Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Matière active (physique)'
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Solon, Alexandre. "Physique statistique de la matière active." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC118.
Full textActive systems, composed of particles capable of using the energy stored in their medium to self-propel, are ubiquitous in nature. They are found at all scales: from molecular motors to cellular tissues, bacterial colonies and animal groups. These out-of-equilibrium systems have attracted a lot of attention from the physics community because they show a richer phenomenology than passive systems that we can still understand using simple models. In this thesis, we study analytically and numerically minimal models of active particles. They allow us to understand different phenomena that are characteristic of active matter and to study the large-scale behavior of several classes of systems. The thermodynamics of active systems is fundamentally different from that of equilibrium systems. In particular, we show that the mechanical pressure of an active particle fluid is not given by an equation of state. The pressure is thus not a property of the fluid and depends on the details of the interaction with the containing vessel. We also study two phase transitions that specific to active matter: The motility-induced phase separation and the transition to collective motion. In both cases, we observe a phase separation between a liquid and a gas and study their coexistence. For the transition to collective motion, we exhibit two universality classes, based on the particles' symmetry, which have different types of coexistence phases
Keta, Yann-Edwin. "Emergence of disordered collective motion in dense systems of isotropic self-propelled particles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONS025.
Full textActive matter is a broad class of materials within which individual entities, the active particles, consume energy in order to perform movement. These materials are at the intersection of many distinct fields of research, such as biology, engineering, and physics, and have thus attracted considerable attention. Because of their perpetual consumption of energy, these systems are out of thermodynamic equilibrium. As a consequence they display a wealth of surprising phenomena which challenge our conception of equilibrium phases and dynamics. Among them, collective motion is particularly intriguing and exciting on multiple grounds. First because it emerges in systems with distinct length and time scales, from collections of cells to large crowds, flocks, and swarms, yet with some common characteristics. This thus suggests some sense of universality in the mechanisms leading to different collective behaviours. Second because parts of these motions display signatures shared with other equilibrium phenomena. While the latter are very diverse, ranging from the glass transition to inertial turbulence, these connections mean that a number of concepts and tools are readily available to describe out-of-equilibrium behaviours. Third because the possible applications of the understanding and control of these phenomena are far-reaching: treatment of specific pathologies, design of intelligent materials, crowd management, etc. In this Thesis, we focus on dense active matter, where the movement of individual particles is hindered by crowding effects, and aim to characterise how this competition leads to emerging collective motion. To this effect we use a simple model of two-dimensional isotropic self-propelled particles, namely active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particles, where the departure from the equilibrium limit is controlled via the persistence time of propulsion forces. Owing to its simplicity, the phenomena described within this model have the potential to apply to a broad range of materials. We broadly map the phase behaviour of this model, from the equilibrium-like regime at small persistence to the to far-from-equilibrium regime at large persistence. We focus our efforts on the latter regime, where velocity correlations were recently shown to emerge. We demonstrate that a disordered liquid phase exists up to very large persistence, if polydispersity frustrates the ordering of the system, and that this persistent liquid displays various manifestations of disordered collective motion. First, we show that persistent systems are dynamically arrested at large packing fraction. Close to dynamical arrest, we find that the liquid displays dynamical heterogeneity similar to equilibrium dense systems. We investigate, in the idealised limit of infinite persistence, the microscopic processes leading to these heterogeneities. Then, away from dynamical arrest, we show that our model displays chaotic advection flows, as typically shown by turbulent systems. We highlight how this specific behaviour may be universal to a broader class of active systems relying on the competition of crowding and persistent forcing. Finally, in monodisperse systems which display long-range order at large packing fraction, we describe the far-from-equilibrium mechanisms leading to structural relaxation
Zakine, Ruben. "Interactions médiées dans la matière molle et tension de surface des fluides actifs." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7080.
Full textThis thesis focuses on two topics ubiquitous in soft matter: first, mediated interactions between nano-to-micrometer sized objects, second, surface tension in out-of-equilibrium systems. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the properties of a system of particles whose interactions are mediated by a fluctuating background. We start with a nonequilibrium study and we show that the combination of mediated interactions and of the nonequilibrium drive leads to complex structures. Our predictions, beyond statistical mechanical methods, rest on extending the methods of nonlinear dynamics in pattern forming systems, to systems with a local conservation law. The second study of this part is dedicated to an equilibrium experimental system of colloidal particles embedded in lyotropic lamellar phases. Relying on a bottom-up approach, we implement the details of the interaction between each colloidal particle and each lamella to come up with an exact description of the effective force emerging between colloids. These analytical results are then used to discriminate between two types of interaction, both being possibly encountered in experiments. The second part of this thesis focuses on the notion of surface tension for interfaces involving active fluids. We will come up with a definition relating macroscopic forces to microscopic ones, either between particles or, when applicable, between particles and a confining medium. When the active fluid is in contact with a solid boundary, the solid-fluid surface tension is, in general, a more complex quantity than its equilibrium counterpart. By this we mean that its value may depend on the geometry or other details of the measuring device. We will also show that a carefully designed probe allows us to access an equation-of-state-abiding surface tension akin to its equilibrium counterpart. Liquid-vapor interfaces can also be encountered in assemblies of self-propelled particles when these undergo a motility-induced phase separation. We show also that the surface tension associated to a liquid-vapor interface possesses a mechanical definition that echoes the equilibrium one
Jorge, Camille. "Hydraulique des liquides actifs : défauts, boucles et frustration." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ENSL0027.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to determine the fundamental laws that describe the flow of active fluids confined in hydraulic networks. In the first part, I detail the experimental methods and the model system I have established. Then, by focusing on regular hydraulic networks of odd valence, I establish a direct analogy between active hydraulics and frustrated magnetism. In particular, I demonstrate why the spontaneous flows of active liquids are generally degenerate, characterized by streamlines with self-similar geometries. Through a combination of experimental and numerical studies, I link the macroscopic random geometry of the flows to the microscopic shape of the channels constituting the hydraulic network, thus proposing a minimal theoretical framework to predict and explain the structural diversity of the flows. In the third part, I extend the laws of active hydraulics to a broader class of networks. I also demonstrate how flow patterns are related to spin ice configurations and, more generally, to vertex models. These quantitative correspondences allow for a robust prediction of the flow geometry, establishing links between previously distinct areas of physics. In conclusion, I summarize my results and propose a research program aimed at improving our understanding of the flow of active matter in hydraulic networks
Mahault, Benoît. "Outstanding problems in the statistical physics of active matter." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS250/document.
Full textActive matter, i.e. nonequilibrium systems composed of many particles capable of exploiting the energy present in their environment in order to produce systematic motion, has attracted much attention from the statistical mechanics and soft matter communities in the past decades. Active systems indeed cover a large variety of examples that range from biological to granular. This Ph.D. focusses on the study of minimal models of dry active matter (when the fluid surrounding particles is neglected), such as the Vicsek model: point-like particles moving at constant speed and aligning their velocities with those of their neighbors locally in presence of noise, that defines a nonequilibrium universalilty class for the transition to collective motion. Four current issues have been addressed: The definition of a new universality class of dry active matter with polar alignment and apolar motion, showing a continuous transition to quasilong-range polar order with continuously varying exponents, analogous to the equilibrium XY model, but that does not belong to the Kosterlitz-Thouless universality class. Then, the study of the faithfulness of kinetic theories for simple Vicsek-style models and their comparison with results obtained at the microscopic and hydrodynamic levels. Follows a quantitative assessment of Toner and Tu theory, which has allowed to compute the exponents characterizing fluctuations in the flocking phase of the Vicsek model, from large scale numerical simulations of the microscopic dynamics. Finally, the establishment of a formalism allowing for the derivation of hydrodynamic field theories for dry active matter models in three dimensions, and their study at the linear level
Fodor, Etienne. "Tracking nonequilibrium in living matter and self-propelled systems." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC114.
Full textLiving systems operate far from equilibrium due to the continuous injection of energy provided by ATP supply. The dynamics of the intracellular components, such as proteins, organelles and cytoskeletal filaments, are driven by both thermal equilibrium fluctuations, and active stochastic forces generated by the molecular motors. Tracer particles are injected in living cens to study these fluctuations. To sort out genuine nonequilibrium fluctuations from purely thermal effects, measurements of spontaneous tracer fluctuations and of response are combined. We theoretically rationalize the observed fluctuations with a phenomenological model. This model, in turn, allows us to quantify the time, length and energy scales of the active fluctuations in three different experimental systems: living melanoma cells, living mouse oocytes, and epithelial tissues. Self-propelled particles are able to extract energy from their environment to perform a directed motion. Such a dynamics lead to a rich phenomenology that cannot be accounted for by equilibrium physics arguments. A striking example is the possibility for repulsive particles to undergo a phase separation, as reported in both experimental and numerical realizations. On a specific model of self-propulsion, we explore how far from equilibrium the dynamics operate. We quantify the breakdown of the irreversibility of the dynamics, and we delineate a bona fide effective equilibrium regime. Our insight into this regime is based on the analysis of fluctuations and response of the particles
Dinelli, Alberto. "Scalar active matter across scales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UNIP7003.
Full textActive matter encompasses out-of-equilibrium systems whose microscopic constituents exert non-conservative self-propulsion forces on their environment. The self-organization of active units into complex structures is observed at all scales in the living world, from bacterial ecosystems to flocks of birds. Furthermore, in recent years, physicists and chemists have been able to engineer synthetic particles capable of self-propulsion, such as self-phoretic Janus colloids or Quincke rollers, thus paving the way towards the realization of smart active materials. In this regard, understanding the link between the microscopic dynamics of active particles and their large-scale properties is a crucial problem for both biology and bio-inspired engineering. In this manuscript, we bridge this gap for a number of scalar active systems, i.e. active systems where the only large-scale hydrodynamic mode is the conserved density field. In particular, a large part of the manuscript is devoted to multi-component active systems---or active mixtures---whose study is relevant to achieve more realistic descriptions of biological communities: from animal ecosystems to bacterial colonies, polydispersity is ubiquitous in living systems. The manuscript is structured as follows. In Chapter 1 we provide a methodological review of coarse-graining techniques in scalar active systems. These methods are then applied in Chapter 2 to characterize the large-scale behaviors of non-interacting active particles with different tactic mechanisms. The second part of the thesis is devoted to collective behaviors in interacting scalar active systems. In Chapter 3 we study the impact of non-reciprocal motility regulation in binary mixtures of active particles, and show how the microscopic non-reciprocity affects the macroscopic organization of the system. Following this line, in Chapter 4 we consider a bacterial ecosystem where a large number of species coexist, revealing how weak, random motility regulation can be sufficient to promote the formation of distinct bacterial communities. To conclude, in Chapter 5 we shift from biological to synthetic active matter, studying a model for self-propelled Quincke rods. In particular, we show how these rods can undergo an arrested condensation transition, where the interplay between quorum-sensing and steric repulsion is crucial to stabilize the coexisting phases
Fins, Carreira Aderito. "Matière active versus gravité : équation d’état et capillarité effectives de suspensions de particules autopropulsées." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO10130.
Full textActive matter is a rapidly expanding field in recent years. It consists of entities able to use an energy source to produce local work such as self-propulsion. Such matter, by being out of equilibrium, has fascinating properties such as self-organization as seen in a flock of birds. However, active matter is not limited to biological systems. Active abiotic systems have also been developed. Indeed, during this thesis, we study a system made of self-propelled microparticles. Our objectives are to understand how they organize in the presence of gravity and in contact with a wall. Our system is made of Janus Au/Pt colloids that can self-propel in the presence of hydrogen peroxide by phoretic mechanisms. The colloids being denser than water, they form a monolayer on the bottom of their container. Provided a small tilting angle, we can observed 2D sedimentation. For colloidal systems at equilibrium, the sedimentation profile contains the equation of state of the system. For active systems, an equation of state does not exist in the general case, but analogous thermodynamic quantities can be defined. I measured the sedimentation profile of my active system and compared it to models developed for active Brownian particles in a "dry" environment (ABPs). I showed that the role of the background fluid cannot be neglected. In a second part, we studied the wetting properties of our system. Active mater is known to have effective wetting properties, yet no experimental study with a system analogous to ours has focused on the wetting phenomenon of a wall vertically immersed in a sediment. We show that an adhesion layer is formed with the density rising at the wall. To better understand the observed phenomena, we have confronted them with a numerical model of ABPs for which we can vary the interactions between the particles and the wall. By playing on the adhesion and the alignment with the wall, we are able to reproduce the experimental results. Indeed, the implementation of these interactions at the wall enables, to a certain extent, to take into account numerically the background fluid and thus the hydrodynamic and phoretic interactions that our colloids have with the wall. We thus show that these interactions greatly exacerbates the polarization of the propulsion velocity of the particles at the wall which is largely responsible for the density rise. Indeed, it is known that in the dilute and stationary regime, particles far from the wall are able to polarize against gravity. This polarization is amplified by an alignement with a vertical wall. Furthermore, the addition of an additional attraction allows particles to be more strongly trapped at the wall, and rise higher than ABPs without wall interactions would. As they rise, the particles will "evaporate" and fall away from the wall leading to global fluxes in the system. The wall acts as a pump that sets the particles in motion in the system collectively at a much larger scale than the particle. Finally, because we want to investigate the microrheology on active matter, we also present in this thesis all the updates on the design of a new magnetic microrheometer as well as the work on the stabilization of colloids on glass surfaces with the objective of designing custom imaging cells
Theurkauff, Isaac. "Collective Behavior of active colloids." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10251/document.
Full textWe study the collective behavior of an assembly of Janus Colloids. These are 1µm gold colloids with one half coated in platinum. When immersed in a peroxide bath, they self-propel, owing to diffusiophoresis and electrophoresis, moving at velocities of order 5µm/s. The velocity can be tune by adjusting the amount of peroxide in the bath. At the single particle level, the colloids undergo a persistent random walk. When in denser groups, the colloids interact through chemical and steric effects. The combination of these interactions, with the colloids activity, leads to collective effects. A dynamic cluster phase is observed, the formation of motile clusters of colloids, formed of up to 100 colloids. The clusters are in a stationary state, constantly moving, and exchanging colloids, they are also colliding, merging and breaking apart. We developed both the colloids, whose synthesis is described, and a high-throughput acquisition and analysis system. We measure the positions, and reconstruct the trajectories of thousands of colloids for a few minutes. From the trajectories, we extract statistical observables. We show that the sizes of clusters increases linearly as a function of the activity of the colloids. The probability distribution functions of sizes are power laws. As the density increases, a jamming transition is observed. The dense phase heterogeneous dynamics is characterized. We study the transition from the dense phase to a low density assembly with sedimentation experiments. The low density phase behaves as an ideal gas, allowing the definition of an effective temperature. We measure an equation of state for the system, and propose a heuristic collapse
Fersula, Jérémy. "Swarm Robotics : distributed Online Learning in the realm of Active Matter." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS494.
Full textCPUs / GPUs, it becomes technically possible to develop small robots able to work in swarms of hundreds or thousands of units. When considering systems comprised of a large number of in- dependent robots in interaction, the individuality vanishes before the collective, and the global behavior of the ensemble has to emerge from local rules. Understanding the dynamics of large number of interacting units becomes a knowledge key to design controllable and efficient robotic swarms. This topic happens to be at the core of the field of active matter, in which the sys- tems of interest display collective effects emerging from physical interactions without computation. This thesis aims at using elements of active matter to design and understand robotic collectives, interacting both at the physical level and the software level through distributed learning algorithms. We start by studying experimentally the aggregation dynamics of a swarm of small vibrating robots performing phototaxis (i.e. search of light). The experiments are declined in different confi- gurations, either ad-hoc or implementing a distributed and online learning algorithm. This series of experiments act as a benchmark for the algorithm, showing its capabilities and limits in a real world situation. These experiments are further expanded by changing the outer shape of the robots, modifying the physical interactions by adding a force re-orientation response. This additional effect changes the global dynamics of the swarm, showing Morphological Computation at play. The new dynamics is understood through a physical model of self-alignment, allowing to extend the experimental work in sillico and hint for unseen global effects in swarms of re-orienting robots. Finally, we introduce a model of distributed learning through stochastic ODEs. This model is based on the exchange of internal degrees of freedom that couples to the dynamics of the particles, equivalents in the context of learning as a set of parameters and a controller. It shows similar results in simulation as the real-world experiments and opens up a way to a large-scale analysis of distributed and online learning dynamics
Peshkov, Anton. "Approche Boltzmann-Ginzburg-Landau pour les modeles simples de la matiere active." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921017.
Full textLefranc, Thibault. "Quorum sensing dans des assemblées de particules actives synthétiques : Séparation de phase induite par la motilité." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2023. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04510010.
Full textActive matter is defined as an assembly of particles capable of transforming energy into movement on their own scale. There are many examples of active matter in nature, from a colony of bacteria to a flock of zebras, from school of fishes to human crowds. Despite this perpetual movement of individuals, it is possible in some cases to observe phase separation, i.e. the formation of defined zones of different densities. This can be explained by the detection of quorum: particles take account of their neighbors to adjust their activity. Over the last ten years or so, all the building blocks of soft matter (polymers, colloids, etc.) have been motorized to produce active materials in the laboratory. However, no form of synthetic quorum sensing has yet been reported. In this thesis, we present the first results demonstrating the possibility of creating a simple form of quorum sensing in the laboratory. For this purpose, we have chosen a colloidal rod as the basic element. We first present a theoretical analysis explaining the behavior of active rods. This analysis is an extension to anisotropic particles of Quincke's electrorotation phenomenon, already used to render spheres active. It sheds light on the richer behavior of rods. We then detail the experimental approach for the concrete implementation of motorization of these active colloids, which is at the heart of this thesis work. Finally, we report on the results obtained, which indicate a first experimental realization of artificial quorum sensing, including the observation and characterization of a phase separation induced by conditional particle motility
Morin, Alexandre. "Colloidal flocks in challenging environments." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN047/document.
Full textDirected collected motion within herds, swarms and flocks, is a phenomenon that takes place at all scales in living systems. Physicists have rationalized the emergence of such collective behavior. They have described these systems as active materials. These materials are assembled from self-propelled units that spontaneously move in the same direction. By experimentally studying synthetic flocks, this work uncovers some properties of polar active materials in situations that disfavor their self-organization: their dynamics in disordered environments and their response to external perturbations. Colloidal rollers with alignment interactions are confined within microfluidic devices. At high density, they spontaneously form a flock which is characterized by the emergence of orientational long-ranged order. These colloidal flocks are prototypical realizations of polar active matter. We have studied the response of a polar active liquid assembled from colloidal rollers. We have shown that they display a hysteretic response to longitudinal perturbations. We have theoretically accounted for this non-linear behavior. We have used this behavior to realize autonomous microfluidic oscillators. We have also studied the dynamics of colloidal flocks that propagate through heterogeneous environments. Randomly positioned obstacles focalize flocks along favored channels that form a sparse and tortuous network. Increasing disorder leads to the destruction of flocks. We have demonstrated that the suppression of collective motion is a discontinuous transition generic to all polar active materials
Trinschek, Sarah Christine. "Modélisation de films minces de fluides complexes et de colonies bactériennes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY012/document.
Full textBacteria colonise interfaces by the formation of dense aggregates. In this thesis, we develop and analyse simple models to clarify the role of passive physico-chemical forces and processes - such as osmosis, surface tension effects and wettability - in the spreading of bacterial colonies at solid-air interfaces. The models are based on a hydrodynamic description for thin films of liquid suspensions that is supplemented by bioactive processes.We first focus on the osmotic spreading mechanism of bacterial colonies that relies on the generation of osmotic pressure gradients. The bacteria secrete a polymeric matrix which acts as an osmolyte and triggers the influx of nutrient-rich water from the moist substrate into the colony. We find that wettability crucially affects the spreading dynamics. At low wettability, the lateral expansion of the colony is arrested, albeit the colony is biologically active. However, a small reduction of the surface tension and the resulting improvement of the wettability suffices to induce continuous spreading. This can, e.g., result from the production of bio-surfactants by the bacteria.Next, we study passive liquid films covered by insoluble surfactants before developing a model for the surfactant-driven spreading of bacterial colonies. In this spreading mechanism, Marangoni fluxes arising due to a non-uniform surfactant concentration at the edges of the colony drive cooperative spreading and may cause an instability of the circular colony shape. We find that variations in wettability and surfactant production suffice to reproduce four different types of colony growth, namely, arrested and continuous spreading of circular colonies, slightly modulated front lines and the formation of pronounced fingers.In the final part, we take a first step towards the incorporation of active collective bacterial motion in the employed thin-film framework and present a phenomenologically derived model for active polar films
Feliachi, Ouassim. "From Particles to Fluids : A Large Deviation Theory Approach to Kinetic and Hydrodynamical Limits." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ORLE1063.
Full textThe central problem of statistical physics is to understand how to describe a system with macroscopic equations, which are usually deterministic, starting from a microscopic description, which may be stochastic. This task requires taking at least two limits: a “large N ” limit and a “local equilibrium” limit. The former allows a system of N particles to be described by a phase-space distribution function, while the latter reflects the separation of time scales between the fast approach to local equilibrium and the slow evolution of hydrodynamic modes. When these two limits are taken, a deterministic macroscopic description is obtained. For both theoretical and modeling reasons (N is large but not infinite, the time-scale separation is not perfect), it is sometimes important to understand the fluctuations around this macroscopic description. Fluctuating hydrodynamics provides a framework for describing the evolution of macroscopic, coarse-grained fields while taking into account finite- particle-number induced fluctuations in the hydrodynamic limit. This thesis discusses the derivation of fluctuating hydrodynamics from the microscopic description of particle dynamics. The derivation of the fluctuating hydrodynamics is twofold. First, the “large N” limit must be refined to account for fluctuations beyond the average behavior of the system. This is done by using large deviation theory to establish kinetic large deviation principles that describe the probability of any evolution path for the empirical measure beyond the most probable path described by the kinetic equation. Then, the fluctuating hydrodynamics is derived by studying the hydrodynamical limit of the kinetic large deviation principle, or the associated fluctuating kinetic equation. This dissertation discusses this program and its application to several physical systems ranging from the dilute gas to active particles
Bachelard, Nicolas. "Control of passive and active open random media : theoretical and experimental investigations." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066704.
Full textLight propagation in matter is described by vibration eigenstates, called modes, which characterize the light-matter interaction. In the specific case of random media, according to the strength of the disorder, the modes can be either extended over the whole system or spatially localized. This disorder-based confinement is called Anderson's localization. In the first part, we introduce basic notions used along this manuscript. In particular the light-matter interaction requires a semiclassical approach: The electromagnetic field is described by Maxwell's equations while the quantum nature of matter must be considered. In this thesis open media are studied. In such systems the modal description requires a specific analytic treatment different from closed problems. In the second part, we focus on Anderson-localized modes in open passive random media. In such systems any change of the disorder induces modifications of modes. Therefore, it enables the control over the light properties. Moreover, when inserting an emitter inside an Anderson-localized mode, strong light-matter interaction regimes can be reached. In the third part, active random media, commonly called random lasers, are introduced. Using our experimental achievements, characteristics of random lasers are presented. The notion of mode enables us to describe complex mechanisms involved in the lasing emission. Last, we demonstrate both experimentally and numerically that a non-uniform excitation of random lasers can lead to a control of the properties of the emission. In particular a multimode spectrum for a uniform pumping can be turned into single-mode by using an adapted pumping
D'Alessandro, Joseph. "Collective regulation of the amoeboid motility : the role of short and long-range interactions in vegetative Dictyostelium discoideum." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1039/document.
Full textCell motility is fundamental in many physiological, either normal or pathological, phenomena. Yet, although these most often involve several cells moving at the same time, how the interactions between cells affect both individual and collective dynamics remains a poorly understood question. In this thesis, I used vegetative Dictyostelium discoideum cells as a model to study this collective regulation of the motility. I relied mainly on the thorough analysis of numerous cell trajectories in various situations to (i) characterise a secreted factor used to down-regulate the cells’ motility (biochemical nature, response pathway, secretion and response dynamics) and (ii) quantitatively analyse and model the dynamics of spreading cell colonies of controlled initial shape, size and density. Last, I describe a dynamic aggregation phenomenon that occurs when the cells are seeded at high density in a nutrient-rich medium
Le, Roux Sébastien. "Effet Marangoni aux interfaces fluides." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S060/document.
Full textWe report experiments about the deposition of water soluble surfactants at the interface between two fluids. After some theoretical developments, we study the spreading of water soluble amphiphiles at the water/air interface. In this part, we present two experimental setups where these molecules show a typical induced flow velocity, and a finite spreading distance, depending on the CMC of surfactant we use, which results in the apparition of a coronna on the surface of the liquid. We then set up a fast and simple CMC measurement protocole using our experimental setup. This spreading induces also a vertical deformation of the interface, a double toroidal recirculation in the bulk, and a beatiful hydrodynamic surface instability all around the coronna. The second experiment is about the spreading of amphiphiles at the interface between oil and water. In this experiment, the vertical deformations induced by the spreading can become so important that under certain circumstances, we manage to create a hole in the oil layer. We focus on the study of these vertical deformations and on the caracteristics of this hole. Finally, the last experiment is about the deposition of a Triton X-100 drop at the water/air interface. This molecule has the ability to gelify when it gets hydrated, allowing him to float. Then we can observe the self propulsion of the droplet. We focus on the microscopic structure of this gel phase, and also on the erratic trajectories followed by the drop
Gómez, Nava Luis Alberto. "Phénoménologie de particules actives à états internes finis et discrets : une étude individuelle et collective." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4080/document.
Full textIn this thesis we introduce a theoretical framework to understand collections of active particles that operate with a finite number of discrete internal states that control the external behavior of these entities. The theoretical concepts developed in this thesis are conceived to understand the large number of existing multiagent biological systems where the individuals display distinct behavioral phases that alternate with each other. By construction, the premise of our theoretical model is that an external observer has access only to the external behavior of the individuals, but not to their internal state. It is only after careful examination of the behavioral dynamics that the existence of these internal states becomes evident. This analysis is key to be able to associate the experimentally observed behaviors of individuals with one or many internal states of the model. This association between states and behaviors should be done accordingly to the observations and the phenomenology displayed by the biological system that is being the subject of study. The possible scenarios that can be observed using our theoretical model are determined by the design of the internal mechanism of the individuals (number of internal states, transition rates, etc...) and will be of markovian nature by construction. All the experimental and theoretical work contained in this thesis is evidence that our model is suitable to be used to describe real-life systems showing individual or collective intermittent behaviors. This here-introduced new framework of active particles with internal states is still in development and we are convinced that it can potentially open new branches of research at the interface between physics, biology and mathematics
Derue, Lionel. "Stabilisation thermique de la couche photo-active dʼune cellule solaire organique par réticulation." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00933501.
Full textWei, Xiaomin. "Study and improvement of radiation hard monolithic active pixel sensors of charged particle tracking." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00953382.
Full textDeseigne, Julien. "Système expérimental modèle d'un fluide actif polaire." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00567513.
Full textCasiulis, Mathias. "Étude d'un modèle Hamiltonien de liquide non-Galiléen : du mouvement collectif sans activité." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS647.
Full textCollective motion, the spontaneous ordering of the velocities across a macroscopic system, is a hallmark of living systems like flocks of birds.It is captured by models of self-propelled particles, that are usually active: they do not conserve energy nor momentum. In my thesis, using notions from the theory of liquids, magnetism, and statistical mechanics, I study a conservative model of collective motion, composed of particles that carry spins, which are coupled to their velocities. I show that the alignment of spins creates an effective attraction, that is responsible for a phase separation between an isotropic gas and a ferroliquid. This phase separation ends in a tricritical point, from which stems the Curie line. I then establish the full phase diagram of the model with a spin-velocity coupling, varying its amplitude, the number of particles, the density, and the temperature.The conservation of momentum imposes that all polar phases move collectively. At low temperatures and densities, I show that the system spontaneously generates alignment defects so as to stop moving, and thus escapes a high kinetic energy cost. I also show that the system can go from an apolar state to a polar one as the temperature increases, betraying an order-by-disorder phenomenon. Finally, I show that the dynamics of the system is well described by an effective model of self-propelled particles, with a rotational inertia that soars at the rigidity transition. At high inertia, the system moves with spontaneous turns and rotations caused by the conservation of angular momentum
Wouters, Denis. "Recherche de nouveaux bosons légers en astronomie de haute énergie." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01065648.
Full textGirard, Philippe. "Membranes hors d'équilibre : échanges et transport actif." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006588.
Full textLidon, Pierre. "Effet d'ultrasons de puissance sur les matériaux mous : vers des matériaux "acousto-rhéologiques"." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEN014/document.
Full textUltrasonic imaging and velocimetry has been proved to be very efficient methods to study various materials. At high intensity, ultrasonic waves are known to exert steady forces in newtonian fluid through nonlinear effects like the acoustic radiation pressure. However those effects have never been used in fundamental studies of the physics of soft materials. This thesis aims at exploiting the interaction between high intensity ultrasound and soft jammed materials to probe actively and even modify their mechanical properties.We first introduce an alternative technique for active microrheology we called « acoustic mesorheology ». By analyzing the motion of an intruder under the acoustic radiation pressure we characterize locally the rheology of the system under study. We test this technique on a simple yield stress fluid, namely a carbopol microgel. We compare the results with those obtained by standard rheology measurements of the behaviour of this gel under its yield stress.Then we describe the fluidization of an immersed granular packing by high intensity focused ultrasound. We compare our observations with the results of molecular dynamics simulations. The obtained fluidization is original as the injection of energy is discontinuous in time. It is hysteretic and intermittent and those properties are well captures by both simulations and a phenomenological model.Finally, we replace the plane of a standard cone-plate rheometer by an ultrasonic transducer. This allows us to characterize the effect of high frequency vibrations on the rheology of a fragile carbon black gel. We observe a significant and eventually irreversible effect of ultrasound on the elastic modulus and on the yielding of the system. Vibrations are shown to favor wall slip but seem to induce changes in the volume of the sample though
Lozenko, Sergii. "Heavy metal ion sensors based on organic microcavity lasers." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00744846.
Full textGuyomar, Tristan. "Roles of acto-myosin cortex dynamics in organoid self-organisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023STRAJ100.
Full textIn this PhD study, we investigate organoids—self-assembled mini-organs derived from a few stem cells, offering a unique perspective on organogenesis. Our research links organoid shapes and collective motions to the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of the acto-myosin cortex. At the interface between Physics and Biology, we design experiments to quantify cellular and tissue properties and use theoretical physics to integrate measurements into models revealing the self-organization of organoids. Using MDCK cysts, an organotypic model, we explore (i) the role of cortical asymmetries on cell shape and cyst structure, (ii) how tight junction proteins influence cyst morphology and mechanics, and (iii) the emergence of spontaneous 3D collective rotation of cell doublets due to symmetry breaking of acto-myosin dynamics. Our work highlights the intricate link between organoid self-organisation and acto-myosin dynamics further revealing how out-of-equilibrium properties drive morphogenesis
Klamser, Juliane Uta. "Transitions de phase en basse dimension à l’équilibre et hors d’équilibre." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS333.
Full textAlthough nature is three-dimensional, lower dimensional systems are often effectively realized offering fascinating new physics. The subject of this thesis is phase transitions in low dimensions, with its primary focus on non-equilibrium phases in two-dimensional active matter. Unlike passive systems, active particles are driven by energy injected at the microscopic scale from internal degrees of freedom resulting in an irreversible dynamics, often giving rise to macroscopic phases in striking contrast to equilibrium. A goal is to give a quantitative characterization of such non-equilibrium phases and to capture these in simplest realizations of active matter. The thesis explores two-dimensional self-propelled particles with isotropic pair-wise interactions. The dynamics (persistent kinetic Monte Carlo) is a variant of passive disks and different from well-known models of active matter. A full quantitative phase diagram is presented including motility induced phase separation (MIPS) as seen in other active systems. Additionally, the famous two-step melting scenario with the hexatic phase extends far from equilibrium. In this non-equilibrium scenario, the activity can melt a 2D solid and the melting lines remain separated from MIPS. The second part explores a frequently debated issue of the existence of phase transitions in classical one-dimensional models with short-range interactions at non-zero temperature. A widely shared misconception is that such transitions are not possible. A clear counterexample to this belief is given where non-analyticity in the free energy emerges from a new mechanism with a geometrical origin, which is then established on a rigorous ground
Marty, Laurence. "Continuité de l'expérience d'apprentissage et transposition didactique des savoirs dans l'enseignement de la physique : comparaison internationale dans le cas des propriétés de la matière." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://dante.univ-tlse2.fr/id/eprint/7135.
Full textThe aim of this study is to investigate the nature of the relationship between the learning of scientific knowledge at school and the production of knowledge within scientific communities through a bottom-up analysis of several case studies centered on the teaching / learning of the properties of matter in four contexts (primary level and lower secondary level, France and Westerm Switzerland) in which the curricula references are varied. The theoretical framework comes mainly from two paradigms: the joint action in didactics, according to which the teacher and the students each adjust their own line of action by interpreting that of the other and the pragmatist approach, according to which the meaning-making towards particular objects is developed through the interactions students have with these objects, in all institutions where they have a role, whether in family or at school. The pragmatist approach has led us to focus on the way in which the meaning-making towards particular objects evolves, in the light of the targeted knowledge at stake. Analyzes highlight connections between (dis)continuity of this meaning-making evolution as experienced by students and the various manners of teaching implemented in classrooms by the teachers. These manners of teaching can be modeled by structuring principles which derive from didactic, pedagogical, scientific, philosophical and epistemological viewpoints. Under specific conditions, situations in which models are given to students at the beginning of the unit seem to facilitate the continuity of the students' learning experience
Gassin, Pierre-Marie. "Interfaces Liquides/Liquides Actives: Apport de l'Optique Non Linéaire et de la Tensiométrie." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00852294.
Full textNoun, Manale. "Interaction agrégats-surface. Spectrométrie de masse par temps de vol et application analytique à des études sur des médicaments et sur la météorite Paris." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00906791.
Full textIldefonso, M. "Développement d'un outil microfluidique polyvalent pour l'étude de la cristallisation : application à la nucléation de principes actifs pharmaceutiques." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille université, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00721436.
Full textRichier, Mathieu. "Conception de dispositifs actifs de maintien de stabilité pour les véhicules évoluant en milieux naturels." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01066614.
Full textGarcia, Michael. "Hydrodynamique de micro-nageurs." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00952771.
Full textEl, Ismaili Mohammed. "Out-of-equilibrium Binary Colloidal Mixtures : Experimental magnetic system and simulations of active Lennard-Jones mixtures." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0172.
Full textLiving systems generally operate in non-equilibrium states by continuously consuming energy, thus exhibiting rich collective dynamics and properties. Physical investigations often rely on analogies with model systems in soft matter, such as colloids. In this thesis, we develop two colloidal model systems that operate in non-equilibrium states and exhibit interesting phenomena similar to those of certain biological systems, such as self-assembly, viscoelasticity, phase transitions, and segregation. In the first part of this thesis, we study experimentally and theoretically the dynamics of two-dimensional clusters of paramagnetic colloids under a time-varying magnetic field. Due to the continuous energy input by the rotating field, these self-assembled clusters are at a dissipative non-equilibrium state. We experimentally characterize the dynamics of cluster rotation and we develop a theoretical model to explain the observations by the emergence of collective viscoelastic properties. The model successfully captures the observed dependence on particle, cluster, and field characteristics, and it provides an estimate of cluster viscoelasticity. We extend our study to the case of binary clusters of colloids of two different sizes and magnetic susceptibilities. The composition dependence of the rotation dynamics is successfully captured by a generalization of our theoretical model. We also investigate the evolution of the internal distribution of the two particle types, reminiscent of segregation in a drop of two immiscible liquids, and the effect of such structure on the rotation dynamics. Next, we study cluster disassembly in response to a change in the external field. The experimentally observed disassembly dynamics are successfully described by a model, which moreover provides an estimate of the particle-substrate friction coefficient. In the second part of the thesis, we investigate a two-dimensional binary mixture of active and passive Lennard-Jones colloids, characterized by different degrees of scalar activity, modeled by an effective temperature difference. We perform molecular dynamics simulations of this system using two different thermostats. We consider two equilibrium reference systems: a homogeneous system and a gas-liquid interfacial system. We drive these systems out-of-equilibrium by increasing the effective temperature difference and we systematically investigate the effect on their behaviors and properties. For the homogeneous system, our results indicate that the presence of differential activity shifts the mixture from solid towards the liquid state and renders it more deformable than a homogeneous state at the average temperature. The binary mixture remains homogeneous for moderate activity difference between the two species, and segregation arises for a sufficiently large activity difference. For the interfacial system, we investigate the effect of activity on a pre-existing gas-liquid interface between two separated species. We find that a high activity difference induces the formation of new solid-liquid interfaces, whereas a low difference destabilizes pre-existing liquid-gas interfaces. Moreover, the combination of a pre-existent interface with differential activity leads to partial crystallization and thus to triple phase coexistence (solid, liquid, and gas), which is observed over a wide range of differential activities. Our findings from these idealized systems could guide our understanding and point to certain physical mechanisms at play in biological systems, where similar dynamical behaviors are observed
Paris, Annabelle. "Environnement EMI et expérience d'apprentissage à l'université : analyse de l'activité individuelle et collective d'étudiant.e.s de première année de Licence en Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BRES0031.
Full textThis thesis focuses on students’ expérience of learning an English language discipline at university. The aim is to account for the impact of the EMI environment on the individual social expérience lived by students in situations where they are learning bodily technics. The thesis is part of an activity-based approach in éducation and training sciences using the theoretical and methodological framework of the course of action (Theureau, 2015). The results of the first, exploratory study show that the linguistic disruption introduced by the EMI leads students to adapt their mode of engagement and their focus in situations and to develop an investigative activity based in particular on the indexical and iconic dimensions linked to the actions of peers. The second study, with an ethnographie dimension, emphasises that the EMI environment, which créâtes uncertainty for the students, has the following effects on the functioning and organisation of the group. This gives rise to the emergence of stories for the students, and in particular cooperative interactions. This culture of shared action proved conducive to the development of individual, academie and social constructs. Finally, the last study carried out on an EMI sports practical sequence shows the existence of a learning community which supports students' individual and social development during work situations. The EMI environment makes it possible to construct differentiated knowledge about oneself, one's peers, the teacher and the subject content, in relation to the students’ language level. This research opens up praxeological avenues to support reflective action by proposing the design of new training environments to enhance the learning of students involved in EMI courses
Geamanu, Marcel-Stefan. "Estimation and dynamic longitudinal control of an electric vehicle with in-wheel electric motors." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00871231.
Full textTeodorescu, Catalin Stefan. "Commande de systèmes d'isolation antisismique mixte." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00904280.
Full textMollet, Oriane. "Sondes actives en champ proche pour la plasmonique et la plasmonique quantique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00767888.
Full textBen, Naceur Walim. "Evaluation des solutions d'encapsulation quasi-hermétique pour les composants actifs hyperfréquences." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00991023.
Full textExposito, Jonathan. "Amélioration de la qualité des images obtenues par optique adaptative et application à l'étude des noyaux actifs de galaxie." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01005770.
Full textAlmadori, Yann. "Fonctionnalisation non-covalente de nanotubes de carbone mono-feuillets : étude du confinement de molécules photo-actives et intercalation de rubidium." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00997533.
Full textPOTIER, LASNIER SYLVIE. "Augmentation de la duree de conservation d'un aliment a humidite intermediaire : comparaison entre l'atmosphere modifiee et d'autres techniques de conservation, application a la genoise." Reims, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988REIMS011.
Full textDaverat, Christophe. "Etude expérimentale de la convection naturelle en canal vertical à flux de chaleur imposé : application au rafraîchissement passif de composants actifs de l'enveloppe des bâtiments." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00782327.
Full textBachaalany, Mario. "Utilisation de capteurs CMOS rapides pour l'imagerie X à très haute sensibilité." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00955895.
Full textMatei, Constantin Ionut. "Recherche des assemblages moléculaires actifs en biolubrification en vue du diagnostic et de la thérapeutique précoce de pathologies articulaires." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00932693.
Full textLuddens, Francky. "Analyse théorique et numérique des équations de la magnétohydrodynamique : application à l'effet dynamo." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00831411.
Full textFu, Yunan. "Développement de capteurs à pixels CMOS pour un détecteur de vertex adapté au collisionneur ILC." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00869940.
Full textLaplante, Caroline. "Évolution des défauts dans les fibres optiques irradiées." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21296.
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