Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Matière organique particulaire – Composition chimique'
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Liénart, Camilla. "La matière organique particulaire dans les systèmes côtiers : composition, dynamique et forçages à l'échelle multi-systémique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0255/document.
Pelagic coastal systems are characterized by multiple inputs of particulate organic matter (POM) from autochthonous (phytoplankton) and allochthonous (continental, benthic) origin whose spatial and temporal variability can be high. The aims of my PhD were to 1) quantify POM composition in pelagic coastal systems, 2) determine the forcings to its spatio-temporal dynamics and 3) investigate the link between bacteria and POM composition. This study was conducted on twelve systems (estuary, lagoon, bays, rias, littoral) distributed over the three maritime facades of France by combining the use of elemental and isotopic ratios (composition), fatty acids (POM-bacteria link) and multivariate analysis (forcings).At multi-systems and/or intra-system scale, two main gradients are observed:- an inshore (higher continental and benthic contribution) - offshore gradient (phytoplanktonic POM) mainly related to hydrodynamics and sedimentary hydrodynamics (river flow, resuspension of benthic material) and to the proximity to allochthonous sources- a South (POM related to diazotrophy) – North (absence of this POM) gradient, associated to the trophic status (oligo vs meso/eutrophy) of the studied systems.The seasonality of spatio-temporal dynamics of POM composition is highly variable depending on the station. It is in general higher near the coast and lower offshore and upstream in the studied estuary. This dynamic is also strongly associated to sedimentary hydrodynamics.Finally, this study highlight that bacterial biomass is mainly associated to continental and benthic POM
Rivellini, Laura-Hélèna. "Propriétés physico-chimiques, optiques et identification des sources des aérosols en Afrique de l’Ouest." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10177/document.
The aim of this thesis consists in studying the chemical nature, the origins as well as the optical properties of aerosols in West Africa. We focused on establishing the links between the chemical composition of fine particles at surface and aerosols optical properties. Our study is based on measurements acquired during the SHADOW field campaign, implemented on the M’Bour (Senegal) site during two intensive observation periods: March to June 2015 (IOP-1) and November 2015 to January 2016 (IOP-2). For this purpose, an instrumentation allowing online chemical characterization of surface PM1 (ACSM, TEOM-FDMS, aethalometer), at high time resolution, was implemented in parallel with instruments measuring aerosols optical properties at surface (aethalometer, nephelometer) and along the atmospheric column by remote sensing (Lidar, photometer). The coupling of meteorological data with statistical tools allowed determining the local and/or regional contribution of the different species, and identifying the source areas responsible for the high concentrations observed on site. The source receptor model (PM) allowed to further investigate the submicronic organic fraction, highlighting a fast photochemistry and the influence of specific anthropogenic activities (waste burning, fish smoking). We were also able to characterize, per season, the type of aerosols contributing to the fine particle extinction measured at surface, as well as to show links/differences between remote sensing and surface chemical/optical properties of fines particles during the two IOP
Siepka, Damian. "Development of multidimensional spectral data processing procedures for analysis of composition and mixing state of aerosol particles by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10188.
Sufficiently adjusted, multivariate data processing methods and procedures can significantly improve the process for obtaining knowledge of a sample composition. Spectroscopic techniques have capabilities for fast analysis of various samples and were developed for research and industrial purposes. It creates a great possibility for advanced molecular analysis of complex samples, such as atmospheric aerosols. Airborne particles affect air quality, human health, ecosystem condition and play an important role in the Earth’s climate system. The purpose of this thesis is twofold. On an analytical level, the functional algorithm for evaluation of quantitative composition of atmospheric particles from measurements of individual particles by Raman microspectrocopy (RMS) was established. On a constructive level, the readily accessible analytical system for Raman and FTIR data processing was developed. A potential of a single particle analysis by RMS has been exploited by an application of the designed analytical algorithm based on a combination between a multicurve resolution and a multivariate data treatment for an efficient description of chemical mixing of aerosol particles. The algorithm was applied to the particles collected in a copper mine in Bolivia and provides a new way of a sample description. The new user-friendly software, which includes pre-treatment algorithms and several easy-to access, common multivariate data treatments, is equipped with a graphical interface. The created software was applied to some challenging aspects of a pattern recognition in the scope of Raman and FTIR spectroscopy for coal mine particles, biogenic particles and organic pigments
Daoudi, Mouad. "Développement de diagnostics optiques et chimiques pour caractériser et contrôler les émissions particulaires et gazeuses des systèmes de combustion." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR062.
Combustion is one of the main contributors to both particulate matter (PM) and several gaseous pollutants which may have harmful effects on human health, environment, and climate. The main goal of this PhD is to develop a measurement procedure based on optical extinction to monitor PM and/or some gaseous pollutants emissions produced by a combustion system (e.g., internal combustion engine, turbine or industrial burner). This work also aims to shed the light on the relationship between the chemical composition and the optical extinction coefficient measured for these emissions. To succeed in this measurement challenge and avoid the complexity of a real powertrain setup, a modular combustion bench has been built in which gaseous pollutants and PM can be monitored independently. This experimental setup was equipped with a version of the miniCAST soot generator that has the ability to burn liquid fuels, thus allowing the study of the impact of the chemical composition of the fuel on the physico-chemical properties of PM. A total of 34 operating points were characterized, spanning a wide range of flame overall equivalence ratio (i.e., 0.104 - 1.673) using two different fuels (diesel B7 and dodecane). The soot particles produced by this burner were characterized in terms of morphological key parameters, size distributions, mass concentrations, and optical extinction coefficients. All these data were then used to evaluate and intercompare the soot volume fraction using three different methods: granulometric (combining size measurement and morphology), mass, and optical.Furthermore, the chemical composition of the combustion products of the miniCAST was studied in order to characterize the organic content of the gas-phase and the particulate-phase. This study was carried out by combining gas chromatography (GC), to examine low mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the gas-phase, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), to characterize the heavy PAHs in both the gas- and particle-phases. These experiments allowed to identified the operating points associated with the highest content of organic compounds. Then, a correlation was observed between the presence of that organic content (mostly attributed to organic PAHs) and the optical extinction coefficient. The use of an oxidation catalyst (catalytic stripper) on the burner exhaust gases allowed to evaluate the impact of this thermal treatment at 350 °C on the chemical composition of the exhaust gases, on the size and morphology characteristics of soot aggregates, and consequently on the measurement of the optical extinction coefficient. Finally, the measurement of the optical extinction coefficient for PM and gaseous pollutants such as NO, NO2 and/or NH3 injected first separately and then simultaneously was performed to evaluate the interference of gaseous pollutants with PM and to propose a procedure allowing their simultaneous control.In conclusion, this thesis provides for a soot generator's PM emissions a detailed description of soot particles sizes, morphologies, soot volume fractions and optical extinction coefficient, as well as a detailed characterization of the chemical composition of the gas- and particulate-phase produced by this generator, under different operating conditions. Thanks to the experimental database obtained, this thesis proposes a methodology of measurement and analysis for optical extinction coefficients and for ToF-SIMS mass spectra which can be transposed to the study of bio-fuels or synthetic fuels (e-fuels) in the near future
Siepka, Damian. "Development of multidimensional spectral data processing procedures for analysis of composition and mixing state of aerosol particles by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10188/document.
Sufficiently adjusted, multivariate data processing methods and procedures can significantly improve the process for obtaining knowledge of a sample composition. Spectroscopic techniques have capabilities for fast analysis of various samples and were developed for research and industrial purposes. It creates a great possibility for advanced molecular analysis of complex samples, such as atmospheric aerosols. Airborne particles affect air quality, human health, ecosystem condition and play an important role in the Earth’s climate system. The purpose of this thesis is twofold. On an analytical level, the functional algorithm for evaluation of quantitative composition of atmospheric particles from measurements of individual particles by Raman microspectrocopy (RMS) was established. On a constructive level, the readily accessible analytical system for Raman and FTIR data processing was developed. A potential of a single particle analysis by RMS has been exploited by an application of the designed analytical algorithm based on a combination between a multicurve resolution and a multivariate data treatment for an efficient description of chemical mixing of aerosol particles. The algorithm was applied to the particles collected in a copper mine in Bolivia and provides a new way of a sample description. The new user-friendly software, which includes pre-treatment algorithms and several easy-to access, common multivariate data treatments, is equipped with a graphical interface. The created software was applied to some challenging aspects of a pattern recognition in the scope of Raman and FTIR spectroscopy for coal mine particles, biogenic particles and organic pigments
Bigot, Marianne. "Biogeochimie de la matiere organique dans l'estuaire du huang he et en mer de bohai." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066083.
Dubois, Anne-Sophie. "Composition et transfert trophique de la matière organique particulaire dans le Bassin d’Arcachon." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14515/document.
Abstract
Gobé, Valérie. "Matière organique complexe du sol ; structure et rôle dans les processus d'humification du carbone xénobiotique." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2316.
Marrocchi, Yves. "Incorporation des gaz rares dans la matière organique primitive du système solaire." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00258016.
Le, Meur Mathieu. "Matières en suspension de la Moselle (Lorraine, France) : caractérisation minérale et organique et réactivité vis-à-vis des contaminants métalliques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0161/document.
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in rivers, are constituted of colloidal and particulate matter, and described as heterogeneous aggregates of mineral, organic and biological phases which display high and reactive surface area. This study aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal composition evolution (Mineral and organic) of SPM along the Moselle River (Lorraine, France). SPM were collected at different stations along the river and at different regime flow. Macroscopic and microscopic studies were performed in order to characterize natural SPM. The second objective was to investigate the reactivity of SPM toward metallic contaminants. The results showed that the grain size distribution, elemental composition and mineralogy of SPM along the Moselle River and during different regime flow showed only slight variations, except for the Fensch and Orne tributaries, two rivers that were impacted by inherited steel making industrialization and different land use. The results also revealed that the catchment geology greatly contributed to the SPM composition in the river and highlighted the fact that SPM play a high contribution in TMEs and REEs transportation. The SPM organic matter characterization also showed slight variations through the catchment revealing the diffuse pollution in a catchment of this size. Seasonal variations were observed with strong autochthonous production during low flow level in summer. Regime flow increase resulted in the decrease of TOC content and in the presence of more degraded OM. Except for Fensch and Orne stations, surface properties of SPM are similar in relation with SPM composition. This study also showed that Zn association mode differed with different Zn concentrations. The comparison between Zn association mode on lab controlled particles and natural SPM revealed the contribution of phyllosilicates in zinc transport
Kouakoua, Ernest. "La matière organique et la stabilité structurale d'horizons de surface de sols ferrallitiques argileux : effet du mode de gestion des terres." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10016.
Piani, Laurette. "Origine des éléments volatils dans le Système Solaire : la matière organique et les argiles des chondrites." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770244.
Mortillaro, Jean-Michel. "Caractérisation et dynamique de la matière organique du fleuve et des plaines d'inondation du bassin central amazonien." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0003.
River ecosystems have a key role in the processes, which control the storage of atmospheric CO2. However, because of strong spatial and temporal variabilities in the sources of organic matter (OM), their relative contribution to the carbon dynamics of large river ecosystems is not fully understood. The present work aimed to characterize the sources of OM in the central Amazon basin. The fatty acids (FA) and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic (δ13C, δ15N) compositions of OM were investigated in five floodplains (locally called Várzea), the Amazon River and four of its main tributaries (Solimões, Negro, Madeira and Tapajós). The OM analyzed includes macrophytes (Eichornia sp. , Paspalum repens, Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia auriculata), plankton samples, suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM), sediments and soils from the flooded forest. A seasonal characterization of this OM, according to the annual oscillation in the hydrological cycle, indicates a strong autotrophic production from cyanobacteria in Várzea during the drought season. At this season, a transfer of OM, resulting from cyanobacteria and decomposition of macrophytes, has been evidenced from the Várzea to the rivers. However, these plants, which use different pathways of photosynthesis, do not contribute equally to OM and to the food web. Thus, a degradation experiment showed the decomposition dynamics of these macrophytes and the role of micro-organisms. The characterization of OM sources, their spatial and seasonal variabilities, the processes involved in its degradation as well as its utilization by consumers, indicate that the OM produced in Várzea constitute the major source of respired carbon in rivers from the Amazon basin and results from phytoplanktonic production
Rouibah, Mohamed. "Relations entre la composition chimique des eaux interstitielles et les caractéristiques des dépots récents sur la marge rhodanienne (Golfe du Lion) : mécanismes de digénèse précoce de la matière organique." Perpignan, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PERP0154.
Biron, Katarzyna. "The Molecular structure of the Insoluble Organic Matter (MOI) deposited from organic plasma : Comparison with IOM isolated from carbonaceous meteorites." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0004/document.
Carbonaceous meteorites are the most primitive objects of the solar system. They contain up to 4% of carbon, mainly occurring as insoluble organic matter (IOM). This IOM contains key information about the organo-synthesis processes taking place in the Solar System, which are so far poorly understood. A statistical model was recently proposed for the IOM molecular structure along with a possible synthesis pathway for its hydrocarbon backbone (Derenne and Robert, 2010).The first aim of this work was to test experimentally this pathway using an organic plasma as a source of CHx radicals. This device allowed the formation of both soluble and insoluble OM. The IOM was analyzed through the same techniques as those previously used for the chondritic IOM, revealing numerous similarities between both materials and thus supporting the proposed pathway. Moreover, NanoSIMS analyses revealed large isotopic variations at a sub-micrometric spatial resolution that are commensurable with those observed in chondritic IOM.Then, the source of heteroatoms (N and O) into the IOM was experimentally investigated through the addition of heteroelement-containing precursors to the hydrocarbonaceous radicals. As for nitrogen, two types of precursors were considered: hexylamine as a source of nitrogen hydrides and N2. Although both precursors led to nitrogen incorporation in the IOM, nitrogen hydrides seem to be more relevant based on the nitrogen speciation. Two types of experiments were performed to investigate the potential source of oxygen in the chondritic IOM. They were designed to address the two main scenarios proposed in the literature to account for the origin of the oxygen in the chondritic IOM: either aqueous alteration on the asteroidal parent body or O incorporation during the organo-synthesis in the primitive solar nebula. When the aqueous alteration is mimicked, the chemical composition of the SOM and IOM makes this pathway a reasonable source of the chondrite oxygen moieties. In contrast, no evidence for direct incorporation of O from OH radicals could be brought
Pietraccini, Matteo. "Mechanisms involved in the fast combustion of organic powders : application to dust explosions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0290.
The industry's risk associated with dust explosions is commonly accepted as high by the scientific community, and it must be reduced to a minimum to improve working conditions. However, the lack of knowledge of the phenomena involved, combined with a scarce general awareness of numerous industrial realities, transforms the dust explosions into profoundly dangerous accidental scenarios. Powder manipulation is a fundamental brick of contemporary industrial reality, and no shortcut can be chosen to bypass it. For this reason, dust explosions are merged with a large variety of processes and need to be studied and well understood. In the second half of the XX century, an energetic transition destabilised the fossil energy sector, painting it greener and greener. As a result, lignocellulosic biomass was and still is one of the most popular worldwide bioenergy sources. Moreover, its enormous versatility and significant technological progress made it possible to start the competition with fossil fuels. The development of the bioenergy sector and the dust explosion are the two actors of this work. Therefore, organic dust explosions were chosen as a study subject, comprehended and characterised to contribute to the scientific knowledge of these phenomena. They can be treated as transient, turbulent, particle-laden systems, which makes them complex and far from being straightforward to understand. Several physicochemical phenomena are involved in the global one. First, a dispersion step is unavoidable in a dust explosion. In this phase, the powder's features may change and strongly impact its behaviour. Second, particle-to-particle interactions are responsible for agglomeration and deagglomeration in the dust cloud thus formed. Again, it can modify the system's characteristics, influencing its thermal comportment. Cohesive forces may lead to strong aggregation of the particles, which has notably a mark on the particle heating time scale. A large selection of organic powders was tested, and their tendency to agglomerate in a dust cloud was quantified. Third, a fundamental brick of organic powder explosions is the pyrolysis step, which can be seen as a devolatilisation responsible for creating a flammable atmosphere within the dust cloud. It is often the rate-limiting step of the global process, and it needs thus to be well analysed. Then, the potential synergy between the gaseous and solid phases can lead to a reactive system different from the sum of the two. Some new phenomena might be generated from this. For instance, radiative heat transfers are major players in the flame propagation phase, strongly dependent on the dust concentration and its optical properties. To conclude, willing to develop an original method to determine the laminar flame speed of organic powders, three apparatuses were selected and compared. The benefits and drawbacks of each were listed and used as choosing criteria
Demon, Michel. "Influence des facteurs climatiques et des constituants du sol sur la dynamique de l'atrazine." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL092N.
Fernandes, Paula. "Effets des modes de gestion des terres en zone sahélienne sur les termes et l'évolution de leur bilan organique et biologique : consequences pour une production céréalière soutenue : cas du Sénégal." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1999_FERNANDES_P.pdf.
In the sahelian zone, sail organic matter (SOM) and microbial biomass (MBc) are two essential components of soil fertility, SOM because of it's role in sail physical properties and stock of nutrients, and MBc as the key of most of the biological processes involved in SOM evolution. Our objective is (1) to evaluate the effects of organic inputs on sail fertility, using chemical and biological variables as well as yield components and (2) to determine the relationships between these variables so as to define types of soil behaviour that could explain the large variability of the response to manure in field conditions. We worked on medium-term and annual experiments as weil as a multilocal experiment in field conditions. Our variables are soil physico-chemical caracteristics, MBc, nitrification determined in situ (Nitn1) and in controlled conditions (Nitpot) as the biological variables, and plant prùductivity as an integrative variable. Our results confirm the fast degradation of SOM the first year of cultivation after 15 years of herbaceous fallow (-40% C the first year). This study also presents new results : (1) it validate, in field conditions, the increase of MBc during the cultivation period observed by other authors in agronomical station and precises the relationships between soil biological component (MBc and Nitm) and chemical ones (CEC, SOM) ; (3) it shows that the variability of the soil and plant reponse to manure is a function of it's composition and of the ecological zone; this variability is used to define types of sail behaviour; (4) it shows that residual effects of manure is still sensible, even after two years, on yield and MBc. This work also led to methodological studies. Controlled conditions are necessary for a better knowledge of biological mecanisms
Saenger, Anaïs. "Caractérisation et stabilité de la matière organique du sol en contexte montagnard calcaire : proposition d'indicateurs pour le suivi de la qualité des sols à l'échelle du paysage." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENS010/document.
Mountain soils are major reservoirs of carbon (C), potentially vulnerable to climate and land use changes that affect them significantly. However, the great variability of these soils, their limited accessibility and the lack of appropriate measurement tools restrict our knowledge. Today, our comprehension of the biogeochemistry of mountain soils remains very incomplete regarding stocks, chemistry and reactivity of soil organic carbon (SOC). Yet this information is necessary to understand the evolution of soil carbon in the current context of global change. The objectives of this work were (i) to gain a better understanding of the nature, stability and vulnerability of SOC in a mosaic of ecosystems in a calcareous massif in the Alps (Vercors massif), (ii) to search for fast and reliable characterization tools, suitable for the study and monitoring of COS at the landscape scale, and (iii) to propose indicators for the assessment and monitoring of soil quality in mountain regions. As a first step, we tested the application of Rock-Eval pyrolysis for the study of COS at large-scale on a set of ecosystem units. Then, we compared the Rock-Eval approach to two conventional techniques for soil organic matter (SOM) study: the particle-size fractionation of SOM, and the mid-infrared spectroscopy. These coupled analytical approaches allowed us to quantify C stocks across the study area, and explain the stability and the vulnerability of COS at various angles. Factors responsible for the patterns observed in the different eco-units are discussed. This work also confirmed the relevance of the Rock-Eval tool to achieve our previous objectives. Biological approaches allowed us to assess the significance of microbial pool in these soils. Finally, indices assessing the status of SOM (SOC storage, soil fertility, vulnerability COS) were proposed and constituted interesting management tools for decision-makers
Thlaijeh, Siveen. "Characterization of organic matter by laser-assisted mass spectrometry : application to paleontology and exobiology." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSMRE/2021/2021LILUR066.pdf.
The origin of organic matter on Mars will be investigated with ExoMars’ “Rosalind Franklin” rover using several analytical instruments including the Mars Organic Molecular Analyzer (MOMA). The MOMA instrument combines laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) and gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze sub-surface samples. The similarity of the LDI-MS of MOMA with our LDI-MS / L2MS (two-step laser mass spectrometry) instrument has encouraged us to characterize organic matter from different types of samples, with the goals of providing new methodology for microscale molecular characterization of early life on Earth and to support future investigations on Mars.First, we developed a new-side injection ion source for our existing hybrid (radiofrequency/time-of-flight) mass spectrometer enabling transmission and reflection microscopy and chemical imaging in L2MS and LDI-MS with a lateral resolution down to 3 µm.Second, characterization of reference molecules was carried with L2MS and LDI-MS to help chemical identification of different types organic matter. These included a tryptophan derivative (biotic/abiotic amino acid), hexylthiophene (proxy for sulfurized hydrocarbons), cholestane (eukaryote biomarker), tocopherol (from photosynthesizers) and a porphyrin (chlorophyll derivative). Thus, we provide insight into the sensitivity of the method for these important classes of molecules, and into their fragmentation patterns.Third, a sedimentary rock from the Jurassic paleolagoon of Orbagnoux was analyzed as a proxy for diagenetically-sulfurized microbial organic matter. This sample was chosen following the recent detection of sulfurized molecules on Mars. Chemical characterizations of different samples of Orbagnoux rock (fresh rock and polished slice) and its corresponding sub-fractions extracted from the sedimentary rock (soluble extracts, maltene and kerogen) were performed using L2MS and LDI. This gives access to organic and inorganic molecular information of various chemical classes of interest such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygenated, thiophenic, and nitrogenated hydrocarbons, calcium carbonate/iron sulfide clusters, and metals such as Ni+ or VO+ that point to the preservation of geoporphyrins.Fourth, a modern Dammar resin and four fossil resins (ambers) were analyzed in LDI-MS to test the technique capability to provide insights into plant-derived fossil biopolymers, including their maturity grade and/or botanic type. Clear differences in hydrocarbon fragment patterns were observed in mass spectra and analyzed with principal component analysis
Badran, Ghidaa. "Pollution atmosphérique particulaire : caractérisation physico-chimique et comparaison des effets toxiques des fractions extractible et non-extractible des PM₂.₅ In-vitro evaluation of organic extractable matter from ambient PM₂.₅ using human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells : Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory response, genotoxicity, and cell cycle deregulation. Toxicity of fine and quasi-ultrafine particles : focus on the effects of organic extractable and non-extractable matter fractions. Toxicological appraisal of the chemical fractions of ambient fine (PM₂.₅-₀.₃) and quasi-ultrafine (PM₀.₃) particles in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells." Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0547.
Air pollution and particulate matter (PM₂.₅) were classified as carcinigens (group 1) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2013. This particulate fraction represents a complex mixture with a highly variable composition influencing the toxicity. However, few studies have determined the respective involvement of the different chemical fractions of PM in their toxic effects. In this work, fine particles (PM₂.₅₋₀.₃) and quasi-ultrafine particles (PM₀.₃) were sampled in an urban site located in Beirut (Lebanon). After performing the physicochemical characterization of these two types of particles, their toxic effects (global cytotoxicity, metabolic activation, genotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis) were investigated on a human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). The analysis of the organic content revealed differences between the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as welle as oxygenated (O-PAH) and nitrated (N-PAH) congeners, respectively 43, 17 and 4 times higher in PM₀.₃ than in PM₂.₅₋₀.₃.The toxicological study was based on the comparison of the toxicity of the fine particles considered in their entirety (PM₂.₅₋₀.₃), the extracted organic fraction (OEM₂.₅₋₀.₃) and the fraction not extracted by the dichloromethane (NEM₂.₅₋₀.₃). In addition, the specific effects of the organic fraction extrated from the quasi-ultrafine particles (OEM₀.₃) were compared with those of the organic fraction extracted from the fine particles (OEM₂.₅₋₀.₃). Our results showed that all the studied fractions were able to induce at least one of the studied mechanisms. PM₂.₅₋₀.₃ was able to induce toxic effects greater than those induced by OEM₂.₅₋₀.₃ and NEM₂.₅₋₀.₃. The organic fraction extracted from the quasi-ultrafine particles (OEM₀.₃), richer in organic compounds and in particular in PAHs and other congeners, appeared to be responsible for deleterious effects globally greater than that extracted from the fine particles (OEM₂.₅₋₀.₃). The results of this work have brought new elements on the relative toxicity of the different fractions of the fine particles and underline the crucial role played by ultrafine particles, still too little studied
Moretto, Robert. "Étude sédimentologique et géochimique des dépôts de la série salifère paléogène du bassin de Bourg-en-Bresse (France)." Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN10393.