Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Matériaux – Innovation'
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Layeb, Mohamed Salah. "Matériaux locaux et innovation dans les métiers d'art-isanat en Tunisie." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H317.
Full textThe present thesis, relating to local materials and innovation in the craft trades of “art-isanat”in Tunisia, aims, initially, at studying the definitional ambiguities related to craft trades with all their variations in the Tunisian socio-economic and cultural context. These trades will becompared with those of France, Tunisia's partner country, to draw points of similarities and differences to highlight the main drivers of expansion. In a second stage, our research isaimed at drawing up an assessment of the knowledge of local materials distributed byTunisian regions. Artisanal pottery/ceramics and jewellery were the two major niches of ourset of studies. Local clays and pigments from Tunisia used or not by craftsmen in tradesrelated to artisanal pottery have been scientific characterization (mineralogical, chemical and geotechnical), carried out in specialized laboratories. This has allowed us to improve the composition of the clay pastes and discover authentic natural colors that could be a vector ofinnovation. Other local materials, such as bi-pyramid smoked quartz for jewelers, can constitute a valid and important niche for the promotion of crafts in Tunisia. This research isessentially based on scientific analyses and epistemological reflections and is mainly part of the design research
Bergeret, Lorraine. "Innovation et design : contribution de la conception à l'expansion de l'identité des matériaux." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00692112.
Full textBietti, Federico U. "Des matériaux à l’épreuve. Enquête sur le Laboratoire de Mécanique et Technologie del’ENS Paris-Saclay et l’industrie aéronautique française." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLN050.
Full textBased on the integration of a Laboratory of Mechanics and Technology (LMT-Cachan) in the industrial process, this thesis studies the science-industry relations on the field of computational mechanics oriented to the aeronautical applications. LMT-Cachan research projects find their roots in industrial challenges. Such projects introduce new forms of science-industry integration, breaking the linear model of "scientific discovery-industrialization". Through an ethnographical approach, we conducted semi-structured interviews with the members of the laboratory and their industrial partners in the aeronautical sector. We also observed collaborative project meetings and stayed in the laboratory for an entirely academic year. Our work begins with the question about the history of the laboratory within the ENS de Cachan. Since its foundation, the ENS of Cachan has mainly been a training school for teachers of technical subjects. Thus, the introduction of research in engineering sciences by Jean Lemaître and Pierre Ladevèze marked a new direction for this institution. Then we study the cooperation between companies and the laboratory to better understand the dynamics of the exploration of new engineering methods and their industrial exploitation. Scientific work in the context of a highlyregulated industry is a central aspect of this Thesis. We also wonder about the impact of the laboratory in the certification process of aeronautical structures made of a material called composite. It is a very important material for the industry (because of its mechanical proprieties compared with other materials, especially metals) and for the laboratory. The concurrence of industrial and research interests enable the creation of a zone of cooperation between the two worlds. Finally, we have observed that the development of computer science hasfacilitated the knowledge production about these materials but has also transformed mechanics as a discipline. The mastery of computational mechanics gave rise to a sort of culture, with its own language and objects. This culture of computational mechanics is also characterized by the emergence of a new type of agent, thecode-maker. This social actor presents the particularity of master both informatics and engineering sciences
Desbordes, Michel. "Diffusion des matériaux, changement technologique et innovation : analyse et étude de cas dans l'industrie du sport instrumenté." Strasbourg 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR1EC06.
Full textThe diffusion of materials is the keystone of the technological system on which the instrumented sports industry relies (skiing, cycling, sailing). Materials allow improvements of existing products as well as they create new sports activities. The author first appeals to varied theoretical fields in order to define more precisely the concept of diffusion (industrial economics, management science, marketing, sociology, ethnology of things). He then points out the specificities and constraints inherent in the sports industry : as the latter proves complex, a sophisticated methodology is required. Considering three levels in his analysis (the demand the industrial sector, the organization), the author carries out three empirical researches (survey by sportsmen and women, sector analysis and case studies) these investigations allow him to precise the theoretical concept of innovation diffusion, as well as to bring parts of an answer to the managers in the sports industry (especially in the fields of marketing, research and development or strategy)
Le, Gall Nicolas. "Etude et optimisation de composants radiofréquences à base de matériaux à changement de phase." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Limoges, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LIMO0096.
Full textRadiofrequency devices are essential components in innovative telecommunication technologies. For example, RF switches allow electric signals to pass through different parts of a circuit. Different technologies of RF switches exist, like transistors, electromechanical relays or RF MEMS. The main benefit of the implementation of phase change materials is the development of miniaturized, bi-stable, low-loss components. These materials have recently been integrated in High Frequency circuits and have to be well studied and understood. This thesis also presents optimization and development of new devices, like reconfigurable capacitors. This thesis presents investigation and optimization of radiofrequency devices based on phase-change materials. First, RF switches based on phase-change materials are presented and compared to existing technologies. Then, fabrication process and switches geometry are optimized, before presenting reconfigurable capacitors. Those capacitors have been developed from RF switches. Eventually, first results on reliability are presented
Bah, Mamadou. "Fonctions du brevet et stratégies d’agents : matériaux pour une économie des systèmes sectoriels de brevets." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO22012.
Full textIn a context of knowledge economy, patents are used in different ways by the government and inventors the incentive for innovation, protection and dissemination of knowledge. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the patent system. To do this, we propose a new approach to the patent which takes into account sectoral specificities. We thus call this approach, sectoral system of patents. Starting from the standard analysis, based on the principle of "one size fits for all", we develop an analytical framework that takes into account the nature of knowledge to protect. The process of learning, knowledge base, technological opportunities, the specificity of knowledge and general conditions of appropriability, are the base of the model. They allow to classify the technologies into two types : complex technologies and discrete technologies. In this classification, we deduce strategies and sectoral uses of patents. We show that in discrete technologies, like the pharmaceutical industry and biotechnologies, patents effectively protect inventors and the dominants types of patent strategies are fencing and evergreening. While for complex technologies, electronics and software, the patent is considered inefficient. Thus, it is supplemented by other means of protection such as technological complexity, technological advance, the secret, copyright, to fight against copying the invention around. The patent strategies reveal phenomena such patent thicket, bulks
Yousnadj, Djamel. "Formalisation d'un modèle pour améliorer la durabilité d'un portefeuille de packagings de luxe et l'innovation : Dimensions Structurante et Structurelle." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENAM0036.
Full textThis research is about the improvement of product portfolio sustainability performance and innovation. It’s about a research-action accomplished at CHANEL Parfum Beauté. Our actions were conducted in the “packaging purchase, development and innovation” department. The research deals with the integration of eco-design in the new product development, the innovation via the use of eco-materials, the integration of social and environmental criteria in purchasing activities and also strategic and managerial issues for satisfying stakeholders, for setting objectives, for monitoring performance and developing competences. We propose a model that takes into account simultaneously structuring and structural dimensions to have a global approach for the improvement. The structuring dimension includes all processes that determine objectives, criteria and the sustainability performance and innovation of the product portfolio. These processes insure continuous improvement and learning. The structural dimension is related to the resources including actors, methods, tools and information technologies. This structuring and structural model was completed and discussed through four experimentations. Three complementary propositions have been formalized to make the model operational and include: detailed description of the main structural resources, a progressive implementation scenario that links objectives to the available resources, and a global process for improvement. The uniqueness of this research comes from the global vision of the product portfolio improvement in the simultaneous investigation in both structuring and structural dimensions and finally, its focus on luxury packaging
Essid, Safa. "Sandwiches à fibres de lin et anas de lin : optimisation structure-imprégnation-propriétés." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMLH05.
Full textFor different reasons including ecological ones, the weight reduction of structures and valorization of lignocellulosic biomass are considered as possible solutions towards ustainable innovation. In this context, the work of this thesis focuses on the manufacturing and optimization of sandwich structures with skins reinforced with flax fibers with mechanical, economic and environmental goals. A flax plant by-product called flax shives is valued by the development of agglomerated panels. These panels will serve as a core for the sandwich structures. To reach the optimization stage, experimental characterizations of the matrix and core materials are carried out first. Subsequently, joint work between the production processes and the desired properties of sandwich structures is undertaken. All the characteristics determined are compared with those of a non-bio-sourced reference material. Finally, analytical, graphic and numerical approaches are developed in order to answer the main question related to the optimization of the design of flax based sandwich structures with imposed rigidity and resistance to rupture. This optimization procedure should systematically control the desired characteristics of flax sandwiches
Larrue, Chloé. "Formulations réactives d'élastomères thermoplastiques pour l'amélioration de leur déformation rémanente après compression." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE1324.
Full textThe objective of this thesis work is to develop a new material for sealing applications in the automotive industry. For this, it must have both good elastic recovery properties in compression (compression set experiment) and good processability, allowing recycling. To achieve this goal, different crosslinking pathways have been studied. We started by studying an ionic crosslinking, and its combination with a free radical crosslinking on an EPDM-g-AM. This system was subsequently applied to more complex blends, based on an industrial formulation. Secondly, we studied the crosslinking by alkoxysilane way (based on the hydrolysis/condensation reactions of alkoxysilane) on a SEBS/SBS blend. Once again, this type of crosslinking was coupled with radical crosslinking. The results being promising, we finally transposed these results on a larger scale by studying this type of formulations in twin screw extruder
Laouini, Mariem. "Conception, simulation et mesures de différents circuits reconfigurables utilisant des commutateurs MEMS RF et des commutateurs à matériaux à changement de phase (PCM)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Limoges, 2023. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/15037a69-5484-4258-a2c0-9a2beb9183c1/blobholder:0/2023LIMO0020.pdf.
Full textThis manuscript represents the thesis work that mainly deals with the design of RF MEMS switches for reconfigurable circuits. A solution that solves the problem of trapping phenomenon in the dielectric of the switch has been proposed using Ta/Ta2O5 dielectric. This RF MEMS switch, operating at a frequency of 20 GHz, has showed reliable operation without the occurrence of the dielectric-trapping phenomenon. It also gave a high capacitance value of 350 fF and a high capacitive contrast of seven. These components are then integrated into the design of a reflective type phase shifter using the Lange hybrid coupler. The phase shifter guaranteed a 180° phase shift, low insertion losses as well as good isolation below -23 dB.Other RF MEMS switches, using Au/SiN actuation electrode, are used in the design of a 2-bit and a 3-bit phase shifter. The 2-bit phase shifter demonstrated the ability to have a smooth phase shift of 0°, 96° and 186° with an approximate step size of 90°. The PCM phase change materials switches, designed in our XLIM laboratory, were also tested for the design of a phase shifter. The conceived circuit was able to reach the 180° phase shift with, however, high insertion losses. In the last project, we detailed a design of an LC reconfigurable impedance tuner. This impedance adapter is tested on the WolfSpeed CGH40010F transistor and demonstrated a good matching at the output of the transistor at 5 GH. The design of the tuner and its integration into a PCB card on a FR4 substrate are still, however, a matter of concern
Sallé-Hoyet, Nadia. "Conception de la matérialisation en architecture : l'expérimentation comme facteur d'innovation industrielle." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL092N/document.
Full textThis thesis questions the architectural process about its interrelation with building materials and techniques. An analysis of the corpus of the thesis based on interviews of architects and industry specialists is made throught the different steps where the 'embodiment' of the work takes place: design, experiments, protocol and prototype set up. To be able to compare them with innovative processes coming from the industry, we used their modelization. Design activities are then represented by the possibilities they offer to interrelate the four cognitive spaces that t he project deals with: problems, concepts, representations and knowledge. Two main action systems emerged from case studies and have to be linked: one heading the architectural project development and one organizing innovation in manufacturing industries
Henriques, da Silva Darly. "Nouveaux matériaux et mutations industrielles." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010077.
Full textNew materials technology represents a very complex field extending to social, economical and political aspects. In that study we have focused on technical-economical considerations, although social regards have been not neglected. We emphasize the importance taken by new materials technology on some current transformations arising on the industrial system of developed countries. They have been restructured to take further advantage from new techniques, especially regarding applications of new materials, and to be well adapted to a work organisation, with some consequences on developing countries, producers and transformers of mineral raw materials
Mazzoli, Cecilia. "Sistemi tecnologici innovativi di involucro per il recupero del patrimonio edilizio recente : l’edilizia scolastica nel comune di Bologna." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PEST1082/document.
Full textThe research is aimed at presenting a new integrated approach to aid operators and designers to manage the design process as a whole in refurbishment interventions of recent existing building stock, through the use of innovative technological envelope solutions. The study requires the acquisition of a selection of typological and constructive envelope solutions, as a starting point for the development of design solutions to be used for architectural renovation of schools built after the Second World War, in reinforced concrete and mostly prefabricated. The project identifies sustainable construction processes for the design of “active”, adaptive, efficient and dry assembled envelope components, in accordance with the performance requirements prescribed by current regulations. The purpose of the research is to manage the whole design process with the support of geometrical survey, connected to parametric programming software for modelling surfaces which can be adapted to the morphology of existing buildings. These computerized CAD-CAM tools are connected to CNC machines for “customized” industrialized production. To illustrate this innovative approach, two envelope solutions are proposed, according to the research paradigms and the principles of sustainability, meant as modularity, speed of setup, reversibility, recycling and reuse of materials with low environmental impact. In particular, the innovative solutions have in common the application of a technique based on the assembly of prefabricated components, the adoption of hexagonal patterns for the tessellation of the new surface of the façade, and the use of the same plastic and inorganic, recycled and sustainable, thermal insulation material (AAM-Alkali Activated Materials).The design solutions proposed are developed at the two sites involved in the joint
Valentin, Dijksman Laurence. "Matériaux nouveaux et théorie de l'innovation : une approche en termes de réseaux de projet." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010069.
Full textPresently, the theory of innovation does not include the new technologies, in particular the new materials. However, they are very important. Owing to the innovation, they are potentially present in all fields of economy. They encourage links between participants of those various fields within networks. New materials have got coracteristics that differ from those of the traditionnal materials already present in the economy. Those caracteristics are either technical or industrial or economic. Innovation in new materials can be separated into two categories. On the one hand, the innovation of structural materials, not really strategic, is based on a "let it do" logic. It is a vertical and contractual network which results in a partition of the competences. The common culture is weak. The members of the network are consequently constrained to submit their participation to a coordinator. On the other hand, the functionnal materials are highly strategic and organise their innovation according to a "do it in common" logic. The members take part in a common project, in the limits of horizontal and informal networks with averlap of competences. Reality intermingles the respective caracteristics of the materials. The network is based on a project of innovation common to all the members. In integrates the secificities of the two logics. Rather contractual, it mixes heterogeneous competences owing to a deep knowledge circulation. That is the reason why i call it "project network". It gives importance to technology, information and knowledge
Thébault, Marion. "Développement de trois différents types de matériaux innovants à base de tannins." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0202/document.
Full textTannins are chemical extracts which represent a natural alternative to chemicals as phenol or resorcinol which are from oil resources. They are already used industrially for the synthesis of adhesives used for the manufacture of wood-based products such as particleboards and plywood, but generally always used with formaldehyde as a hardener to improve their mechanical strengths. The first products developed in this thesis are adhesive resins for the manufacture of particleboards, synthesized from Radiata Pine tannins and less hazardous aldehydes obtained by reacting sunflower oil with ozone then with a reducing agent. The study has focus first on the conditions of the ozonolysis, whose parameters are numerous, and the analysis of the oils obtained, then on the synthesis of resins with solutions of tannins. Some of these resins have been used to manufacture particleboards that have been tested in dry internal bond strength. Then the subject has been oriented toward the development of rigid tannin/furanic-based foams as part of an industrial multi-material project. Several formulations have been tested to achieve the objectives of a specification, whose first purpose is to obtain foam panels homogeneous, low in density and with good mechanical properties. The innovation has been to make these foams in a particleboard press. Finally, a new route to manufacture tannin-based polyurethane polymers has been tested by using less hazardous chemicals in replacement of isocyanates, conventionally used in the industry. The synthesis is made by a first carbonatation step of tannins hydroxyl groups and then by a reaction with hexamethylenediamine. Spectrometric analyzes have shown that the products obtained do have urethane linkages. The study led to the exploration of the use of tannins reacted with ammonia to replace hexamethylenediamine to obtain new "non isocynates" polyurethanes with more bio-based and environment-friendly chemicals
Flores, Jean-Charles. "Ingénierie moléculaire et supramoléculaire d'oligo (phénylènethienylène) S π-conjugués." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20038.
Full textChouvin, Jérôme. "L'étain dans les nouveaux matériaux anodiques pour accumulateurs "lithium-ion", structures d'accueil et mécanismes." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20160.
Full textKromm, François-Xavier. "Contribution à la définition d'une démarche de conception de multimatériaux : application à la mise en œuvre d'un réservoir permettant le déconfinement de matières énergétiques." Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR12590.
Full textHalawani, Nour. "Innovative materials for packaging." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI010/document.
Full textThis work deals with the study of thermoset-thermoplastic blend (epoxy-amine/poly-etherimide phase separated) to assess the electrical and thermal performances. These materials would be new candidates to replace the encapsulation layer in semiconductors, for example ones used as switches in power electronic applications. Polymers blends would be a novel candidate as an insulator for the system. Pure epoxy system as well as Epoxy/Polyetherimide blends where characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, dielectric analysis with analytical simulation, electrical conductivity and breakdown voltage measurements. These complementary techniques were used first to investigate the presence of the phase separation phenomenon and secondly to quantify the separated nodules size. The effect of this phase separation was examined and showed a decrease in the dielectric values of 15 % and an increase in the breakdown voltage compared to the pure epoxy system. It was finally simulated to show a close assumption of what is found experimentally
Lagel, Marie-Christine. "Développement de nouveaux matériaux à base de polymères naturels et leurs applications." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0178/document.
Full textWith the constant increase of oil prices and with the dwindling of fossil resources, "green" alternatives must be found. Thus, first research was conducted on the possibility to develop synthetic phenolic adhesives for wood-based panels where a part of phenol was substituted by wheat proteins. Similarly, tannins which are natural polyphenolic molecules can be used as an alternative to synthetic chemical products. Chestnut tannin, a hydrolysable tannin was used to substitute part of phenol during the synthesis of phenolic resins. The characteristics of these resins were studied and the resins used for the manufacture of rigid phenolic foams. This is a new step towards the development and future commercialization of more environmentally friendly materials. Furthermore, condensed flavonoid tannins were also used in the development of tannins-furanic biobased rigid foams. Quebracho wood tannin extract was coupled with furfuryl alcohol another material of natural, agricultural origin. These "green" foams show good mechanical strength, good thermal performance and do not burn, thus they are entirely suitable for use in building insulation. Finally, new types of materials made from the same natural products (tannins and furfuryl alcohol) were developed during the research described in this thesis: biobased abrasive and friction materials. Abrasive wheels and abrasive discs for steel molding and steel cutting using a biobased matrix were thus developed and tested. Moreover, automotive brake pads were prepared and were tested under real vehicle application conditions. All these new materials showed excellent properties compared to commercial materials and yielded excellent results comparable and sometime superior to their synthetic commercial equivalents
Li, Yangdi. "Innovative synthesis and characterization of large h-BN single crystals : From bulk to nanosheets." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI025/document.
Full textIn the past decades, due to their exceptional chemical and thermal stabilities together with their electrical insulation properties, hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) have become a promising support substrate for graphene and promoted the incentive of various van der Waals heterostructures. For such applications, BNNSs are generally obtained by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) or exfoliation. In order to achieve high quality and large BNNSs, our group has proposed a novel synthesis strategy based on the Polymer Derived Ceramics (PDCs) route combined with sintering techniques: Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) or Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP). Since hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) crystallization is a key point in the synthesis of high quality BNNSs, efforts have been led to understand the beneficial role of a promotor of crystallization (Li3N), adopting a suitable in situ dynamic approach. It has been established that Li3N does improve the crystallization level of the product, and lower the transformation temperatures from polyborazylene to h-BN. Then, we have further investigate the influence of the SPS sintering temperature (1200-1950°C) and of the crystal promoter content (Li3N, 0-10 wt.%) on BN growth. The tested SPS parameters strongly modify the size of the resulting h-BN flakes. For an optimal Li3N concentration of 5 wt.%, h-BN flakes larger than 200 μm2 (average flake area) have been obtained. A high degree of crystallinity and purity have been achieved, even if the very-sensitive cathodoluminescence technic indicated traces of impurities, probably due to surrounding graphite parts of the SPS. Few-layered BNNSs have been successfully isolated, through exfoliation process. As a final application purpose, further physical measurements have confirmed that SPS derived h-BN exhibits an interesting dielectric constant of 3.9 associated with a dielectric strength of 0.53 V/nm. Due to a very high compact character of SPS-derivative h-BN crystals, the post-exfoliation step is made very difficult, resulting in BNNSs of tens of microns lateral size. Therefore, we have studied another sintering procedure by HIP for the ceramization process. Through this combination, we aim to promote the size of h-BN single crystals, leading to larger size exfoliated BNNSs. Characterizations from bulk crystals to BNNSs have been carried out in three aspects: morphology, lattice structure and chemical composition. This novel attempt has provided us transparent and colorless h-BN single crystals with large lateral size, up to 2000 μm. Besides, BNNSs with high purity have also been confirmed. HIP, as a new ceramization process of PDCs, has to be considered as a promising way to obtain large h-BN single crystals and nanosheets for supporting graphene and 2D heterostructures
Benrabah, Sabria. "Passivation des matériaux III-N de type GaN." Thesis, Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE1310.
Full textTo meet demands for the development of new products in the fields of power electronic convertors for electric cars, solar panels, wind turbines, and new LED-based lightening technologies or RF components, research has focused on direct wide bandgap materials, including Gallium Nitride (GaN). GaN has attracted significant interest due to its exceptional properties for next-generation power electronic devices. With a high saturation velocity and a high operating voltage, GaN-based devices can operate at high frequency and with excellent efficiency, making GaN a material of choice in power applications. However, the development of III-N materials is still immature, especially in terms of quality control of the various interfaces within the devices. The presence of high density of interfaces states can be the cause of device malfunctions. Therefore, understanding and controlling the surface of GaN is a challenge for possible future industrial integration. Today, there is no suitable and effective standard surface preparation of GaN. In order to investigate this problem, this PhD project was carried out in a collaboration between CEA-LETI (Grenoble), LTM (Grenoble) and CP2M laboratories (Catalysis, Polymerisation, Process and Materials, Lyon). The main objectives of this project are, first, to understand the surface chemistry following various surface preparations, and second, to set up the configuration of surface bonds. Therefore, this PhD project focused on the preparation and characterisation of the extreme surface of GaN after various chemical and physical treatments
Pinho, Lorena de Andrade. "Barreiras à diversificação de matérias-primas usadas na produção de biodiesel no Brasi." Escola de Administração da Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2015. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/19622.
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O biodiesel foi introduzido na matriz energética brasileira em 2005, por meio do Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso de Biodiesel (PNPB), tendo como principais objetivos a implantação de um programa ambientalmente sustentável, promovendo inclusão social, com garantia de preços competitivos, qualidade e suprimento, bem como a produção de biodiesel a partir de diferentes fontes oleaginosas e em regiões diversas. Após dez anos, o mercado de biodiesel esta consolidado, todavia, muitas das diretrizes do PNPB não foram alcançadas, principalmente em relação à utilização de diferentes oleaginosas, tendo em vista que o óleo de soja representa mais de 70% da matéria-prima usada na produção de biodiesel. O objetivo geral desta tese foi identificar as principais barreiras que impediram uma maior diversificação de matérias-primas de origem vegetal na produção do biodiesel no Brasil de 2005 a 2014. Para atender a esse propósito foram realizadas pesquisas com três grupos distintos. A primeira fonte pesquisada foram as usinas de biodiesel autorizadas para comercialização pela Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP), com a qual contamos com uma amostra de 33,9%. A segunda fonte foram os grupos de pesquisa cadastrados no Diretório dos Grupos de Pesquisa no Brasil, disponível na base de dados no Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), os quais estudam o biodiesel, representando uma amostra de 32,1%. O terceiro grupo foi composto por 15 agentes especializados no tema e que atuam em áreas distintas, tendo sido realizadas com estes entrevistas semiestruturadas. Para os dois primeiros grupos, foram aplicados questionários. As conclusões alcançadas pelo estudo apontam que a pouca diversificação de matérias-primas de origem vegetal usadas para a produção do biodiesel pode ser em virtude de barreiras técnicas, econômicas e institucionais. Tais barreiras vão desde um sistema ineficiente de produção, pouca disponibilidade de tecnologia no campo, altos custos de produção e problemas com a logística até políticas públicas e regulação não efetivas. Esses fatores contribuem mutuamente para a imposição de barreiras. Em paralelo, o mercado da soja encontra-se em uma conjuntura altamente favorável, contudo, esse ambiente não foi criado para atender ao mercado de biodiesel e, sim, para o mercado de grão e de farelo. Outras espécies promissoras, como o pinhão manso e a macaúba, ainda carecem de anos de estudos para estabelecer um ciclo produtivo satisfatório e dependem de aspectos legais para se tornarem plantas agrícolas. Não obstante, para que tenhamos outras opções de oleaginosas, que ocorra uma inclusão social e que aumente a participação de outras regiões do país, é preciso diversificar. Para isso,é preciso que as barreiras sejam suplantadas, tornando-se imprescindível que as demais oleaginosas possuam preços competitivos, menores custos de implantação de lavoura e de produção, relativo grau de mecanização, produção em escala, boa logística, dentre outros fatore
Biodiesel was introduced in the Brazilian energy matrix in 2005, through the National Program for the Production and use of Biodiesel (NPPB), having as main objectives the establishment of a sustainable program, promoting social inclusion, with guarantee of competitive prices, quality and supply, as well as the production of biodiesel from different oilseed sources and several regions. After ten years, the biodiesel market is consolidated; however, many of the guidelines of the NPPB were not reached, especially in relation to the use of different nuts, in view of the soybean oil representing more than 70% of the raw material used in the production of biodiesel. The general objective of this thesis was to identify the main factors that prevented a greater diversification of raw materials of vegetable origin in biodiesel production in Brazil from 2005 to 2014. To meet this purpose researches with three distinct groups were conducted. The first source searched were the biodiesel plants authorized for marketing by the National Petroleum Agency. Natural gas and biofuels (NPA), with which we have a sample of 33.9%. The second source was the research groups registered in the Directory of Research Groups in Brazil, available on a database on the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), which are studying biodiesel, representing a sample of 32.1%. The third group was composed of 15 agents specialized in the theme and which act in different areas, having been performed with them semi-structured interviews. For the first two groups, questionnaires were applied. The conclusions reached by the study point out that the little diversification of raw materials of vegetable origin used for biodiesel production can be due to technical, economic and institutional barriers. Such barriers range from an inefficient system of production, low availability of technology in the field, high production costs and problems with the logistics to effective public policies. These factors contribute each other to impose barriers. In parallel, the soybean market is in a highly favorable climate; however, that environment was not created to meet the biodiesel market but, to the market of grain and bran. Other promising species, such as Jatropha and macaúba, still require years of study to establish a satisfactory productive cycle and depend on legal aspects to become agricultural plants. Nevertheless, in order to have other oilseed options, It is a must that social inclusion occur and that the participation of other regions of the country be increased, we need to diversify. For that, it is needed that barriers be overcome; it becomes essential that the other oilseeds have competitive prices, lower costs of deployment of farming and of production, relative degree of mechanization, production scale, good logistics, among other factors.
Vidal, Juliane. "Nuclear fuels with a fine grain microstructure : innovative processes for high plasticity and strength." Limoges, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIMO4008.
Full textLeboulanger, Christine. "Analyse technométrique des relations ago-antagonistes entre le Japon et les Etats-Unis : cas de l'industrie des matériaux supraconducteurs." Caen, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CAEN0549.
Full textThe "technometric" study focusing on supraconductor materials significantly shows the more and more international nature of the phenomenon of patent. Great industrial nations such as the United-States and Japan get more and more inclined to project their techniques and new products overseas in order to create broader markets. The globalisation of technology - thus appearing with superconductivity - espresses multiple and complex realities which seemingly have to be managed. Apparently the Japanese industrial strategy is to cover the whole industrial field while focusing the means of action on some essential poles. The american indutrial strategy aims keeping a worldwide leadership, which she thinks is on the way to escape her. Japan appears like a country where technology originates while a very creative country such the United-States loses ground. This expresses a tendency to a levelling between both countries. This research shows that ago-antagonism approach prevails in the supraconductor materials industry. In fact the actors are seeking for a balance between competition and cooperation to cope with the specificities of the field concerned
Brun, Christophe. "Carbon nanotubes based nanopackaging dedicated to innovative high frequency interconnections." Limoges, 2013. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/c641e2f6-ac07-4af1-bef1-6f1cc829f7d0/blobholder:0/2013LIMO4042.pdf.
Full textA échelle nanométrique, les applications électroniques vont devoir faire face à des difficultés imposées par les lois physiques, les propriétés des matériaux, les caractéristiques des circuits et systèmes, l’assemblage et le conditionnement. Dans ce contexte, le packaging jouera un rôle majeur en fournissant les performances et l’efficacité nécessaires combinés aux composant nanométriques reliés à la carte mère. Les techniques d’assemblage se concentrent sur l’intégration au niveau système et de nouvelles technologies sont proposées (système 3D, packaging de substrats, intégration electro/optique). Les matériaux conventionnels utilisés pour le packaging seront ainsi inadaptés en terme de performances thermiques, mécaniques et électriques. Une des solutions actuellement à l’étude concerne l’utilisation de matériaux innovants tels que les nanotubes de carbone (NTCs), les nano-fils, les nanoparticules ou le graphène (monocouche de graphite). Dans ce manuscrit, les NTCs (feuille de graphène enroulée) vont être étudiés et vont révéler des propriétés physiques, électriques et thermiques uniques, ce qui leur apportent un certain intérêt pour le champ d’applications de l’électronique nanométrique. Ce nouveau champ de recherche concerne l’utilisation de nanomatériaux appliqués au packaging des composants électroniques et photoniques. Les applications sont diverses et variées entre les interconnections, la gestion thermique ou même mécanique. Dans ce manuscrit, nous nous concentrerons sur deux applications : les interconnections à base de nanotube de carbone utilisant la technologie flip-chip et les interconnections sans fils à base de monopoles composés de nanotubes de carbone
Trinh, Viet Nam. "Comportement hydromécanique de matériaux constitutifs de plateformes ferroviaires anciennes." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00647893.
Full textBouibes, Amine. "Exploration de matériaux avancés pour des applications en génie civil." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10112/document.
Full textThe civil engineering progress would not been possible without new materials development. In fact, new materials with efficient properties allowed the construction of modern structures, taller building, longer bridges,…etc. Furthermore, it is essential for the progress continuity of this field in the future. Especially, in the smart construction approach we will need new materials with the very efficient properties. The study of the properties of materials at the molecular level, allow a better understanding of how those materials will function and react on a macro level. It is through such studies that we are able to understand their behaviors under a large number of conditions. In this thesis, we focus our efforts on three types of materials. The first one is zinc carbonate. The second one is Lime, which is widely used in building and public works ; and the last one is zinc oxide, which is an important material for steel construction. The purpose here is to investigate in details the three different materials at various pressures and variable compositions by means of the universal structure prediction method based on ab initio tool. For smithsonite, a number of mechanical properties were evaluated. We mainly show that this system is harder and more rigid than the other carbonates. Besides, the investigation of its electronic properties reveals that the energy band-gap is close enough to some semiconductors. Moreover, two high-pressure phase transitions have been found: the first one at 87 GPa and second one at 121 GPa. Below 87 GPa, ZnCO3 is found to be the most stable structure with R-3c space group (calcite structure); and between 78 GPa and 121 GPa, ZnCO3 has another structure (magnesite phase II) with C2/m space group. Above 121 GPa, we show that new structure with P212121 space group becomes more stable. In addition, by means of variable composition ab initio evolutionary algorithm, we show surprisingly new stable compounds from Ca-O. At ambient pressure CaO2 is predicted as a thermodynamically stable system. This new compound goes from C2/c to I4/mcm space group structure at 18.5GPa. Under increasing pressure, further compounds become stable such as CaO3 which stabilize in P-421m space group structure above 65 GPa. Finally, our studies on ZnO show that ZnO2 becomes thermodynamically stable at pressure above 120 GPa. A phase transition is obtained at 10 GPa for ZnO, which is stable in B4 wurtzite structure at ambient conditions up to 10GPa. Above 10 GPa, ZnO becomes more stable in B1 structure. These results strongly support our predictions since they agree perfectly with available experiment and previous theoretical studies
Lemée, Frédéric. "Composés polyioniques contraints bioactifs libres et supportés : accès à de nouveaux matériaux antibactériens." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0047/document.
Full textDevelopment of new materials with antibacterial properties is a major concern in medical and environmental world. It’s for that reason that, Merrifield and Wang commercial polymers were modified by grafting polycationic calixarenic sub-units inspired by laboratory work and designed to interact with negatively charged bacterial surface. Those calixarenes were modified on the lower part, in a controlled manner, by the incorporation of a functional spacer group leading to a targeted grafting of the polymer. We have, at first, evaluated several kinds of functionalities introduced on the calixarene, giving us the opportunity to graft them on the polymeric support. Like this, a reductive amination was chosen to anchor the Wang-benzaldehyde resin, whereas a pyridinium anchoring point was pointed out as a very good candidate for the grafting of calixarenes. The validation of this pyridinium anchoring point was checked by incorporation of a fluorescent probe (pyrene) and characterized by solid state fluorescence, by infrared spectroscopy, those two lasts analysis were applied for all the other grafted polymers grafted after that. Through a capture-release study in aqueous media of two carboxylic antibiotics (quinolone and ß–lactame kind), the pyridinium polymer model, without calixarène, showed his interest faced to Cholestyramine (Questran®) or Amberlite IRA-400, as an anion exchange resin and leading to depoluting/decontamination applications. Before antibacterial studies of thoses new materials, we wanted to find a way to quantify the material capacity to catch/hold bacteria. Capillary electrophoresis, rapid and sensitive analytical method, appeared as a perfect solution. Using E. coli model, synthesized polycationic resins were evaluated as sequestering agent in aqueous media. Results obtained prove the efficiency of some of them; capture was finally confirmed by confocal fluorescent microscopy. The number of bacteria fixed by material surface could be visually evaluated
Jullien, Bernard. "De la diffusion à la dilution d'une technologie : le cas des matériaux composites : pour une approche continuiste des processus de changement techno-économique." Bordeaux 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR1D026.
Full textIt is noted that in a case such as that of composite materials there is a gap between predictive studies and corresponding industrial reality. A conceptual framework which could reduce this gap is therefore sought in the belief that such errors are due to the unjustified privilege frequently accorded to the hypothesis of technological rupture. An examination of the "technology push" and "demand pull" models reveals theoretical inadequacies, evidenced by the misinterpretations and predicitive errors which result when one attempts to apply these models to the development of composite materials. Evolutionary propositions represent a theoretical alternative. However, despite their acknowledged contributions in relation to the importance of learning in economic development, two major flaws remain with these approaches when one compares them to the "continuist" poubt of view proposed by the author. Firstly, much of this work over-asserts the generalisability of its findings, which hinders an in-depth comprehension of the concrete phenomena of technical change. Secondly, in defining the potential associated with a paradigm or a major innovation, the analysis tends partially to predetermine the subsequent evolutions. One could therefore consider that these approaches fall short of success in their efforts to reintegrate technical changes into competitive patterns. Moreover, availing of a continuist evolutionary approach requires that all reference to a point of departure and a point of arrival must be avoided. The conceptions of march are essential with such an approach as they lead to an acknowledgment of two fundamental dimensions of learning : exploitation and exploration. In reexamining in these terms the fate of composite materials as determined by industrial actors, the author clarifies the fact that it is a question of a "non-victorious technology"
Lorret, Olivier. "Synthèses par voie sol-gel et caractérisations approfondies par spectroscopie infra-rouge de matériaux multifonctionnels obtenus à partir de précurseurs hydroxydes doubles lamellaires (Mg/Al, Pt/Mg/Al, Zn/Al, Pt/Zn/Al)." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20190.
Full textLiens, Aléthéa. "On the potential of Ti-based Bulk Metallic Glasses and Ce-TZP zirconia composites for the development of innovative dental implants." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI117.
Full textRecently, dental implant downsizing has become one major trend in modern implantology but it requires the development of materials with improved mechanical resistance. Never- theless, titanium and its alloys, the gold standard dental materials, seem to have reached a plateau in terms of mechanical properties, which may limit their use for such strategy. Amorphous titanium-based metallic alloys are a unique class of materials showing high mechanical and fatigue properties, good corrosion resistance and a relatively low Young’s modulus, which thus make them potential candidates for the realization of such-small diameter implantable pieces in substitution to polycrystalline titanium. There is also a growing trend to use ceramic implants in dentistry. In particular, the white color of Yttria-Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal (Y-TZP) materials combined with their unique transformation toughening ability have made them materials of choice for the realization of metal-free, aesthetic dental implants. However, ageing of Y-TZP ceramics in aqueous environments may be a concern and even if strongest than many other ceramics, Y-TZPs still remain elastic-fragile with a sensitivity to the presence of defects. Various Ceria-doped based zirconia ceramics have been developed over the past years, in particular during two recent European projects led by MATEIS and Anthogyr. These materials may be highly resistant to flaws with a considerable toughness and an unusual transformation- induced ductility. This unique combination of properties makes them potential candidates for the realization of ceramic dental implants, as an alternative to 3Y-TZP. Within this PhD work, the potential of the two materials for (i) the realization of less invasive implants to replace titanium alloys on one hand, and (ii) aesthetic and more reliable ceramic implants as alternative to 3Y-TZP on the other hand, will be studied. The first part of this work will be focused on Ti40Zr10Cu36Pd14 metallic glass. The potential of this amorphous alloy for future implantable devices fabrication is assessed in terms of ion release in relevant media, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and fatigue resistance, with a comparison to the benchmark conventional biomedical grade Ti alloys. The role of Sn and Si alloying elements on the overall properties of the alloy will be also analyzed. The second part of this work will deal with a new Ce-TZP based composite. Mechan- ical characterization and fatigue resistance will be evaluated and compared to 3Y-TZP material. Furthermore, the transformation-induced plasticity of this composite will be better understood, thanks to original experiments, in order to validate its reliability and its absence of potential damage under stress. All the results may open new perspectives in the future of dental applications
Hoyet, Nadia. "Conception de la matérialisation en architecture :l'expérimentation comme facteur d'innovation industrielle." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00274184.
Full textMangiante, Gino. ""Green" and innovative chemical modifications of cellulose fibers." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0024.
Full textThis research project, in collaboration with CTP (Centre Technique du Papier), aimed at developing chemical pathway in water to graft polymers on cellulose fibers via “Click Chemistry” in eco-friendly and non-degrading conditions conferring new mechanical properties upon the resulting paper sheets. A first step was to develop a “green” alkyne derivatization method in mild conditions – through pure water or water/isopropanol mixture – allowing for a substantial alkyne functionalization without jeopardizing the cellulose crystallinity, the fiber structure, and maintaining good mechanical properties of the cellulose fibers and resulting paper sheets. To better understand how the functionalization impacts the mechanical properties, several microscopy methods were employed. Then, aiming at improving mechanical properties of the resulting paper, grafting of azidefunctionalized polyoxyalkylenes on alkyne-modified fibers was achieved via Copper(II)-Catalyzed Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition (CuAAC) in pure water. Water soluble polymers of different nature (poly(ethylene glycol) or poly[(ethylene glycol)-stat-(propylene glycol)]), with different molar mass and functionality (one or two azide groups per macromolecular chain) were successfully attached on cellulose fibers. Grafting of PEG chains involved a slight decrease of the tensile index but a drastic increase of the flexibility of the paper sheet. Interestingly, fibers grafted with difunctional polymers demonstrated an original water resistance maintaining the hydrophilic nature of fibers. Finally, Thiol-Yne reaction was successfully carried out to attach small water soluble thiol-bearing reagents on alkyne-functionalized fibers in water as a metal-free alternative to CuAAC reaction
Faure, Alexis. "Optimisation de forme de matériaux et structures architecturés par la méthode des lignes de niveaux avec prise en compte des interfaces graduées." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI047/document.
Full textShape optimization methods are promising methods and are gradually becoming industrialized. They provide the ability to automatically design structures with optimal behavior. They are outstanding tools for exploration and design of new materials.We use these methods to generate architectured multi-phased materials with prescribed thermoelastic properties. We first propose several solutions and we classify them by the mechanisms they rely on in order to control the effective properties. We also propose to evaluate the influence of an interface with a gradient of properties on the obtained architectures.Eventually we focus on the plausible manufacturing solution to produce our architectured materials. In this context, additive manufacturing methods (often considered as the support of an incoming industrial revolution) is our main option. We introduce several strategies to circumvent some limitations and side effects of these manufacturing methods during optimization process. We particularly focus on Fiber Deposition Molding, which induce an important mechanical anisotropy in processed parts. Then we consider the problem of overhangings features in design and propose a way to handle them prior to additive manufacturing using a mechanical criteria.Finally we take into account geometrical non linearities in optimization process. We highlight the pros and cons of this new modeling by presenting several applications of non linear actuators design
Raducanu, Vinicius. "Architecture et système constructif : cas des systèmes de tenségrité." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20132.
Full textSoliman, Nancy. "Development of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) using waste glass materials ─ towards innovative eco-friendly concrete." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9451.
Full textAbstract : Conventional concrete (CC) may cause numerous problems on concrete structures such as corrosion of steel reinforcement and weaknesses of concrete construction. As a result, most of structures made with CC require maintenance. Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) can be designed to eliminate some of the characteristic weaknesses of CC. UHPC is defined worldwide as concrete with superior mechanical, ductility, and durability properties. Conventional UHPC includes between 800 and 1000 kg/m³ of cement particles, 25–35%wt of silica fume (SF), 0–40 wt% of quartz powder (QP), and 110–140 wt% quartz sand (QS) (the percentages are based on the total cement content of the mix by weight). UHPC contains steel fibers to improve its ductility and tension capacity. The huge amount of cement used to produce UHPC not only affects production costs and consumes natural resources, limestone, clay, coal, and electric power, but it also negatively impacts the environment through carbon dioxide (CO[subscript 2]) emissions, which can contribute to the greenhouse effect. Additionally, the particle-size distribution (PSD) of cement exhibits a gap at the micro scale that needs to be filled with more finer materials such as SF. Filling this gap solely with SF requires a high amount of SF (25% to 30% by cement weight) which is a limited resource and involves high cost. This significantly also decreases UHPC workability due to high Blaine surface area of SF. QS and QP use is also costly and consumes natural resources. As such, they are considered as impedances for wide use of UHPC in the concrete market and fail to satisfy sustainability requirements. Furthermore, based on an Environment Canada report, quartz causes immediate and long-term environmental harm because its biological effect makes it an environmental hazard. Furthermore, UHPC is generally sold on the market as a prepackaged product, which limits any design changes by the user. Moreover, it is normally transported over long distances, unlike CC components. This increases to the greenhouse-gas effect and leads to higher cost of the final product. Therefore, there is a vital need for other locally available materials with similar functions to partially or fully replace silica fume, quartz sand, or quartz powder, and thereby reduce the cement content in UHPC, while having comparable or better properties. In some countries, and Canada in particular, large quantities of glass cannot be recycled because of the high breaking potential, color mixing, or high recycling costs. Most waste glass goes into landfill sites, which is undesirable since it is not biodegradable and less environmentally friendly. In recent years, attempts have been made to use waste glass as an alternative supplementary cementitious material (ASCM) or ultra-fine aggregate in concrete, depending on its chemical composition and particle-size distribution (PSD). This thesis is based on a new type of ecological ultra-high-performance glass concrete (UHPGC) developed at the Université de Sherbrooke. The concrete’s design involved using waste glass of varying particle-size distributions obtained from cullets and optimizing the packing density of the entire material matrix. UHPGC can be designed with a reduced amount of cement (400–800 kg/m³), silica fume (SF) (50–220 kg/m³), quartz powder (QP) (0–400 kg/m³), and quartz sand (QS) (0–1200 kg/m³), while incorporating various waste-glass products: glass sand (GS) (0–1200 kg/m³) with an average mean diameter (d[subscript 50]) of 275 μm, a high amount of glass powder (GP) (200–700 kg/m³) with average diameter (d[subscript 50]) of 11 μm, a moderate content of fine glass powder (FGP) (50–200 kg/m³) with d[subscript 50] of 3.8 μm. UHPGC also contains steel fibers (to increase tensile strength and improve ductility) and superplasticizer (10–60 kg/m³) as well as having a water-to-binder ratio (w/b) as low as that of UHPC. Replacing cement and silica-fume particles with non-absorptive and smooth glass particles improves UHPGC rheology. Furthermore, using FGP as a SF replacement reduces the net total surface area of a SF and FGP blend. This decreases the net particle surface area, it reduces the water needed to lubricate particle surfaces and increases the slump flow at the same w/b. Moreover, the use of waste glass material in concrete leads to lower cumulative heat of hydration, which helps minimize potential shrinkage cracking. Depending on UHPGC composition and curing temperature, this type of concrete yields compressive strength ranging from 130 up to 230 MPa, flexural strength above 20 MPa, tensile strength above 10 MPa, and elastic modulus above 40 GPa. The mechanical performance of UHPGC is enhanced by the reactivity of the amorphous waste glass and optimization of the packing density. The waste-glass products in UHPGC have pozzolanic behavior and react with the portlandite generated by cement hydration. This, however, is not the case with quartz sand and quartz powder in conventional UHPC, which react at high temperature of 400 °C. The waste-glass addition enhances clogging of the interface between particles. Waste-glass particles have high rigidity, which increases the concrete’s elastic modulus. UHPGC also has extremely good durability. Its capillary porosity is very low, and the material is extremely resistant to chloride-ion permeability (≈ 8 coulombs). Its abrasion resistance (volume loss index) is less than 1.3. UHPGC experiences virtually no freeze–thaw deterioration, even after 1000 freeze–thaw cycles. After laboratory assessment, the developed concrete was scaled up with a pilot plane and field validation with the construction of two footbridges as a case study. The higher mechanical properties allowed for the footbridges to be designed with about sections reduced by 60% compared to normal concrete. UHPGC offers several economic and environmental advantages. It reduces the production cost of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) by using locally available materials and delivers a smaller carbon footprint than conventional UHPC structures. It reduces the CO[subscript 2] emissions associated with the production of cement clinkers (50% replacement of cement) and efficiently uses natural resources. In addition, high amounts of waste glass cause environmental problems if stockpiled or sent to landfills. Moreover, the use of waste glass in UHPGC could save millions of dollars that would otherwise be spent for treatment and placing waste glass in landfills. Lastly, it provides an alternative solution to the construction companies in producing UHPC at lower cost.
Roccamena, Letizia. "Optimization of an innovative thermal energy storage technology at low temperatures when coupled to multi-source energy architectures." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSET010/document.
Full textOne of the most promising technics used in building applications for energy efficiency purposes is the thermal energy storage (TES). Despite the thorough research on TES techniques of the last years, the release to market of cost effective technologies is quite recent. The aim of this study is to optimize the energetic behavior of an innovative TES technology consisting on a water/PCM exchanger that is part of the multi-energy production and storage systems of HIKARI, a positive energy district located in Lyon and consisting of three buildings. In order to optimize this innovative technic, a numerical model reproducing the functioning of the reference system was created. In order to make a numerical validation a second numerical model was developed using a different software based on a different numerical method and, once the in situ data obtained from the reference system monitoring, a first experimental validation was obtained. Subsequently, an innovative experimental prototype reproducing the behavior of the reference PCM-Water heat exchanger has been realized, in order to validate and calibrate the numerical model and carry out a large amount of operating scenarios. Once the model numerically and experimentally validated, the optimization of the HIKARI’s cold storage system technology has been obtained using Genetic Algorithms (GAs) finding the best values to allocate to four characteristics of the cold storage system, in order to minimize two predefined objective functions linked to its functioning. This work was supported by the French Agency for Environment and Energy Management (ADEME) and it was part of the project “Optimization of innovative energy storage technologies when coupled to multi-sources energy architectures”, in cooperation with Bouygues immobilier and Manaslu – CMDL
Lamy, Michael. "Réversibilité des verres nucléaires : application du procédé sol-gel au confinement des déchets radioactifs." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20183.
Full textKuchi, Venkateswarlu. "Development of an innovative ISOL system for the production of short-lived neutron-deficient ions." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC233/document.
Full textIn the frame of GANIL/SPIRAL-1 facility, an innovative target ion source system (TISS) has been designed in order to produce new competitive radioactive ion beams, and to determine to which extent it is possible to improve the production performances by optimizing a target ion source system dedicated to the production of a specific radioactive ion beam.The short-lived alkali isotope of 74Rb (half-life = 64.8 ms) has been chosen as a challenging case study.By studying and improving the processes involved in the TISS designed, i.e. in-target production by fusion-evaporation, implantation in and release out of graphite, effusion, and ionization, an atom-to-ion transformation efficiency of 75% was predicted, leading to an ion rate of the order of 104 pps at the exit of the TISS.The estimated performances would allow the GANIL / SPIRAL-1 installation to deliver beams of 74Rb and 114Cs with competitive intensities never reached in other installations.The production device was developed based on my work, to cope with physics objectives and with the conditions of the SPIRAL-1 operation. Efficiency, reliability and thus simplicity were essential. The system meets these requirements.The instrumentation needed for tests existed or have been specifically designed. The TISS has been built, assembled and partly tested.In parallel, issues have been addressed to answer related questions about sticking times, resistivity, and emissivity, to get inputs for the design of the TISS.Expected results with alkali allow thinking that the transposition of the principle to the production of neutron-deficient short-lived isotopes of noble gases and eventually metals could be performing
Drougard, Marion. "Compréhension et contrôle de la morphologie des champignons filamenteux en culture liquide." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IAVF0019.
Full textBiotechnology has for many years operated a large collection of microorganisms in food and health sectors. Today, this field fits perfectly into the ecological transition of chemical and environmental sectors, by designing high-performance processes to replace petroleum products. Filamentous fungi represent important organisms in industrial biotechnologies, widely used for the production of metabolites with strong commercial interests such as antibiotics, enzymes or organic acids. Their implementation in submerged environment is continually attracting new research to overcome issues associated with their behavior. Indeed, this mode of cultivation generates different fungal morphologies, mainly dependent on their intrinsic biological properties but also on physico-chemical conditions within their environment. This characteristic of filamentous fungi very often influences their implementation and their productivity.This thesis proposes an original study to identify and control the underlying phenomena that influence fungal morphogenesis. To this end, we propose research combining fundamental and applied studies on several strains of strong industrial interest. We have investigated and developed various pioneering techniques for the control of fungal morphology. Microparticles implementation and development of a microfluidic encapsulation technique allowed us to confirm and deepen the aggregation mechanisms of fungal conidia. On the other hand, the addition of mineral salts in the culture medium prevented hyphae aggregation. To validate an extrapolation of these results towards an industrial process, these tools were also implemented during the first steps of scale-up. These works bring results and perspectives in the control of bioprocesses involving filamentous fungi
Perrot, Virginie. "Méthode innovante de croissance de couches minces de MOF par CVD pour la détection de gaz." Thesis, Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE1331.
Full textOn-site and real-time measurement of gas concentrations are crucial for both the understanding and the monitoring of industrial and environmental processes. In recent years, there is an increasing need to develop portable multi-gas analysis tools allowing in situ detection of complex gas mixtures mainly due to safety, process and environmental considerations. A promising approach is based on the integration of the different parts of the analytical system (i.e. pre-concentrator, gas chromatography column, gravimetric sensors) in a silicon die by using standard microelectronic technologies. Each of these devices need to be coated by an appropriate functional layer. Metal Organic Frameworks (MOF), hybrid microporous crystalline materials with tuneable properties, are attractive for this type of application regarding their high specific surface area and chemical stability. However, these materials are usually synthetized via solvothermal techniques, which complicates the growth of continuous thin films and their integration in micro-devices. This work focuses on the development of a vapor phase-based route to produce Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework 8 (ZIF-8) thin films, a MOF of particular interest. The growth method is based on the deposition of ZnO layers by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on a substrate followed by ZIF-8 formation using cyclic exposure to water vapour and organic ligand in the gas phase. This approach allowed formation of thin films with tunable thickness between 5 and 200 nm, independently of the initial ZnO thickness. The impact of the process parameters (temperature of the substrate, water vapor pressure…) on the MOF growth was studied. The composition, morphology and crystallinity were examined using a wide range of characterization techniques (AFM, SEM, XRD and FTIR). Moreover, the growth mechanism was investigated by XPS and ToF-SIMS to understand the role of water during the reaction and several hypotheses were given. Finally, the as-synthesized films were thermally activated and the porosity was assessed using ellipsometric-porosimetry. Pore volume represents 30 % of the volume of the films in some cases. The adsorption properties of the films were also investigated using gravimetric gas sensors. Indeed, ZIF-8 films were grown on quartz crystal microbalance to study the interactions between the layer and several gases (methanol, acetone and water) in order to determine the benefit of ZIF-8 thin films in sensors. This work shows that the sensors coated with the ZIF-8 enable the detection of all the gases independently in the range of concentration tested. However, the sensitivity of the methanol detection is highly impacted by the addition of relative humidity
Le, Bechec Mickael. "Pollution de l’air intérieur : mesure, impact sur la santé et traitement par méthodes photochimiques." Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU3012/document.
Full textThe increase of human population, the modern agriculture and industrial development generate air pollution, which is nowadays worrying for health and environment. Since several decades, outdoor air pollution has been regulated giving rise a global decrease of pollution in the most important European cities. However indoor air pollution was neglected for a long time. Indeed with development of composite materials for building and furnishing, the number of air pollutants strongly increased together with their concentrations. Several studies have thus demonstrated that numerous volatile organic compounds (VOC) were detected indoor at much higher concentration than outdoor. Moreover, due to the modification of sedentary and urban lifestyles, the time spent in confined spaces like housing, working places and public transportation increases. It is less and less satisfactory to simply renew indoor air with outdoor air in most of urban agglomerations. Accordingly, new processes for air treatment are developed in order to decrease indoor air pollutant concentrations while limiting energetic consumption. Photocatalysis is an advanced oxidation process potentially interesting for VOC removal. After a short reminder on the societal context of atmospheric pollution, measurement and treatment methods are presented in chapters I and II. The following chapter gathers the results obtained on the development of new photocatalytic materials and on the measure of their efficiency. The first part of this chapter is devoted to an overview of photocatalytic reactors for gas solid reactions and summarizes the numerous problems arising from the comparison of different materials under various conditions, which are not always similar. In the second part, a composite material made of titanium dioxide encapsulated in a polymer film is characterized and used for the oxidation of a volatile compound used for agricultural fumigation, dimethyl disulfide. The spectroscopic analysis led to the optimization of the material as a function of its thickness and its titanium dioxide loading. A second innovative photocatalytic material made of pure TiO2 fibers is characterized by its mineralization ability of representative indoor air VOC (acetone, heptane, and toluene). The performance of this material is compared to that of a commercial one, Quartzel ® made of TiO2 deposited on quartz fibers, under strictly identical conditions. The two last parts of this chapter are at the interface between photochemistry and biology. In a first strep, bacterial inactivation by a smart textile where titanium dioxide particles coupled with a photosensitizer is studded under visible light. In the last part, the impact of indoor air pollution on skin cells is presented. A dedicated device allowing keratinocytes culture cells and skin biopsies exposures to controlled VOC concentrations is developed. It is thus possible to evidence and to determine the origin of the cellular response to this environmental stress. At last, new research projects for a near future are then presented. They concern the determination of reactive oxygen species involved in photochemical reactions and the development of new hybrid polymers encapsulating photosensitizing molecules. Prospective ideas at the interface of photochemistry and biology conclude this memory
Flores, Edson Luiz. "Industrialização e desenvolvimento do sudoeste do Paraná." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2009. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/87.
Full textHow wrote Marx and Engels (1998), the production is very important to man, more than this, it`s the responsible by own humanization; to measure that the men, to opposite of the animals that live by nature (offer of foods, resisting by climatic intemperance etc), get to produce the instrument of survival (foods, clothes, home etc). However, we verified that in the human sciences, specifically at the Geography, in the last epochs has been given little attention to the production, mainly to industrialization. In this study, we realized a analysis about the industry`s importance at the Southwest of the Parana`s development, region of new population occupation, happened mainly after the 1940`s. By the realization of that study, proceeded to light from the historic materialism, method which to consist, thick manner, in to analyses the formations and transformations occurred at the society from active production and from work`s connections intrinsic to its. The theoretical reference Marxism mainly the Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Karl Kautsky, Ignácio Rangel, Armem Mamigonian`s studies, among others abetted us to that realized a detailed research, interviewing owns and executives of industrial unities from region, salaried workers etc, looking at to get information and dies about the thematic studied. In this discourse, we analyzed: 1) the importance of the industry (mainly the wood`s branch) to the population of this region from Parana; 2) we verified the conditions that the social formation (marked by presence of few owns of earth, craftsmen and merchants) offered to organize a few merchant production; 3) we saw the importance that had the financial capital, as modernizing the agricultural as financing the industrial production (mainly from the second half at 1970`s); 4) we saw the importance that the abetment politics to industrialization, the offer of raw materials, and of work`s power, have been to attract industrial unities to this region; and, 5) we verified the increase of income advanced by industry, that besides, has been contributed, somehow, to a geral advancement of the life`s conditions from Southwest of the Parana`s population.
Como escreveram Marx e Engels (1998), a produção é de suma importância ao homem, mais do que isso, ela é responsável pela própria humanização; à medida que os homens, ao contrário dos animais que vivem à mercê da natureza (da oferta de alimentos, resistindo às intempéries climáticas etc.), conseguem produzir os meios de sobrevivência dos quais necessitam (alimentos, vestuário, residências etc.). No entanto, verificamos que nas ciências humanas, especificamente na Geografia, nos últimos tempos tem-se dado pouca atenção à produção, principalmente à industrialização. Nessa pesquisa, realizamos uma análise da importância da indústria no desenvolvimento do Sudoeste do Paraná, região de ocupação populacional recente, ocorrida principalmente após a década de 1940. Para a realização de tal estudo, procedemos à luz do materialismo histórico, método que consiste, grosso modo, em analisar as formações e transformações ocorridas na sociedade a partir da organização produtiva e das relações de trabalho inerentes a ela. O referencial teórico marxista principalmente estudos de Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Karl Kautsky, Ignácio Rangel, Armem Mamigonian, entre outros nos apoiou para que realizássemos uma pesquisa minuciosa, entrevistando proprietários e/ou administradores de unidades industriais da região, trabalhadores assalariados etc., visando obter informações e dados acerca da temática estudada. Nessa dissertação, analisamos: 1) a importância da indústria (principalmente o ramo da madeira) para o povoamento dessa região do Paraná; 2) verificamos as condições que a formação social (marcada pela presença de pequenos proprietários de terra, artesãos e comerciantes) ofereceu ao constituir uma pequena produção mercantil; 3) observamos a importância que o capital financeiro teve, tanto modernizando a agricultura como financiando a produção industrial (principalmente a partir da segunda metade da década de 1970); 4) observamos a importância que as políticas de fomento à industrialização, as inovações no processo produtivo, bem como a oferta de matérias-primas, e de força de trabalho, têm tido para atrair unidades industriais para essa região; e, 5) verificamos o aumento de renda promovido pela indústria, que, aliás, tem contribuído, de certa forma, para uma melhoria geral das condições de vida da população do Sudoeste do Paraná.
Osipian, Remy. "Etude dynamique d'un système de stockage par chaleur latente liquide-solide : application au véhicule électrique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC052/document.
Full textThis study focuses on the development of a heat storage system used to ensure passenger compartment thermal comfort in an electric vehicle. This device, called a thermal battery, is a packed bed latent heat tank filled with phase change materials (PCM). This type of material has the property of storing large amounts of latent heat in small volumes, allowing a very compact system. At the material scale, an investigation on heat transfer dynamics within several PCM was studied. A phenomenological expression which depicts the temporal evolution of the PCM temperature for a solidification phase was suggested. This allows the estimation of the material solidification duration in terms of geometric and thermal characteristics. At the system scale, a thermal battery prototype was set up and the thermal transfer dynamics during the charging and discharging phases were studied. The charging and discharging durations are fitted by power laws in terms of the flow rate; the pressure drops are insignificant. Simultaneously, a numerical model which simulates the dynamic and thermal behavior of a PCM particle fixed bed was developed and validated with the experimental data. It can be used for future prototype sizing and will also serve as a tool to optimize the performance of the battery by setting the control parameters
Lochoshvili, Maksym. "Les technologies nouvelles ont-elles un rôle à jouer sur un marché très concurrentiel de la Russie postsoviétique, le marché du chauffage ? (Période étudiée 1991-2008)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040195/document.
Full textOn a specific example of a French company having innovative technologies in the field of heating and water distribution, and realizing an expansion project to a new market, in this case, the Russian market, the author shows the importance of technologies when penetrating a market strongly different from the domestic one. Within the heating sector in the country where, because of a cold climate, the need to feel warm is a vital need, where the technological backwardness due to the historical phenomenon of the central residential heating monopoly is obvious, and where market is taking shape and competition is now growing, new technologies have without doubt a capital part to play. How should a company with such technologies approach the Russian market certainly very promising, but also fragile especially in this delicate period of the world economic crisis? What are the risks and the perspectives for the company? How to succeed in this market? How to enhance the value and to transfer new technological solutions? What advantages does this transfer bring to the company, but also to the company’s local partner, to the targeted region, and to the receiving country? These are questions the author asks himself. The role of new technologies is certainly beyond a sector or a field of activity: the new technologies brought by western companies undoubtedly accelerated, as Russia is concerned, the change from the Soviet-type economic system to a free-market system, known as the market economy
Wei, Hua. "Développement d'électrodes innovantes pour la conversion électrocatalytique de petites molécules." Thesis, Lyon, 2021. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03789610.
Full textNitrogen plays an indispensable role for all life on earth and for the development of human beings. Industrially, nitrogen gas is converted to ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen-rich fertilisers to supplement the amount of nitrogen fixed spontaneously by nature. At present, the only industrial-scale ammonia synthesis technology is the process developed by Haber and Bosch in the early 20th century using gas phase N2 and H2 as the feeding gases. However, the Haber-Bosch process requires harsh conditions, complex equipment and high energy consumption, and operates with low conversion rates, which are inconsistent with economic and social growing development requirements. Compared to the Haber-Bosch method, electrocatalysis is one of the promising routes that can integrate electricity produced from renewable energy technologies for the production of ammonia at room temperature and ambient pressure. A specific challenge is related to the development of novel electrocatalysts/electrodes with the aim to achieve a low-cost, large-scale and delocalized production of ammonia. In view of the above key scientific issues, this PhD work focuses on three main aspects of the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR): i) engineering and design of the electrocatalyst, ii) electrode and cell design of the electrochemical device and iii) improvement and optimization of the reaction conditions, to enhance the performances of ammonia synthesis. Most of the research activities of this PhD work about synthesis and characterization of the electrocatalytic materials and assembling/testing of the electrodes in unconventional electrochemical devices were carried out at the laboratory CASPE (Laboratory of Catalysis for Sustainable Production and Energy) of the University of Messina. Moreover, during the three years, a period of 12 months was spent in cotutelle with the École supérieure de chimie, physique, électronique de Lyon (CPE Lyon), where advanced synthesis routes were explored for the preparation of organometallic-based electrocatalysts to be used as more active electrodes in NRR. The PhD thesis is organized in five main chapters. Chapter 1 focuses on N2 fixation issues and on describing the industrial Haber-Bosch process, with an overview of the general implications related to its high energy requirements. Chapter 2, instead, refers to the electrocatalytic materials developed in this PhD work for the preparation of the electrodes: 1) the Metal-organic Frameworks (MOFs), a class of porous materials very promising for their peculiar characteristics of high surface area, tunable properties, organic functionality and porosity, as well as for the possibility of creating specific catalytic active sites thanks to both the functional groups and the metal ion centres; 2) the MXenes, a class of metal carbide or nitride materials with a two-dimensional (2D) structure, which have recently attracted a large interest for a broad range of applications, including catalysis and N2 fixation, for their unique properties of metallic conductivity and hydrophilic nature of the hydroxyl or oxygen terminated surfaces. In Chapters 3-5, the experimental results are presented and discussed. Chapter 3 concerns the preparation of a series of Fe-MOF-based (Fe@Zn/SIM-1) electrodes and their testing in NRR by using an advanced engineered three-phase reactor, working in gas-phase. In Chapter 4, a series of improved Fe-MOF-based materials (Fe-based and Fe-alkali metal-based MOF UiO-66-(COOH)2), synthesized by cation exchange reaction technique to replace the proton of carboxylic acid with an iron cation, are presented. Finally, Chapter 5 refers to the exploration of advanced MXene materials (Ti3C2 MXene) and to the attempt of synthesizing a 3D nanoarchitecture starting from 2D-dimensional MXene-based catalysts
Ragab, Khaled Ahmed. "The use of fluidized sand bed as an innovative technique for heat treating aluminum based castings." Thèse, 2012. http://constellation.uqac.ca/2324/1/030297899.pdf.
Full textWEI, Hua. "Development of Innovative Electrodes for the Electrocatalytic Conversion of Small Molecules." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11570/3191397.
Full textNitrogen plays an indispensable role for all life on earth and for the development of human beings. Industrially, nitrogen gas is converted to ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen-rich fertilisers to supplement the amount of nitrogen fixed spontaneously by nature. At present, the only industrial-scale ammonia synthesis technology is the process developed by Haber and Bosch in the early 20th century using gas phase N2 and H2 as the feeding gases. However, the Haber-Bosch process requires harsh conditions, complex equipment and high energy consumption, and operates with low conversion rates, which are inconsistent with economic and social growing development requirements. Compared to the Haber-Bosch method, electrocatalysis is one of the promising routes that can integrate electricity produced from renewable energy technologies for the production of ammonia at room temperature and ambient pressure. A specific challenge is related to the development of novel electrocatalysts/electrodes with the aim to achieve a low-cost, large-scale and delocalized production of ammonia. In view of the above key scientific issues, this PhD work focuses on three main aspects of the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR): i) engineering and design of the electrocatalyst, ii) electrode and cell design of the electrochemical device and iii) improvement and optimization of the reaction conditions, to enhance the performances of ammonia synthesis. Most of the research activities of this PhD work about synthesis and characterization of the electrocatalytic materials and assembling/testing of the electrodes in unconventional electrochemical devices were carried out at the laboratory CASPE (Laboratory of Catalysis for Sustainable Production and Energy) of the University of Messina. Moreover, during the three years, a period of 12 months was spent in cotutelle with the École supérieure de chimie, physique, électronique de Lyon (CPE Lyon), where advanced synthesis routes were explored for the preparation of organometallic-based electrocatalysts to be used as more active electrodes in NRR. The PhD thesis is organized in five main chapters. Chapter 1 focuses on N2 fixation issues and on describing the industrial Haber-Bosch process, with an overview of the general implications related to its high energy requirements. The alternative methods based on the electrochemical nitrogen fixation are then presented, with a wide description of pros and cons related to the milder conditions (i.e., room temperature and atmospheric pressure) and by discussing the elements to be developed for a future implementation of this technology, including a description of the possible reaction mechanism, which is still unclear in literature. Chapter 2, instead, refers to the electrocatalytic materials developed in this PhD work for the preparation of the electrodes: 1) the Metal-organic Frameworks (MOFs), a class of porous materials very promising for their peculiar characteristics of high surface area, tunable properties, organic functionality and porosity, as well as for the possibility of creating specific catalytic active sites thanks to both the functional groups and the metal ion centres; 2) the MXenes, a class of metal carbide or nitride materials with a two-dimensional (2D) structure, which have recently attracted a large interest for a broad range of applications, including catalysis and N2 fixation, for their unique properties of metallic conductivity and hydrophilic nature of the hydroxyl or oxygen terminated surfaces. In Chapters 3-5, the experimental results are presented and discussed. Chapter 3 concerns the preparation of a series of Fe-MOF-based (Fe@Zn/SIM-1) electrodes and their testing in NRR by using an advanced engineered three-phase reactor, working in gas-phase. This novel device operates at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, with counter and reference electrodes immersed into an anode half-cell (where the oxidation of H2O to O2 occurs) containing a liquid electrolyte (the anolyte), while the cathode half-cell for NRR operates in gas phase without a liquid electrolyte (electrolyte-less conditions). This type of electrocatalytic reactor is thus quite different from the conventional electrocatalytic reactors operating in liquid phase, with the main advantages of avoiding issues related to the low N2 solubility and transport in the electrolyte, and allowing an easier recovery of ammonia. The results obtained from these electrocatalytic tests in gas-phase were very useful to improve the design of the MOFs-based electrodes, evidencing the limits of these kinds of materials in terms of N content, stability and possibility to prepare more advanced electrocatalysts by carbonization. A wide part of this chapter was dedicated to the development of new experimental strategies for avoiding false positive in the detection of ammonia, which is one of the topics most studied from scientists working in NRR in the last two years. As accurate protocols were recently suggested in literature, also using advanced analytical techniques (i.e. using 15N labelled nitrogen), an easier methodology based on UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis (coupled with blank tests with inert gases) was suggested in this work to avoid ammonia contaminations and false positives, although more sophisticated analytical techniques may definitely confirm the real source of ammonia. In Chapter 4, a series of improved Fe-MOF-based materials (Fe-based and Fe-alkali metal-based MOF UiO-66-(COOH)2), synthesized by cation exchange reaction technique to replace the proton of carboxylic acid with an iron cation, are presented. With respect to Fe@Zn/SIM-1, this new class of MOFs are more stable in water and do not contain nitrogen atoms in their structure. Results evidenced that 80% cation exchange Fe@UiO-66-(COOH)2 (with an effective Fe content of around 8 wt.%) was the best electrocatalyst among the tested Fe-based MOF synthesized materials. The performances in NRR highly depended on cell and electrode design. More in detail, an ammonia yield of 1.19 μg•h-1•mgcat-2 was obtained with an assembling configuration of layers ordered as i) Nafion (the membrane), ii) Fe-based MOF (the electrocatalyst), iii) GDL (the carbon gas diffusion layer) and iv) a further layer of Fe-MOF. The effect of applied voltage was also explored, indicating an optimal voltage of -0.5 V vs. RHE to maximize activity in NRR and limiting the side hydrogen evolution reaction. Moreover, as currently used in the industrial catalysts for Haber-Bosh process, the introduction of potassium in the electrocatalysts was also investigated, in order to facilitate charge transfer from K- ions to the iron-based catalyst surface, balancing the dissociative chemisorption between H2 and N2, and suppressing side reactions, thus improving both activity and stability. These results were very promising, although a further experimentation is needed to improve their performances in NRR, to overcome limitations related to MOF materials themselves, majorly due to their low conductivity and stability. Finally, Chapter 5 refers to the exploration of advanced MXene materials (Ti3C2 MXene) and to the attempt of synthesizing a 3D nanoarchitecture starting from 2D-dimensional MXene-based catalysts. To understand the role of the nanostructure of MXene materials in NRR, Ti3C2 nanosheets were treated with KOH to obtain a final shape of three-dimensional (3D) porous frameworks nanoribbons. Specifically, the objective of this research was to investigate how the conversion of Ti3C2 nanosheets to 3D-like nanoribbons influence the NRR reactivity in the gas-phase electrochemical device. A full characterization of MXenes nanoribbons (SEM, TEM, HRTEM, XRD, XPS and EDX) was also presented. Results showed that the 3D-type nanostructure (nanoribbons) leads to a significant enhancement of the N2 fixation activity due to the formation of exposed Ti-OH sites. A linear relationship was observed between ammonia formation rate and amount of oxygen on the surface of Ti3C2 MXene.
L'azote joue un rôle indispensable pour toute vie sur terre et pour le développement des êtres humains. Industriellement, l'azote gazeux est converti en ammoniac (NH3) et en engrais riches en azote pour compléter la quantité d'azote fixée spontanément par la nature. À l'heure actuelle, la seule technologie de synthèse de l'ammoniac à l'échelle industrielle est le procédé mis au point par Haber et Bosch au début du XXe siècle, qui utilise les phases gazeuses N2 et H2. Cependant, le procédé Haber-Bosch nécessite des conditions difficiles, des équipements complexes et une consommation d'énergie élevée, et fonctionne avec de faibles taux de conversion, ce qui est incompatible avec les exigences d’un développement durable. Par rapport à la méthode Haber-Bosch, l'électrocatalyse est l'une des voies prometteuses qui permet d'intégrer l'électricité produite à partir de technologies d'énergies renouvelables pour la production d'ammoniac à température ambiante et à pression ambiante. Un défi spécifique est lié au développement de nouveaux électrocatalyseurs/électrodes dans le but de parvenir à une production d'ammoniac à faible coût, à grande échelle et délocalisée. Compte tenu ces défis scientifiques, ce travail de doctorat se concentre sur trois aspects principaux de la réaction électrocatalytique de réduction de l'azote (NRR) : i) ingénierie et conception de l'électrocatalyseur, ii) conception de l'électrode et de la cellule du dispositif électrochimique et iii) amélioration et optimisation des conditions de réaction, afin d'améliorer les performances de la synthèse de l'ammoniac. La plupart des activités de recherche de ce travail de doctorat sur la synthèse et la caractérisation des matériaux électrocatalytiques et l'assemblage/le test des électrodes dans des dispositifs électrochimiques non conventionnels ont été menées au laboratoire CASPE (Laboratory of Catalysis for Sustainable Production and Energy) de l'université de Messine. En outre, une période de 12 mois a été passée en cotutelle avec l'École supérieure de chimie, physique, électronique de Lyon (CPE Lyon), où des voies de synthèse avancées ont été explorées pour la préparation d'électrocatalyseurs à base de composés organométalliques qui ont été utilisés comme électrodes plus actives dans la RRN. Cette thèse de doctorat est organisée en cinq grands chapitres. Le chapitre 1 se concentre sur les questions de fixation de l'azote et sur la description du processus industriel de Haber-Bosch, avec un aperçu des implications générales liées à ses besoins élevés en énergie. Les méthodes alternatives basées sur la fixation électrochimique de l'azote sont ensuite présentées, avec une large description des avantages et des inconvénients liés aux conditions plus douces (c'est-à-dire la température ambiante et la pression atmosphérique) et en discutant des éléments à développer pour une future mise en œuvre de cette technologie, y compris une description du mécanisme de réaction possible, encore débattu dans la littérature. Le chapitre 2 fait référence aux matériaux électrocatalytiques développés pour la préparation des électrodes : 1) les matériaux hybrides organiques-inorganiques de type MOF, une classe de matériaux poreux très prometteurs pour leurs caractéristiques particulières de surface spécifique élevée et leurs propriétés ajustables ainsi que pour la possibilité de créer des sites catalytiques actifs spécifiques grâce aux groupes fonctionnels et aux centres d'ions métalliques ; 2) les MXènes, une classe de matériaux en carbure ou nitrure de métal à structure bidimensionnelle (2D), qui ont récemment suscité un grand intérêt pour un large éventail d'applications, notamment la catalyse et la fixation de N2, pour leurs propriétés uniques de conductivité métallique et de nature hydrophile des surfaces terminées par un hydroxyle ou un oxygène. Les chapitres 3 à 5 présentent et analysent les résultats expérimentaux. Le chapitre 3 concerne la préparation d'une série d'électrodes à base de Fe-MOF (Fe@Zn/SIM-1) et leur test dans la réaction NRR en utilisant un réacteur triphasé de pointe, fonctionnant en phase gazeuse. Ce nouveau dispositif fonctionne à température ambiante et à la pression atmosphérique, avec des électrodes de comptage et de référence immergées dans une demi-cellule anodique (où se produit l'oxydation de H2O en O2) contenant un électrolyte liquide (l'anolyte), tandis que la demi-cellule cathodique pour le NRR fonctionne en phase gazeuse sans électrolyte liquide. Ce type de réacteur électrocatalytique est donc très différent des réacteurs électrocatalytiques classiques fonctionnant en phase liquide, avec les principaux avantages d'éviter les problèmes liés à la faible solubilité et au transport de N2 dans l'électrolyte, et de permettre une récupération plus facile de l'ammoniac. Les résultats obtenus lors de ces essais électrocatalytiques en phase gazeuse ont été très utiles pour améliorer la conception des électrodes à base de MOFs, mettant en évidence les limites de ce type de matériaux en termes de teneur en N, de stabilité et de possibilité de préparer des électrocatalyseurs plus avancés par carbonisation. Une grande partie du chapitre 3 a été consacrée au développement de nouvelles stratégies expérimentales pour éviter les faux positifs dans la détection de l'ammoniac, qui est l'un des sujets les plus étudiés par les scientifiques travaillant dans la NRR ces deux dernières années. Comme des protocoles précis ont été récemment suggérés dans la littérature, utilisant également des techniques analytiques avancées (c'est-à-dire utilisant de l'azote marqué à 15N), une méthodologie plus facile basée sur l'analyse spectrophotométrique UV-visible (couplée à des essais à blanc avec des gaz inertes) a été suggérée dans ce travail pour éviter les contaminations par l'ammoniac et les faux positifs, bien que des techniques analytiques plus sophistiquées puissent définitivement confirmer la source réelle d'ammoniac. Dans le chapitre 4, une série de matériaux améliorés à base de Fe-MOF (incluant un dopage additionel par un métal alcalin du MOF UiO-66-(COOH)2), synthétisés par une technique de réaction d'échange de cations pour remplacer le proton de l'acide carboxylique par un cation de fer, sont présentés. En ce qui concerne le Fe@Zn/SIM-1, cette nouvelle classe de MOF est plus stable dans l'eau et ne contient pas d'atomes d'azote dans sa structure. Les résultats ont montré que l'échange cationique à 80 % Fe@UiO-66-(COOH)2 (avec une teneur effective en Fe d'environ 8 % en poids) était le meilleur électrocatalyseur parmi les matériaux synthétisés de MOF à base de Fe testés. Les performances du NRR dépendaient fortement de la conception de la cellule et de l'électrode. Plus en détail, un rendement en ammoniac de 1.19 μg•h-1•mgcat-2 a été obtenu avec une configuration d'assemblage de couches ordonnées comme i) Nafion (la membrane), ii) MOF à base de Fe (l'électrocatalyseur), iii) GDL (la couche de diffusion de gaz carbonique) et iv) une autre couche de Fe-MOF. L'effet de la tension appliquée a également été exploré, indiquant une tension optimale de -0,5 V par rapport à la RHE pour maximiser l'activité dans le NRR et limiter la réaction latérale d'évolution de l'hydrogène. En outre, comme c'est le cas actuellement dans les catalyseurs industriels pour le procédé Haber-Bosh, l'introduction de potassium dans les électrocatalyseurs a également été étudiée, afin de faciliter le transfert de charge des ions K- à la surface du catalyseur à base de fer, en équilibrant la chimisorption dissociative entre H2 et N2, et en supprimant les réactions secondaires, ce qui améliore à la fois l'activité et la stabilité. Ces résultats étaient très prometteurs, bien qu'une nouvelle expérimentation soit nécessaire pour améliorer leurs performances dans les NRR, afin de surmonter les limitations liées aux matériaux MOF eux-mêmes, principalement en raison de leur faible conductivité et de leur stabilité. Enfin, le chapitre 5 fait référence à l'exploration des matériaux avancés à base de MXène (Ti3C2 MXène) et à la tentative de synthèse d'une nanoarchitecture 3D à partir de catalyseurs à base de MXène en 2D. Pour comprendre le rôle de la nanostructure des matériaux à base de MXène dans la NRR, des nanofeuilles de Ti3C2 ont été traitées au KOH pour obtenir une forme finale de nanorubans à armature poreuse tridimensionnelle (3D). Plus précisément, l'objectif de cette recherche était d'étudier comment la conversion des nanofeuilles de Ti3C2 en nanorubans tridimensionnels influençait la réactivité du NRR dans le dispositif électrochimique en phase gazeuse. Une caractérisation complète des nanorubans MXenes (SEM, TEM, HRTEM, XRD, XPS et EDX) a également été présentée. Les résultats ont montré que la nanostructure de type 3D (nanorubans) conduit à une amélioration significative de l'activité de fixation du N2 en raison de la formation de sites Ti-OH exposés. Une relation linéaire a été observée entre le taux de formation d'ammoniac et la quantité d'oxygène à la surface du Ti3C2 MXene.