Academic literature on the topic 'Maternal nutrients'
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Journal articles on the topic "Maternal nutrients"
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Caton, Joel, Matthew S. Crouse, Lawrence P. Reynolds, Carl R. Dahlen, Bryan W. Neville, Pawel P. Borowicz, Tammi L. Neville, Kyle J. McLean, and Alison K. Ward. "406 Maternal nutrition during early gestation: Impacts on developmental outcomes." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.372.
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Abstract Changes in maternal nutrition that represent inadequacies or excesses in nutrient supply have been implicated in altered fetal development as well as offspring outcomes and have been termed fetal or developmental programming. Research in the area of developmental programming of livestock has greatly increased during the last two decades. For ruminants, most research efforts in developmental programming have focused on nutritional perturbations during the last two-thirds of gestation. Unfortunately, research investigating changes to maternal nutrient supply during early gestation or even periconceptually has been limited. The objectives of this invited review are to provide a summary of our current understanding of the impacts of inappropriate maternal nutrition during early gestation on embryo-fetal and offspring developmental outcomes. Nutrient supply to the conceptus varies during the time of early placental and conceptus development, and uterine glandular secretions, often called uterine milk or uterine histotroph, are major suppliers of nutrients during this time. Nutrients in histotroph are essential to conceptus development, and histotroph nutrient concentrations may be responsive to maternal nutrient supply. As the placenta develops and becomes fully functional, fetal nutrient supply becomes dependent on placental function. Research investigating changes in total maternal nutrient supply, even during early gestation, has clearly demonstrated impacts on offspring outcomes. Investigations into supply of specific nutrients and development outcomes have increased rapidly in recent years with results demonstrating that in some cases, even small changes in supply can have consequences on offspring development. Underlying mechanisms of developmental programming are associated with epigenetic events partially driven by methyl donors and cofactors. Emerging knowledge associated with the influence of periconceptual, fetal, and neonatal nutrition on offspring development, postnatal health, function, and productivity is creating opportunities for enhanced livestock production through strategic nutrient supplementation.
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Randunu, Raniru S., and Robert F. Bertolo. "The Effects of Maternal and Postnatal Dietary Methyl Nutrients on Epigenetic Changes that Lead to Non-Communicable Diseases in Adulthood." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9 (May 6, 2020): 3290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093290.
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The risk for non-communicable diseases in adulthood can be programmed by early nutrition. This programming is mediated by changes in expression of key genes in various metabolic pathways during development, which persist into adulthood. These developmental modifications of genes are due to epigenetic alterations in DNA methylation patterns. Recent studies have demonstrated that DNA methylation can be affected by maternal or early postnatal diets. Because methyl groups for methylation reactions come from methionine cycle nutrients (i.e., methionine, choline, betaine, folate), deficiency or supplementation of these methyl nutrients can directly change epigenetic regulation of genes permanently. Although many studies have described the early programming of adult diseases by maternal and infant nutrition, this review discusses studies that have associated early dietary methyl nutrient manipulation with direct effects on epigenetic patterns that could lead to chronic diseases in adulthood. The maternal supply of methyl nutrients during gestation and lactation can alter epigenetics, but programming effects vary depending on the timing of dietary intervention, the type of methyl nutrient manipulated, and the tissue responsible for the phenotype. Moreover, the postnatal manipulation of methyl nutrients can program epigenetics, but more research is needed on whether this approach can rescue maternally programmed offspring.
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G. Silva, Maria-Raquel, and Maria Luisa Bellotto. "Nutritional Requirements for Maternal and Newborn Health." Current Women s Health Reviews 11, no. 1 (September 14, 2015): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157340481101150914201357.
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During pregnancy, dietary energy and nutrient requirements are increased to support metabolism changes of the mother, as blood volume and red cells expansion, and the delivery of energy and nutrients to the fetus. This review aims to: i) identify and discuss maternal physiological changes during pregnancy related to nutrition; ii) clarify about the most recently nutritional recommendations for pregnant women, including special groups of pregnant women, who do not usually practice a healthy diet, those who are in high-risk categories and pregnant athletes; iii) and clarify the importance of breastfeeding, specifically for the newborn, and infant formulae, as an alternative feeding. A literature review was undertaken by electronic databases PubMed, b-on, Scielo, Medline, Web of Science and Science Direct. The most recent original articles, systematic reviews and meta-analyses were used to search information from pregnancy, newborn baby, postpartum and nutritional status. The intake of whole grains, fruit, vegetables, low-fat dairy and lean meats can be preventive for an appropriate maternal weight and infant weight. Supplements should only be used when there is a deficiency. Special groups of pregnant women who do not usually practice a healthy diet, those who are in high-risk categories and pregnant athletes should daily take a multivitamin andmineral preparation containing a variety of nutrients beginning in the second trimester. A healthy diet and an appropriate body weight are mandatory for maternal health and fetal outcomes. Breast milk is a unique source of energy and nutrients for the infant.
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McKee, Sarah E., and Teresa M. Reyes. "Effect of supplementation with methyl-donor nutrients on neurodevelopment and cognition: considerations for future research." Nutrition Reviews 76, no. 7 (April 25, 2018): 497–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy007.
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Abstract Pregnancy represents a critical period in fetal development, such that the prenatal environment can, in part, establish a lifelong trajectory of health or disease for the offspring. Poor nutrition (macro- or micronutrient deficiencies) can adversely affect brain development and significantly increase offspring risk for metabolic and neurological disease development. The concentration of dietary methyl-donor nutrients is known to alter DNA methylation in the brain, and alterations in DNA methylation can have long-lasting effects on gene expression and neuronal function. The decreased availability of methyl-donor nutrients to the developing fetus in models of poor maternal nutrition is one mechanism hypothesized to link maternal malnutrition and disease risk in offspring. Animal studies indicate that supplementation of both maternal and postnatal (early- and later-life) diets with methyl-donor nutrients can attenuate disease risk in offspring; however, clinical research is more equivocal. The objective of this review is to summarize how specific methyl-donor nutrient deficiencies and excesses during pre- and postnatal life alter neurodevelopment and cognition. Emphasis is placed on reviewing the current literature, highlighting challenges within nutrient supplementation research, and considering potential strategies to ensure robust findings in future studies.
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Schaefer, Ella, Hans Demmelmair, Jeannie Horak, Lesca Holdt, Veit Grote, Karoline Maar, Christoph Neuhofer, et al. "Multiple Micronutrients, Lutein, and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation during Lactation: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 3849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123849.
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Breastfed infants require an adequate supply of critical nutrients for growth, tissue functions, and health. Recommended intakes for several nutrients are considerably higher in lactating than non-lactating women but are not always met with habitual diets. We report a randomized, double-blind clinical trial in 70 healthy lactating women in Germany evaluating the effects of supplementation with multiple micronutrients, lutein, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared to placebo on maternal nutrient status and milk composition. The primary endpoint was the effect on the change of human milk DHA content (as a proportion of total milk fatty acids) during 12 weeks of supplementation. Maternal blood and milk biomarkers were measured as secondary endpoints. Supplementation increased maternal milk DHA by 30% compared to a decline in the placebo group. Supplementation also increased maternal blood DHA (17%), eicosapentaenoic acid (4%), 25-OH-vitamin D (24%), vitamin B12 (12%), lutein (4%), and beta carotene (49%), while homocysteine decreased. No significant difference in the number of adverse events was observed between supplementation and placebo groups. In conclusion, multi-micronutrient supplementation was safe and increased maternal blood and milk concentrations of selected nutrients in healthy women.
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Zhang, Wen-Hao, Yuchan Zhou, Katherine E. Dibley, Stephen D. Tyerman, Robert T. Furbank, and John W. Patrick. "Review: Nutrient loading of developing seeds." Functional Plant Biology 34, no. 4 (2007): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06271.
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Interest in nutrient loading of seeds is fuelled by its central importance to plant reproductive success and human nutrition. Rates of nutrient loading, imported through the phloem, are regulated by transport and transfer processes located in sources (leaves, stems, reproductive structures), phloem pathway and seed sinks. During the early phases of seed development, most control is likely to be imposed by a low conductive pathway of differentiating phloem cells serving developing seeds. Following the onset of storage product accumulation by seeds, and, depending on nutrient species, dominance of path control gives way to regulation by processes located in sources (nitrogen, sulfur, minor minerals), phloem path (transition elements) or seed sinks (sugars and major mineral elements, such as potassium). Nutrients and accompanying water are imported into maternal seed tissues and unloaded from the conducting sieve elements into an extensive post-phloem symplasmic domain. Nutrients are released from this symplasmic domain into the seed apoplasm by poorly understood membrane transport mechanisms. As seed development progresses, increasing volumes of imported phloem water are recycled back to the parent plant by process(es) yet to be discovered. However, aquaporins concentrated in vascular and surrounding parenchyma cells of legume seed coats could provide a gated pathway of water movement in these tissues. Filial cells, abutting the maternal tissues, take up nutrients from the seed apoplasm by membrane proteins that include sucrose and amino acid/H+ symporters functioning in parallel with non-selective cation channels. Filial demand for nutrients, that comprise the major osmotic species, is integrated with their release and phloem import by a turgor-homeostat mechanism located in maternal seed tissues. It is speculated that turgors of maternal unloading cells are sensed by the cytoskeleton and transduced by calcium signalling cascades.
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Robinson, J. J., K. D. Sinclair, and T. G. McEvoy. "Nutritional effects on foetal growth." Animal Science 68, no. 2 (March 1999): 315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800050323.
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AbstractThe emphasis in nutritional studies on foetal growth has now moved from the last trimester of pregnancy, when most of the increase in foetal size takes place, to earlier stages of pregnancy that coincide with foetal organogenesis and tissue hyperplasia. At these stages absolute nutrient requirements for foetal growth are small but foetal metabolic activity and specific growth rate are high. It is thus a time when nutrient supply interacts with maternal factors such as size, body condition and degree of maturity to influence placental growth and set the subsequent pattern of nutrient partitioning between the gravid uterus and maternal body.Throughout pregnancy the maternal diet controls foetal growth both directly, by supplying essential nutrients and indirectly, by altering the expression of the maternal and foetal endocrine mechanisms that regulate the uptake and utilization of these nutrients by the conceptus. Nutritional effects on the endocrine environment of the embryo during the early stages of cell division can alter the subsequent foetal growth trajectory and size at birth; so too can current in vitro systems for oocyte maturation and embryo culture up to the blastocyst stage. There is increasing evidence that subtle alterations in nutrient supply during critical periods of embryonic and foetal life can impart a legacy of growth and developmental changes that affect neonatal survival and adult performance. Identifying the specific nutrients that programme these effects and understanding their mode of action should provide new management strategies for ensuring that nutritional regimens from oocyte to newborn are such that they maximize neonatal viability and enable animals to express their true genetic potential for production.
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Satterfield, M. Carey, Ashley K. Edwards, Fuller W. Bazer, Kathrin A. Dunlap, Chelsie B. Steinhauser, and Guoyao Wu. "Placental adaptation to maternal malnutrition." Reproduction 162, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): R73—R83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-21-0179.
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Maternal malnutrition gives rise to both short- and long-term consequences for the survival and health of the offspring. As the intermediary between mother and fetus, the placenta has the potential to interpret environmental signals, such as nutrient availability, and adapt to support fetal growth and development. While this potential is present, it is clear that at times placental adaptation fails to occur resulting in poor pregnancy outcomes. This review will focus on placental responses to maternal undernutrition related to changes in placental vascularization and hemodynamics and placental nutrient transport systems across species. While much of the available literature describes placental responses that result in poor fetal outcomes, novel models have been developed to utilize the inherent variation in fetal weight when dams are nutrient restricted to identify placental adaptations that result in normal-weight offspring. Detailed analyses of the spectrum of placental responses to maternal malnutrition point to alternations in placental histoarchitectural and vascular development, amino acid and lipid transport mechanisms, and modulation of immune-related factors. Dietary supplementation with selected nutrients, such as arginine, has the potential to improve placental growth and function through a variety of mechanisms including stimulating cell proliferation, protein synthesis, angiogenesis, vasodilation, and gene regulation. Improved understanding of placental responses to environmental cues is necessary to develop diagnostic and intervention strategies to improve pregnancy outcomes.
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Jiang, Xinyin, Chauntelle Jack-Roberts, Kaydine Edwards, Ella Gilboa, Ikhtiyor Djuraev, and Mudar Dalloul. "Association of Methylation-Related Nutrient Intake and Status with Offspring DNA Methylation in Pregnant Women with and Without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_088.
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Abstract Objectives Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with alterations in DNA methylation in the placenta and offspring tissues. Nutrients participating in the methionine cycle (e.g., choline, betaine, folate, vitamin B12, methionine) influence the supply of methyl groups. The objective of this research was to determine whether maternal intake and status of these nutrients during pregnancy may interact with the GDM status to shape the offspring epigenome. Methods We conducted 3-day dietary recalls and collected blood samples from pregnant women with and without GDM (n = 22/group) to quantify methylation-related nutrient intakes and status. At delivery, we collected cord blood samples and measured global DNA methylation. Results GDM was associated with a 25% increase (P = 0.041) in global DNA methylation in the cord blood. Maternal choline intake (r = −0.602, P = 0.006) as well as cord blood methionine (r = −0.553, P = 0.014) and betaine (r = −0.566, P = 0.011) levels were negatively correlated with cord blood DNA methylation only in non-GDM women, while intakes and maternal blood levels of other methylation-related nutrients were not related to cord blood DNA methylation. Conclusions GDM and methyl nutrient intake/status interact to modify offspring DNA methylation in humans. Funding Sources Egg Nutrition Center.
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Morton, Sarah U., Rutvi Vyas, Borjan Gagoski, Catherine Vu, Jonathan Litt, Ryan J. Larsen, Matthew J. Kuchan, et al. "Maternal Dietary Intake of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Correlates Positively with Regional Brain Volumes in 1-Month-Old Term Infants." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 2057–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz222.
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Abstract Maternal nutrition is an important factor for infant neurodevelopment. However, prior magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on maternal nutrients and infant brain have focused mostly on preterm infants or on few specific nutrients and few specific brain regions. We present a first study in term-born infants, comprehensively correlating 73 maternal nutrients with infant brain morphometry at the regional (61 regions) and voxel (over 300 000 voxel) levels. Both maternal nutrition intake diaries and infant MRI were collected at 1 month of life (0.9 ± 0.5 months) for 92 term-born infants (among them, 54 infants were purely breastfed and 19 were breastfed most of the time). Intake of nutrients was assessed via standardized food frequency questionnaire. No nutrient was significantly correlated with any of the volumes of the 61 autosegmented brain regions. However, increased volumes within subregions of the frontal cortex and corpus callosum at the voxel level were positively correlated with maternal intake of omega-3 fatty acids, retinol (vitamin A) and vitamin B12, both with and without correction for postmenstrual age and sex (P < 0.05, q < 0.05 after false discovery rate correction). Omega-3 fatty acids remained significantly correlated with infant brain volumes after subsetting to the 54 infants who were exclusively breastfed, but retinol and vitamin B12 did not. This provides an impetus for future larger studies to better characterize the effect size of dietary variation and correlation with neurodevelopmental outcomes, which can lead to improved nutritional guidance during pregnancy and lactation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Maternal nutrients"
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Regnault, Timothy Robert Hume, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, and School of Agriculture and Rural Development. "Orchestrated partitioning of maternal nutrients during ovine pregnancy." THESIS_FAH_ARD_Regnault_T.xml, 1997. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/15.
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Ovine placental lactogen (oPL) is postulated to be involved in the repartitioning of maternal nutrients during pregnancy, through its effect on insulin metabolism. Ovine pancreatic insulin responses to exogenous glucose are depressed during pregnancy and this depression becomes more pronounced as gestation advances. In addition, under the hormonal environment of rising oPL and growth hormone (oGH) concentrations, maternal whole body glucose irreversible loss (GIL) increases. The percentage of GIL accounted for by uterine glucose uptake also increases with advancing gestation and increasing litter size. Regression analysis of oPL concentration with glucose uterine uptake as a percentage of GIL, accounts for 39% of variation. Maternal oPL concentrations which increase with gestational age, were significantly greater in multiple bearing ewes and ewes subjected to reduced metabolisable energy (ME) intakes. It is postulated that through actions on pancreatic sensitivity, oPL plays a major role as a homeorhetic control during pregnancy. Elevated oPL concentrations were strongly associated with continually depressed pancreatic insulin secretory ability. The reduction in pancreatic sensitivity to glucose was not as a result of elevation in GH or non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations. Muscle insulin receptor number and affinity were found to increase with increasing litter size, suggesting that pregnancy associated insulin resistance occurs predominantly in adipose tissue. During ovine pregnancy there is a specific stimulation of maternal gluconeogenesis. As gestation advances, an increasingly greater proportion of this glucose is partitioned to the gravid uterus. The development of insulin resistance, together with the suppression of pancreatic activity, ensures the preferential uptake of glucose by non-insulin dependent tissues over insulin dependent tissues. These activities favour uterine glucose uptake, decrease adipose glucose uptake, and also promote adipose mobilisation and hepatic gluconeogenesis, so as to meet the increasing energy requirement of pregnancy. It is postulated that through these effects on insulin secretion and associated adipose tissue mobilisation factors, oPL plays a major role in homeorhesis during pregnancy.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Regnault, Timothy Robert Hume. "Orchestrated partitioning of maternal nutrients during ovine pregnancy." Thesis, View thesis View thesis, 1997. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/15.
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Ovine placental lactogen (oPL) is postulated to be involved in the repartitioning of maternal nutrients during pregnancy, through its effect on insulin metabolism. Ovine pancreatic insulin responses to exogenous glucose are depressed during pregnancy and this depression becomes more pronounced as gestation advances. In addition, under the hormonal environment of rising oPL and growth hormone (oGH) concentrations, maternal whole body glucose irreversible loss (GIL) increases. The percentage of GIL accounted for by uterine glucose uptake also increases with advancing gestation and increasing litter size. Regression analysis of oPL concentration with glucose uterine uptake as a percentage of GIL, accounts for 39% of variation. Maternal oPL concentrations which increase with gestational age, were significantly greater in multiple bearing ewes and ewes subjected to reduced metabolisable energy (ME) intakes. It is postulated that through actions on pancreatic sensitivity, oPL plays a major role as a homeorhetic control during pregnancy. Elevated oPL concentrations were strongly associated with continually depressed pancreatic insulin secretory ability. The reduction in pancreatic sensitivity to glucose was not as a result of elevation in GH or non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations. Muscle insulin receptor number and affinity were found to increase with increasing litter size, suggesting that pregnancy associated insulin resistance occurs predominantly in adipose tissue. During ovine pregnancy there is a specific stimulation of maternal gluconeogenesis. As gestation advances, an increasingly greater proportion of this glucose is partitioned to the gravid uterus. The development of insulin resistance, together with the suppression of pancreatic activity, ensures the preferential uptake of glucose by non-insulin dependent tissues over insulin dependent tissues. These activities favour uterine glucose uptake, decrease adipose glucose uptake, and also promote adipose mobilisation and hepatic gluconeogenesis, so as to meet the increasing energy requirement of pregnancy. It is postulated that through these effects on insulin secretion and associated adipose tissue mobilisation factors, oPL plays a major role in homeorhesis during pregnancy.
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Regnault, Timothy Robert Hume. "Orchestrated partitioning of maternal nutrients during ovine pregnancy /." View thesis View thesis, 1997. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030513.111110/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph. D. of Philosophy)--University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1997."A thesis submitted to the School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Western Sydney Hawkesbury, in part fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy." Includes bibliographical references (p. 236-267).
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Angiolini, Emily Jayne. "Regulation of supply and demand for maternal nutrients by imprinted genes in mouse." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608459.
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Martinez, Maria Isabel Vega. "Desenvolvimento e produção de material de referência certificado de folhas de cana-de-açúcar para avaliação da qualidade nutricional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-09102018-110451/.
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A cana-de-açúcar e produtos derivados são de grande relevância econômica para o Brasil e vários outros países. Inúmeras variedades de cana-de-açúcar são cultivadas e novas variedades têm sido desenvolvidas para buscar ganhos de produtividade. Nesse sentido, são indispensáveis materiais de referência certificados (CRMs) para o controle da qualidade de sistemas de medição e validação de métodos, objetivando o estudo do estado nutricional das diferentes variedades de cana-de-açúcar, de modo a otimizar os procedimentos de fertilização e incrementar a produção. Contudo, segundo a base de dados internacional de materiais de referência certificados (COMAR) não existe um CRM que atenda adequadamente a avaliação do estado nutricional da cana-de-açúcar. Assim, este trabalho investigou a possibilidade de produção de um material de referência de folhas de cana-de-açúcar que supra essa demanda. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas principais: 1) estudo de variedades de cana-de-açúcar quanto à composição elementar e 2) desenvolvimento do material de referência. Doze variedades de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas no Estado de São de Paulo foram abrangidas no estudo: CTC2, CTC4, CTC11, CTC14, CTC15, CTC17, CTC20, IACSP955000, RB855156, RB965902, RB966928 e SP832847. As técnicas analíticas utilizadas para a avaliação foram a análise por ativação neutrônica instrumental (INAA) e a espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP OES), além do método de Kjeldahl para determinação de N. Em geral, os resultados mostraram macronutrientes em níveis adequados, enquanto, dentre os micronutrientes, Cu e Zn foram encontrados no limite crítico para quase todas as variedades estudadas. A seleção da variedade RB966928 para produção do material de referência candidato foi baseada nas características nutricionais para alta produtividade, nos menores valores de coeficientes de variação de amostragem em campo (CV<30%) e nas características agronômicas. A produção do material candidato foi realizada a partir de 90 kg de folhas, utilizando apenas 15 cm da parte central sem a nervura principal. Após diversos testes para determinar o melhor procedimento de preparo, as folhas foram liofilizadas, moídas e homogeneizadas, obtendo-se 410 frascos do material candidato contendo 20 g cada. A caracterização física mostrou umidade residual do material de 3,8 % e tamanho de partículas < 115 µm. Testes de homogeneidade dentro do frasco e entre frascos foram realizados utilizando INAA e método de Kjeldahl. Os resultados de fração de massa demonstraram a homogeneidade do material dentro de frascos para dezoito elementos, usando massas de 180 mg a 200 mg. Já a homogeneidade entre frascos foi comprovada para vinte elementos. Estudos de estabilidade a curto e a longo prazo demonstraram que o material manteve-se estável nas três condições avaliadas (40°C com umidade relativa a 100%, 20°C e -20°C). A caracterização química final do material foi realizada no National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Estados Unidos, onde foram atribuídos valores para dezoito elementos com respectivas incertezas expandidas associadas: Al, Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cs, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sc, Sm, Th e Zn. Além disso, foram atribuídos valores estimativos para Hf, N, P, Sb, Sr e V determinados pelo método de Kjeldahl e INAAThe sugarcane and derived products are of great economic importance for Brazil and several other countries. Many varieties of sugar cane are grown and new varieties have been developed to seek productivity gains. In this sense, certified reference materials (CRMs) are necessary for the quality control of measurement systems and validation of methods, aiming at the study of the nutritional status of the different sugarcane varieties for optimizing fertilization and increasing production. However, according to the international database of certified reference materials (COMAR) there is not a suitable CRM for the assessment of nutritional status of sugarcane. Thus, this work investigates the possibility of producing a reference material from leaves of sugarcane to fulfill such a demand. The work was divided into two main steps: 1) study of sugarcane varieties regarding elemental composition and 2) development of the reference material. Twelve varieties of sugarcane grown in the State of São Paulo were covered in the study: CTC2, CTC4, CTC11, CTC14, CTC15, CTC17, CTC20, IACSP955000, RB855156, RB965902, RB966928 and SP832847. The analytical techniques used for the assessment of composition were neutron activation analysis (NAA) and optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES), in addition to the Kjeldahl method for determination of N. In general, the results showed macronutrients in adequate levels, while, among the micronutrients, Cu and Zn were found in the critical limit for almost all the varieties studied. The selection of the variety RB966928 for producing the candidate reference material was based on the nutritional characteristics for high productivity, on the lower coefficients of variation of sampling in the field (RSD < 30%) and on the agronomic characteristics. The candidate material was produced from 90 kg of leaves, using only 15 cm from the central part without the main rib. After various tests for determining the best preparation procedure, the leaves were lyophilized, milled and homogenized, obtaining 410 bottles of the candidate material containing 20 g each. The physical characterization found residual moisture of 3.8 % and particle size < 115 µm. Homogeneity tests within and between bottles were performed using NAA and Kjeldahl method. The results confirmed the within bottle homogeneity of the material for all eighteen elements, using masses from 180 mg to 200 mg, while the homogeneity between bottles was confirmed for twenty elements. Stability studies in the short and the long term demonstrated that the material was stable in the three conditions used (40°C with a relative humidity of 100%, 20°C and 20°C). The final characterization of the candidate material was performed at NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States, where values were assigned for eighteen elements with respective expanded uncertainties: Al, Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cs, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sc, Sm, Th, and Zn. In addition, estimated values were also assigned for Hf, N, P, Sb, Sr and V determined by the Kjeldahl method and INAA
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Kawamoto, Mayumi Silva. "Produção de Materiais de Referência Para Nutrientes e Contaminantes Inorgânicos em Amostras de Ração e Tecido de Peixe." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75135/tde-14032019-102135/.
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Para que o crescimento da produção pesqueira no Brasil aconteça de maneira sustentável é necessário o desenvolvimento de bases científicas e tecnológicas sólidas, que solucionem as demandas existentes nos diversos elos da cadeia produtiva. Uma das principais evidências da qualidade dos produtos é fornecida pelos resultados analíticos, cuja confiabilidade e exatidão podem ser asseguradas pelo emprego de materiais de referência (RM). Neste contexto, foi desenvolvido material de referência de ração para peixe para macro e micronutrientes e parâmetros bromatológicos e está em fase final de desenvolvimento um RM de tecido de peixe para nutrientes e contaminantes inorgânicos. A produção dos materiais seguiu as diretrizes das ISO Guias 30-35, considerando a preparação, envase, irradiação, massa mínima, homogeneidade, estabilidade a curto e a longo prazo e caracterização do material. Para produzir os RMs de ração e tecido de peixe, as amostras foram obtidas a partir de fornecedores comerciais. Os materiais foram secos/liofilizados, moídos, homogeneizados e envasados em frascos de vidro âmbar que, posteriormente, foram submetidos à irradiação com raios gama, para esterilização do material, visando o aumento do seu tempo de prateleira. A caracterização química do RM de ração foi efetuada através de um ensaio colaborativo, com a participação de laboratórios de diferentes instituições, públicas e privadas. A avaliação da estimativa da massa mínima, da homogeneidade e da estabilidade do material foi realizada utilizando-se como técnicas de determinação a espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP OES) e a espectrometria de massa por plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP-MS). Foi possível observar que o lote de ração para peixe pode ser considerado homogêneo para Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na e S, uma vez que não foi verificada diferença significativa no intervalo de confiança de 95%. A avaliação da estabilidade a longo prazo do RM de ração foi feita pela análise de resíduos da regressão em conjunto com a ANOVA e a avaliação da estabilidade a curto prazo foi obtida por meio de regressão linear simples. O RM de ração foi considerado suficientemente estável para ser armazenado à temperatura ambiente. Os resultados obtidos durante a produção do RM de ração e através do ensaio colaborativo possibilitaram a caracterização química e o cálculo das componentes de incerteza, sendo elaborado o documento com os valores de referência RM e as incertezas expandidas para cada um dos analitos avaliados. O RM de tecido de peixe foi avaliado em sua homogeneidade e estabilidade a curto prazo, sendo considerado homogêneo e estável para transporte a temperaturas inferiores a 37ºC.For the growth of fisheries production in a sustainable way is necessary the development of sound scientific and technological basis, addressing the existing demands in the various links in the production chain. One of the main evidences of the quality of the products is provided by the analytical results, whose reliability and accuracy can be assured by the use of reference materials (RM). In this context, it was produced a RM of fish feed for macro-and micronutrients and proximates and it is in its final stage of development a RM of fish tissue for nutrients and inorganic contaminants. The production of reference materials followed the ISO Guides 30-35 norms: preparation and packaging, irradiation, minimum sample, homogeneity, short- and long-term stability, and material characterization. In order to produce a RMs of fish feed and fish tissue, the matrices were obtained from commercial suppliers. The samples were dried/freeze-dried, pulverized, homogenized and aliquoted into amber glass bottles, which later were subjected to gamma Ray irradiation (5-10 KGy), in order to increase its shelf life. The chemical characterization of the candidate fish feed RM was made through a collaborative trial with the participation of various laboratories of different institutions. The study of minimum sample, homogeneity and stability of the material were performed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as determination techniques. The fish feed batch can be considered homogeneous for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Na, since there was no significant difference in significance level of 0.05. Long-term stability study of the RM of fish feed was performed by the residual analysis in regression and ANOVA and the short-term stability study was performed by simple linear regression. The RM was considered sufficiently stable to be stored at room temperature. The data obtained along the production and through the collaborative trial allowed the characterization of the fish feed RM and the determination of uncertainties components. It was prepared the analysis document with the reference values and expanded uncertainties. The RM of fish tissue was evaluated in its homogeneity and short-term stability and its considered homogeneous and stable to be transported under normal conditions.
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Doyle, Wendy. "Maternal nutrition and low birthweight." Thesis, Brunel University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267895.
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Kato, Lilian Seiko. "Caracterização química de feijão para produção de material de referência certificado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-26012015-151312/.
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Alimento base da dieta dos brasileiros, o feijão é a leguminosa de maior importância para consumo direto no mundo. Inúmeras pesquisas em relação às propriedades nutricionais do feijão comum e também do feijão de corda têm sido realizadas, no intuito de avaliar sua composição centesimal, mineral e fatores antinutricionais. Em relação à qualidade das determinações analíticas, sabe-se que os materiais de referência certificados (CRMs) estão se tornando cada vez mais necessários em procedimentos de medição. Contudo, ainda há escassez de CRMs para atender às demandas em todos os setores produtivos, especialmente na agricultura. O domínio da tecnologia para sua produção representa, portanto, um avanço estratégico, por colocar o país em condições de fornecer materiais específicos às próprias necessidades. Dessa forma, este trabalho envolveu a primeira etapa para elaboração de um material de referência certificado de feijão, com a caracterização química e nutricional dos principais tipos comerciais disponíveis no mercado, das espécies Phaseolus vulgaris L. (feijão comum) e Vigna unguiculata (feijão caupi), buscando atender demandas metrológicas específicas da pesquisa e da indústria alimentícia. Foram coletadas 55 amostras de feijão de dez tipos comerciais diferentes no varejo da cidade de Piracicaba. Determinaram-se os elementos químicos Br, Ca, Co, Cs, Fe, K, Mo, Na, Rb, Sc e Zn utilizando análise por ativação neutrônica, a composição centesimal empregando metodologia preconizada pela AOAC e o fator antinutricional ácido fítico segundo o método descrito por Grynspan e Cheryan (1989). Os resultados mostraram diferença significativa entre os tipos comerciais de feijão (p<0,05) para Br, Cs, Co, K, Mo, Na e Zn, e também para os teores de proteínas, cinzas, umidade e ácido fítico. O feijão fradinho, da espécie Vigna unguiculata, apresentou diferenças consideráveis em relação ao feijão comum da espécie Phaseolus vulgaris L., tendo a maior concentração média de Na e as menores concentrações médias de Ca, Co, K e cinzas (p<0,05). O feijão preto apresentou as maiores concentrações médias de Ca, Co, Fe, proteínas e ácido fítico, enquanto o feijão cavalo as maiores concentrações médias de K, Mo e Zn (p<0,05). O feijão carioca apresentou valores médios próximos à média global para todos os parâmetros avaliados, exceto para ácido fítico. Alta variabilidade foi identificada para Br, Cs, Mo, Na, Rb e Sc dentro de um mesmo tipo comercial, enquanto baixa variabilidade foi observada para K, Zn, cinzas e proteínas. O conjunto de dados resultantes da caracterização química das 55 amostras de feijão mostra que os tipos comerciais carioca, preto e fradinho são os mais indicados para produção de material de referência certificado. Considerando o critério de comutatividade, o feijão carioca pode ser utilizado para produzir um material de referência que represente todos os tipos comerciais estudadosBasic food of the Brazilian diet, beans are the most important leguminous for direct consumption in the world. Numerous researches on the nutritional properties of common bean and string bean have been performed in order to assess their centesimal and mineral composition as well the antinutritional factors. Regarding the quality of the analytical determinations, it is known that the certified reference materials (CRMs) are becoming increasingly necessary in measurement procedures. However, there is still lack of CRMs to meet the demands from all productive sectors, especially agriculture. Mastering the technology for their production therefore represents a strategic step forward, to put the country in a position to provide specific materials to own needs. Thus, this work involved the first step in developing a bean certified reference material, with chemical and nutritional characterization of the main commercial types available in the market, from the species Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) and Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), meeting the specific metrological demand of research and food industry. In the retail market of the city of Piracicaba, 55 bean samples from ten different commercial types were collected. The chemical elements Br, Ca, Co, Cs, Fe, K, Mo, Na, Rb, Sc and Zn were determined by nêutron activation analysis, the proximate composition using methodology recommended by the AOAC and the anti-nutritional factor phytic acid, according to the method described by Grynspan and Cheryan (1989). The results showed significant differences between commercial bean types (p<0.05) for Br, Cs, Co, K, Mo, Na and Zn, and also for protein, ash, moisture and phytic acid. The black-eyed pea from Vigna unguiculata species showed considerable differences from the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. species, having the highest average concentration of Na and the lowest average concentrations of Ca, Co, K and ash (p<0.05). The black bean had the highest average concentrations of Ca, Co, Fe, proteins and phytic acid, while horse bean the highest average concentrations of K, Mo and Zn (p<0.05). The common bean showed mean values close to the global average for all parameters, except for the phytic acid. High variability has been identified for Br, Cs, Mo, Na, Rb and Sc within a commercial type, while low variability was observed for K, Zn, ash, and proteins. The data set resulting from the chemical characterization of 55 samples indicates that the commercial types common bean, black bean and black-eyed pea are more indicated for the production of the certified reference material. Considering the commutability criteria, the common beans could be used to produce a reference material representative of all commercial types studied
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Rhodes, Phillip Steven. "The interaction between maternal nutrient restriction and postnatal nutrient excess in an ovine model." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12092/.
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Evidence from human and animal studies has highlighted the sensitivity of the developing fetus to environmental insults, such as maternal undernutrition, during gestation. These nutritional perturbations to the intrauterine milieu may engender a legacy of deleterious health consequences in adulthood. This thesis presents a series of studies which test the `mis-match‘ fetal programming theory; that is, whether a nutritionally poor diet prenatally interacts with a nutritionally excessive diet postnatally to overtly increase risk factors for adult disease. The effect of a maternal global energy restriction is contrasted against a maternal specific protein restriction, each fed during either early or late gestation. Adult offspring were subsequently exposed to an obesogenic environment (elevated feed with increased lipid content whilst restricting physical activity). Offspring metabolic flexibility and competence were assessed through routine blood samples throughout postnatal life and at 7, 18 and 24 months of age by glucose (GTT) and insulin (ITT) tolerance tests and body composition by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. In general males appeared more susceptible to developmental programming than females at a number of timepoints. Furthermore, an increased first-phase or incremental area-under-the-insulin-response curve was observed in 1) offspring following maternal protein restriction in early gestation at 7 and 24 months of age, despite maternal protein restriction in late gestation significantly reducing birthweight and 2) in offspring exposed to maternal energy restriction during late gestation at 24 months of age in response to a GTT. Since, in both groups, the response of all offspring to an ITT (from a euglycemic baseline) was similar, infers that developmental programming in sheep followed by nutritional excess is first revealed as affecting either the pancreas (~insulin hypersecretion) or the liver (hepatic insulin resistance, reduced first-pass insulin metabolism). The studies illustrate the importance of habitual consumption of an `optimal’ balanced diet through gestation on postnatal health, especially in light of the current obesity epidemic.
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Foster, Michelle Rebecca. "Placental nutrient transport in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251305.
Full textBooks on the topic "Maternal nutrients"
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Blaylock, James. Maternal nutrition knowledge and children's diet quality and nutrient intakes. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1999.
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Aoyama, Michio. 2008 inter-laboratory comparison study of a reference material for nutrients in seawater. Tsukuba, Japan: Meteorological Research Institute, 2010.
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Aoyama, Michio. 2003 intercomparison excercise for reference material for nutrients in seawater in a seawater matrix. Japan: Meteorological Research Institute, 2006.
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Zhong yao yu shi wu de xiang yi xiang ke: Cai tu sheng ji ban. 2nd ed. Changsha Shi: Hunan ke xue ji shu chu ban she, 2010.
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Organization, World Health, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., and Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission., eds. Food labelling. 5th ed. Rome: World Health Organization, 2007.
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Effects of maternal age on pregnancy outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0034.
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Maternal age on both ends of the reproductive spectrum (teenage and 35+) is associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, as compared with the age range from 20–34 years old. Some of the increase in pregnancy complications in older mothers is caused by underlying age-related health issues such as hypertension and diabetes, the prevalence of which increases linearly with age. The risks associated with young maternal age are more related to nutritional deficits and the fact that pregnant adolescents may still be growing themselves. Poor fetal growth often seen in adolescent pregnancies possibly results from competition for nutrients. Maternal bone loss is also a concern, as adolescent diets are commonly low in calcium and vitamin D. Pregnant adolescents may benefit from calcium supplementation to compensate for the increased need for their own bone growth and should at minimum receive vitamin D supplements, as recommended for all pregnant women.
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Macronutrients and fibre requirements during pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0004.
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In this chapter, the impact of varying intakes of protein, carbohydrate and lipids, which are the key nutrients that contribute to calorie intake, is examined. Fibre is also an important food component that needs to be considered. The maternal macronutrient profile can influence embryonic and fetal development. For instance, both low and excessively high protein intakes during pregnancy are associated with restricted growth, increased adiposity, and impaired glucose tolerance. High-fat maternal diets can significantly increase the susceptibility to diet-induced obesity and percentage total body fat in offspring, although types of fats need to be considered, as intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids is important for fetal development. The type and content of carbohydrate (high- vs low-glycaemic sources) in the maternal diet influences blood glucose concentration, which has a direct effect on fetal glucose levels and metabolism.
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. The importance of nutrition and lifestyle to healthy development. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0001.
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Good fetal and infant nutrition, whether derived from the mother via the placenta during gestation or via breast milk after birth, consists of the macronutrients protein, carbohydrates, and fats, all of which are needed for building the fundamental components of the body, and micronutrients such as vitamins and trace elements, which are essential structural components and cofactors in metabolic processes. Understanding the concept of a ‘balanced diet’ and the implications of maternal body composition is critical for pregnant and breastfeeding women to ensure that their metabolic adaptation to pregnancy and lactation is appropriate and that their offspring gets the required nutrients in the appropriate amount and proportion to ensure optimal development. An unbalanced diet, or over- or under-nutrition, can increase the risks of low birthweight and gestational diabetes and result in unfavourable metabolic adjustments by the fetus.
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Naninck, E. F. G., P. J. Lucassen, and Aniko Korosi. Consequences of Early-Life Experiences on Cognition and Emotion. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.003.
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Perinatal experiences during a critical developmental period program brain structure and function “for life,” thereby determining vulnerability to psychopathology and cognition in adulthood. Although these functional consequences are associated with alterations in HPA-axis activity and hippocampal structure and function, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The parent-offspring relationship (i.e., sensory and nutritional inputs by the mother) is key in mediating these lasting effects. This chapter discusses how early-life events, for example, the amount of maternal care, stress, and nutrition, can affect emotional and cognitive functions later in life. Interestingly, effects of perinatal malnutrition resemble the perinatal stress-induced long-term deficits. Because stress and nutrition are closely interrelated, it proposes that altered stress hormones and changes in specific key nutrients during critical developmental periods act synergistically to program brain structure and function, possibly via epigenetic mechanisms. Understanding how the adult brain is shaped by early experiences is essential to develop behavioural and nutritional preventive therapy.
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1953-, Aoyama Michio, ed. 2006 inter-laboratory comparison study for reference material for nutrients in seawater. Tsukuba, Japan: Meteorological Research Institute, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Maternal nutrients"
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Cooney, Craig A. "Maternal Nutrition: Nutrients and Control of Expression." In Nutritional Genomics, 219–54. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471781797.ch10.
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Renzo, G. C. Di, G. Clerici, I. Neri, F. Facchinetti, G. Caserta, and A. Alberti. "Potential Effects of Nutrients on Placental Function and Fetal Growth." In The Impact of Maternal Nutrition on the Offspring, 73–82. Basel: KARGER, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000082594.
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Morgan, Lynette. "Organic soilless greenhouse systems." In Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide, 100–117. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0007.
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Abstract This chapter discusses the organic soilless greenhouse systems. It includes topics on organic greenhouse production, organic hydroponic systems, organic hydroponic nutrients, microbial mineralization of organic nutrients for hydroponics, anaerobic and aerobic processing of organic materials, vermicast and vermicomposting, use of vermiculture liquids in hydroponics, composting for organic nutrient processing and substrate preparation, organic materials for vermicast, composting and biodigester systems, auqaponics, organic hydroponic production systems, biofilms in hydroponic systems, nutrient amendmentsorganic certification in the USA, organic pest and disease control, hybrid systems, and issues commonly encountered with organic hydroponic systems.
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Morgan, Lynette. "Organic soilless greenhouse systems." In Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide, 100–117. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0100.
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Abstract This chapter discusses the organic soilless greenhouse systems. It includes topics on organic greenhouse production, organic hydroponic systems, organic hydroponic nutrients, microbial mineralization of organic nutrients for hydroponics, anaerobic and aerobic processing of organic materials, vermicast and vermicomposting, use of vermiculture liquids in hydroponics, composting for organic nutrient processing and substrate preparation, organic materials for vermicast, composting and biodigester systems, auqaponics, organic hydroponic production systems, biofilms in hydroponic systems, nutrient amendmentsorganic certification in the USA, organic pest and disease control, hybrid systems, and issues commonly encountered with organic hydroponic systems.
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Gillespie, Bronwen. "Nutritional Status and the Risk of Preterm Birth." In Evidence Based Global Health Manual for Preterm Birth Risk Assessment, 41–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04462-5_6.
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AbstractA woman’s body mass index and nutritional status should be assessed in the antenatal period. The evidence indicates that maternal anemia is a risk factor for preterm birth. Ensuring adequate levels of iron and folic acid is essential for general pregnancy health and outcomes. To reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia, daily calcium supplementation for populations with low dietary calcium intake may be advised, although negative interactions between iron and calcium supplements may occur so these two nutrients should be administered several hours apart. In undernourished populations, balanced energy and protein supplementation should also be recommended for pregnant women (though not specifically linked to a reduction in preterm birth). For populations at risk of vitamin D deficiency, possible benefits for general pregnancy outcomes may be gained from vitamin D supplementation. Where dietary zinc is low, it has been suggested that zinc supplementation may reduce the risk of preterm birth. However, further research is required to clarify the benefits of supplementation. For example, vitamin D in combination with calcium may increase the risk of preterm birth. In the antenatal period, the most important focus should be on promoting a good quality diet in general, rather than a specific supplementation regime.
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Reetsch, Anika, Didas Kimaro, Karl-Heinz Feger, and Kai Schwärzel. "Traditional and Adapted Composting Practices Applied in Smallholder Banana-Coffee-Based Farming Systems: Case Studies from Kagera and Morogoro Regions, Tanzania." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 165–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_8.
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AbstractIn Tanzania, about 90% of the banana-coffee-based farming systems lie in the hands of smallholder farmer families. In these systems, smallholder farmers traditionally add farm waste to crop fields, making soils rich in organic matter (humus) and plant-available nutrients. Correspondingly, soils remained fertile during cultivation for over a century. Since the 1960s, the increasing demand for food and biofuels of a growing population has resulted in an overuse of these farming systems, which has occurred in tandem with deforestation, omitted fallows, declined farm size, and soil erosion. Hence, humus and nutrient contents in soils have decreased and soils gradually degraded. Inadequate use of farm waste has led to a further reduction in soil fertility, as less organic material is added to the soils for nutrient supply than is removed during harvesting. Acknowledging that the traditional use of farm waste successfully built up soil fertility over a century and has been reduced in only a few decades, we argue that traditional composting practices can play a key role in rebuilding soil fertility, if such practices are adapted to face the modern challenges. In this chapter, we discuss two cases in Tanzania: one on the traditional use of compost in the Kagera region (Great African Rift Valley) and another about adapted practices to produce compost manure in the Morogoro region (Uluguru Mountains). Both cases refer to rainfed, smallholder banana-coffee-based farming systems. To conclude, optimised composting practices enable the replenishment of soil nutrients, increase the capacity of soils to store plant-available nutrients and water and thus, enhance soil fertility and food production in degraded banana-coffee-based farming systems. We further conclude that future research is needed on a) nutrient cycling in farms implementing different composting practices and on b) socio-economic analyses of farm households that do not successfully restore soil fertility through composting.
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Day, Arden D., and Kenneth L. Ludeke. "Soil Materials." In Plant Nutrients in Desert Environments, 9–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77652-6_3.
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Day, Arden D., and Kenneth L. Ludeke. "Organic Soil Materials." In Plant Nutrients in Desert Environments, 13–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77652-6_4.
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Rees, Paul A. "Nutrient and material cycles." In Key questions in ecology: a study and revision guide, 65–81. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247572.0065.
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Sharma, Ranjan. "Food Structures and Delivery of Nutrients." In Food Materials Science and Engineering, 204–21. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118373903.ch8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Maternal nutrients"
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TAVARES, Lívia Hygino, and Bruno MOURA. "DIABETES IN PREGNANCY AND FETAL CARDIAC RISK: LITERATURE REVIEW." In SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2021 INTERNATIONAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE. DR. D. SCIENTIFIC CONSULTING, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sbjchem.21scon.45_abstract_tavares.pdf.
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Gestational diabetes mellitus (MGD) is associated with poor cardiac malformation in the fetus. It is related to changes in the clinical course of the disease and pre-gestational periods. The prevalence and incidence of MGD have been increasing worldwide. Early screening, diagnosis, and lifestyle change, such as physical exercise and healthy eating, provide better outcomes for children's health. This study aims to analyze the data concerning gestational diabetes and fetal malformations and to group the various protocols for diagnosis, highlighting the risk factors associated with MGD and their prevention. A systematic review of the literature was conducted with the PubMed, Scielo, Medline databases with English, Portuguese, and Spanish articles. The studies gathered clinical trials, randomized clinical trials, and original articles. In 12 articles analyzed maternal alterations, while 11 articles analyzed fetal alterations, and 9 articles analyzed how to diagnose cardiac changes in the fetus. The patient with MGD should be inserted in multidisciplinary activities seeking the change of lifestyle, physical exercises, and food reeducation, intending to give the fetus the appropriate nutrients and optimize the drug treatment; cardiac malformations are among the most severe and recurrent complications. However, they can be avoided with the control of pre-gestational diabetes (stricter follow-up from the moment the patient feels the desire to become pregnant) and the diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes, as strict control of maternal blood glucose during pregnancy reduces morbidities and mortality. The study showed that hyperglycemic status during pregnancy is related to increased mortality and morbidity, even if it is asymptomatic. Therefore, it is necessary to guide the diabetic woman to plan her pregnancy in a euglycemic period because only this control can guarantee health to the fetus. The diagnosis of pregnant women with gestational diabetes needs to be early to optimize treatment.
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Reuter, Rafaela Luana. "ANÁLISE FOLIAR COMO FERRAMENTA DE DIAGNÓSTICO DE EVENTUAIS DEFICIÊNCIAS NUTRICIONAIS EM LAVOURAS COMERCIAIS DE SOJA." In I Congresso Nacional de Ciências Agrárias On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/rema/1603.
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Introdução: A avaliação do estado nutricional da soja é de extrema importância para se realizar um planejamento dos manejos nutricionais a serem realizados na lavoura, pois vai ser o fator determinante de qual nutriente deve ser aplicado via adubação. O uso de análises foliares tem se intensificado pelo fato de obter resultados que ajudam na tomada de decisão por mostrar o que a planta realmente está extraindo do solo, e usando em seu desenvolvimento. Objetivo: Avaliar no decorrer das safras as alterações dos nutrientes nas plantas de soja que são representados na análise foliar em relação as diferentes cidades situadas na região oeste do Paraná, diagnosticando as possíveis causas das deficiências e excessos. Material e Métodos: O trabalho foi conduzido a partir do banco de análises de folhas cedido pela C.Vale Cooperativa Agroindustrial, no período compreendido entre as safras 2014/2015 a 2018/2019. Os resultados das análises de folha foram provenientes dos municípios, Alto Piquiri, Assis Chateaubriand, Brasilândia do Sul, Francisco Alves, Guairá, Maripá, Nova Santa Rosa, Palotina e Terra Roxa, região oeste do estado do Paraná. O material vegetal foi coletado no estádio R2 em seguida, encaminhado para análise química, determinando-se nas amostras de tecido vegetal teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn e B. Os resultados das análises de folha foram tabulados e submetidos a análise variância e quando significativos, as médias para as safras foram submetidas ao teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade, enquanto para os municípios, ao teste Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Resultados: Os municípios que obtiveram menores teores dos nutrientes foram os de característica do solo arenoso (Alto Piquiri, Brasilândia do Sul, Francisco Alves), por terem menor capacidade tampão e do menor tempo de cultivo comparado aos demais municípios de solos argilosos (Assis Chateaubriand, Guairá, Maripá, Nova Santa Rosa, Palotina e Terra Roxa). Conclusão: O manejo de adubação de cada nutriente, e das condições ambientais de cada ano agrícola mostraram-se determinantes em relação aos resultados das análises, assim as análises foliares demonstram o real manejo que está sendo realizado na lavoura além das condições ambientais, dando um diagnóstico preciso.
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D.V., Rudoy, Pakhomov V.I., Maltseva T.A., Yegyan M.A., and Kulikova N.A. "REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR HARVESTING GRAIN CROPS." In "INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION". ДГТУ-Принт, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itno.2021.120-125.
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In agriculture, according to the data of the statistical collection, the production of grain crops occupies a large part. At the moment, much attention is paid to the study of perennial crops: Gray Wheatgrass (Latin Thinopyrum intermedium), Trititrigia (Latin Trititrigia cziczinii Tsvelev). These crops help slow soil erosion and minimize nutrient leaching. The non-cereal part of cultivated plants is an important reserve for strengthening the fodder base of animal husbandry and expands the range of sources of raw materials for the microbiological industry in the production of fodder proteins. The article provides an overview of technologies and equipment for harvesting grain crops, with the help of which one of the optimal methods of harvesting perennial grain crops, the stripping method, can be distinguished. This method reduces grain trauma and allows harvesting crops in the early stages of ripeness, when the grain contains more nutrients than fully ripe, and the grain has a strong bond with the stem.
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Nedyalkov, Ivaylo, Todd Guerdat, Drue Seksinsky, Sylvia Romero, Justin Stickney, and Ethan Pirie. "Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Flow in Fish Tanks for Small-Scale Aquaponic Systems." In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69395.
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Aquaponic systems combine recirculating aquaculture (growing of fish) with hydroponics (growing of plants in water). The fish in the recirculating aquaculture systems provide nutrients for the plants and the plants remove excess nutrients from the water, making these systems more efficient than traditional farming methods in terms of nutrient utilization. Small, recirculating aquaponic systems may provide a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative for securing food supply in both developing and developed nations. Recirculating aquaculture systems tend to be capital-intensive and require significant power to circulate the water in the fish tanks, which helps with the removal of waste and the distribution of oxygen. To reduce capital costs, alternative, culture vessels made from locally available materials were investigated (i.e. square-shaped tanks, and international bulk containers - IBC). These non-standard shaped culture tanks, pose an additional challenge for proper circulation of the water as compared to traditional round tanks. To address the issue of circulation, numerical and experimental data were obtained for rectangular containers. The numerical results were obtained using OpenFoam models of the experimental setup. The experimental data were obtained by measuring flow velocities in an IBC tank using Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry. Currently the experimental data show good repeatability when data are taken for at least five minutes at each position in the tank. The focus of the continuing work is to establish a good agreement between numerical and experimental results. Ultimately the study will contribute to the design of cost-effective recirculating aquaponic fish and plant systems which require lower capital expenditures and achieve energy-efficient circulation of water in the fish culture tanks.
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Sathyamoorthy, G. L., and A. Sam Sushmitha. "Nutrient (phosphorus) removal from domestic wastewater." In PROCEEDINGS OF ADVANCED MATERIAL, ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0019686.
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Neves, Solange Aparecida de Oliveira. "ALTERAÇÕES NA FARMACOCINÉTICA POR INFLUÊNCIA DE ALIMENTOS E FITOQUÍMICOS." In Semana Online Científica de Nutrição. CONGRESSE.ME, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54265/pcms3886.
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Introdução: A farmacocinética (FC) representa o que o organismo faz com o fármaco, pois descreve a trajetória dele desde a entrada até completa eliminação. A interação medicamentosa envolve alterações na eficácia farmacológica, podendo ser satisfatória ou nociva. Objetivo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever a influência dos alimentos e fitoquímicos nas etapas da farmacocinética (absorção, distribuição, biotransformação e eliminação). Material e Método: Para esse estudo adotou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica, exploratória, qualitativa com busca de artigos dos últimos dez anos, nos sistemas de busca online PubMed e SciELO. Resultado e Discussão: A absorção do fármaco pode ser alterada devido ao efeito presistêmico, a formação de quelatos, às mudanças de pH, motilidade do trato gastrointestinal e à presença de fibras. A distribuição pode ser afetada por dieta hiperlipídica e pela hipoalbuminemia que dificultarão a chegada do fármaco ao local alvo. Para o fármaco ser eliminado necessita ser biotransformado, sendo o fígado o principal local dessa etapa da FC. As principais enzimas responsáveis pelo metabolismo pertencem à família da citocromo P-450 (CYP450) e muitos nutrientes e fitoquímicos podem atuar como indutores ou inibidores enzimáticos. A eliminação dos fármacos ou seus metabólitos ocorre principalmente nos rins e alterações no pH da urina em função de uma dieta mais ácida ou mais alcalina pode ionizar os fármacos e facilitar a eliminação. Conclusão: Considerando que a composição dos alimentos, das plantas e dos medicamentos é muito diversificada, ainda são necessários muitos estudos para tentar identificar as prováveis interações droga-alimento/nutriente e o quanto essa associação é significante para o paciente. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Interação Medicamentosa, Nutrientes, Eficácia Farmacológica
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Kitazawa, Daisuke, Keiichiro Hakuta, Nobuyuki Yamayoshi, and Shigeru Tabeta. "Field Measurement and Modelling of the Material Cycle in the Cultivation Pond of Penaeid Shrimp Penaeus Japonicus." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29662.
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Field measurement and modelling of the material cycle are carried out for the cultivation pond of penaeid shrimp Penaeus japonicus. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the sustainability of coastal shrimp aquaculture, which is increasingly being questioned due to many problems like disease, excessive nutrient enrichment, and low levels of dissolved oxygen tension. Despite the great economic importance of shrimps and their suitability to aquaculture, little is known about the material cycle through the cultivation pond. Additionally, the collapse of shrimp aquaculture in most tropical countries may be attributed to the lack of ecological, biological, and environmental understanding. Hence field measurement of water quality is conducted in the shrimp cultivation pond, which locates in the Kyushu district of Japan. Various environmental factors such as water temperature, salinity, and the concentrations of dissolved oxygen, nutrients, and chlorophyll a are monitored for the water in the pond and that drawn from the outer sea during November and December of 2006. In addition to field measurement, one dimensional numerical model is developed for the shrimp cultivation pond to understand the material cycle through the pond in a quantitative manner. The numerical model consists of physical, lower trophic-level ecosystem, and shrimp growth submodels. The numerical values of physical and physiological parameters are calibrated to achieve the best agreement between observed and simulated results. By integrating results from field measurement and numerical simulation, it is revealed that the quality of water in the cultivation pond is quite different from that drawn from the outer sea. In particular the concentration of chlorophyll a is much higher in the cultivation pond due to large primary production. The results of the numerical simulation show that the high productivity is attributed partly to the activities of shrimps. The information from field measurement and the simulated results of the developed numerical model are useful to optimize the food quantity and quality, the population density of shrimps, and the design of watermills or the other equipments to improve the water quality for sustainable use of coastal shrimp cultivation pond.
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Shimada, Belmiro Saburo, Marcos Vinícius Simon, Vinícius Bueno Da Silva, and Gabriel Candido. "USO DE DOSES DE NITROGÊNIO NA CULTURA DO MILHO." In I Congresso Nacional de Ciências Agrárias On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/rema/1606.
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Introdução: O Brasil é o terceiro maior produtor de milho, com grandes produções desse grão, e para ser um dos maiores produtores dessa cultura, utilizou-se de diversos meios, seja no uso de tecnologia ou de práticas, e uma dessas foi a utilização de nitrogênio na cultura do milho. Objetivos: O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma breve revisão de literatura sobre o uso de doses de nitrogênio na cultura do milho, descrevendo sobre sua importância no setor agrícola e na produção do milho. Material e métodos: O presente estudo foi realizado com base na revisão de literatura sobre uso de doses de nitrogênio na cultura do milho, para destacar o uso desse nutriente na cultura do milho. Resultados: A cultura do milho é exigente em nitrogênio (N), apresentando uma necessidade de aproximadamente 22 kg de N por tonelada de grão produzido e exporta cerca de dois terços do N absorvido para os grãos, demonstrando que o N é um dos nutrientes essenciais para o aumento da produtividade de grãos da cultura. Devido a essa exportação, deve-se realizar aplicações de nitrogênio na cultura do milho para ganho de produtividade, e ao utilizar doses de nitrogênio, a aplicação de 80 Kg de nitrogênio por hectare em cobertura, é o suficiente para demonstrar que a produtividade é diferente estatisticamente do tratamento que não recebeu adubação nitrogenada. Do nitrogênio absorvido, cerca de 80% do total de nitrogênio é utilizado nos primeiros 60 dias do ciclo, acumulando-se nos órgãos de reserva (principalmente a folha) e posteriormente translocado para os grãos. Dessa forma, percebe-se a necessidade da aplicação do nitrogênio na cultura do milho, que está intimamente ligada ao seu potencial produtivo, e por ser um nutriente essencial para o desenvolvimento da planta, é necessário a utilização do nitrogênio para possibilitar o aumento da produtividade do milho. Conclusão: Um dos responsáveis pela grande produção de milho é a aplicação de nitrogênio, pois a cultura exige grandes quantidades desse nutriente, além disso, está ligado ao potencial de produtividade do milho, demonstrando que é essencial o uso de doses de nitrogênio na cultura do milho.
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Chang, Ni-Bin, Marty Wanielista, Fahim Hossain, and Lisa Naujock. "Material Characterization and Reaction Kinetics of Green Sorption Media for Nutrients Removal." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40976(316)69.
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Huang, Chun-Yuh, and Wei Yong Gu. "Distribution of Oxygen, Glucose and Lactate in Degenerated Intervertebral Disc." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206557.
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Poor nutritional supply has been a major concern for the health of intervertebral disc (IVD) since the IVD is the largest avascular tissue in the human body. The transport of vital nutrients to cells relies on diffusion and convection through the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the IVD. Transport and metabolism of nutrients (e.g., oxygen and glucose) within the IVD depend on many factors, including the material properties of ECM (e.g., permeability, elastic modulus, and solute diffusivity), cellular metabolic rates, nutritional supply at the edge of the IVD, and mechanical loading [1–6]. Tissue degeneration alters the material properties of the IVD, such as an increase in elastic modulus and a decrease in water content, fixed charge density, permeability and solute diffusivity [6]. However, the effect of tissue degeneration on transport and metabolism of nutrients in the IVD under mechanical loading has not been elucidated. The objective of this study was to numerically investigate the distribution of glucose, oxygen and lactate in the degenerated IVD under static unconfined compression using the mechano-electrochemical mixture theory [7].
Reports on the topic "Maternal nutrients"
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Barefield, James, Elizabeth Judge, Samuel Clegg, John Berg, James Colgan, David Kilcrease, Heather Johns, et al. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): Applications to Analysis Problems from Nuclear Material to Plant Nutrients for Sustainable Agriculture. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1164426.
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Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587240.bard.
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Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.
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Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695883.bard.
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Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.
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Barefield, James E., and Elizabeth Judge. Optical Spectroscopy Capabilities:Application to Nuclear Forensics, Nuclear Detection, Nuclear Safeguards, Oil Industry, Material Identification and Analysis, and Sustainable Agricultural Nutrient Analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1120716.
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Verbeke, Marieke, Claudio Brienza, Oscar F. Schoumans, Lies Bamelis, Kurt Sys, Inge Regelink, and Kimo van Dijk. Business Development package for nutrient recycling at anaerobic digester including manual and guiding materials : a product from the H2020 project SYSTEMIC. Wageningen: Wageningen Environmental Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/572621.
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Busby, Ryan, H. Torbert, and Stephen Prior. Soil and vegetation responses to amendment with pulverized classified paper waste. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44202.
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The United States Army produces a significant amount of classified paper waste that is pulverized to a fine consistency unsuitable for recycling. However, cheap, high quality organic materials such as classified paper waste are useful as soil amendments. The objective of this research was to evaluate the utilization of pulverized classified paper waste as a soil amendment to improve soil health and increase establishment of desirable native grasses on degraded Army training lands. Paper was applied at rates of 9 to 72 Mg ha⁻¹ to two soil types at Fort Polk, LA: an alfisol (very fine sandy loam - Fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Vertic Hapludalfs) and an ultisol (loamy fine sandy - Loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Arenic Paleudults). These are common soil orders found on military training lands nationwide and represent fertile (alfisol) and unfertile (ulitsol) soils. Vegetation and soils were monitored over 2 growing seasons. No increase in heavy metals were observed in soils. Extensive analysis showed very low levels of regulated contaminants in the paper, but most were below detection limits. The ultisol site showed improved soil physical and chemical properties, while desirable vegetation benefitted from nutrient immobilization at the alfisol site. Based on the results of this study, applying pulverized paper waste to soil at a rate of 35.9 Mg ha⁻¹ is recommended. Application of paper waste to soils had no adverse environmental effects, improved soil physiochemical properties, and facilitated establishment of desirable native vegetation.
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Wilson, Charles, and Edo Chalutz. Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Citrus and Deciduous Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1991.7603518.bard.
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The objectives of this research were to develop control measures of postharvest diseases of citrus and deciduous fruits by using naturally-occurring, non-antibiotic-producing antagonists; study the mode of action of effective antagonists and optimize their application methods. Several antagonists were found against a variety of diseases of fruits and vegetables. One particularly effective yeast antagonist (US-7) was chosen for more in-depth studies. This antagonist outcompetes rot pathogens at the wound site for nutrients and space; it is better adapted than the pathogen to extreme environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity and osmotic changes, and is relatively resistant to common postharvest fungicides. Our data suggests that other modes of action may also be involved. These are induction of host resistance by the antagonists or its products, and direct interaction between the antagonists and the pathogen with the possible involvement of an extracellular material and/or cell wall degrading enzymes produced by the antagonist. However, these interactions were not fully elucidated. The antagonistic activity of US-7 and other biocontrol agents isolated, was enhanced by calcium salts. While the mode of action is not known, the addition of these salts had a significant effect both in laboratory experiments and in large-scale tests. Compatibility of the yeast antagonist with present packinghouse treatments and procedures was determined. An integrated control procedure was developed, utilizing the antagonists together with ultra-low dosages of fungicides and activity-enhancing additives. This cooperative research resulted in numerous publications describing the antagonistic agents. their mode of action and possible commercial application. Patents were developed from this research and a commercial company is pursuing the licensing of these patents and the testing of the procedure on a commercial scale. Our research findings have expanded the potential for using non-antibiotic-producing antagonistic microorganisms in the control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables; thus meeting a critical need to find alternatives to the use of synthetic fungicides on food products.
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Israel, Alvaro, and John Merrill. Production of Seed Stocks for Sustainable Tank Cultivation of the Red Edible Seaweed Porphyra. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696527.bard.
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Porphyra species (commonly known as ‘nori’ or ‘purple laver’) are edible red seaweeds rich in proteins, vitamins and other highly valued biogenic compounds. For years Porphyra has been cultured using seeded nets extended in the open sea, and its biomass consumed primarily in the Far East. While demands for international markets have increased steadily at an average of 20% per year, supplies are on the verge and not expected to meet future demands. Alternatively, land-based cultivation of seaweed has become attractive in the mariculture industry since (1) important growth parameters can be controlled, (2) is environmentally friendly and (3) perfectly matches with integrated aquaculture leading to sustainable, high quality products. During the last few years a tank cultivation technology for Porphyra has been developed at the Israeli institution. This technology is based on indoor production of asexual spores and their subsequent growth to 1-2 mm seedlings. The seedlings are then transferred to outdoor tanks and ponds when seawater temperatures drop to 20 °C, or below, and days become shorter during winter time. However, the current technology efficiently serves only about 100 m2 of ponds during one growth season. In order to produce seedlings in sufficient amounts, it is critical to address both technical and biological aspects of seedling production, securing optimal up-scale to commercial-size cultivation farms. We hypothesize that massive production of spores is related to thalli origin, thalli age and sporulation triggers, and that seedling survival and their subsequent growth potential is determined by the seawater quality and overall indoor growth conditions imposed. A series of bio-reactors were constructed and tested in which spore release and spore growth were separately studied. The main assessment criteria for optimal viability of the seedlings will be by determining their electron transport rate using PAM fluorometry and by subsequent growth and biomass yields in outdoor ponds. Altogether the project showed (1), controlled sporulation is possible in big outdoor/growth chamber settings provided initial stock material (small frozen seedlings) is at hand, (2), contamination problems can be almost completely avoided if stock material is properly handled (clean as possible and partially dehydrated prior to freezing), (3), spore release can significantly be enhance using high nutrient levels during thawing for P. yezoensis and P. haitanensis, but not for P. rosengurttii, (4), PAM fluorometry is an efficient tool to estimate growth capacity in both seedlings and juvenile thalli. The BARD funding also served to explore other aspects of Porphyra biology and cultivation. For example, the taxonomical status of Porphyra strains used in this study was defined (see appendix), and the potential use of this seaweed in bioremediation was well substantiated. In addition, BARD funding supported a number of opportunities and activities in the Israeli lab, direct or indirectly related to the initial objectives of the project such as: additional molecular work in other seaweeds, description of at least 2 new species for the Israeli Mediterranean, and continuous support for the writing of a book on Global Change and applied aspects of seaweeds. The technology for Porphyra cultivation in land-based ponds is readily available. This study corroborated previous know-how of Porphyra growth in tanks and ponds, and yet offers important improvements regarding seedling production and their handling for successful cultivation. This study supported various other activities opening additional important issues in the biology/cultivation/use of Porphyra and other seaweeds.
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Palhares Neto, Luiz, Leilane Gomes, José Marangon, Genilton Santos, and Cecílio Caldeira Júnior. Protocolo de micropropagação de Cattleya milleri, espécie endêmica do quadrilátero ferrífero criticamente ameaçada de extinção. ITV, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29223/prod.tec.itv.ds.2022.12.palharesneto.
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A espécie Cattleya milleri é uma orquídea endêmica dos Campos Rupestres Ferruginosos do Quadrilátero Ferrífero em Minas Gerais. Esta espécie é atualmente classificada como criticamente ameaçada de extinção sobretudo devido a restrição geográfica de sua ocorrência, degradação de seu habitat natural e reduzidas populações naturais. O estabelecimento de métodos de propagação e cultivo que possibilitem a rápida multiplicação desta espécie é etapa crucial para a conservação ex situ e também para o enriquecimento em áreas naturais e a manutenção da espécie em seu habitat. A micropropagação ou a propagação in vitro consiste na multiplicação em larga escala de plantas através do cultivo de células, tecidos, órgãos ou a planta inteira em meio nutritivo sob condições controladas de temperatura e luminosidade. As etapas da micropropagação são constantemente ajustadas de acordo com as necessidades das diferentes espécies. Diante disso, o objetivo do relatório foi descrever as etapas desenvolvidas para estabelecer o protocolo de micropropagação de C. milleri. O protocolo estabelecido foi dividido em quatro etapas: (1) coleta e assepsia do material vegetal, (2) estabelecimento e desenvolvimento in vitro, (3) aclimatização e rustificação e (4) reintrodução e monitoramento das mudas. Sementes de C. milleri foram retiradas de cápsulas maduras e transferidas para seringas. As seringas contendo as sementes foram preenchidas totalmente com a solução de hipoclorito de sódio (NaClO) a 0,3%. Após 12 minutos, em câmara de fluxo laminar, aproximadamente 1 mL da solução contendo as sementes foi adicionada em potes contendo 22 mL do meio de cultivo previamente esterilizado. O meio utilizado foi composto de sacarose (15g/L), fertilizante B&G® (3mL/L), carvão ativado (1,5g/L) e ágar nutriente (5g/L). A germinação foi observada em quase todas as sementes inoculadas, tendo início aos 25 dias. O processo de propagação in vitro de C. milleri teve duração de 18 meses, com dois episódios de repicagem durante esse período. As plantas responderam positivamente as condições in vitro, apresentando crescimento satisfatório da parte aérea e de raízes. Na etapa de aclimatização, as plantas enraizadas tiveram suas raízes lavadas e foram transplantadas para embalagens plásticas contendo musgo chileno e fragmentos de isopor. Após 450 dias de cultivo em estufa coberta com sombrite 80 (80% de interceptação) foi observada uma reduzida mortalidade de mudas. Posteriormente, plantas aclimatadas foram transplantadas para recipientes contendo substrato natural (contendo canga granular) e cultivadas em estufa com sombrite 80 e posteriormente em sombrite 50, onde permaneceram por 1.095 dias. Ao final da etapa de rustificação foram obtidas aproximadamente 3.000 mudas de C. milleri aptas para o plantio em ambiente natural. A reintrodução destas mudas ocorreu através do plantio das mudas na Serra da Calçada (MG). O monitoramento das plantas ocorre mensalmente com a quantificação das mudas sobreviventes. Após 2 anos de acompanhamento observou-se baixa taxa de mortalidade (-30%) e crescimento satisfatório das plantas. O processo de monitoramento continuará sendo realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os processos de floração e frutificação e recrutamento de novas plantas. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que a técnica de propagação in vitro é uma alternativa viável para a produção em larga escala de mudas de qualidade da espécie C. milleri. Uma vez que esta é uma espécie criticamente ameaçada de extinção, a reintrodução de plantas em ambiente natural contribui para o enriquecimento das populações existentes e, consequentemente, a conservação da espécie em seu ambiente natural. Uma próxima etapa importante será avaliar a diversidade genética da espécie para determinação das matrizes prioritárias para propagação
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Hovav, Ran, Peggy Ozias-Akins, and Scott A. Jackson. The genetics of pod-filling in peanut under water-limiting conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597923.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Pod-filling, an important yield-determining stage is strongly influenced by water stress. This is particularly true for peanut (Arachishypogaea), wherein pods are developed underground and are directly affected by the water condition. Pod-filling in peanut has a significant genetic component as well, since genotypes are considerably varied in their pod-fill (PF) and seed-fill (SF) potential. The goals of this research were to: Examine the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Detect global changes in mRNA and metabolites levels that accompany PF and SF. Explore the response of the duplicate peanut pod transcriptome to drought stress. Study how entire duplicated PF regulatory processes are networked within a polyploid organism. Discover locus-specific SNP markers and map pod quality traits under different environments. The research included genotypes and segregating populations from Israel and US that are varied in PF, SF and their tolerance to water deficit. Initially, an extensive field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Significant irrigation and genotypic effect was observed for the two main PF related traits, "seed ratio" and "dead-end ratio", demonstrating that reduction in irrigation directly influences the developing pods as a result of low water potential. Although the Irrigation × Genotype interaction was not statistically significant, one genotype (line 53) was found to be more sensitive to low irrigation treatments. Two RNAseq studies were simultaneously conducted in IL and the USA to characterize expression changes that accompany shell ("source") and seed ("sink") biogenesis in peanut. Both studies showed that SF and PF processes are very dynamic and undergo very rapid change in the accumulation of RNA, nutrients, and oil. Some genotypes differ in transcript accumulation rates, which can explain their difference in SF and PF potential; like cvHanoch that was found to be more enriched than line 53 in processes involving the generation of metabolites and energy at the beginning of seed development. Interestingly, an opposite situation was found in pericarp development, wherein rapid cell wall maturation processes were up-regulated in line 53. Although no significant effect was found for the irrigation level on seed transcriptome in general, and particularly on subgenomic assignment (that was found almost comparable to a 1:1 for A- and B- subgenomes), more specific homoeologous expression changes associated with particular biosynthesis pathways were found. For example, some significant A- and B- biases were observed in particular parts of the oil related gene expression network and several candidate genes with potential influence on oil content and SF were further examined. Substation achievement of the current program was the development and application of new SNP detection and mapping methods for peanut. Two major efforts on this direction were performed. In IL, a GBS approach was developed to map pod quality traits on Hanoch X 53 F2/F3 generations. Although the GBS approach was found to be less effective for our genetic system, it still succeeded to find significant mapping locations for several traits like testa color (linkage A10), number of seeds/pods (A5) and pod wart resistance (B7). In the USA, a SNP array was developed and applied for peanut, which is based on whole genome re-sequencing of 20 genotypes. This chip was used to map pod quality related traits in a Tifrunner x NC3033 RIL population. It was phenotyped for three years, including a new x-ray method to phenotype seed-fill and seed density. The total map size was 1229.7 cM with 1320 markers assigned. Based on this linkage map, 21 QTLs were identified for the traits 16/64 weight, kernel percentage, seed and pod weight, double pod and pod area. Collectively, this research serves as the first fundamental effort in peanut for understanding the PF and SF components, as a whole, and as influenced by the irrigation level. Results of the proposed study will also generate information and materials that will benefit peanut breeding by facilitating selection for reduced linkage drag during introgression of disease resistance traits into elite cultivars. BARD Report - Project4540 Page 2 of 10