Relevant bibliographies by topics / Maternal health, road infrastructure

Academic literature on the topic 'Maternal health, road infrastructure'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Maternal health, road infrastructure"

1

Braunfelds, Janis, Ugis Senkans, Peteris Skels, Rims Janeliukstis, Toms Salgals, Dmitrii Redka, Ilya Lyashuk, et al. "FBG-Based Sensing for Structural Health Monitoring of Road Infrastructure." Journal of Sensors 2021 (January 8, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8850368.

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Public road infrastructure is developed all around the world. To save resources, ensure public safety, and provide longer-lasting road infrastructure, structural health monitoring (SHM) applications for roads have to be researched and developed. Asphalt is one of the largest used surface materials for the road building industry. This material also provides relatively easy fiber optical sensor technology installment, which can be effectively used for SHM applications—road infrastructure monitoring as well as for resource optimization when road building or their repairs are planned. This article focuses on the research of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) optical temperature and strain sensor applications in road SHM, which is part of the greater interdisciplinary research project started at the Riga Technical University in the year 2017. Experimental work described in this article was realized in one of the largest Latvian road sites where the FBG strain and temperature sensors were installed into asphalt pavement, and experiments were carried out in two main scenarios. Firstly, in a controlled environment with a calibrated falling weight deflectometer (FWD) to test the installed FBG sensors. Secondly, by evaluating the real-time traffic impact on the measured strain and temperature, where different types of vehicles passed the asphalt span in which the sensors were embedded. The findings in this research illustrate that by gathering and combining data from calibrated FWD measurements, measurements from embedded FBG optical sensors which were providing the essential information of how the pavement structure could sustain the load and information about the traffic intensity on the specific road section, and the structural life of the pavement can be evaluated and predicted. Thus, it enables the optimal pavement future design for necessary requirements and constraints as well as efficient use, maintenance, and timely repairs of the public roads, directly contributing to the overall safety of our transportation system.
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Braunfelds, Janis, Ugis Senkans, Peteris Skels, Rims Janeliukstis, Toms Salgals, Dmitrii Redka, Ilya Lyashuk, et al. "FBG-Based Sensing for Structural Health Monitoring of Road Infrastructure." Journal of Sensors 2021 (January 8, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8850368.

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Public road infrastructure is developed all around the world. To save resources, ensure public safety, and provide longer-lasting road infrastructure, structural health monitoring (SHM) applications for roads have to be researched and developed. Asphalt is one of the largest used surface materials for the road building industry. This material also provides relatively easy fiber optical sensor technology installment, which can be effectively used for SHM applications—road infrastructure monitoring as well as for resource optimization when road building or their repairs are planned. This article focuses on the research of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) optical temperature and strain sensor applications in road SHM, which is part of the greater interdisciplinary research project started at the Riga Technical University in the year 2017. Experimental work described in this article was realized in one of the largest Latvian road sites where the FBG strain and temperature sensors were installed into asphalt pavement, and experiments were carried out in two main scenarios. Firstly, in a controlled environment with a calibrated falling weight deflectometer (FWD) to test the installed FBG sensors. Secondly, by evaluating the real-time traffic impact on the measured strain and temperature, where different types of vehicles passed the asphalt span in which the sensors were embedded. The findings in this research illustrate that by gathering and combining data from calibrated FWD measurements, measurements from embedded FBG optical sensors which were providing the essential information of how the pavement structure could sustain the load and information about the traffic intensity on the specific road section, and the structural life of the pavement can be evaluated and predicted. Thus, it enables the optimal pavement future design for necessary requirements and constraints as well as efficient use, maintenance, and timely repairs of the public roads, directly contributing to the overall safety of our transportation system.
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Santos, Paula Suene Pereira dos, Jameson Moreira Belém, Rachel de Sá Barreto Luna Callou Cruz, Cinthia Gondim Pereira Calou, and Dayanne Rakelly de Oliveira. "Applicability of the Three Delays Model in the context of maternal mortality: integrative review." Saúde em Debate 46, no. 135 (December 2022): 1187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-1104202213517i.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this review is to summarize evidence available in the scientific literature from the applicability of the Three Delays Model in the context of maternal mortality in terms of causal factors and interventional measures. It is an integrative literature review, carried out with no time frame, in seven databases, with the descriptors Maternal Mortality, Pregnancy Complications, Maternal Death and the keyword Three Delays Model. 15 studies were selected for analysis. The first delay stood out as a determinant of maternal deaths, with the refusal to seek obstetric care in the health institution an initiative of the woman or family members. In the second delay, geographic factors and poor road infrastructure made access to health services difficult. In the third delay, the care conditions in the health institutions implied a reduced quality of care. The applicability of the model makes it possible to demonstrate the barriers faced by women in the search for obstetric care and to visualize contexts that need interventional actions to face the problem.
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Letsie, Thandiwe Marethabile, and Matjeko Lenka. "Factors Contributing to the Late Commencement of Antenatal Care at a Rural District Hospital in Lesotho." Global Journal of Health Science 13, no. 5 (March 30, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v13n5p32.

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Antenatal care (ANC) is a key approach aimed at improving maternal and infant health. Numerous factors are associated with late commencement of antenatal care. Sub-Saharan Africa countries are exception to the problem of late commencement of antenatal care. The qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual approach was followed. The pregnant women meeting the inclusion criteria, were above 16 weeks and attended antenatal care at the time of the study. Different authorities granted permission to conduct face-to-face, unstructured in-depth interviews. Tesch approach enabled the qualitative researchers to immerse themselves through systematic organization and synthesis of data to create manageable units. an independent co-coder also analyzed data independently. Afterwards, they met and agreed on specific themes and sub-categories. The following five themes emerged; personal and family factors, cultural beliefs and practices, health systems and poor infrastructure. Measures aimed at improving accessibility to the health centers include; road infrastructure, telecommunication and more client centered services. Improvement of early commencement of antenatal services becomes an ideal approach influencing excellent maternal and neonatal outcomes. Therefore, government initiatives aimed at empowering communities on the benefits of commencing antenatal care on time is necessary.
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Higi, Alemayehu Hunduma, Gurmesa Tura Debelew, and Lelisa Sena Dadi. "Perception and Experience of Health Extension Workers on Facilitators and Barriers to Maternal and Newborn Health Service Utilization in Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (October 5, 2021): 10467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910467.

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Background: Health extension workers (HEWs) have substantial inputs to reduce maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia. However, their perceptions and experiences were not well understood. Therefore, this study aimed to explore their perceptions and experiences on facilitators and barriers to maternal and newborn health services in Ethiopia. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study was conducted from 8–28 April 2021 in Oromia, Amhara and Southern Nation, Nationality, and People’s Regional State of Ethiopia. Focused group discussions were made with purposively selected 60 HEWs. The data were transcribed verbatim and translated into English. An inductive thematic analysis was carried out using Atlas ti.7.1. The findings were presented in major themes, categories, and sub-categories with supporting quote(s). Results: The findings were categorized into two major themes (i.e., facilitators and barriers) and seven sub-themes. Community-related facilitators encompass awareness and behavior at the individual, family, and community. Significant others such as traditional birth attendants, religious leaders, women developmental armies, and kebele chairman substantially contributed to service utilization. Availability/access to infrastructures such as telephone, transportation services, and solar energy systems facilitated the service utilization. Furthermore, health facility-related facilitators include the availability of HEWs; free services; supervision and monitoring; maternity waiting rooms; and access to ambulance services. Maternal and newborn health services were affected by community-related barriers (i.e., distance, topography, religious and socio-cultural beliefs/practices, unpleasant rumors, etc.,), health facility-related barriers (i.e., health worker’s behaviors; lack of logistics; lack of adequate ambulance service, and placement and quality of health post), and infrastructure (i.e., lack or poor quality of road and lack of water). Conclusions: The HEWs perceived and experienced a wide range of facilitators and barriers that affected maternal and newborn health services. The study findings warrant that there was a disparity in behavioral factors (awareness, beliefs, and behaviors) among community members, including pregnant women. This underscores the need to design health education programs and conduct social and behavioral change communication interventions to address individuals, families, and the broader community to enhance maternal and newborn health service utilization. On the other hand, the health sector should put into practice the available strategies, and health workers provide services with empathy, compassion, and respect.
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Widyaningsih, Dyan, Elza Samantha Elmira, and Andi Misbahul Pratiwi. "Poor Women’s Access to Antenatal Care and Childbirth Services in Indonesia: Case Study in Five Districts." Jurnal Perempuan 24, no. 3 (September 12, 2019): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.34309/jp.v24i3.345.

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<p>The health of pregnant women often becomes an indicator of human development. On the other hand, the fact of the high maternal mortality rate, raises questions related to the government’s attention to the health of pregnant women, especially women in poor areas. This article focuses on poor women’s access to health services for antenatal care and childbirth in five regencies in Indonesia. The aspects studied include the availability of health services for antenatal care and childbirth, poor women’s access to these services, and supporting factors/actors and barriers to poor women’s access to health services. This article showed that the availability of health facilities is not always in line with the increased awareness of pregnant women to access these services. Road infrastructure condition, distance, and cost to access health service still remain a challenge. Meanwhile, the policy of incentives and disincentives to traditional birth attendants has an influence on the increasing number of pregnant women who check their pregnancies and childbirth at health facilities. Thus, health issues of pregnant women and safe childbirth require a different effort. Aspects of the local context and supporting infrastructure also require serious attention.</p><p> </p>
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Sierra, Cristobal, Shuva Paul, Akhlaqur Rahman, and Ambarish Kulkarni. "Development of a Cognitive Digital Twin for Pavement Infrastructure Health Monitoring." Infrastructures 7, no. 9 (August 29, 2022): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7090113.

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A road network is the key foundation of any nation’s critical infrastructure. Pavements represent one of the longest-living structures, having a post-construction life of 20–40 years. Currently, most attempts at maintaining and repairing these structures are performed in a reactive and traditional fashion. Recent advances in technology and research have proposed the implementation of costly measures and time-intensive techniques. This research presents a novel automated approach to develop a cognitive twin of a pavement structure by implementing advanced modelling and machine learning techniques from unmanned aerial vehicle (e.g., drone) acquired data. The research established how the twin is initially developed and subsequently capable of detecting current damage on the pavement structure. The proposed method is also compared to the traditional approach of evaluating pavement condition as well as the more advanced method of employing a specialized diagnosis vehicle. This study demonstrated an efficiency enhancement of maintaining pavement infrastructure.
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Cafiso, Salvatore, A. Di Graziano, R. Fedele, V. Marchetta, and F. Praticò. "Sensor-based pavement diagnostic using acoustic signature for moduli estimation." International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 13, no. 6 (November 2020): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-6007-4.

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AbstractThe diffusion of smart infrastructures for smart cities provides new opportunities for the improvement of both road infrastructure monitoring and maintenance management.Often pavement management is based on the periodic assessment of the elastic modulus of the bound layers (i.e., asphalt concrete layers) by means of traditional systems, such as Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). Even if these methods are reliable, well-known, and widespread, they are quite complex, expensive, and are not able to provide updated information about the evolving structural health condition of the road pavement. Hence, more advanced, effective, and economical monitoring systems can be used to solve the problems mentioned above.Consequently, the main objective of the study presented in this paper is to present and apply an innovative solution that can be used to make smarter the road pavement monitoring. In more detail, an innovative Non-Destructive Test (NDT)-based sensing unit was used to gather the vibro-acoustic signatures of road pavements with different deterioration levels (e.g. with and without fatigue cracks) of an urban road. Meaningful features were extracted from the aforementioned acoustic signature and the correlation with the elastic modulus defined using GPR and FWD data was investigated.Results show that some of the features have a good correlation with the elastic moduli of the road section under investigation. Consequently, the innovative solution could be used to evaluate the variability of elastic modulus of the asphalt concrete layers, and to monitor with continuity the deterioration of road pavements under the traffic loads.
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Fiandaca, Dario, Alberto Di Matteo, Bernardo Patella, Nadia Moukri, Rosalinda Inguanta, Daniel Llort, Antonio Mulone, Angelo Mulone, Soughah Alsamahi, and Antonina Pirrotta. "An Integrated Approach for Structural Health Monitoring and Damage Detection of Bridges: An Experimental Assessment." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 19, 2022): 13018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122413018.

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The issue of monitoring the structural condition of bridges is becoming a top priority worldwide. As is well known, any infrastructure undergoes a progressive deterioration of its structural conditions due to aging by normal service loads and environmental conditions. At the same time, it may suffer serious damages or collapse due to natural phenomena such as earthquakes or strong winds. For this reason, it is essential to rely on efficient and widespread monitoring techniques applied throughout the entire road network. This paper aims to introduce an integrated procedure for structural and material monitoring. With regard to structural monitoring, an innovative approach for monitoring based on Vehicle by Bridge Interaction (VBI) will be proposed. Furthermore, with regard to material monitoring, to evaluate concrete degradation, a non-invasive method based on the continuous monitoring of the pH, as well as chloride and sulfate ions concentration in the concrete, is presented.
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Faßbender, Sabine, and Markus Oeser. "Investigation on an Absorbing Layer Suitable for a Noise-Reducing Two-Layer Pavement." Materials 13, no. 5 (March 9, 2020): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051235.

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A polyurethane-based rubber-modified layer within a road superstructure leads to absorption of traffic emissions. Noise emissions have quite a negative effect on society, as they lead to high stress levels and health risks for people. Therefore, constructional methods of noise-reducing road layers have been developed before. This research paper focuses on the questions whether the existing noise-reducing road constructions, which have a low durability, can be optimized in terms of a longer duration while simultaneously maintaining the noise-reducing effects. Within this research, a large parametric study contributed to an optimal solution of a noise-reducing and durable layer. We found that noise absorption is mainly dependent of the void content of the pavement and its flexibility. Also, a result is that the durability of a road layer is based on the properties of the binder as well as the composition of the mixture, i.e., the grading curve. As we used polyurethane binders within our mixtures, which have a low dependency on regular environmental temperatures after their complete chemical reaction, we can imply a low temperature dependence of the entire polyurethane asphalt mixture. Based on these results, the construction of a noise-reducing and durable road layer is a great solution. The application of such road layers leads to lower traffic emissions at major hotspots. These might be urban highways, where the infrastructure is too tight to build noise barriers, enclosures or tunnels.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Maternal health, road infrastructure"

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Whynacht, Ardath J. "The Road to Health is Paved with 'Good Intentions': A Cautionary Three Part Tale for Global Health in the Spirit of Reproductive Justice." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/13167.

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The following paper explores three case studies of large-scale forced and coercive surgical sterilizations on indigenous women in Canada, the United States and Peru. The author utilizes settler colonialism as explanation for the complicity of these states in reproductive rights abuses and identifies some risk factors for reproductive rights abuses in future social welfare and global health aid projects.
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MCTAVISH, SARAH. "What paves the road to maternal health care use? Investigating education, urban-rural residence, social-networks and supernatural beliefs in the Far-North province of Cameroon." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/5949.

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Every day, 1500 women die in pregnancy or due to childbirth related complications worldwide. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rates of maternal mortality. Maternal health care use is critical in reducing maternal mortality worldwide. Cameroon has one of the highest maternal mortality rates worldwide (over 1000 deaths per 100,000 live births), but there is little knowledge about maternal health care use in the Far-North province. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of education, urban and rural residence, social networks, and cultural beliefs on the use of maternal health care use in the Far-North province. A maternal health questionnaire was completed by 110 Cameroonian women between the ages of 18-45. Participants were recruited door-to-door in the urban town of Maroua and rural village of Moutourwa in the Far-North province. Questionnaires assessed maternal health care history, social networks and demographics. Follow-up interviews were conducted with nine questionnaire participants to gain a greater understanding of how daily activities, food consumption and beliefs in the supernatural impact maternal health care use. Poisson regression analyses were used to determine the association among education, social network characteristics, urban and rural residence, and maternal health care service use in Maroua and Moutourwa. Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews revealed themes of witchcraft, diet and social ties. Women in the rural sample had a greater risk of failing to seek prenatal consultations than women in the urban sample (RR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.61-0.88). When stratified by urban/rural location, education played a greater role in women’s use of prenatal services in Moutourwa (RR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.50-0.94) compared to Maroua (RR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.41-1.06). Qualitative analyses suggested that beliefs in witchcraft may deter women from speaking about pregnancy, and that mothers often believe that envious women can cause harm to mother and child through the use of witchcraft. Social network analysis revealed that women who belonged to a women’s organization were more like to use prenatal services (RR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.07-1.62). Both qualitative and quantitative findings have implications for maternal health interventions in the Far-North province of Cameroon.
Thesis (Master, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2010-07-29 11:15:40.276
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Books on the topic "Maternal health, road infrastructure"

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Kobue, Margaret. The road to safe motherhood: A guide to discussion : causes of maternal deaths and options to prevent them in Botswana. Gaborone: Ministry of Health, Botswana, 1993.

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Zanzibar. Wizara ya Afya na Ustawi wa Jamii. Road map to accelerate the reduction of maternal, newborn and child mortality in Zanzibar (2008-2015). [Zanzibar]: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, 2008.

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South Carolina. General Assembly. Legislative Audit Council. Report to the General Assembly: A performance audit of the South Carolina Resources Authority Infrastructure Funding Program. Columbia, S.C: The Council, 1994.

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South Carolina. General Assembly. Legislative Audit Council. Report to the General Assembly: A review of competition for the Department of Transportation's road paving contracts. Columbia, S.C: South Carolina Legislative Audit Council, 2001.

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South Carolina. General Assembly. Legislative Audit Council. Report to the General Assembly: A sunset review of the Department of Health and Environmental Control's health services. [Columbia, S.C.]: The Council, 1996.

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South Carolina. General Assembly. Legislative Audit Council. Report to the General Assembly: A review of the South Carolina Department of Mental Health. Columbia, S.C: The Council, 1996.

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Council, South Carolina General Assembly Legislative Audit. Report to the General Assembly: Department of Health and Environmental Control's implementation of the Safe Drinking Water Act. Columbia, S.C: The Council, 1994.

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South Carolina. General Assembly. Legislative Audit Council. Report to the General Assembly: A review of the Department of Health and Environmental Control's SUPERB Fund and Underground Storage Tank Program. Columbia, S.C: The Council, 1995.

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Council, South Carolina General Assembly Legislative Audit. Report to the General Assembly: A review of the higher education performance funding process. Columbia, S.C: Legislative Audit Council, 2001.

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South Carolina. General Assembly. Legislative Audit Council. Report to the General Assembly: A management review of the Charleston Naval Complex Redevelopment Authority. Columbia, S.C: Legislative Audit Council, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Maternal health, road infrastructure"

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Oksiutycz, Anna, and Caroline Muyaluka Azionya. "Informal Settlements: A Manifestation of Internal and Cross-Border Migration." In IMISCOE Research Series, 109–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92114-9_8.

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AbstractInformal settlements are perceptible material expressions of internal and cross-border migration in South Africa. New arrivals, drawn to urban centres in search of economic opportunities, find a residence in one of the high-density informal settlements dotted around the economic hub of South Africa, the Gauteng province. It is projected that an estimated 1.6 million migrants, including 48% of all immigrants in South Africa, will make Gauteng province their home by 2021 (Stats SA, 2018a). However, instead of better conditions, rural-urban and urban-urban migrants as well as undocumented and documented immigrants experience a lack of service delivery in health, education, road infrastructure, security, electricity, water and sanitation (Marutlulle, 2017). The lack of provision of basic services and resources from the government at such sites often results in community protests and translates into attacks against immigrants residing in those communities.
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Sarkar, Madhurima, Tamal Basu Roy, and Ranjan Roy. "An Assessment Study on Hierarchical Integrity of Road Connectivity and Nodal Accessibility of Maternal Health Care Service Centres in Itahar Block, Uttar Dinajpur District, West Bengal." In Livelihood Enhancement Through Agriculture, Tourism and Health, 439–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7310-8_22.

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Corben, Bruce. "Urban Road Design and Keeping Down Speed." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 903–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_35.

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AbstractThis chapter examines the opportunities available to a range of professions that directly or indirectly influence urban settings, to achieve Vision Zero safety outcomes. Starting with how we want our urban areas to be, the chapter examines options to eliminate the systemic risk of deaths and serious injuries on urban roads from three separate but related viewpoints; managing the threats to life and health posed by the energy embedded within the road transport system, the potential for crashes to occur and the exposure of those who use the system to severe injury risk from crashes. In urban settings, it is sometimes possible to eliminate or minimize vehicular traffic on selected roads and streets but, in general, it is either impractical or undesirable to do so. By physically separating vehicles from other vehicles, and from highly vulnerable road users, we risk creating the types of cities and towns that do not support our high level aspirations of highly liveable and healthy societies, with sustainable and equitable urban transport systems. Where physical separation is not viable, it becomes necessary to manage transport system energy to ensure risk remains below the levels we set for Vision Zero outcomes – no one being killed or seriously injured. The main focus of this chapter therefore is on the means by which we can manage kinetic energy, primarily through compatible combinations of infrastructure design and speed limit setting, to protect all who use urban roads. Vehicle technology and structural design are important considerations for system performance as a whole.
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Corben, Bruce. "Urban Road Design and Keeping Down Speed." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_35-1.

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AbstractThis chapter examines the opportunities available to a range of professions that directly or indirectly influence urban settings, to achieve Vision Zero safety outcomes. Starting with how we want our urban areas to be, the chapter examines options to eliminate the systemic risk of deaths and serious injuries on urban roads from three separate but related viewpoints; managing the threats to life and health posed by the energy embedded within the road transport system, the potential for crashes to occur and the exposure of those who use the system to severe injury risk from crashes. In urban settings, it is sometimes possible to eliminate or minimize vehicular traffic on selected roads and streets but, in general, it is either impractical or undesirable to do so. By physically separating vehicles from other vehicles, and from highly vulnerable road users, we risk creating the types of cities and towns that do not support our high level aspirations of highly liveable and healthy societies, with sustainable and equitable urban transport systems. Where physical separation is not viable, it becomes necessary to manage transport system energy to ensure risk remains below the levels we set for Vision Zero outcomes – no one being killed or seriously injured. The main focus of this chapter therefore is on the means by which we can manage kinetic energy, primarily through compatible combinations of infrastructure design and speed limit setting, to protect all who use urban roads. Vehicle technology and structural design are important considerations for system performance as a whole.
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Tingvall, Claes. "Vision Zero: How It All Started." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_8-1.

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AbstractThis is a presentation of how I remember the first steps of Vision Zero, the Swedish reorientation of traffic safety policy that took place from the mid-1990s and onwards. It is not an objective text that would be impossible to write as one of the initiators of the policy change. But it brings up some of the steps of the process and presents some hypotheses on how policy change might happen.It is claimed that there was no planned process, not even an ideology or well-developed idea, behind VZ from the very beginning. But there were opportunities and events where one thing led to another. The most fundamental being the immediate acceptance from the Swedish Minister of Infrastructure back in January 1995.The most prominent ideas behind VZ are that firstly safety is a matter of how the providers of the road transport system design and build and manage the system. The second idea is that a professional provider cannot trade off the citizens’ life and health for benefits to the society and its citizens. The underlying hypothesis is that tradition and road traffic rules for the road users have been used as an excuse for not undertaking necessary system changes and modifications. The users have always been blamed for crashes and its consequences by the legal system as well as general approach from the society.The last part of the paper reflects on what is necessary to do in the future to eradicate amateurism, populism, and trade-offs from the road traffic safety field. Maybe a “duty of care” legislation needs to be introduced, protecting the citizen from poor design and operations.
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Tingvall, Claes. "Vision Zero: How It All Started." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 245–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_8.

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AbstractThis is a presentation of how I remember the first steps of Vision Zero, the Swedish reorientation of traffic safety policy that took place from the mid-1990s and onwards. It is not an objective text that would be impossible to write as one of the initiators of the policy change. But it brings up some of the steps of the process and presents some hypotheses on how policy change might happen.It is claimed that there was no planned process, not even an ideology or well-developed idea, behind VZ from the very beginning. But there were opportunities and events where one thing led to another. The most fundamental being the immediate acceptance from the Swedish Minister of Infrastructure back in January 1995.The most prominent ideas behind VZ are that firstly safety is a matter of how the providers of the road transport system design and build and manage the system. The second idea is that a professional provider cannot trade off the citizens’ life and health for benefits to the society and its citizens. The underlying hypothesis is that tradition and road traffic rules for the road users have been used as an excuse for not undertaking necessary system changes and modifications. The users have always been blamed for crashes and its consequences by the legal system as well as general approach from the society.The last part of the paper reflects on what is necessary to do in the future to eradicate amateurism, populism, and trade-offs from the road traffic safety field. Maybe a “duty of care” legislation needs to be introduced, protecting the citizen from poor design and operations.
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Compton, John W. "The Road to Armageddon." In The End of Empathy, 17–42. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190069186.003.0002.

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This chapter examines the social and theological underpinnings of the large Protestant membership groups that helped build support for major Progressive Era reforms, including child labor restrictions, maternal health programs, and prohibition. It argues that the three factors were particularly important in motivating progressive religious activism in the early twentieth century. The first was the revival of a strand of Protestant social thought that stretched back to the Puritans—a prophetic tradition built on the interconnected ideas of stewardship, providential duty, and collective accountability for sin. The second was the sect dynamic observed by the sociologist Max Weber during his early twentieth-century visit to the United States—a social dynamic that incentivized upwardly mobile citizens to seek membership in Protestant churches and membership groups while also endowing church and group leaders with considerable influence over the beliefs and behaviors of their members. The third was the rise of an ecumenical infrastructure that promoted cooperation between elite reformers and average citizens, and also between believers of different social and denominational backgrounds.
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Adjin-Tettey, Theodora Dame. "Healthcare Gets Smarter." In Advances in Medical Technologies and Clinical Practice, 39–55. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2521-0.ch003.

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There is the emerging use of smart and digital (modern) technologies, such as smart TVs, Internet of Things-connected devices, mobile devices, Big Data software and analytics in healthcare practice and administration. The deployment of such technologies is meant to provide quality, prompt, accurate, tangible information and other critical resources for patients. At a national level, drone technology is being used in African countries like Ghana and Rwanda to deliver critical medications and blood supplies to hospitals difficult to reach because of poor road infrastructure. This chapter of the book explores what technologies are being deployed at institutional levels to provide efficient medical care to patients. Fifteen maternal and neonatal health care practitioners in Accra, Ghana, were interviewed on their use of modern technologies in healthcare administration and delivery and what their challenges are. The study also explored what technologies they currently do not have that they think will be of benefit to their practice.
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Rankin, Katharine, and Edward Simpson. "Roads and the politics of thought." In Highways and Hierarchies. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463723046_ch08.

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The chapter presents the politics of thought as an analytical terrain through which to broach the themes at the heart of this volume: the inadvertent role of roads in reproducing and generating hierarchy, class inequality, and social disruption. In bringing together two major research projects led by the authors, we illustrate how roads have been engaged through critical social sciences as an epistemological as well as a material vector of change. By outlining methodological and conceptual approaches to large road and infrastructure projects in South Asia, we show how ideas build roads. The chapter draws attention to frequently overlooked aspects of road construction – such as how future environmental impacts are routinely ignored in the political processes and construction practices that constitute the making of roads.
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"A Road Map for Nursing Advocacy and Practice." In The Maternal Health Crisis in America. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/9780826140845.0009.

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Conference papers on the topic "Maternal health, road infrastructure"

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Dimter, Sanja, Martina Zagvozda, Branimir Milovanović, and Miroslav Šimun. "Usage of wood ash in stabilization of unbound pavement layers." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1016.

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Unbound base layers are an important part of the pavement, which consume a considerable amount of granular stone material. Favorable grain size distribution of materials, necessary for the construction of unbound base layers, is achieved by selecting a suitable material from nature or favorable material composition is achieved through mechanical stabilization. The basic principle of mechanical material stabilization is the addition of finer or larger granular material to the material of unfavorable, uniform granulometric composition, which is inherently unstable. In designing economical pavement structures, the availability of local materials of natural or industrial origin is of great importance. From natural local materials for the road construction in the area of Slavonia and Baranja, the Drava sand, a material of uniform granulometric composition of medium grain size D50 = 0.3 mm, is interesting and often in use. With the increasing number of biomass power plants in eastern Croatia, waste local material, wood ash, is also being created. Wood biomass ash, which is generated as a residue of biomass burning for electricity and heat production, is one of the newer and less explored alternative materials, which finds its application in construction as evidenced by the results of previous foreign studies. One possibility of using wood bio ashes in mixtures for unbound base layers is to modify / repair the granulometric composition of the base material. By combining the aforementioned local materials, that is, by designing a mixture of Drava sand and wood ash in appropriate proportions, it would be possible to obtain a mechanically stable mixture of increased load-bearing capacity for construction of unbound base layers. In this paper testing of mixtures composed from different proportions of Drava sand and wood ash for unbound base layers is described with the purpose of proving the stabilizing effect of wood ash.
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Veselý, Jakub, Petr Pánek, and Ludvík Vébr. "Thermo – mechanical model of concrete pavement in hardening phasis." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1032.

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This paper is focused on the analysis of concrete pavements using finite element method (FEM). Specifically, it deals with the analysis of temperatures in the initial phasis of hardening and their influence on mechanical behavior of concrete pavement. High temperatures from hydration and climatic conditions in the early phase of concrete hardening co-operate and may initiate the formation of a network of micro-cracks on the surface of the concrete slab. The resulting temperatures (from hydration and climate) can theoretically be positively influenced by determining the start of concreting, so that the maximum temperatures do not meet at the same time. However, from a practical point of view the use of retarders is more realistic. Another possibility is to reduce the hydration heat by changing the composition of the concrete mixture (amount of cement, type of cement, use of alternative binders). Based on the knowledge of the material composition of the concrete and the specific temperature behavior during the concrete laying, it will be possible to predict the durability of concrete pavement in the future. Using weak formulation FEM model with quadratic base functions, the 2D heat transfer model was created. Boundary conditions were determined from experimental measurement on highway D1 in the Czech Republic. When this model was fitted to experimental data, the 3D coupled thermo - mechanical model was created. Soil and concrete elastic material characteristics had been taken over from Czech technical norms. Soil was modelled as Winkler-Pasternak 2D plate. Parameters c1 a c2 were assessed from comparison with 3D model with soil modelled as multiple layer system.
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Stipanović, Irina, Meho Saša Kovačević, Sandra Škarić Palić, Mario Bačić, and Kenneth Gavin. "Implementation of structural health monitoring into life cycle management of tunnels: Case study Tunnel Brajdica." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1276.

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This paper presents a case study focused on the Brajdica railway tunnel, which carries the Zagreb-Rijeka railway line into the port of Rijeka in Croatia and thus represents a critical node on the European TEN-T network. The tunnel is undergoing a major reconstruction project to increase its capacity. As part of this work an extensive embedded monitoring system comprising inclinometers, extensometers, micrometers and survey markers were installed to monitor the tunnel response. This data is supplemented with periodical laser scanning of the tunnel interior. Measurement profiles are set along the tunnel bore and the data collected is used for the development of a tunnel performance model. Long-term monitoring data from a neighbouring road tunnel was used to develop models tho predict the long-term response of the Karst bedrock in the area. Combining these models with the settlements measured during the construction phase of the works at Brajdica railway tunnel allow prediction of settlements and the future occurrence of damage in the rail tunnel. Based on different limit states, life cycle management scenarios are developed and used for maintenance planning, with the aim to decrease short and long-term risks. This work has been performed within European H2020 SAFE-10-T project.
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Morisaki, Yuma, Makoto Fujiu, Junichi Takayama, Kiyoko Yanagihara, Tatsuya Niahino, Masahiko Sagae, and Kohei Hirako. "Evaluation of difficulty in making hospital by each transportation mode in depopulated area - Using National Health Insurance Data -." In Fifth International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2018.967.

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Dawiec, Dominika, and Grzegorz Ginda. "Low emission hell in Polish cities – how to get rid of it through technical solutions applied in single family houses?" In The 13th international scientific conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.058.

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Air in Polish cities belongs to the most polluted in Europe due to numerous causes e.g. high volume of road traffic, inefficient road infrastructure, the utilisation of environment unfriendly vehicle propulsion. However, the culmination of poor air problem noticeably occurs in winter as a result of the need for supplying buildings with a great amount of heat energy to defy influence of severe climate conditions. One of the most important causes for such situation deals with the application of solid fuel-based heat sources for heating buildings. The widespread burning of cheap coal in outdated home stoves results in producing smoke rife that includes carcinogens like dioxins and benzo(a)pyrene, as well as the small sooty particles that are strongly linked to heart disease, respiratory diseases and other sickness. Economical and social reasons make the application of such energy sources popular among single family house owners. Popularity of single family houses in Polish cities thus makes air pollution problem even more serious. Therefore, the effectiveness of selected solutions which would hopefully help to limit low pollution emission are discussed in the paper. They correspond well to current Polish government air improvement initiatives towards the improvement of air quality in Polish cities.
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Braunfelds, J., U. Senkans, P. Skels, I. Murans, J. Porins, S. Spolitis, and V. Bobrovs. "Fiber Bragg Grating Optical Sensors for Road Infrastructure Monitoring Applications." In Applied Industrial Optics: Spectroscopy, Imaging and Metrology. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/aio.2022.w1a.2.

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Application of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) optical sensors for road infrastructure allows to use the measured data for transport traffic monitoring, structural health monitoring applications, architecture’s structural integrity estimation and temperature monitoring.
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Garises, Valerie, and Jose Quenum. "The road towards big data infrastructure in the health care sector: The case of Namibia." In 2018 19th IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/melcon.2018.8379075.

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Tayyab, Saad, Arshad Hussain, Fazal Haq, and Sarfraz Ahmed. "Policy proposal to solve road traffic accidents in Pakistan." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1197.

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The road traffic accidents (RTAs) have raised concern globally and become worsen with the passage of time that expedite issues of social exclusion and public health. There are approximately 1.35 million people involved annually in road crashes and 3,700 people died on daily basis. A ratio of happening an accident has found greater in developing countries due to govern of their socio-economic factors. It would contribute in long-lasting cost of pain and sufferings at micro to macro level at large. Pakistan has been experiencing the same with an annual trend of increase in RTAs. There are many demographic factors involved particular to urbanization, and willingness to pay etc. where policies had contributed a major role. A loss of 30 thousand lives on annual basis has placed Pakistan at 67th position on global ranking of having higher percentage of RTAs. This number could expect to be doubled with the functional operation of road projects associated with China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Currently, the main challenge is to sustain the growing number of RTAs by promoting mitigation measures that aimed to move ahead on sustainable and balanced development. An adequate response to address these challenges will require best available scientific knowledge and constant re-evaluation of the developments. It will fulfil the scope of this study to identify frequent causes and propose strategies for traffic calming measures in light of those findings, and also to make ensure that it would respond to emerging needs. A comparative investigation into the literature has assisted to identify key issues for occurrence of road accident fatalities (RAFs) and severe injuries. It has highlighted and recommended those gap areas either in policy or strategy domain that need to consider in dealing with RTAs mitigation tactics (e.g., licencing system upgradation, enforcing safety laws, and etc.).
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Coiret, Alex, Martin Fontaine, Julien Cesbron, Vincent Baltazart, David Betaille, Denis Coudouel, and Etienne Léa. "Vehicle wheel load estimation with fiber optical contact patch elongation measurement." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1121.

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Load estimation of wheels, especially for heavy vehicles, is of importance for several reasons. First safety imposes to respect loading limits for a given tire, but the variety of road infrastructures or bridges passed by a vehicle are defining constraints of larger scales as structure resistance or pavement durability. Moreover, multiple-wheels load estimation may be an efficient verification mean of the loading uniformity of goods inside a heavy vehicle. All these reasons are justifying the interest for a continuous estimation of load for each wheel. In this context, this work aims at contributing to the development of an intelligent tire solution, able to estimate the loading applied on a wheel from the elongation measurement of the tire-to-road contact patch. As a first step of proof of concept, without regarding durability, this measurement has been done with a tire instrumented with a longitudinal, circumferential optical fiber. Measurement on a static test wheel has shown the relevance of the method to detect slight elongation of the contact patch, surrounded by compression of nearby tire areas. The Distributed Optic Fiber (DOF) measurement, widely used in the structural health monitoring domain (SHM), has been related to the force applied to the wheel, by a near linear relation, on the experienced domain of 70 mm to 110 mm for the contact length and 1.1 to 2.6 kN for the vertically applied force. As a result, demonstration is done that an intelligent tire could provide a relevant information on a given wheel load of a vehicle. The optimization of the experimental setup should lead to a robust system, usable continuously on heavy vehicles, to detect harmful loading displacements or to qualify adequacy between vehicle load and road infrastructure capacity.
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Grüske-Weißenbach, Nils, and Chris Fielding. "Design validation via Infrastructure Health Monitoring of the Circular bridge project." In IABSE Conference, Seoul 2020: Risk Intelligence of Infrastructures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/seoul.2020.358.

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<p>As part of the Dutch Government's plan to implement schemes to make bridges re-usable, we are presenting a completed Rijkswaterstaat (Road Authority of the Netherlands) pilot project. The ambitious plan to become "circular" (i.e. re-usable) by 2030 requires to rethink the traditional construction process from the ground up. That means that the conventional way in which bridges are commissioned and build, is no longer applicable. The lifecycle process from design stage to execution and demolition needs to change.</p><p>The Circular bridge pilot project demonstrates how bridge engineers designed the structure that utilizing standardized pre-cast concrete segments for a 200-year lifespan. These elements are assembled akin to Lego pieces and post-tensioned (PT) in the longitudinal and transversal directions. When the initial in-place service life of the bridge is reached (say 40 years), these blocks can be de-installed and re-assembled at a different location, hence the term circular.</p><p>In order to confirm the design principles and overcome the requirement that the post-tensioning always needs to be bonded within the structure it was necessary to monitor the performance of the bridge during the execution phase. This, in EC terms, is referred to as "design-by-testing". To validate the design, a multi-component Infrastructure Health Monitoring (IHM) system was deployed. The IHM system consisted of camera control of traffic flows (CCTV) measuring vehicle counts, speeds and directions and featured the following sensing instrumentation: temperatures, bridge deflections, bird-gapping between the blocks and force monitoring. As part of the IHM system, alerts and alarms were programmed to be sent to engineers in case measurements exceeded pre-defined thresholds.</p>
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Reports on the topic "Maternal health, road infrastructure"

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Maheshwari, Sunil, Rajesh Chandwani, Mohammad Zoheb, Sungsup Ra, Sonalini Khetrapal, Rajesh Bhatia, Amar Nawkar, and Tikesh Bisen. Public–Private Partnership for Strengthening Urban Health in Nagpur: The Model Urban Primary Health Center Project. Asian Development Bank, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220064-2.

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This paper presents an innovative public–private partnership to revive the urban primary health center (UPHC) system of Nagpur City in Maharashtra State, India. From the baseline assessment, the partnership between the Nagpur Municipal Corporation (NMC) and Tata Trusts identified that the low utilization of UPHCs was due to inadequate infrastructure of the health centers, fewer working hours, inadequately trained human resources, and availability of staff only for a short time. A road map consisting of three phases was jointly prepared by NMC and Tata Trusts to improve the quality of service in 26 UPHCs, of which phase 3 is currently underway.
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An assessment of clinic based family planning services in Kenya: Results from the 1995 situation analysis study. Population Council, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1997.1014.

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This study’s objective was to assist the Kenya Ministry of Health (MOH), the National Council for Population and Development (NCPD), NGOs, and donor agencies in planning the expansion and improvement of family planning (FP) and other reproductive health (RH) services provided in Kenya. Data on the functioning of program subsystems and the quality of care provided were collected in May 1995 from 254 maternal and child health/family planning (MCH/FP) facilities throughout the country using a situation analysis approach. The study sample included a representative sample of facilities from the MOH and NGO sectors. It also included a census of all facilities operated by the Nairobi City Council so that comparisons could be made with the situation analysis study undertaken in 1991. Data were collected through an inventory of facility infrastructure and equipment, staff interviews, observations of FP client-provider consultations, and exit interviews with FP and MCH staff. This is the second time that a national situation analysis study was undertaken in Kenya, and a comparison was made with the results from the first study, which was undertaken in 1989.
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