Academic literature on the topic 'Maternal body odor'

The aim of the present study was to test whether breathing pattern conditioning may occur just after birth. We hypothesized that sensory stimuli signaling the resumption of maternal care after separation may trigger an arousal and/or orienting response accompanied with concomitant respiratory changes. We performed a conditioning experiment in 2-day-old mice by using an odor (lemon) as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and maternal care after 1 h without the mother as the unconditioned stimulus (US). Each pup underwent two acquisition trials, in which the CS was presented immediately before (experimental paired group, n = 30) or 30 min before (control unpaired group, n = 30) contact with the mother. Conditioning was tested by using noninvasive whole body plethysmography to measure the respiratory response to the CS for 1 min. We found significantly stronger respiratory responses to the CS in the experimental group than in the control group. In contrast, somatomotor activity did not differ significantly between groups. Our results confirm the sensitivity of breathing to conditioning and indirectly support the hypothesis that learned feedforward processes may complement feedback pathways during postnatal maturation of respiratory control.

Conditions during information encoding and retrieval are known to influence the sensory material stored and its recapitulation. However, little is known about such processes in olfaction. Here, we capitalized on the uniqueness of body odors (BOs) which, similar to fingerprints, allow for the identification of a specific person, by associating their presentation to a negative or a neutral emotional context. One hundred twenty-five receivers (68 F) were exposed to a male BO while watching either criminal or neutral videos (encoding phase) and were subsequently asked to recognize the target BO within either a congruent or an incongruent visual context (retrieval phase). The results showed that criminal videos were rated as more vivid, unpleasant, and arousing than neutral videos both at encoding and retrieval. Moreover, in terms of BO ratings, we found that odor intensity and arousal allow to distinguish the target from the foils when congruent criminal information is presented at encoding and retrieval. Finally, the accuracy performance was not significantly different from chance level for either condition. These findings provide insights on how olfactory memories are processed in emotional situations.

Body odours and their importance for human chemical communication, e.g., in the mother–child relationship, are an increasing focus of recent research. Precise examination of sampling methods considering physiology and feasibility aspects in order to obtain robust and informative odour samples is therefore necessary. Studies comparing body odour sampling at different body sites are still pending. Therefore, we sampled axilla, breast, and head odour from 28 mother–infant dyads and examined whether odour perception differs with regard to the body site. The participating mothers were asked to evaluate their own and their infant’s body odour samples, as well as odours of two unfamiliar mother–infant dyads. We tested whether maternal pleasantness and intensity evaluation, as well as recognition ability of the odours differed between the body sites. In infants, the head odour exhibited slightly lower pleasantness ratings than axilla and breast, and intensity ratings did not differ between body sites. In mothers, body site affected intensity ratings but not pleasantness ratings, as the breast odour was rated as less intense compared with head and axilla. Across all body sites, mothers rated the own and their infant’s odour as less intense when compared with unfamiliar samples. Recognition ability did not differ between body sites, and in line with previous studies, mothers were able to recognize their own and their own infant’s odour above chance. In sum, our study extends the previous methodological repertoire of body odour sampling and indicates that the axilla, breast, and head of adults as well as infants serve as informative odour sources.

This study aims to provide an overview of the productivity of PE goats and Boer goats as material for determining policies and programs for goat development in Indonesia. This research was conducted on November 29, 2021-December 29, 2021 at ASP Farm, Karangploso District, Malang. The material used was body size and semen macroscopic data from 10 PE goats and 10 Boer goats. The tools used are Artificial Vagina (AV), scale tube, pH meter, meter, measuring range and measuring stick. The research method uses a qualitative descriptive method. The results of the study observing the body size of PE goats were very significantly different from Boer goats (P<0.01). The average body length, chest circumference and shoulder height of PE goats were 88.4 cm, respectively; 92.1 cm; 90.2 cm and the male Boer goat is 76.7 cm; 87.2 cm; 79.3 cm. For the results of the macroscopic analysis of semen there was no significant difference except for the volume. For PE goats the average value of semen volume = 1.16 ml; color= 2,20; odor= 3.0; consistency = 2.40; and pH = 6.80. while the average volume of Boer goat semen = 0.96 ml; color= 2.60; odor= 3.0; consistency = 2.80; and pH= 7.0. The conclusion of this study is that PE goats are better than Boer in terms of body size and semen macroscopically.

Abstract A new approach to odor and pH control in medical and hygiene care applications relies on a treatment of absorbent fluff with selected enzyme inhibitors. Cellulose fiber was found to be a convenient carrier for some chemicals which modify the structure of an enzyme and/or block its active site. In an absorbent system exposed for example to body liquids containing urea, selected substances, when released from the fibrous material, can effectively slow down enzymatic hydrolysis of NH2CONH2 and suppress the emission of ammonia. An additional benefit of this technology is in this case a control of the pH of the skin environment and keeping it closer to neutral or slightly acid region. A slowdown of the ammonia emission can be enhanced by blending sodium polyacrylate-based superabsorbent polymer (SAP) particles with the modified cellulose fibers. Suitable inhibitors of urease can also be applied directly to absorbent nonwoven fabrics comprising fluff.

Although polyester is well known for smelling strongly after wear, little is known about the propensity of nylon to retain and emit body odor. In this study, we investigated whether odor intensity differed between nylon and polyester fabrics. A secondary aim was to compare odor on fabrics frozen prior to sensory assessment with fabrics stored at room temperature. Eight participants wore T-shirts with fabrics in the underarm. Odor intensity was rated by 13 assessors. Odor reduction rate (ORR) was measured using ISO 17299-3. Overall, no differences were found in odor intensity between nylon and polyester. Any differences found between the two fabrics were likely dependent on the individual who wore the fabric. The ORR was higher for nylon than polyester, indicating that nylon absorbed more odorants. There was some evidence to suggest that odor intensity could increase on nylon fabrics stored at room temperature, but this was less apparent for polyester.

Topicality: Odors affect the vital body functions, the general psychophysiological state. The sense of smell plays an important role in regulating human behavior. For example, the olfactory impulse reaches the brain faster than the impulse of pain, and therefore very effectively regulates us, regardless of awareness. Odors can change the work of various body systems: they affect the rhythm of our breathing, the excitability of muscles, the work of the brain and the entire nervous system. The sense of smell affects the limbic system, the part of the brain that controls hunger, feelings of aggression, sexual emotions and other "animal" feelings of a person. OD violates the informational and controlling roles of odorous substances (attractants, repellents, pheromones), therefore disorganizing the performance of nutritional, sexual, protective, orientation functions. For people of some specialties (taster, perfumer, cook), the decrease in the sense of smell can mean job loss and social maladaptation. Complaints about problems with taste perception more often reflect violations of the sense of smell, since the taste of a number of foods (chocolate, coffee, vanilla, strawberries, etc.) in reality depends on the stimulation of the sense of smell by volatile components that enter the nasopharynx when swallowing. Aim: To offer an otorhinolaryngologist guidance in the information stream regarding the problem of olfactory dysfunction, its prevalence, diagnosis and treatment. Materials and methods: The Sniffin’ Sticks test (CST) has been certified in the EU since 1995, and is used in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Italy. Odors are offered in the form of markers, in which the odorous substance takes the place of the coloring one. There is a version with 16 odors from the extended test [extendid] or with 12 odors [screening]. The test is well validated, can, unlike CCSIT, be used repeatedly, the shelf life is 0.5-1 year, depending on the intensity of application. The test can be used by patients independently. The study consists of 3 stages: threshold test (THR) – determination of the minimum odor concentration that the patient feels; discrimination test (D) is aimed at identifying the patient's ability to distinguish odors; identification test (I) for odor recognition. "University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test" (UPSIT) – the test is used exclusively to identify 40 odors (some of them are little known outside of North America). Odorous substances are microcapsulated on paper in the form of a rectangle and are released as a result of friction when held over it with a simple pencil. The patient is given 4 possible answers. Normally, a healthy man correctly identifies 34-40 odors, a healthy woman – 35-40. If the subject scores 18 or less, it is considered that he has a complete loss of sense of smell. The test system is a single-use and expensive. Digital volumetric tomography (CT). The visualization of the olfactory cleft, the upper nasal concha, and the configuration of the olfactory groove (OJ) turned out to be informative. Results and discussions: The review discusses the unique properties of OE and the potential use of olfactory epithelial grafts to restore olfactory function. Permanent population of multipotent stem cells proliferating throughout the life of the organism is located in the mammal OE. The cells formed during division go through several stages of differentiation and replace the dying olfactory receptor neurons. Neural stem cells were isolated from the olfactory region of the mucous membrane of humans, rats and mice. It is this population of neural stem cells that is being investigated as an autologous material for transplantation and the future use of olfactory transplants as a potential method of restoring the sense of smell. OE survives when transplanted to various areas of the brain, can be grafted directly to OL. Conclusions: A new direction in the treatment of OD is associated with cell therapy technologies, for example, using platelet-rich plasma (PRP), plasma in which the concentration of platelets is several times higher than normal. The term PRP is legitimate at a concentration of 700 thousand to 1 million platelets in 1 ml of plasma (the physiological plasma concentration of platelets is (180-360) x109 per liter). PRP is used to accelerate tissue regeneration, reduce scarring, stimulate angiogenesis, as well as a local antiseptic. The spectrum of pharmacological action of PRP is determined by growth factors: platelet growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor (TGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epithelial growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF). The active secretion of these growth factors by platelets begins within 10 minutes after activation (activation can be stimulated by almost any environmental disturbance, up to a simple mechanical stress), while more than 95% of the previously synthesized growth factors are secreted within 1 hour.

Cette thèse examine comment le principe de l'efficience inverse peut être appliqué à l'interaction olfacto-visuelle sur le développement du nourrisson en utilisant une stimulation périodique visuelle rapide (FPVS) avec une approche de marquage fréquentiel en électroencéphalographie (EEG). En particulier, nous avons essayé de confirmer ce principe en nous basant sur le développement de la vision pendant la première année de la vie (étude 1) et une demande visuelle différente à un âge donné (études 2 et 3) car il a été montré que la perception visuelle du nourrisson peut être facilitée par la réception de signaux olfactifs.Nous avons observé qu'un effet de facilitation de l'odeur maternelle sur la catégorisation des visages diminue progressivement avec la maturation du système visuel entre 4 et 12 mois (étude 1), montrant un compromis développemental entre la vision et l'olfaction. Cela suggère que la force de l’effet de l’odeur est liée à celle de la réponse aux visages, ici à partir de stimuli visuels complexes. Ainsi, dans l'étude 2 manipulant la demande visuelle (en simplifiant les stimuli) chez des nourrissons de 4 mois, nous avons trouvé une réponse sélective aux visages plus forte dans ce cas associé à une réduction de l'effet de l’odeur. Enfin, tenant compte de la catégorisation des visages plus efficace dans le cerveau des enfants de 12 mois en raison du développement visuel, dans l’étude 3 nous avons au contraire augmenté la demande visuelle en accélérant la vitesse de présentation des images. Cette fois, une réponse sélective des visages plus faible a été observée, mais l'effet d'odeur n'a pas augmenté, mais plutôt réduit, la réponse, suggérant une surcharge sensorielle.Dans l'ensemble, ce travail de thèse démontre pour la première fois l'application du principe d'efficience inverse à l'olfaction au cours du développement sensoriel. La réponse sélective au visage plus forte (en raison du niveau de maturation suffisant de la vision ou de la diminution de la demande visuelle) conduit à l'interaction olfactive-visuelle la plus faible (c'est-à-dire la facilitation intersensorielle), cependant la faible réponse sélective des visages n'est pas toujours liée à un plus fort effet de l'odeur: seulement quand le système visuel n'est pas suffisamment développé au début de la vie
This thesis examines how the inverse effectiveness principle can be applied to the olfactory-to-visual interaction during infant development using fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS) with a frequency-tagging approach in scalp electroencephalography (EEG). In particular, we have tried to confirm this principle based on the developmental improvement of vision (Study 1) and different visual demand at a given age (Study 2 and 3) as it was shown that infant visual perception can be facilitated by the reception of odor cues.We observed that a facilitation effect of maternal body odor on rapid face categorization gradually declines with the progressive maturation of the visual system from 4 to 12 months (Study 1), showing a developmental trade-off between vision and olfaction. This suggests that the strength of the odor effect is linked to the strength of the face-selective response, elicited here using quite complex naturalistic stimuli. Thus, in Study 2, we manipulated visual demand (i.e., simplifying the stimuli) in 4 month-old infants and found a stronger face-selective response in the less demanding categorization that led to the suppression of the odor effect. Taking in account the effective face categorization in 12-month-old brain linked with visual development, in Study 3, we instead increased visual demand by doubling the image presentation rate. As expected, a weaker face-selective response was measured, however the odor effect did not increase but rather reduced the response, suggesting a sensory overload.Overall, this dissertation demonstrates for the first time the application of the inverse effectiveness principle to olfaction during perceptual development, through Study 1 and 2. The stronger face-selective response (due to the sufficient maturation level of vision or decreased visual demand) leads to the weakest olfactory-to visual interaction (i.e. intersensory facilitation), however the low face-selective response not always links to the enhanced odor effect: only when visual system is not enough developed in the early infancy

Le stress prénatal est un sujet d'intérêt éthologique croissant en raison de ses effets sur la santé humaine et le bien-être des animaux. Cette thése de doctorat s’intéresse à la seiche Sepia officinalis, un modèle pratique dans lequel la progéniture en développement peut être séparée de leurs mères pour examiner diverses sources potentielles de stress en isolement expérimental. Plusieurs catégories de facteurs de stress ont été appliquées aux embryons et aux juvéniles et la progéniture résultante a été testée dans une série d'épreuves physiologiques et comportementales. L'objectif était de déterminer si différents types de stress prénatal affectent la seiche et, dans l'affirmative, comment ces effets se transmettent. Les données présentées démontrent que les stresseurs appliqués aux femelles reproductrices (stress maternel), ainsi que les stresseurs appliqués directement aux embryons (stress embryonnaire), affectent le comportement postnatal (y compris la structuration corporelle, la latéralisation cérébrale, la prédation et les schémas d'activité) la mémoire et / ou la neurobiologie (y compris les concentrations et le renouvellement de la monoamine, la taille des différents lobes cérébraux et la division cellulaire). Les résultats mettent en évidence la présence de trois voies par lesquelles le stress peut exercer des effets: sur le nombre de descendants produits par la femelle, la transmission de la femelle à sa progéniture et directement sur la progéniture elle-même. Les expériences ont également démontré qu'un facteur de stress complètement artificiel (lumière forte) affectait un éventail plus large de comportements chez la progéniture qu’un stress naturel (odeur de prédateur). Enfin, les données ont montré que l'environnement d'incubation et d’élevage peuvent également affecter la progéniture et méritent donc une attention particulière dans la formulation et l'interprétation des expériences avec cette espèce. Ces découvertes informent à la fois les pratiques de bien-être des seiches et d'autres céphalopodes (par exemple, réduisent la manipulation pour maximiser la reproduction) et élucident et renforcent les principes éthologiques qui s'appliquent au stress animal en général (par exemple la transmission des effets de stress de la mère à la progéniture). Compte tenu des informations fournies ici et dans de nombreuses autres études, la seiche et d'autres céphalopodes devraient continuer à servir de modèles comportementaux en éthologie et en biologie en général
Prenatal stress is a subject of growing ethological interest due to its effects on human health and animal welfare. This Ph.D. thesis utilizes the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, a convenient model in which developing offspring can be separated from their mothers to examine various potential sources of stress in experimental isolation. Several categories of stressors were applied to cuttlefish and cuttlefish eggs and the resulting offspring were tested in a range of physiological and behavioral tests. The goal was to determine if various types of prenatal stress affect cuttlefish, and if so, how these effects are transmitted. The data presented demonstrate that both stressors applied to reproducing females (maternal stress), as well as stressors applied directly to embryos (embryonic stress), affected post-natal behavior (including body patterning, brain lateralization, predation and activity patterns), learning, memory and/or neurobiology (including monoamine concentrations and turnover, the size of various brain lobes and cell division). The results highlight the presence of three pathways by which stress can exert effects: on the number of offspring produced by the female, transmission from the female to her offspring and directly on the offspring themselves. The experiments also demonstrated that a completely artificial stressor (bright light) affected a wider range of behaviors in offspring than a natural-occurring one (predator odor). Finally, the data showed that incubation and spawning environment can also affect offspring, and thus deserve attention in the formulation and interpretation of experiments with this species. These findings inform both welfare practices for cuttlefish and other cephalopods (e.g. reduce handling to maximize reproduction) as well as elucidating and reinforcing ethological principles that apply to animal stress in general (e.g. the transmission of stress effects from mother to offspring). Given the insight provided here and in numerous other studies, cuttlefish and other cephalopods should continue to serve as behavioral models in ethology and biology in general

The master´s thesis deals with verification of thermal insulating property of thermoreflection foil insulations. The teoretical part of thesis focuses on the energy demand of buildings, the problems of heat transfer material, terms required for study of thermoreflection thermal insulation and experimental methods for determination of thermal insulating properties of insulators. In the next part the chapter is accompanied by an overview of the most common insulation materials which used in construction. The last part of teoretical part is devoted to the description of thermoreflect formation and analysis of the spread of thermal insulating layers of thermoreflection thermal insulation. The first part of thesis is devoted to the use of thermoreflection therm insulation in buildings. The second part of thesis is devoted to the design, assembly and calibration of the measuring device that uses a method of protected warm chamber. It is declared as a binding method of detection of the heat transfer performance of thermoreflection thermal insulation. The developed measuring device allows detection of endpoints in some direction of propagation of heat. Measurment of heat transfer coefficient devoted the third part of practical part. This part contains a description of the samples used for the measurement of the heat transfer coefficient. In the fourth chapter of the practical part are presented the results of the heat transfer coefficient measurments on selected samples of thermoreflection foil insulation. It is shown the characteristic of heat transfer coefficient of individual samples, the dependence of the heat transfer coefficient on the position of the sample in the measuring device and the recommendation of an appropriate use of sample in the works for the climatic conditions of the Czech republic. The work concludes the chapter of comparing and evaluating of all samples with practical recommendations.

Chapter 1 considers how detective fiction has interacted with the history of differential deodorization. Whereas nineteenth-century texts tend to frame the hyperosmic detective as an agent of deodorization who seeks out and expunges deviant odors, the author argues that the form has also developed accounts of “environmental detection” wherein the detective’s body and mind become exposed and transformed through the very process of sniffing out crime. In the cases of black detective fiction, hard-boiled crime fiction, and narratives of multiple chemical sensitivity that mobilize detective tropes, smells are no longer just clues to be read but material agents of violence.

With the acceleration of urbanization and the increase of pollutant discharges in China, the pollution load of water body in many cities have exceeded the natural self-purification capacity of water bodies, resulting in the deterioration of water quality, or even the occurrence of black and odorous water bodies. The urban black and odorous water bodies, as current water environment issue in China, have aroused a strong public concern. In this paper, the origin and pollution source of black odor in water are analyzed from the aspects of point source, non-point source, endogenous and hydrodynamic conditions. Subsequently, the TiO2/g-C3N5 composite photocatalytic material was prepared by hydrothermal method and high temperature calcination method. The results showed that the degradation rate of methylene blue (MB) reached 91.5% and the degradation rate of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) reached 92.4% in 105 min. The high degradation rate can be attributed to the effective combination of the introduced TiO2 and g-C3N5 to form a heterojunction, with the excellent visible light response characteristics of g-C3N5, the photocatalytic performance is significantly improved.

One of the most important issues in recent times is the remediation of wastewater discharged from different industries. Several of the growing economies have been investing heavily to reduce the discharged waste content for economic and environmental sustainability. The wastewater when discharged into natural water bodies harms the flora and fauna of the surrounding environment, which in turn disrupts the ecosystem and affects the food chain. It also increases and possesses a variety of health risks to human beings. To eliminate the potential threats, a critical analysis of the past research and upcoming remediation technologies is necessary. Over the years, a lot of advancements have been made to curb the disruption of the natural ecology from effluent discharges by different industries like the leather industry wastewater, Rice mill wastewater, pharmaceutical industry wastewater and Coke Oven wastewater. The common characterization techniques that are employed in all of them are to measure the COD and BOD levels, pH, odor, TSS, organic and inorganic materials. Subsequently, the common technologies that are in use to treat these wastewaters are mainly physicochemical treatments like adsorption, electro-coagulation/flocculation, nanofiltration, Fenton’s oxidation or biological treatments like aerobic/anaerobic microbial degradation. An important requirement is to understand the situation currently prevalent in wastewater treatment to develop better and advanced methods for increased efficiency and waste removal. The aim of this chapter is to give a detailed account on the composition, characterization, and treatment strategies of the discharged effluent to enhance the knowledge of available resources and instigate ideas of future improvements.