Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Matières plastiques – Déchets – Sénégal'
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Sonko, Amidou. "Dignostic écotoxicologique de la pollution marine au Sénégal." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORIS643.
Full textWe studied the marine pollution of the sediments and coastal waters of the Cape Verde peninsula and the Petite Côte. The results show that the perception of the population is not always in line with scientific observations. The population reports a mainly moderate level of pollution, which has worsened over the last ten years. The majority of the sites studied do not comply with the microbiological quality of bathing water from a microbiological point of view. The quantities of microplastics at some sites are high. Macroplastics at sea are not significantly present at all the sites sampled. For TMEs only chromium and nickel are above the probable effect concentration (PEC) on marine organisms for the fraction ≤ 100 μm. The first trophic levels of the marine food chain do not seem to be affected by sediment toxicity, whereas the middle and upper levels are more affected. The majority (81%) of the sites studied revealed a level of ecotoxicity greater than 20%, via the Magallana gigas embryotoxicity test, which is known to be more sensitive than other bioassays. Consequently, the assessment of the toxicity of marine sediments shows that the majority of the selected sites appear to be in a poor ecotoxicological state. The inter-site variability of the results is due to the characteristics of the sites
Rakotondramanitra, Jean-Désiré. "Renforcement des sols par nappes de déchets de matières plastiques." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10103.
Full textDaudon, Dominique. "Remblais allégés en déchets de matières plastiques : étude du procédé Plastbloc." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10035.
Full textMessas, Tahar. "Etude des renforcements des sols par nappes discontinues en matières plastiques souples." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10280.
Full textDali-Braham, Madjid. "Renforcement des sols par des nappes d'éléments souples et discontinus : étude du procédé Plasterre." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10100.
Full textBoeglin, Nadia. "Valorisation par agglomération de sous-produits de la filière bois : faisabilité technique et approche technico-économique." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10334.
Full textChiarilli-Sabin, Virginie. "Analyse de seuils d'endommagement de mélanges de polymères incompatibles dans un objectif de recyclage." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-272.pdf.
Full textC'est le cas pour le polyoxyméthylène, et également pour un matériau pourtant très différent des thermoplastiques : le carbonate de calcium. Ce taux de 5% en volume semble marquer une transition de type ductile-fragile observée lors de la sollicitation en traction. La sensibilité particulière des caractéristiques autour de ce taux, la proximité de la température de transition vitreuse du polypropylène et la modification de la mobilité moléculaire due à la compatibilisation expliquent les valeurs a priori surprenantes mesurées sur certains allongements à la rupture. De plus, il est intéressant de constater que, contrairement à ce que l'on lit dans la littérature concernant les mélanges équilibrés de polymères incompatibles, l'adjonction de compatibilisants n'est pas nécessaire. Cette différence de tendance s'explique par la conjonction des facteurs que l'on vient d'évoquer, sans laquelle cette transition ductile-fragile, différente de la transition vitreuse, n'aurait pas été mise en évidence
Jamal, Mounia. "Evaluation de la biodégradation et de l'écotoxicité des films de paillage agricole : étude comparative et modélisation des tests de (bio)dégradabilité." Le Mans, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LEMA1004.
Full textEl, Ghoche Hayssam. "Expérimentation et modélisation de blocs compressibles de matières plastiques pour des remblais allégés : détermination d'une loi de comportement orthotrope de révolution viscoélastique non-linéaire." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10294.
Full textHahnel, Franck. "Conception d'un réacteur en lit fluidisé pour l'étude de l'incinération de déchets : application à l'étude des mécanismes de transformation de l'azote lors de la combustion de polyamide-6,6." Mulhouse, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MULH0569.
Full textTaki, Mohamed. "Analyse du comportement mécanique d'un sol renforcé par inclusion de nappes en matières plastiques discontinues : application au procédé Plasterre." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10134.
Full textJacques, Christophe. "Étude de la valorisation des déchets d'origine keratinique par voie thermo-mécano-chimique en vue de l'obtention de filaments continus : cas spécifique de la laine." Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000021/.
Full textNowadays, wastes of keratinous sources, which are present in numerous areas, do not have any way of valorization. By another way, today's economical situation of the Textile in industrialised countries, and moreover in France, incite to the technological development for competitive improvement. From these points, it has been considered to study a way of valorization of keratinous wastes by thermo-mechano-chemical transformation to obtain artificial textile filaments. This first study uses as keratinous reference material wool sheep. After a theoretical study of the different points of the subject, we have approached this study by three different axes. The study of the thermo-mechanical transformation of wool shows that it could be plastified by twin-screw extrusion or by thermo-forming. An opening to the use of the molding techniques of usual polymers to obtain wool molded articles was then proposed. Tranposition tests of the Lyocell process to wool are then tried. The purpose is to solubilize wool in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) to obtain spinable and regenerable solution. The solubilization of wool by NMMO in classical reactor, is obtained only if the solvent decomposes which engender the degradation of wool. By extrusion, any solubilization occur. The chemical transformation of wool, by reduction (with thioglycollic acid) or oxidation (with peracetic acid) of the disulfide bonds leads to thermo-formable granules. In the case of the reduction, the process is hardly controllable, but with oxidation it is possible to treat larger quantities of material. Spinning of regenerated oxidized wool with plasticizers has been undertaken by twin-screw extrusion. Continuous filaments could have been realized and characterized.
Jacquin, Justine. "Ecotoxicologie microbienne des plastiques en mer : colonisation et biodégradation par la plastisphère." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2020SORUS104.pdf.
Full textNowadays, plastic waste has invaded all of the world's marine ecosystems, sparing no area. The global demand for plastic continues to grow year after year, despite its dramatic impact on the environment when plastic is left in nature. It is estimated that each year between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes of plastics end up in the oceans. This PhD aims and works fall within the framework of this environmental emergency, by making possible to better identify the bacterial biofilms attached to different plastics (the so called "plastisphere) and to better characterize the biodegradation process of certain polymers in the marine environment. The first stage, was to analyse the microbial diversity of samples taken during two expeditions (the Tara-Mediterranean expedition and Tara-Pacific) in order to characterize the biogeography of bacterial biofilms specific to plastics. The comparison between samples from the Pacific and the Mediterranean see allow to highlight an ecological niche on the surface of plastics distinct from the surrounding water. Niche which is clearly influenced by geography, explained mainly by temperature. The taxonomic study revealed a "core microbiome" dominated by a genus affiliated to the cyanobacteria and families (Rhodobacteraceae and flavobacteraceae) known to be colonizers of plastic in the marine environment. Then, the bacterial colonization on different polymers was studied in aquarium using uninterrupted circulation of seawater collected continuously from the Banyuls Bay. The biodegradation process was studied using an artificial environment without any other carbon source than the polymer in order to mimic the marine environment, and by following several experimental parameters (Bacterial production, respiration, loss of mass). In our study we observed during the growth phase of the biofilm no specific microbial communities related to the nature of the polymers. The biodegradation process has been demonstrated on certain polymers such as PHBV, Bioplast, Mater-Bi and cellulose, in particular due to the bacterial activity maintained throughout the incubation. Next, a strain Alteromonas sp., isolated from the mature biofilm of the PHBV allow us to explore its biodegradation capabilities. The analysis of the genome of Alteromonas sp. revealed the presence of 4 depolymerases, with 3 external and 1 internal, explaining its ability to degrade PHBV. The study of the genome also revealed two pathways for the PHA synthesis, one allowing the synthesis of PHASCL and the other of PHAMCL. Finally, the study of the biodegradation of PHBV by a natural consortium was done using isotopic labelling of the polymer. This experiment, coupled with metagenomic analysis, allowed the study of functional communities that can assimilate the carbon of the polymer. Thus, this PhD work enhanced the identification of the bacterial communities inhabiting the biofilms developed on the surface of polymers (biodegradable and non-degradable), and also to refine the characterization of the biodegradation process in the marine environment owing the use of various parameters such as the bacterial production, respiration, weight loss, monitoring of labeled carbon and microscopy. These studies are essential for a better understanding of the biodegradation process of plastics at sea and thus to propose adaptations to the standards methods governing the marine environment and currently not very representative
Boudissa, Mustapha. "Comportement de gabions légers en matériau hétérogène dans les ouvrages de génie civil." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10046.
Full textLeseur, Benoît. "Etude de la mise en oeuvre de mélanges de polymères vierges ou de déchets plastiques émulsifiés par des copolymères greffés." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20016.
Full textMaris, Joachim. "Compatibilisation de matières plastiques en mélange issues de déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniques en vue de leur valorisation par recyclage mécanique." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA1004.
Full textThe recycling of the plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has attracted great attention recently for environmental reasons. Mechanical recycling has emerged as the most economical, as well as the most energetic and ecologically efficient option. The aim of this work is the mechanical recycling of WEEE mixed plastic waste (MPW) streams. First, MPW composition has been evaluated by FT-IR and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopies, and ATG and DSC analyses. MPW are complex blend composed of thermoplastics, mainly styrenic polymers (ABS, HIPS, PS) and polyolefins. The remaining were other thermoplastics as PVC, PE, PMMA, PC…. After processing, these mixtures show very low mechanical properties compared to commodity and engineering thermoplastics. These results demonstrated that compatibilization is necessary to transform these D3E into secondary raw materials (SRM). In situ compatibilization using radical reactions appeared to be an attractive solution. Two pathways have been studied to generate the radicals, firstly, by electron beam radiation and, secondly, by adding chemical initiators. These two approaches didn’t show any substantial improvement in mechanical properties. Following these results, compatibilization by addition of reactive and non-reactive commercial copolymers were undertaken, leading to a significant improvement in mechanical properties. The production of technical prototypes and 3D printing wires from compatibilized SRM has been validated and allows considering an industrial development
Aït, Amer Abdelaziz. "Broyage et séparation des matériaux polymériques sans fragilisation cryogénique : approche fractographique du réacteur de division et transposition des techniques métallurgiques de séparation." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20130.
Full textDussud, Claire. "Caractérisation des communautés microbiennes associées à la colonisation des déchets plastiques en mer." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066254/document.
Full textThe increasing awareness on the impact of plastic pollution within the marine environment has stimulated countless of scientific studies. For the past decade, researchers have quantified plastic waste and assessed its fate at sea. It is estimated that more than 5.25 billion plastic particles float within the world’s oceans today. This PhD work is a result in part of this major environmental concern. It brings with it new knowledge about the marine bacterial communities that develop on plastic debris, also termed as the "plastisphere". The analysis of samples taken from the Tara-Mediterranean expedition allowed us, for the first time, to characterize, and quantify communities specific towards plastic biofilms in comparison to the communities attached to organic matter in surrounding seawater. Bacterial colonization and its evolution on different types of polymers was studied using microcosm experiments with open seawater circulation. The unusual coupling of biological and physicochemical data of plastic surfaces revealed a greater bacterial development on "biodegradable" polymers compared to conventional polymer types (especially hydrocarbonoclastic species). We showed that the composition of the polymer, together with its hydrophobicity and roughness, influences the diversity of bacterial communities during the early colonization steps. Finally, a greater bacterial biofilm activity (e.g. heterotrophic productions) was observed on polymer surfaces compared to seawater. Once again, differences according to plastic types have been observed. This present work highlights the existence of a new ecological niche on plastics that are distinct from the surrounding seawater
Le, Guern Cécile. "Séparation de déchets de plastiques par voie physico-chimique (flottation-moussage) en vue de leur recyclage : applicabilité au mélange PVC/PET bouteilles." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1997_LE_GUERN_C.pdf.
Full textGripon, Layla. "Contribution au recyclage et à la valorisation des matières plastiques issues des déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniques contenant des retardateurs de flamme bromés." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MTLD0014.
Full textBrominated flame retardants (BFR) are added to polymers to enhance their flammability resistance. But some of them are nowadays considered as persistent organic pollutants (POP). To avoid their propagation into recycling streams, plastic materials which bromine concentration is too high (> 2000 ppm) are generally incinerated to destroy the pollutants they contain. The objective of this work is to find a solution to recycle BFR containing plastics materials while respecting the regulations. The study is focused on an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) batch coming from real waste electrical and electronic equipment which contains a POP concentration about four times higher than the regulation limit authorizing recycling. Physico-chemical methods were studied to extract BFR. Solid-liquid extractions with stirring and diethyl ether as well as the dissolution-precipitation method lowered the POP concentration under the regulatory limit. A detailed study on supercritical CO2 extraction was performed and showed its efficiency to remove BFR, but optimizations are still needed. The recycling environmental impacts were also evaluated considering the pre-treatment processes studied previously. The energy and solvent consumptions need to be optimized in order to make the recycling process more viable compared to incineration. The treated plastic material showed that it can be easily recycled. Nevertheless, its impact strength could be improved during a formulation step. Finally, a practical application of this material in a bilayer structure was proposed to enhance its mechanical and esthetic properties. Good adhesions were obtained with virgin ABS and ABS/PC materials guaranteeing satisfactory properties to the bilayer structure
Traore, Brahiman. "Elaboration et caractérisation d’une structure composite (sable et déchets plastiques recyclés) : Amélioration de la résistance par des charges en argiles." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCA029/document.
Full textThis project aims at conceiving(designing) one paves with plastic waste got back in the discharges and with mixture of sand and gravel. This pavement that must be of use to the realization of pavements and public highways, must thus be capable of answering the technical conditions of its use. However, the fabrication method and the used material(equipment) must be rather simple to allow its fast handling by little qualified workers and a low(weak) production cost to be economically competitive. Pavements will thus be tested to identify their performance at the same time mechanical and physical then used on life-size to understand(include) their ageing because of their wear. Finally, an equipment(casting off) will have risen for a transfer of finalized(worked out) technology
Casteil, Jean. "Optimisation d'un réacteur fluidisé gaz/solide pour l'ozonisation de polymères : application à la synthèse de copolymères greffés en vue du retraitement de matières plastiques." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20175.
Full textRogaume, Yann. "Physico-chimie de la dégradation thermique des molécules azotées : cas du polyamide et du polyuréthanne." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2286.
Full textMonsaingeon, Baptiste. "Le déchet durable : éléments pour une socio-anthropologie du déchet ménager." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010654/document.
Full textOver the past forty years, household waste and its management have been assimilated to a global environmental issue. While sustainable development is becoming a pressing issue, the number of our garbage bins is increasing. So what is it that we aim to preserve when we are dutifully sorting out our garbage? Between the very local gesture of discarding and the global environmental issue, there is a tremendous gap. The link between everyday practices of waste and environmental issues is so underdetermined that it has to be analysed. The main claim of this dissertation is that despite a growing concern with environment and the increasing time and space devoted to waste management, we remain unaware of the social, technological and material issues at stake. Because of this individual and collective blindness waste is not seen as a clue: as its memorial function is neglected waste is still perceived as what has to disappear, as a material quantity that has to be controlled and eliminated. The en-durable waste is an oxymoron that leads to further investigate the multiple modes of presence of waste in today’s life. Inspired by the personae of the ragman and of the archaeologist, this socio-anthropological investigation follows household waste from uncertain oceans of plastic to few Parisian vermicompost bins. Based on this confrontation to the materiality of waste, to the territories and to practices of wasting, this dissertation claims that where the unavoidable presence of waste is described as a problem, it is question of our presence to waste that is at stake
Boivin, Carl. "L'influence de la régie d'irrigation, du cultivar et du type de paillis sur la disponibilité des nutriments : impacts sur la croissance végétative de six cultivars d'argousiers (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24807/24807.pdf.
Full textKassargy, Chantal. "Contribution à l’étude de la valorisation énergétique des résidus de plastique par craquage catalytique." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IMTA0077/document.
Full textContinuous consumption of plastics led, until 2015, to the accumulation of 6.3 billion tons of plastic waste. In Europe, the recycling of collected plastics does not exceed 30% for logistical and economic reasons related to this sector. The energy recoveryof this waste, which is not valid for recycling, is then preferred to other management methods. Incineration is controversial for its energy and environmental balance; other means of recovery such as pyrolysis are preferred. The research carried out in this thesis focused on the pyrolysis of polyolefins, polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), because of their strong presence in municipal plastic waste. The influence of the ultrastable Y zeolite (USY) on the pyrolysis of PP and PE, recovered from a waste collection center, was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and then on a fixed bed batch reactor and a continuous reactor. The kinetic study of thermal decomposition of the PP and PE mixtures was carried out, the kinetic parameters were determined and the interactions between the various components of the mixture were analyzed. The amount of zeolite was optimized and the catalyst/plastic ratio of 1:10 was adopted during the experimental tests. The use of USY as a catalyst has led to a more targeted distribution of compounds and shorter reaction times. The pyrolysis liquids obtained were separated into different fuel fractions compatible with the European standards EN 590 and EN 228. In order to reduce the production cost of these fuels, a catalystregeneration study was conducted and showed that its activity level decreased after 14 cycles of regeneration. At the end of the thesis, an energy and mass balance of the process was carried out and the prospects for improvement are presented in order to transpose the study on an industrial scale
Delaeter, Camille. "Impact des lixiviats de bioplastiques et plastiques conventionnels sur les organismes benthiques intertidaux : une approche comportementale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR065.
Full textBehaviors play a pivotal role in organisms' survival, enabling organisms to cope with their ever-changing environment. Nowadays, adaptive behavioral responses to environmental changes face unprecedented challenges due to the rapid and detrimental effects of the Anthropocene era. Noticeably, plastic pollution stands out as one of the most pressing concerns in marine habitats. Beyond causing conspicuous physical damages, plastics may leach a cocktail of harmful chemicals impairing marine organisms at various levels. Despite its role in connecting individuals to ecosystem functioning and evolutionary processes, organism behavior remains scarcely studied in the plastic leachate literature. This PhD thesis aims at to address the gaps in existing literature concerning the organisms and polymers considered. After an extensive review of the plastic leachate literature, this work focuses on investigating the impact of plastic leachates from both bio and conventional polymers on the anxiety-related behaviors of the crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus, the motion behaviors of the foraminifera Haynesina germanica and the cirral activity of the barnacle Austrominius modestus. The results reveal significant modifications in behaviors, highlighting species, polymer and dose dependencies, posing a threat to the delicate ecosystem balance. Noticeably, the biopolymer leachate results in similar or even more behavioral alterations than leachates from conventional polymers, raising significant concerns about the environmental safety of plastic alternatives
Guidigo, Jonathan. "Caractérisation physico-mécanique d’un composite bois polymère." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0229/document.
Full textThis study follow others that propose a solution for the recovery of plastic waste and wood to make it a construction material made of wood-polymer composite. The particularity of this research is that the thermoplastic matrix used is a set of different polymers taken in well-defined proportions. The percentages considered for the matrix obtained represent the proportion of polymer waste that can be found in the city of Cotonou (Benin Republic). This study consisted in making WPC polymer wood composite samples by extrusion, studying them through physico-mechanical tests and relating them to samples made with an already existing artisanal method. On the one hand, we studied separately the sawdust and the thermoplastic matrix by determining the chemical constituents of the sawdust, and by performing a physico-mechanical analysis (thermogravimetric analysis, compression and tensile bending test, facies analysis). SEM fracture) on the reinforcement and the matrix. On the other hand we evaluated the influence of the addition of 20%, 25%, 28% and 30% of sawdust on the mechanical properties (compression, bending and traction). The results show that sawdust behaves like a reinforcement when the sample is stressed in compression and bending. Sawdust acts as a load when WPC samples are stressed in tension. Sawdust also improves the rigidity of WPC in tension. The mechanical results obtained by extrusion are much better than those resulting from the artisanal methods. Thermogravimetric analyzes performed on WPC samples from the artisanal method reveal that during their manufacture, these samples are subjected to temperatures (above 300 ° C) that begin the degradation of polymers and sawdust in WPC
Louizi, Molka. "Formulation de mélanges de polyoléfines à l’aide d’une extrudeuse à très haute vitesse : Application à la dispersion de particules de traceurs, détectables par fluorescence X ou UV, en vue du tri de déchets polymères post-consommation." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0134.
Full textThis thesis, which is part of the ANR Eco-Tech TRIPTIC project, had the objective of contributing to industrial sorting rate of polymers containing tracers detectable by their fluorescence X or UV properties. At first, given that the cost of tracers selected for TRIPTIC study is quite high, a preliminary study is conducted with models of silica particles to optimize the dispersion of fillers in polypropylene / ethylene-propylene rubber (PP / EPR) matrix. It was found that processing under high shear rate is an effective technology for accomplishing a homogeneous dispersion of micro or nanoscale fillers. In a second step, after optimization of dispersion conditions, our results are extrapolated to the dispersion of UV tracer in different thermoplastic matrices. It was shown that the dispersion of 1000 ppm of micrometer tracer particles, in polypropylene matrices, extruded at high shear rates (N = 800 rpm), has no impact on the mechanical and physico-chemical properties as well as in the photo-degradation of the polymer after UV irradiation exposure. This fine dispersion was beneficial not only for the conservation of the properties of traced polymers but also for achieving a good dynamic detection of UV or X tracers using a prototype developed by the project partners ( Pellenc Selective Technologies , CEA- LITT and ENSAM - RPI ). Finally, high shear processing has successfully used to the compatibilization of ternary blends ( PP / EPR ) / PE (polyethylene) which may correspond to the post-consumer polymers. This technique has proved to be an effective method to produce polymer blends with unique mechanical properties. This novel strategy of compatibilization is of a particular interest, especially for industrial application prospects. It also opens new perspectives for materials lightening as well as “high shear recycling” of immiscible polymers
Julienne, Fanon. "Fragmentation des plastiques : effet de l’environnement et de la nature du polymère sur la taille et la forme des fragments générés." Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA1033.
Full textPlastic wastes have been accumulating for several decades in the oceans where they break up into particles called microplastics when their size is less than 5 mm. These microplastics are found in all earth’s waters, in sediments and in many marine organisms. Their long-term physico-chemical fate and their possible fragmentation into nanoplastics are complex, still poorly documented and require laboratory studies.In order to understand the processes related to photodegradation and fragmentation of polymers, but also in order to understand the evolution of these fragments during irradiation, an accelerated aging protocol in abiotic conditions has been set up. The oxidation and fragmentation of two model polymers, low density polyethylene and polypropylene, were monitored using spectroscopic techniques (InfraRed, Raman), DSC, contact angles and microscopic technics (light microscopy, polarized light, SEM, AFM ...).This work has demonstrated a significant influence of the environment and the initial morphology of the polymers on their kinetics of aging and cracking mechanisms. This lead to significantly different distributions in numbers, sizes and shapes of the generated fragments. Moreover, after a long time of irradiaiton, other degradation products could be detected but the significant production of nanoplastics has not been demonstrated. The possibility of a size limit below which the fragmentation rate of plastics would strongly decrease should be considered
Constant, Mel. "Source, transfert et devenir des microplastiques (MPs) en mer Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0057/document.
Full textAnthropogenic litter, particularly plastic litter and their fragments (microplastics or “MPs”; < 5 mm) represent a highly pervasive and persistent global threat to marine ecosystems, as they can be ingested by a wide range of marine species. As a landlocked sea with a high population density, the Mediterranean Sea is highly exposed to marine litter pollution. This thesis aims tounderstand the origin and the future of marine MPs thanks to a holistic approach from terrestrial sources to marine sinks. This strategy was applied at the regional scale of the Gulf of Lion (Northwestern Mediterranean Sea) on all coastal compartments. MPs were observed in every studied matrices (water, sediment, atmospheric fallout) with a high variability within and betweenthe different compartments. No significant qualitative trend seems to occur during the transfer of MPs between compartments and fibers were the most abundant shape found in samples. MP concentrations changed at a short spatial and temporal scale (< 1 hour and < 1 kilometer), overlaying other variabilities (i.e. seasonal or between sites). If no obvious relationship betweenexternal forcing (e.g. precipitations, river flow rates, winds) and MP concentrations was observed, rainfall events seemed to have an important impact on the amount of MPs transferred into the sea. Extrapolating our results to the whole Gulf of Lion watersheds, 30 ± 20 tons of MPs would settle on urban areas and 7 ± 10 tons would be supplied by rivers into the Mediterranean Sea every year. The extrapolation of MP quantities within marine environments seems to indicate that the sea surface and beaches are only transitory compartments (<1 ton) whereas sea floor and water column couldbe more impacted (up to 350 tons for marine sediment). New data on water column and marine sediments are needed to confirm this hypothesis, but those results suggest that both latter compartments could be major sinks for marine MPs
Zahour, Selim. "Performances de fibres synthétiques issues du recyclage. Role des propriétés aux interfaces sur le comportements au temps et à l'usage." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR019/document.
Full textWe focused on physical ageing of a non-woven produced by recycled fibers from plastic bottles. This non-woven is produced by drylaid-textile process and is used for building thermal insulation. Two networks are visible and structural relaxation has been investigated through the study of evolution of one fiber skin part with different couple time, temperature. Physical ageing of polymers can be followed by structural relaxation process. We showed that structural relaxation process is very long for temperatures of use far from glass transition temperature. Same results have been shown on the global non-woven stored in non-insulated box governed by Normandy weather. The combination of the two previous results reinforce our basic idea ; the insulator properties variation will be stable for long time only if temperature of use is far from glass transition temperature