methane emission. Objects. The study area was located 50 km southeast of the city of Khanty-Mansiysk, on the right bank of the Irtysh River, in the natural zone of the middle taiga. The climate of this region is subarctic (Dfc according to Kppen). In the floodplain of the Irtysh the most common types of wetlands are sedge-grass open swamps and sogras (treed sedge-grass wetlands), on terraces and the watershed - pine-shrub-sphagnum ecosystems (ryams) and ridge-hollow complexes [Liss et al., 2001]. The thickness of the peat layer in raised bogs on the terrace and watershed varied from 2 to 3 m; in sogra from 3.5 to 4 m; in open floodplain swamps thickness of organic-rich horizon never exceeded 0.4 m. For floodplain ecosystems we investigated influence of a four-lane access road on changing the hydrological functioning of open swamps (points OO and OK), as well as the effect of cross-cut in a sogra (SP) compared to an undisturbed sogra (SE). For raised bogs on the terrace and watershed, we study the influence of asphalt two-lane roads which act as dams, preventing the flow of water from one side of the road to the other resulting in flooding to upstream areas (GMKO1 and GMKO2) and drying in downstream areas (GMKS) in ridge-hollow complexes. In ryams and ridge-hollow complexes The effect of cross-cutting on methane emission in ryams (RP1 and RP2) as well as pipeline installation in ryam (RTO1) and ridge-hollow complex (RTO2) were also studied. During a cross-cut tree layer was destroyed, the vegetation and moss cover was compacted (RP1) or mostly destroyed (RP2 and SP). Access roads were constructed 3 (four-lane) and 10-15 (asphalt two-lane) years ago. Pipelines were installed 2-3 years ago. Methods. Methane flux was measured using the static chamber method [Hutchinson and Mosier, 1981]. In the course of one flux measurement four syringes were taken from the chamber on the interval of 10 min. Total duration of one flux measurement was 30 minutes. Three consecutive replicates of the flux measurements were carried out on each of the three collars per each investigated ecosystem. Interval between two consecutive flux measurements was 10 min. Water were sampled from the depth of 20 cm below water table level (WTL) in two replicates to determine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content at the points GMKO2, GMKS, RTO1, RTO2, RP2, as well as in an undisturbed ryam ecosystem 50 m away from the points RTO1 and RP2. The concentration of DOC was measured by a Flash 2000 elemental analyzer using an AS1310 automatic liquid sampler (both Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). In each studied ecosystem for each collar the values of WTL (cm, positive water is below the level of the moss surface), pH and electrical conductivity (Scm-1) of water were measured. All calculations were carried out in the MATLAB software environment R2022a (MathWorks, USA). Results and discussion. Methane emission varied from 0.005 to 41.7 mgm-2h-1 with a median of 2.1 mgm‑2h‑1. Fluxes were not distributed normally (p 0.0001, N = 33), but could be described by the lognormal distribution (p = 0.15) and the Weibull distribution (p = 0.22). Such a significant distribution asymmetry indicates that changes of land-use practice in several ecosystems with the highest methane emission could help to reduce methane emission significantly without substantial modifications of the whole landscape. The dependence of the methane flux on WTL differs depending on both disturbance and ecosystem types. Within one ecosystem, the maximum emission values can be observed both in most flooded sites (RP2, GMKS), in sites with intermediate WTL values (GMKO1, RTO2, OK), and in sites with the highest WTL (RTO1). One of the markers of methane emission hot spots is the appearance of ruderal plants Eriophorum vaginatum and Trichophorum cespitosum in different ecosystems and on disturbances of different types. Eriophorum vaginatum is one of the first species to settle on bare peat in cross-cuts (RTO1 and RTO2) and footprints after heavy equipment (RP2) in raised bogs, as well as on seismic survey lines in sogra (SP). Trichophorum cespitosum was found in the upstream area of the road, where a zone of excessive moisture has formed resulting in degradation of the moss and vegetation cover and peat decomposition (GMKO1). In all these five ecosystems, methane flux from sites covered with Eriophorum vaginatum and Trichophorum cespitosum was 2 or more times higher compared to the surrounding sites where these species were absent. The maximum values of methane emission among all studied ecosystems are in the WTL range from -2 to 8 cm (see Fig. 1). In studied raised bogs, the emission from the flooded upstream areas (GMKO1 and GMKO2) was significantly lower (p = 0.0082, N = 8) than from the dried downstream areas (GMKS), if we exclude the point with Trichophorum cespitosum, where high methane emission is attributed, presumably, to the influence of the plant community and not with to the different WTL, as described in the section above. In contrast, for floodplain wetlands, emission from the open sedge bog in the drying area (OO) was significantly lower (p = 0.02, N = 6) than from the flooded open swamp with Phalaris arundinacea (OC). This difference could be explained by changes in local ecohydrology and hydrochemistry after the road construction. Methane emission from ridges in GMKO1 and GMKO2 ecosystems (median 1.5 mgm-2h-1) exceeds by an order of magnitude the median of methane emission from middle taiga ridges Western Siberia (0.13 mgm-2h-1 according ‑to [Kleptsova et al., 2010]). Due to flooding in the upstream area of the roads, WTL in ridges decreased compared to values typical for these ecosystems (mean standard deviation is 35 14 cm according to [Kleptsova et al., 2010]). However, the grass-moss layer of the ridges did not degrade, and the methane emission from them turned out to be comparable with the emission from undisturbed ridges with the same WTL values (Fig. 2). Methane emission from temperate and subarctic swamps is typically characterized by a lower optimal WTL value (ranging from -20 cm to -5 cm) compared to bogs [Bao et al., 2021]. Therefore, flooding of the Phalaris arundinacea swamp (OK) resulted in optimal conditions for methanogenesis in all three studied sites of this ecosystem with WTL ranging from -12 to 3 cm. The methane emission in each site of the Phalaris arundinacea swamp was higher than the third quartile for the entire sample obtained in this study. The open sedge bog (OO) separated from the rest of the floodplain by the road was characterized by a higher WTL (from -5 to 12 cm), far from optimal. In addition, the soil temperature in these ecosystems, located at a distance of 600 meters from each other, differed by 9-11C in a peat layer from 0 to 20 cm. The same pattern was observed in sogra wetland, where temperature of the upper 20 cm in cross-cut bare peat was 6-8C higher than in undisturbed site, separated from floodplain by access road. Thus, both the temperature and hydrological regimes contribute to the fact that the methane emission from the flooded floodplain open swamp (OK) is significantly higher than from the floodplain bog in the drying area (OO point). A similar pattern was observed for the treed floodplain swamp (SP and SE points, respectively). The concentration of DOC in the water of natural and disturbed ecosystems of the low ryam was significantly higher than in the hollow of the ridge-hollow complex (p 0.01, N = 5). The same pattern was observed for Canadian wetlands and was explained by the fact that DOC production occurs mainly in the aeration zone above the WTL. Since in ryams and ridges WTL it is higher than in hollows, the rate of plant litter decomposition is twice as high as in hollows (Moore, 2009). The higher rate of decomposition can explain both the higher EC (faster mineralization) and the lower pH (higher acidogenesis) in the low ryam. It is noteworthy that during the disturbance and subsequent recovery of the vegetation in the ryam, the concentration of DOC in the peat pore water increased by almost one and a half times, while in the hollow of the ridge-hollow complex it did not change considerably compared to the value in undisturbed wetland ecosystem. Conclusion. Measurements of methane emission from wetlands of the West Siberian middle taiga disturbed during oil production and its physicochemical and biological factors showed that several of these ecosystems are intensive sources of this greenhouse gas. Although this is only a snapshot taken at the end of June 2021, and it is necessary to study the seasonal dynamics of the methane flux for more reliable conclusions, several indicators of methane emission hot spots could be suggested. Presence of ruderal plants such as Eriophorum vaginatum and Trichophorum cespitosum marks such a hot spots throughout different ecosystems. Ecosystem-specific range of WTL optimal for methane emission could also be a reliable indicator of these hot spots. Response of methane emission to the construction of roads depends on type of wetland ecosystems. In raised bogs, hollows in the upstream area emit less methane than undisturbed ecosystems, while in the downstream area emission is higher. Emission from ridges in flooded ridge-hollow complexes increases with the decrease of the WTL in them, similarly to natural undisturbed ridges. Nutrient-rich floodplain swamps response differently to changes in the hydrological regime. The emission of methane from open and forested swamps in the drying area is lower than from flooding area. This is explained not only by different WTL optimums for methane emission between bogs and swamps but also differences in temperature (6-11С) of the surface organic-rich layers of floodplain wetlands in the flooding area compared to drying area. The methane emission from heavy vehicle tracks in low ryam is driven by the change in WTL relative to its optimum for methane emission from raised bogs.

In a semi-arid country like South Africa, the availability and quality of water has always played an important part in determining not only where people can live, but also their quality of life. The supply of water is also becoming a restriction to the socio-economic development of the country, in terms of both the quality and quantity of what is available. Thus different monitoring techniques should be put in place to help inform the process of conserving this precious commodity and to improve the quality of what is already available. Water quality monitoring has traditionally been by the means of physico-chemical analysis; this has more recently been augmented with the use of biomonitoring techniques. However, since the biota commonly used to indicate aquatic conditions are not always present in wetlands; this study tested the use of diatoms as bio-indicators in wetlands. Diatom samples were collected from thirteen wetlands in the Western Cape Province, and cells from these communities were enumerated and diatom ?based indices were calculated using version 3.1 of OMNIDIA. These indices were useful for indicating water quality conditions when compared to the measured physico-chemical parameters. In addition, most diatom species found were common to those found in riverine environments, making the transfer of ecological optima possible. The objective of the study was to provide a preliminary diatom-based index for wetlands, however, given the relatively small study area and the strong bias towards coastal wetlands it was deemed inadvisable to construct such an index, instead several indices are recommended for interim use until further research that more comprehensively covers wetlands in South Africa has been conducted. It is thus the recommendation of this study that more data is collected for comparison to other wetlands and that in the interim, indices such as SPI be applied for routine biomonitoring of these environments.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Botany))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

The euthropthication of the Baltic Sea is a threat that is beginning to be taken seriously by the governments concerned. In Sweden, regulations concerning the allowed nitrogen (N) concentration in the effluent water from wastewater treatment plants are being tightened up. The Rimbo wastewater treatment plant has been imposed to reduce the annual mean concentration of total N in the effluent water to levels below 15 mg l-1. A more and more common way to reduce the nitrogen level in wastewater is to let the water pass through a wetland. This study investigates the possibility to build this kind of wetland at the outlet of the Rimbo wastewater treatment plant.

A prestudy of the topography, soil characteristics and groundwater flow indicates that the land area in question is well suited for the construction of a wetland. A proposal for the design has been made by using a physically based computer model developed in the PRIMROSE project (PRocess based Integrated Management of constructed and Riverine wetlands for Optimal control of wastewater at catchment ScalE), which is financed by the EU. Analysis of the residence time distribution (RTD) is a tool for understanding wetland design characteristics and can be used for wetland engineering such as optimizing design for best possibleefficiency in nitrogen removal. In order to characterize the performance of a wetland, it is useful to translate the RTD to a key figure representing the treatment efficiency. In this work, two types of such key figures have been used. Key figure 1 gives the hydraulic efficiency and Key figure 2 gives an estimation of the nitrogen retention by an integration of hydraulic characteristics and the chemical transformation of nitrogen.

The results of this study show that constructing a wetland in Rimbo probably would be an efficient way to reduce the nitrogen level at the effluent of the wastewater plant below the limits of the regulations. In addition, a wetland would form a nice place of recreation for the people in Rimbo and also make a good habitat for birds.

Övergödningen i Östersjön är ett problem som uppmärksammas alltmer. Ett led i att minska kvävebelastningen på Östersjön är ökade krav på rening i de svenska kommunala reningsverken. Rimbo avloppsreningsanläggning har blivit ålagd ett riktvärde för totalkväve på 15 mg l-1 i utgående vatten, vilket motsvarar en reningsgrad som inte uppnås idag. Ett alltmer vanligt sätt att minska föroreningshalterna är att anlägga våtmarker i anslutning till reningsverken för att efterpolera spillvattnet. Det här arbetet är en del av en förstudie till en sådan våtmark i Rimbo.

En förundersökning av topografi, jordart och grundvattenflöden indikerar att det område som föreslagits i anslutning till reningsverket i Rimbo lämpar sig väl för ett våtmarksbygge. Förslag till utformning har tagits fram med hjälp av en fysikaliskt baserad modell över vattenströmning, utvecklad inom det EU-finansierade projektet PRIMROSE (PRocess based Integrated Management of constructed and Riverine wetlands for Optimal control of wastewater at catchment ScalE). Analys av vattnets uppehållstidsfördelning ger förståelse för våtmarkens egenskaper och kan därför användas vid t ex optimering av våtmarksdesign med avseende på kväverening. För att på ett enkelt sätt kunna jämföra olika våtmarkers effektivitet är det praktiskt att översätta uppehållstidsfördelningen till ett nyckeltal för reningseffekten. I det här arbetet har två olika sådana nyckeltal beräknats. Det första ger den hydrauliska effektiviteten och det andra bygger på en metod där våtmarkens interna hydraulik integreras med den kemiska omvandlingen av kväve. Nyckeltal 1 ger ett mått på hur stor del av volymen i våtmarken som används för kväverening, medan Nyckeltal 2 ger ett mått på den procentuella kväveavskiljningen.

Den här förstudien visar att en våtmark sannolikt skulle vara ett utmärkt sätt att klara riktvärdet för kvävehalten vid reningsverket i Rimbo. Därutöver skulle en våtmark kunna utgöra ett positivt inslag i landskapet och öka den biologiska mångfalden, inte minst vad gäller fågelliv.

The Matlabas mire, an actively peat accumulating wetland, is located in the headwaters of the Matlabas River, Marakele National Park, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Various seepage zones and artesian peat domes are contained in this peatland that consists of two tributaries of which the western one is partially channelled. The occurrence of decaying peat domes and desiccated areas with terrestrial vegetation, as well as the apparent erosion on the western tributary, have raised concerns on the health of this wetland. A network of piezometers was installed in the mire and results confirm that the system is fed primarily from seepage from the slopes of the catchment. Chemical analysis and temperature recorded indicate an isolated groundwater source of which the water does not mix with surface water. This is linked with isotope analysis of the age of peat in various sections of the mire. Erosion was attributed to anthropogenic changes in the catchment. Management recommendations include rehabilitation and reinstating the driving forces that support the mire.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Management)