Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Matériaux carbonés structurés'
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Vidal, Mathieu. "Préparation, activation et caractérisation de nanomatériaux carbonés : étude de leur réactivité chimique et du magnétisme." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP149.
Full textThis research focuses on the preparation and characterization of four carbon-based materials, namely carbon nanotubes (CNTs), few-layer graphene (FLG), carbon nanofibers (CNF), and a fibrous material (FM) exhibiting different ratios of basal and prismatic planes. The goal is to create reactive centers on these materials and study their magnetic and chemical properties. Chapter 1 corresponds to a literature review on the subject, covering the different types of defects in carbon materials, their engineering, and their properties. In Chapter 2, we studied the effect of annealing at 2800°C, primarily carried out to eliminate any traces of metallic impurities in these materials, on the structural, textural, chemical, and magnetic properties of these four carbon materials. We demonstrated that annealing forms loops in these materials, which complicates the interpretation of certain results. The removal of surface oxygenated groups and aliphatic -CH groups creates numerous active sites that rearrange to gain stability. Chapter 3 details the effect of high-temperature oxidation on the four annealed materials, as well as their activation under an inert atmosphere at 400°C, on their structural, textural, chemical, and magnetic properties. It was demonstrated by EPR and VSM that the number of spins decreases after activation. Nevertheless, pulsed EPR experiments show that new paramagnetic centers appear on materials with a high prismatic surface. The materials were then tested in heterogeneous catalysis for the oxidative dehydrogenation reaction of indoline. A decrease in catalytic activity was observed after activation at 400°C, consistent with a reduction in the number of spins. This decrease in activity is in line with the amount of oxygen present on the surface of the different carbon materials. Although no clear correlation was found across all materials, two distinct groups emerged: materials exhibiting a predominantly prismatic surface and those with a predominantly basal surface. In Chapter 4, the preparation of single-atom rhodium-supported catalysts on the four carbon supports (1% Rh/Carbon) is detailed. A thorough study combining EXAFS measurements and modeling allowed us to better understand the interactions of rhodium atoms with the different types of surfaces present in the carbon materials. Additionally, these supported catalysts were tested in heterogeneous catalysis in the hydrogenation of phenylacetylene and the hydroformylation of 1-octene and styrene. A basal surface is more stabilizing, but it is more challenging to obtain only isolated atoms, unlike a prismatic surface, where it is easier to achieve isolated atoms but is less stabilizing. Our results highlight the importance of using several complementary analytical techniques to accurately characterize these materials. Thus, even if no clusters were detected by EXAFS and XPS, their presence was revealed by TEM imaging and catalysis
Laffont, Lydia. "Structure et propriétés physiques de matériaux polyaromatiques par MET, EELS, et RX." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30129.
Full textShao, Ying. "Utilisation de matériaux lignocellulosiques et d'impression 3D pour élaborer des structures contuctrices." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI106/document.
Full textIn the present work, electrically conductive and mechanically resistant carbon structures were elaborated by 3D printing and subsequent pyrolysis using microfibrillated cellulose/lignosulfonate/cellulose powder (labeled as MFC/LS/CP) blends. The processability of MFC/LS/CP slurries by 3D printing was examined by rheological tests in both steady flow and thixotropic modes. The printed MFC/LS/CP pastes were self-standing, provided a high printing definition and were proved to be morphologically stable to air drying and the subsequent pyrolysis. Pyrolysis at a slow rate (0.2°C/min) to a final temperature in the range of 400-1200°C was used to manufacture MFC/LS/CP carbons. The TGA/DTG was applied to monitor the thermal degradation of MFC/LS/CP materials in blends as well as in a separated form. The resulting carbons were further characterized in terms of morphology, microstructure and physical properties (such as density, electrical conductivity and mechanical strength). At 900°C, MFC/LS/CP carbons displayed a high electrical conductivity of 47.8 S/cm together with a low density of 0.74 g/cm3 as well as an important porosity of 0.58. They also achieved an elastic modulus maximum of 6.62 GPa. Such interesting electrical and mechanical properties would lead to a promising application of MFC/LS/CP- derived biocarbons in energy storage devices as electrode materials in close future
Rubrice, Kevin. "Matériaux composites commandables pour applications hyperfréquences dans les structures navales." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S127.
Full textComposite materials are used for their lightness, high resistance to corrosion and high mechanical properties over large application areas, such as naval, ground and aerial. Collaboration between DCNS group and the Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR, UMR-6164) has been initiated to develop smart composite materials with tunable properties at microwaves. Three different routes have been investigated during the thesis work. The first one is based on carbon composite material, its electromagnetic absorbing ability and its potential dielectric tunability. For this, we develop composite materials loaded with various carbon particles (carbon nanotube, graphene, black carbon). Next, to elaborate smart composite materials, a ferroelectric material has been used as filler. The dielectric characteristics of such materials can be tuned under external biasing for example. Thus we develop an active composite material under various external actuators for naval application, and especially for new reconfigurable frequency selective surface (RFSS). Finally dielectric honeycomb materials have been specifically elaborated and studied to develop smart properties for DC and microwave applications. During this work, three different prototypes improving composite materials in naval area have been performed: reconfigurable radome, RCS reduction, and antenna isolation
Bertran, Xavier. "Comportement en milieu oxydant d’un composite carbone/carbone pour applications structurales entre 150 et 400°c dans l’aéronautique civile." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14922/document.
Full textA 2D Carbon/Carbon composite is envisaged for structural parts, operating between 150 and 400°C, in civil aircraft. In this temperature range, the durability of these materials remains unknown because they have never been developed for this kind of applications. A first approach allowed us to correlate the chemical reactivity of the elemental constituents (fiber and matrix) to their structural organization. Then, thermal ageing tests performed on the composite material have demonstrated that a low rate of oxidation could be responsible to a significant reduction of residual mechanical properties. Cracks and fiber/matrix debonding resulting to the elaboration process create an extended pathway to a preferential oxidation of the most reactive compound. This latter is followed by a premature failure by delamination. The reduction of the material properties over long periods is finally discussed in order to evaluate its ability to replace metallic materials in aircraft structural parts
Kaplan, Benjamin. "Synthèse, structure et propriétés électrochimiques de matériaux d'électrodes pour accumulateurs lithium-ion." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066195.
Full textDelas, Jean-Marc. "Méthode d'évaluation de l'amortissement structural intrinsèque d'un matériau composite carbone-époxy." Bordeaux 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR10622.
Full textSun, Zhen Kun. "Rational design of mesoporous materials with Core/shell structures with applications for sustainability." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26106.
Full textMesoporous materials, especially ordered ones have become ones of great importance nanomaterials, which possess regular, uniform and interpenetrating mesopores in nanoscale. Morphology and texture controls towards mesoporous materials are critical for a variety of practical applications, the ultimate goal of which are the realization of their functional design. Core/shell composite materials are a type of functional hybrid materials which not only possess the properties of the individual components, but also exhibit some new or synergistic effects between the core and the shell. The design of mesoporous materials with unique core/shell configuration and multifunctions to make them successfully applied in practice, should be an important driving force for the continuous development of current material science. This thesis mainly focuses on two aspects: (1) careful design of core/shell structured mesoporous materials in order to solve the problem and difficulty in synthesis, which hinders their further applications and (2) application of mesoporous materials in cyclic CO2 capture to enhance the durability of CO2 sorbents by taking advantage of the core/shell concept. Aiming at the calcium looping cycle, an attractive technology for large-scale CO2 capture, we have prepared novel mesoporous core/shell structured CaO-based sorbents which exhibit highly stable cyclability and excellent attrition-resistance performances, attributed to advantages of both mesoporous materials and unique core/shell configuration. Our fabrication method could easily be realized in large-scale and meet the requirements of circulating fluidized bed reactors. Owing to their high surface energies, metallic nanoparticles normally tend to aggregate together during catalytic reactions, and their separation from a complex heterogeneous system is another obstacle. In this regards, we have demonstrated a facile and versatile synthesis of multicomponent and multifunctional microspheres Fe3O4@C-Pd@mSiO2 with well-defined core/shell structures, confined catalytic Pd nanoparticles and accessible ordered mesopore channels. Recently, various methods have been proposed for coating mesoporous shells on cores by soft-templating process. However, the generated mesopores are usually very small (< 3 nm), which may limit their further applications. In this work, we have accomplished the synthesis of superparamagnetic core/shell structured microspheres possessing an outer shell of ordered mesoporous silica with large pores (4.5 nm) by adopting triblock-copolymer Pluronic P123 as soft-template.
Sow, Amadou Oumar. "Etude sous pression des nanotubes de carbone et des matériaux supraconducteurs à base de fer." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENY004.
Full textIn this thesis, we have studied pressure effects on the electrical and structural properties of I- double wall carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs), ans II- iron-based superconductors. I- DWNCTs networkks exhibit, at low temperatures, a power law behavior of the conductance G, a signature of Luttinger liquid (LL). At high temperatures, G is linear, signalizing a crossover to a Fermi liquid (FL) state. The apparition of the linear behavior is shifted over room temperature by the application of a pressure. That is explained by the freeze of twist modes, responsible for the electron scattering and the high temperature linear behavior. II- We have studied newiron-based superconductors. On LaFeAsO1-xFx, our study was the first to investigate correllations between structural and superconducting properties under pressure. The analysis pointed out similarities with cuprates (compressibility) and conventional ssuperconductors. We showed in SrFeAsF and CaFeAsF the coexistence state between a spin density wave (SDW) and superconductivity. The appearance at P≥2GPa of the superconducting state is attributed to hole doping, following a interlayers charge transfer due to the pressure. Thus, this doping is less destructive for the SDW than the electron one. We then studied Sr4V2O6FeAs2. Its large perovskite layer has an important task, on one hand by maintaining the initial perfect values of the tetragonal angles until ~10GPa, on the other hand by rejecting any structural "tetragonal to orthorhombic" transition-type, preventing the SDW development and then allowing the compound to exhibit superconductivity at zero-pressure. We showed that the critical temperature TC is the highest when tetragonal angles have their perfect values. Our last study was focused on Fe Se. After analysing the structural and transport data, we discovered a new high pressure orthorhombic phase with TC~35K, the highest measured to date in this system
Nozet, Quentin. "Structure et propriétés de matériaux composites obtenus par hétérocoagulation de latex de caoutchouc naturel et de noir de carbone." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLS033.
Full textThis thesis investigates the storage hardening of natural rubber and carbon black composites made by heterocoagulation. Heterocoagulation is a process that consists in injecting a carbon black slurry at high speed into a colloidal suspension of natural rubber. We obtain a squishy and highly hydrated material that is subsequently dried and processed using an internal mixer or a mechanical press. The hardening is characterized using various rheological techniques among which torsional rheology and Mooney viscosimetry. Many parameters are investigated: the processing technique, the storage environment, the presence of residual water, temperature, the carbon black content. We define characteristic times of hardening whose temperature dependence indicates that the hardening results from a activated process. The energies of activation are nearly independent of the experimental parameters and compare well to that found in natural rubber. Swelling experiments in good solvent show that hardening is associated with the buildup of an interconnected network of macromolecules. We discuss the origin of this network in relation with the microstructure of natural polyisoprene and the presence of phospholipids and proteins
Guillaud, Nicolas. "Tolérance aux dommages générés par impact de structures composites épaisses. Application aux réservoirs composites hyperbares." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENAM0040/document.
Full textThis thesis took place within the framework of the project TOLEDO (Tolerance in the damage by impact of the hyperbaric reservoirs) managed by Air Liquide in partnership with the CEA Le Ripault and PPRIME institute.The hydrogen is stored within the type IV vessel at a servive pressure of 700 bar.These composite structures present as peculiarities to be thick (> 30 mm), to have a strong curvature and to be precharged in pressure during a possible impact.Our work showed that these peculiarities modify the type, the quantity and the localization of the various usually observed damages (fiber breakage, délamination and matrix cracking).The damages were able to be quantified by means of simple and original methods.The influence of the peculiarities on the behavior in the impact was able to be determined by the use of two experimental devices designed and realized during this thesis.The first one allows to preload a thick composite plates in uniaxial tension thick composite plates.The second allows to preload in state of membrane a composite pipe and allowed to show that the most critical impact towards reservoirs is when they are empty.This study allowed to highlight the criticality of the fiber breakage on the loss of performance within the hyperbaric reservoirs.A digital model taking into account the dispersal of the failure stress and various types of damages was developed.It also allows to introduce an initial damage and confirm some experimental results
Zhelyazov, Todor. "Renforcement des structures en béton armé par collage de matériaux composites. Comportement des structures sollicitées à la flexion." Reims, 2008. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000987.pdf.
Full textIn this work we present a theoretical and experimental study of the mechanical behavior of a reinforced concrete beam strengthened by composite material. Our research work is focused on the flexural beam strengthening by externally bonded Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP). In the experimental part of our study, the mechanical behavior of the reinforced concrete beam is investigated in a classical four point bending test. The need of external flexural reinforcement is artificially created by the insufficient amount of flexural steel reinforcement. The global response of the reinforced structure is obtained in Load- Deflection curves for the different amounts of FRP and trough observation of the compression zone behavior. The local response of the structure is studied in the zone of the concrete- CFRP interface in order to achieve a better understanding of the failure mechanisms which take place in the adhesive joint. The local strain evolution and the local failure behavior in the reinforced concrete beam are investigated using a strain gauge technique. LVDT are installed along the adhesive joint in order to capture an eventual discontinuity on the concrete- composite interface
Baux, Anthony. "Synthèse de matériaux alvéolaires base carbures par transformation d'architectures carbonées ou céramiques par RCVD/CVD : application aux récepteurs solaires volumiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0193/document.
Full textThe aim is to design and create efficient cellular architectures for volumetric solar receivers used in the future thermodynamic power plants. Three strategies are considered for the creation of ceramic or carbon preforms: (i) the synthesis of biomorphic materials resulting from the cutting of balsa, (ii) the elaboration of ceramic structures by binder jetting and (iii) the replication of polymer structures made by 3D printing, using a carbon or ceramic precursor resin. In all cases, the green preforms are converted by pyrolysis to C or SiC and an infiltration step / SiC coating by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) completes the manufacture of ceramic structures. An intermediate stage of RCVD (Reactive CVD) was implemented during the first strategy, in order to convert the microporous carbonaceous structure into TiC. The composition, the microstructure and the porous architecture of the ceramic structures were first characterized. The characteristics of the most relevant materials, considering the application as a solar receiver, were then examined. The thermomechanical properties and the oxidation resistance have thus been characterized in priority. Permeability and thermo-radiative properties, which are also two important factors for application, were also considered
Fahsi, Karim. "Différentes stratégies d’auto-assemblage de dérivés diacétyléniques porteurs d’hétérocycles azotés aromatiques : application à la synthèse de matériaux." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20128/document.
Full textDiacetylenes (DA) are unusual molecules owing to their ability to polymerize in the solid state. Such a polymerization is triggered off thermally or photochemicaly, and leads to the formation of enyne structures. Since their discovery in 1969 by Wegner, polydiacetylenes (PDA) have been the focus of much attention. Initially, many studies were devoted to elucidating the mechanism of polymerization, then assessment of the diverse photophysical, optical, and electronic properties of the polymers became the main goal. Yet, the vast majority of the DA that were studied did not possess substituents that could be modified chemicallyThe first chapter describes the synthesis of new symmetrical diacetylenic molecules functionalized with azole substituents and the study of the polymerization of these compounds in the solid state. Then, we present the modification of the organization of these diacetylenes by the interaction with molecules capable of forming hydrogen bonds, and the use of these molecules as ligands for the synthesis of Metal Organic Frameworks (MOF).The second chapter is devoted to the synthesis, characterization and crystallographic study of ionic diacetylenic compounds bearing triethylammonium, imidazolium and benzimidazolium groups. The photochemical and thermal behaviors of these DA have been tested.In the third chapter, we propose a straightforward route to N-doped graphitic carbon by direct pyrolysis of neutral diacetylenic precursors, and investigate the possibility of forming porous materials by adding a metal salt as a catalyst. Furthermore, another aspect of this chapter was to optimize the nitrogen content of these materials by using dicationic DA with N-rich anions, e.g. dicyanamide [dca] and tricyanomethide [tcm]
Rousseau, Guillaume. "Elaboration de voies innovantes pour la protection contre l’oxydation de matériaux composites carbone/carbone utilisés en aéronautique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUR035.
Full textThis work has been developed as part of a collaboration between the UCCS laboratory and the Safran Landing Systems (Safran LS) company. The aim of this work was to elaborate a new anti-oxidation protection (AOP) for carbon/carbon (C/C) composites marketed as airplane brakes components. The principle of this innovative AOP is based on a so-called internal silicate vitreous diffusion barrier because it is applied under the surface of the C/C composite, combined with an aluminophosphate phase which has a trapping role for the oxidation catalysts. This PAO is formed by impregnating the porosities of the C/C composite with a liquid mixture of precursors, followed by a heat treatment. Several ways of impregnating the C/C composite have been explored: (i) a sequential impregnation of the C/C composite with a first layer of aluminophosphate and a second layer of vitreous phase (or vice versa) or (ii) a simultaneous impregnation of the material with a mixture combining the precursors of the two phases. First, a study of the chemical (by NMR, X-ray micro-tomography synchrotron and XRD) and morphological (by MEBE-HT) evolutions at high temperature of the aluminophosphate was carried out. This study allowed to understand the origin of the loss of efficiency of the aluminophosphate based AOP after a thermal flash at 1200 °C. Then, for the two impregnation routes that we have developed, AOP performance tests were carried out in industrial conditions and characterizations (by NMR, MEBE-HT, thermal analyzes ATD, ATG, HSM) made it possible to link these performances to the chemical structure of the AOP. We have shown that some sequential AOP formulations improve anti-oxidation performance compared to the performance of an industrial AOP based only on aluminophosphate
Prill, Torben. "Caractérisation et modélisation de structures carbonées nanoporeuses." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0073/document.
Full textThe aim of the work presented here is to optimize nanoporous carbon materials by means of 'virtual material design'. On this length scale (~ 10nm) Focused Ion Beam – Scanning Electron Microscopy Nanotomography (FIB-SEM) is the only imaging technique providing three dimensional geometric information. Yet, for the optimization, the pore space of the materials must be reconstructed from the resulting image data, which was a generally unsolved problem so far.To overcome this problem, a simulation method for FIB-SEM images was developed. The resulting synthetic FIB-SEM images could then be used to test and validate segmentation algorithms. Using simulated image data, a new algorithm for the morphological segmentation of the highly porous structures from FIB-SEM data was developed, enabling the reconstruction of the three dimensional pore space from FIB-SEM images.Two case studies with nanoporous carbons used for energy storage are presented, using the new techniques for the characterization and optimization of electrodes of Li-ion batteries and electric double layer capacitors (EDLC's), respectively. The reconstructed pore space is modeled geometrically by means of stochastic geometry. Finally, the electrical properties of the materials were simulated using both imaged real and modeled structures
Beaulieu, Cyril. "De la mesure des sollicitations extérieures réelles à la simulation et l'optimisation de structures stratifiées en matériaux composites : réalisation d'une pédale dynamométrique." Besançon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BESA2051.
Full textBouillonnec, Jonathan. "Elaboration et étude des propriétés mécaniques et thermiques de matériaux constitués de nanotubes de carbone verticalement alignés." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30228/document.
Full textVertically aligned carbon nanotube carpets are potential candidates for applications such as interconnections or thermal interface materials (TIMs). This research work deals with the synthesis of aligned carbon nanotube carpets from the aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technique, with the elaboration of nanocomposites made of different grades of epoxy matrix infiltrated within these carpets, as well as the study of both longitudinal and transverse mechanical and thermal properties of dry carpets themselves and 1D-nanocomposites separately. The synthesis conditions notably enable to vary characteristics of the differents carpets such as their thickness, their density, the mean external diameter of the carbon nanotubes (CNT), the intertube space and the CNT volume fraction, whereas their crystalline structure can be modified with a high temperature thermal treatment. The main goal of this work is to prove and quantify the effect of some of the characteristics of the carbon nanotubes carpets on both mechanical and thermal properties of the different kinds of CNT carpets and resulting composite materials. The two impregnation methods used, liquid way and infusion, lead to dense CNT carpets with a preserved alignment of the CNT and an homogeneous distribution of these latest within the epoxy system. The CNT volume content is evidenced as the key-parameter exacerbating the mechanical and thermal properties mainly in the longitudinal direction compared with the alignment axis of the CNTs. Moreover the mechanical and thermal conduction properties of the CNT carpets and the 1D-nanocomposites are clearly increased when the crystalline structure of the CNT is improved. The significant increasing of the properties brought by the vertically aligned CNT within these anisotropic 1D-nanocomposites compared with the only organic matrixes is promising and opens new pathways aiming to meet the latest specifications related to multifunctionnality in fields such as aeronautics and aerospace
Nguyen, Thanh Hai. "Contribution à l'étude du comportement thermomécanique à très haute température des matériaux composites pour la réparation et/ou le renforcement des structures de Génie Civil." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10244/document.
Full textIn the area of the strengthening and/or the reparation of reinforced concrete structures with composites by means of the external bonding method using an epoxy adhesive, one of the preoccupation of the scientific community is the structural integrity of this system in the event of fire in which the high temperature is the essential feature et can reach up to 1200°C. This research focuses on the thermo-mechanical behavior of composite materials [carbon/epoxy adhesive composite (or carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), textile/cementitious mortar composite (or textile reinforced concrete (TRC)] and an epoxy-based adhesive. The evolution of mechanical properties and other mechanical aspects of these materials with the temperature has been characterized. A new experimental procedure concerning the measurement of sample strain by the laser sensor is developed and validated. An experimental and numerical study has been realized in order to mainly determine the temperature at the failure of "composite/adhesive/composite" joints under thermal and mechanical loadings. The effectiveness of the thermal protection of two insulators [PROMASPRAY®T (a commercial product of the PROMAT company and the insulator A (product developed by the LGCIE site Tuset)] has also been investigated in this PhD thesis. Finally, a numerical approach, using ANSYS software, is used to determine, in the preliminary and approximate way, at material scale, thermal properties of the materials [the textile reinforced concrete (TRC) and the insulator A]
Mounkaila, Mahamadou. "Analyse impédancemétrique pour le suivi de cuisson ou de santé des structures composites carbone/époxyde : vers des matériaux intelligents pour le PHM des structures composites." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30066.
Full textThe high-performance composite materials based on carbon fiber are increasingly used in critical security areas (aeronautics and civil engineering) for the high mechanical performances as regards to their low density. They offer many benefits such as mechanical strength, mass and consumption reduction. Thus, it is important to know their characteristics during curing process or their use. With the aim to optimize their use or to control their integrity, efforts are employed by using several techniques to monitor their curing cycle or the health of the structures during the conditioning stage and the service stage. Beyond the existing methods of unique measurement of the resistance or the capacitance of the material, we present herein a technique of electrical impedance analysis to extract some specific material properties (resistance, capacitance, Impedance and argument) in order to know its behavior. As the microstructure of the material contains a conductor part (carbon fiber) and an insulator part (resin), a three-dimensional (3D) model of the electrical conduction in the material was established by using a network of a resistance RP connected in parallel with a capacitance CP (impedance Z) to describe the anisotropy of the material. Then, the thin flexible electrodes (flex) are inserted inside the material and the specific impedance measurement bench is developed to perform a real-time measurement of RP and CP or Z and θ. Spectroscopic impedance analysis of the studied samples informs about the intrinsic properties of material and shows a sensitivity of these electrical properties according to the curing cycle. Then the sensitivity to some physical parameters (temperature, deformations, etc.) will be demonstrated in order to provide necessary elements to know or predict the health of the material for SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) and PHM (Prognostics and health management) purpose
Mouney, Catherine. "Contribution à l'étude de la structure des matériaux composites polymère-fibres courtes de carbone et des mécanismes de conduction." Bordeaux 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR10626.
Full textBassery, Josserand. "Prise en compte du vieillissement et de la fatigue dans le dimensionnement de structures en matériaux composites." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00609158.
Full textRajpurohit, Ashok. "Development of advanced carbon/glass fibre based hybrid composites." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM020.
Full textHybrid composites offer an effective way of enhancing mechanical properties of composite materials. This thesis aims to understand the mechanical behaviour and synergistic effect offered by such hybrid composites in several loading conditions. The focus not only lies on mechanical characterisation but also on development and optimization of new generation of hybrid reinforcements thus allowing hybridization both at ply levels and at tow and fibre levels. In this work, carbon and glass fibres are chosen as the two types of reinforcements for hybrid composites. Single fibre properties of these fibres were first characterised to study the effect of textile processes. Novel unidirectional reinforcements have been fabricated after optimising the processes such as unidirectional stitching and spreading technology. Composites were manufactured via low pressure RTM process using an epoxy resin. Stiffness and failure characteristics of reference, interply, intraply and intermingled hybrid composites were then characterised in quasi-static tensile, compression and flexural loading conditions. The hybrid (synergistic) effect were evaluated for these composites by comparing the hybrid composite properties with a carbon reference composite. To understand the failure behaviour under different loading conditions, a fractography study was conducted. Interply hybrids slightly increase the failure strain in tension but demonstrate negative synergy in all other properties. On the other hand, intraply hybrids show a synergistic effect in both tensile and compressive strengths, while not reducing the failure strain. A spread tape intermingled hybrid composite demonstrates a superior mechanical performance when compared to other hybrids. The presented results reveal the potential benefits of hybridisation at different levels and dispersions. The results provide a driving force for future work on hybrid composites and their processing
Verok, Krisztian. "Renforcement des structures en bêton armé à l'aide de matereiux composites : étude de frettage et applications." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENPC0023.
Full textValette, Amélie. "Relations structures/propriétés des résines époxydes pour la fabrication par pultrusion de composites carbone-polyépoxyde." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0083.
Full textThe objectives of this thesis is to obtain one or several epoxy resins meeting the industrial requirements imposed by the application of electrical cables and compatible with the pultrusion process. The operating conditions of theses cables are temperatures equal to 150°C with peaks of activity between 180°C and 200°C. An improvement of thermal performances of epoxy resins, such as glass transition temperature greater than 230°C, is necessary so that composites are thermally stable (weight loss lower 5%) after aging in the air during one year at 180°C in an oven. The chemical understanding of the thermal aging of these matrixes is important in order to anticipate the degradation profiles of the composites obtained. One trifunctional monomer is associate with different catalytic systems in order to study the influence of their nature on properties of epoxy resins. These catalysts are mainly tertiary amines of two types bicyclics such as guanidines or amidines ad masked or unmasked imidazoles. Epoxy resins resulting from these different combinations are characterized by thermal, thermomechanical and rheological analyses. Systems meeting the requirements of the specifications are aging in an oven during 120 days at 200°C, with the aim of simulating one year at 180°C. Carbon fibers composites are produce using epoxy resins retained by the pultrusion process. These consist of a trifunctional epoxy monomer, an anhydride hardener catalysed by amidine or imidazolium. Theses catalysts provide the final material the performances meeting industrials requirements. Finally, a correlation is realized between the chemical structure of catalysts and the final properties of epoxy resins and composites
Bruner, Yann. "Comportement probabiliste des structures composites en présence de gradients de sollicitation." Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1052.
Full textEl, Hage Christiane. "Modélisation du comportement élastique endommageable de matériaux composites à renfort tridimensionnel." Compiègne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006COMP1642.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to the modelling of the elastic damage behaviour composite material 3D reinforced. The study is articulated around three essential points: the comprehension of the damage process, analytical modelling and the optimization of architectures of the reinforcements. The studies of carbon architectures are resulting from an orthogonal weaving 3D and 5 Interlock. They are subjected respectively to compression and uniaxial tension tests. The correlation between signals of acoustic emission and the microscopic observations makes it possible to emphasize the effect of architecture on the phenomena of damages. The elastic damage behaviour until the rupture is described with a duality between an analytical model of homogenization and the criterion 3D of Tsai-Wu, coupled to damage criteria. This model takes into account the geometrical characteristic of architectures of the reinforcements. The optimization part is dedicated to minimization of the REV
Silva, Sâmala Glícia Carneiro. "Caracterização físico-hídrica e fracionamento físico da matéria orgânica em solo com horizonte antrópico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-28092016-155747/.
Full textIn recent years the interest in the study of Terra Preta de Indio or Amazonian Dark Earths (TPI) has increased, especially because of its unique characteristics when related to typical soils of the region, as its higher natural fertility. Several studies have reported that the presence of so-called pyrogenic carbon in its composition is responsible for this superiority, however it is not known if it affects the physical properties of TPI soils. This research aims to compare the behavior of physical and hydraulic properties of anthropic soils (Terra Preta de Indio) to an adjacent soil by determining its physical properties, and evaluating the distribution of the pyrogenic carbon between the different compartments of organic matter for both soils. For this study, undisturbed soil samples were collected in volumetric cylinders and blocks from a TPI and adjacent area. The areas are located in Caxiuanã National Forest, state of Pará, Brazil. The analyzed physical properties were texture, porosity, macro and microporosity, soil water retention curve, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil permeability to air and aggregate stability. A physical fractionation was performed to verify the behavior of organic matter, which analyzed the distribution of the total and pyrogenic carbon in the different fractions of organic matter. There were difference in the two areas regarding the physical properties as total porosity, macro and microporosity, soil hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), air permeability to soil (Ka), and soil water retention, however it was not possible to see differences in stability aggregates between the two areas. The distribution of organic matter in different soil fractions was different in the two areas, where it was found that in the TPI area, soil carbon was prevalent in the macroaggregates fraction, while the adjacent area had larger amounts in the microaggregates fraction. The values for pyrogenic carbon were higher in the TPI area, showing that the organic matter of TPIs has a different composition which modifies the behavior of physical properties in the soil.
Alarie, Nicolas. "Conception d’un fuselage en composites pour le Symphony SA-160." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7724.
Full textBobin, Alexey. "Methane reforming by carbon dioxide over metal supported on nanocrystalline mixed oxides : mechanism and transient kinetics for relating catalysts structure and performance." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10164/document.
Full textOxygen bonding strength, mobility and reactivity in nanocrystalline Ln-doped ceria-zirconia (Ln=La, Gd, Pr, Sm) with supported Pt, Ni, Ru were studied by state-of-the-art techniques such as isotopic exchange in static and flow reactors with 18O2 and C18O2, O2 TPD, H2 and CH4 TPR, pulse microcalorimetry and TAP reactor. Bulk oxygen mobility is found controlled by a rearrangement of Ce and Zr cations coordination sphere with doping as well as by fast oxygen migration along Pr3+/Pr4+ cationic chains. Surface and near-surface oxygen mobility appears controlled by a strong metal-support interaction with incorporation of metallic ions into surface layers and domain boundaries. In realistic feeds, the catalytic activity in dry reforming of methane correlates with oxygen mobility, required to prevent coking and metal sintering.Transient kinetic studies (non steady-state and SSITKA) allowed us to propose a bi-functional reaction mechanism corresponding to independent redox steps of CH4 and CO2 activation. The rate- limiting step is shown to be the irreversible activation of CH4 on metal sites, while CO2 dissociation on reduced sites of oxide supports proceeds much faster (being reversible for the steady-state surface) followed by a fast oxygen transfer along the surface/domain boundaries to metal sites where CH4 molecules are transformed to CO and H2. The CH4 selective conversion into syngas would involve strongly bound bridging oxygen species with heat of desorption ::600-650 kJ/mol O2. For optimized formulations, Ni+Ru clusters could be involved in CO2 activation via facilitating C-O bond breaking in the transition state, thus increasing the rate constant of the surface reoxidation by CO2, while strongly bound carbonates behave as spectators. For Pt/PrCeZrO, an additional fast route to syngas would occur on Pt ions with participation of weakly bound carbonates stabilized by neighboring Pr4+ ions. Such specificity makes this system highly promising for methane oxi-dry reforming, especially on structured corundum supports for short contact time compact reactors, well adapted to stranded and limited gas resources
Delarue, Arnaud. "Prévision du comportement éléctromagnétique de matériaux composites à partir de leur mode d'élaboration et de leur morphologie." Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1047.
Full textAbreu, Caroline. "Conception et optimisation de piles enzymatiques glucose-O2 pour la gestion de puissance." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEC052/document.
Full textThis work is devoted to the optimization of the enzymatic connection for the oxidation of glucose and the reduction of dioxygen in a matrix of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the form of compression in glucose biofuel cells, and the assembly of biofuel cells in a flow system.First, mediated electron transfer of glucose oxidase (GOx) and FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FADGDH) is optimized in a nanostructured CNTs matrix containing different redox mediators. These bioanodes could be combined with similar biocathodes with copper enzyme bases, laccase (Lac) and bilirubin oxidase (BOD). The GOx-NQ/Lac biofuel cell has a power of the order of 150 μW under 150 mmol L-1 of glucose and the biofuel cell GOx-NQ/BOD oriented by the PP IX, order of 0.5 mW under 5 mmol L-1 of glucose. This biofuel cell presents a very good alternative to the implantable or to the supply of an electronic device with low energy demand.The next part concerns the development of a biofuel cell design with flux optimizing the diffusion of the substrate inside the bioelectrode. As a result, several GOx-NQ/BOD flow systems have been studied. The flow-through configuration made it possible to obtain a power of the order of 1 mW under 5 mmol L-1 of glucose and dissolved oxygen. The possibility of using this battery in continuous discharge or in charge/discharge cycle has been studied. This biofuel cell system with a glucose flow has also made it possible to associate several biofuel cells in series or in parallel. Thus, the power supply of a timer and an ovulation test could be realised using associated biofuel cells in series. The use of an energy management circuit made it possible to supply a temperature sensor by storing the energy produced by two biofuel cells connected in series.Moreover, this part is about another biofuel cell based on the association of HRP with the cathode and the GOx-NQ at the anode. This system is very interesting because, thanks to the control of the flow direction of our substrate, the hydrogen peroxide formed by the anode can then be consumed by the cathode. This stack was perfectly operational in physiological condition and led to the achievement of powers of the order of 0.8 mW
Muller, Laura. "Estimation accélérée des performances en fatigue de matériaux et structures composites thermoplastiques par le suivi de leur auto-échauffement." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECDN0035/document.
Full textThis thesis is part of the study on the fatigue of composite materials. It consists in estimating the fatigue performance of a thermoplastic composite woven material, made of carbon fibres and PA66 matrix, by self-heating tests. Following a characterization of the damage to the material under monotonous loading by acoustic, thermal and optical monitoring, a fatigue test campaign is carried out on two material configurations, at 0° and 45°. Several methods for modelling the S-N curve are proposed to determine the fatigue limit of the material. It is shown that the estimation of this limit and its confidence interval is complicated by the large dispersion of experimental data. Self-heating tests are then carried out, consisting of applying a fatigue load over a limited number of cycles, increasing the maximum stress applied step by step. Signal processing tools are developed to determine a threshold stress and its confidence interval at which the heating accelerates. However, this threshold stress remains conservative in comparison to the fatigue limit. Another approach is then developed, consisting in monitoring the amplitudes of the thermal signal. New signal processing tools are being developed to map the specimen from the harmonic amplitudes. It is then shown that it is possible to obtain the same curves as the selfheating curves by monitoring the amplitudes of the harmonics, and this for only a hundred cycles. A new self-heating test protocol is then implemented, based on a hundred steps of only a few hundred cycles, allowing harmonics to be monitored with almost continuous final curves in a minimum of time
Fan, Benhui. "Propriétés diélectriques des composites à matrice PVDF comportant des renforts hybrides nano/micro-échelles (nanotubes de carbone et BaTiO₃)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLC005/document.
Full textThe dispersibility of carbon nanotube (CNT) in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is always a big challenge for the high dielectric property. Barium titanate (BT)-CNT hybrids with the special structure are proved to be effective for improving the dispersion of CNT in the polymer matrix and reduce the percolation threshold of the composite. This thesis aims to achieve high dielectric performance of composites via designing fillers with the favorable structure as well as comprehensively study the interaction between CNT and semi-crystalline polymer matrix.In chapter 1, we provide a general introduction about dielectric material's background knowledge. Meanwhile the development including recent breakthroughs and their applications for the dielectric field are also provided in this chapter.In chapter 2, we prepare two hybrids with different structures. The first hybrids are prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. It is with the structure of BT as a core and CNTs growing outsides (H-CNT-BT). The second hybrids are prepared by hydrothermal reaction where BT particles coats outside CNT (H-BT-CNT). Meanwhile, we fabricate hybrids reinforced PVDF matrix composites by solution casting plus extrusion-injection way. Additionally, methods for characterization involving morphology, thermal and dielectric properties as well as crystallization are also introduced in this chapter.In chapter 3, the dielectric behaviors of H-CNT-BT/PVDF are studied concretely. A dramatic increment on dielectric permittivity is observed after the thermal treatment. This change may result from the reformation of CNT's conductive network and the behavior of PVDF's re-crystallization. By modeling work and experimental characterization, the shrinkage of the neighboring CNT's distance in PVDF's amorphous layers and the induced β polymorph at the CNT-PVDF interface may cause the significant increment in dielectric permittivity after the thermal treatment.In chapter 4, the CNT's dispersibility in PVDF matrix composites is studied by designing different structures. Firstly, a comparison between calculated and experimental percolation threshold of H-CNT-BT/PVDF is conducted for studying the morphology parameters of H-CNT-BT. Afterwards, two comparisons are conducted: one is between H-CNT-BT/PVDF and CNT/PVDF. The processing factors for the CNT's dispersibility are discussed via measuring the different layer's AC conductivity. The other is among three hybrids reinforced PVDF composites. The hybrids structure's effect the CNT's dispersibility is discussed via comparing the dielectric property of the composites with the same volume fraction of CNT and BT but different structures.In chapter 5, a general conclusion is formed according to the works and the perspective is provided for the improvement of the future work
Dufour, Clément. "Conception et optimisation des structures tissées interlock pour optimisation de la mise en forme 3D de renforts fibreux de matériaux composites." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10052/document.
Full textThe work presented in this manuscript results from collaboration between the partners of project MAPICC3D entitled: "One-shot Manufacturing on large scale of 3D up graded panels and stiffeners for lightweight thermoplastic textile composite structures". MAPICC3D is a research project financed by the European research and innovation program "FP7". The objective of the project MAPICC3D is to develop materials and processes making it possible to produce thermoplastic composite parts by reducing the manufacturing costs up to 25% compared to the state of the art and by increasing the production rates up to 30%. In the framework of the project MAPICC3D, the work presented in this manuscript aim to better understand the behaviour of 3D warp interlock fabrics to forming and consolidation processes of fibre-reinforced composite material parts made of 3D warp interlock structures. The comprehension of the phenomena met at these steps then makes it possible to optimize the structures at the local and global level with an aim of answering the various problems of forming met, thus allowing improvements of the quality of the final composite parts developed for AUTO-MAPICC, TRUCK-MAPICC, RAIL-MAPICC and AERO-MAPICC applications, and thus of their mechanical behaviour
Gauthier, Louis. "Modelling of High Velocity Impact on Composite Materials for Airframe Structures Application." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27449/27449.pdf.
Full textThis thesis presents a new lamina material model that addresses shortfalls identified in advanced material models for use in composite impact predictions. The new model combines the ease of use of the Matzenmiller-Lubliner-Taylor model with the robustness of the Ba˘zant crack band method. A material model inter- polation scheme is also presented to allow for the simulation of high strain rate loading events with the new lamina material model. The proposed lamina model is implemented in a commercial Finite Element Method (FEM) code and used in combination with a stack shell approach using cohesive zone elements to predict delamination damage. The proposed material model and chosen discretization enable for the prediction of high velocity through thickness impacts, which lead to the perforation of the targets. To validate the newmaterialmodel, experimental tests are performed on three woven composite materials. These tests consist in perpendicular impacts on Car- bon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) panels using an elongated aluminium im- pactor. The elongated projectile is required to record the projectiles’ deceleration histories during the impact event. Postmortem inspections of the panels are also undertaken to quantify the damage sustained by the CFRP targets. Projected delamination areas are quantified through C-Scan inspection of the targets, fol- lowed by visual inspection of the impact sites’ cross sections. Numerical simulations are next carried out using different in-plane and out- of-plane discretization approaches. Three material formulations are also investi- gated: brittle, the proposed model and the proposed model with high strain rate parameters. The results of these simulations are compared to the results obtained experimentally. The new model is found to predict reasonably well the damage encountered in the experimental test and to greatly diminish the mesh size sen- sitivity of the FEM approach. Areas requiring further attention are identified to further move composite material failure prediction from laboratory to industrial applications.
Cheng, Xi. "Nouvelles approches pour la caractérisation d'électrodes poreuses pour la réduction de O2: des structures modèles à base de platine aux structures exemptes de métaux nobles." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01022758.
Full textTamiatto, Cyril. "Conception et analyse du comportement d'un composite à capteur intégré en fibres de carbone pour la détection in-situ des endommagements d'une structure verre-résine." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-419.pdf.
Full textMohammadhosseini, Ali. "A search for optimal structure of carbon-based porous adsorbents for hydrogen storage : numerical modeling approach." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4736.
Full textThe main goal of research presented in this thesis has been a search for optimal carbon-based porous structure capable to achieve the hydrogen storage capacity defined by US Department of Energy (DOE) for mobile applications at room temperature by adsorption at medium-level pressures below 120 bars. The hydrogen is assumed to be stored in a tank filled with adsorbents to be used in transport application, mainly fuel-cell driven vehicles. The known carbon-based adsorbents have low storage capacity. Therefore in this work, I have defined the basic parameters which are responsible for the capacity deficiency of such materials. Special attention has been paid to local pore geometry of adsorbents. I have investigated the pore local structure of carbon-based adsorbents and I present the basis of design and hydrogen adsorption capacity in three-dimensional architecture of new carbon frameworks, a promising class of potential hydrogen storage materials that have not been studied so far. Apart from maximizing the density of hydrogen taken up by this family of structures, I have aimed at characterization of this new category of adsorbents. This is hoped to lead to a guidance how their physical properties can be designed, or `tuned', to optimize their storage properties, and the obtained results seem to achieve this aim and thus provide a good basis for future research
Liu, Yu. "Réacteurs microstructurés pour les applications catalytiques." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2011/LIU_Yu_2011.pdf.
Full textMicrostructured systems have many advantages in several chemical fields: in chemical synthesis, in kinetics and in the research and development of new generation catalysts. Our research tends to focus on the improvements of micro reactors with the diver se carbon materials for the chemical processes. This study focuses on the use of a structured catalyst based on SiC foam decorated with active phase HZSM-5 for dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether (DME). The results indicate that the structured catalyst H-ZSM5/SiC foam has a high dehydration activity compared to those in wall-coated configuration and in tubular fixed-bed, for a relatively low contact times. The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis has been tested in the microstructured reactor (PSR) filled with SiC foam at low pressure (10 bar). The reactor structured with SiC foam ensures the isothermal condition, particularly at the presence of the wax production by the reaction. A specific activity of 0. 7 gHC. Gcatalyseur. H-1 with a selectivity of 95 % for C5+ were obtained in the PSR reactor at 220 °C with a space velocity of 3800 h-1. The increase in specific activity as function of space velocity was attributed to a better evacuation of liquid hydrocarbons on the catalyst surface therefore reducing the thickness of the liquid film leads better accessibility for reactants to active sites
Chlela, Robert. "Durabilité d'un système composite biosourcé (matrice époxy-fibres de lin) pour applications de renforcement structural : approches expérimentale et fiabiliste." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2076.
Full textIn France, the built heritage of civil engineering and building structures is vast and ageing. Recent reports prepared by experts highlight this alarming situation and point out the need to significantly increase the resources allocated to the rehabilitation of this heritage. In this context, structural reinforcement by externally bonded composites has become an attractive solution for the rehabilitation of structures and the extension of their lifespan. This thesis, funded by the French Research Agency (ANR), aims to develop a new composite reinforcement system with a reduced environmental footprint, on one hand, and to build an original reliability approach to estimate the lifetime of reinforcement systems and their failure probability at any time, on the other hand. In this manuscript, the main phases of development of the bio-based system are first recalled. In particular, it is recalled that the formulation of the bio-sourced epoxy matrix was based upon the specifications and characteristics of the Foreva® TFC matrix, and the criteria that guided the choice of the unidirectional flax fibre reinforcement fabric are also presented. The second part of the manuscript presents all the experimental results obtained within the framework of the durability study on the bio-based strengthening system. This test campaign relies on a Design of Experiment optimized by Hoke’s matrix. Laminated composite plates and concrete slabs reinforced with these composites were subjected to accelerated ageing under hygrothermal conditions, and to natural ageing on an outdoor exposure site in Lyon as well, for a total duration of 24 months. In a first step, the results of various physico-chemical characterizations that were periodically conducted on the bio-based composites, highlighted the relative contributions of mechanisms involved in microstructural evolutions and degradation phenomena of both the polymer matrix and fiber/matrix interfaces. In a second step, the changes in the main performance indicators related to the composite and the concrete-composite interface subjected to the various ageing environments, are presented and interpreted in the light of the previous physico-chemical characterizations. In a third step, a comparison is made between the bio-based composite system and a traditional carbon fibre strengthening system. The last part of the manuscript is devoted to the implementation of the reliability approach, relying on the experimental database previously collected for the bio-based system. A statistical analysis by the ANOVA method is first carried out on all experimental data. Two degradation models were then developed to describe the evolutions of performance indicators over time for any hygrothermal ageing condition: an analytical model with explicit terms related to quadratic effects and coupling between temperature and relative humidity, and a physical model based on Eyring's law.In a next step, these models were used to estimate the lifetime of the bio-based strengthening system under accelerated ageing conditions. End-of-life criteria were first defined based on specifications proposed by different design guidelines, in particular by ACI and AFGC reports.In order to evaluate the lifetime under actual service conditions, a specific procedure was then proposed to apply the analytical model in the case of natural ageing. Finally, a probabilization of the analytical model is carried out in order to determine the probability of failure of the bio-based strengthening system at any time during its lifetime
Bouchikhi, Aurélie. "Contribution à la formulation d’un béton végétal structurel à base cimentaire incorporant des co-produits / déchets de bois." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MTLD0009.
Full textThe construction industry produces a high amount of greenhouse gases. In order to reduce the impact of materials on the environment, a lot of researches are focused on the study of different alternatives to limit the exhaustion of resources, the energy consumption and the rejection of polluting compounds. In this context, bio-based concrete seem to be a serious alternative to traditional concrete, with a lower carbon footprint.The aim of this industrial thesis, supported by the company ALKERN, leader in France and in Belgium for precast concrete products, is to contribute to the formulation of structural green concrete incorporating co-products / wood waste with an environmental impact lower than the Naturbloc®, a block already available on the market. This last product is made of wood aggregates mineralized and then introduced in a cementitious matrix.This work is divided into three parts. Firstly, the control wood (untreated) and reference wood (mineralized) were characterized. Then, alternative treatments to replace cement coating of wood were tested and characterized, especially in terms of water uptake and ability to leach or hold the extractives present in vegetables back. Their compatibility with a cementitious matrix was also evaluated. The study highlights the fact that the nature of the substrate has an influence on the results and on the interaction between aggregates and cementitious paste.Finally, treated wood was introduced into a cementitious matrix and in an alternative matrix with a lower environmental impact. The latter was obtained either by change of the binder or by use of additives in bio-based concrete. All the results show the existence of a direct link between physico-chemical properties of aggregates and mechanical performances of concrete
Gratton, Michel. "Comportement d'un composite 3D carb/carb : méso-modélisation pour la prévision de la réponse sous choc." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DENS0004.
Full textZobelli, Alberto. "Electron beam generation and structure of defects in carbon and boron nitride nanotubes." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1197988167199-13274.
Full textMaddi, Chiranjeevi. "Laser technologies for the development of carbon materials for environmental analytical microsystems." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSES014/document.
Full textAmorphous carbon nitride (a-CzN) material has attractor much attention in research and development. Recently, it has become a more promising electrode material than conventional carbon based electrodes in electrochemical and biosensor applications. Nitrogen containing amorphous carbon (a-C:N) thin films have been synthesized by femtosecond pulsed laser deposition (fs-PLD) coupled with plasma assistance through Direct Current (DC) bias power supply. During the deposition process, various nitrogen pressures (0 to 50 Pa) and DC bias (0 to -350 V) were used in order to explore a wide range of nitrogen content into the film. The structure and chemical composition of the films have been studied by using Multi-wavelength (MW) Roman spectroscopy, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTBM). The surface morphology has been studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Increasing the nitrogen pressure or adding a DC bias induced an increase of the N content, up to 28 at.%. Nitrogen content increase induces a higher sp2 character of the film. However DC bias has been found to increase the film structmal disorder, which was detrimental to the electrochemical properties. Indeed the electrochemical measurern-ts, investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), demonstrated that the a-CzNfilms show better electron transfer kinetics, reversibility and excellent reproducibility than the pure a-C films. Electrochemical grafting from diazoniurn salts was successfully achieved on this film, with a surface coverage of covalently bonded molecules close to the dense packed monolayer of ferrocene
Wauthier, Aurélie. "Observation expérimentale et prévision des paramètres de la déformation déterminants pour la genèse des textures cristallographiques lors de la recristallisation des tôles minces d'aciers à basse teneur en carbone." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Nord - Paris XIII, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00915754.
Full textChen, Jianjun. "Catalyse d’hydrotraitement : effet de la pression de sulfuration et d’agent chélatant sur la morphologie et la réactivité des phase sulfures." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN2033.
Full textThe influence of additives and the conditions of sulphidation on the morphology of the sulphide phases of catalysts of hydrotreating was studied. The distinction between the two types of edge exposed by the MoS2 slabs was carried out by adsorption of carbon monoxide followed by infrared spectroscopy (IR/CO). It was shown that the addition of citric acid, during the impregnation, allows to modify the morphology of the MoS2 slabs. Thus, in absence of chelating agent, the slabs are of triangular morphology and expose mainly only one type of edge known as of M type. The addition of chelating agent led to a hexagonal morphology exposing both type M and type S edges. Our work then made it possible to show that the two types of edge have different reactivity with respect to the formation of vacancy, the adsorption of thiophene and the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene. The extension of the study showed that the parameters of preparation like the temperature or the pressure of sulphidation and the Mo content also allow to modify the morphology of the slabs of not promoted catalysts. These first results on supported MoS2 catalysts come to validate the studies and calculations on model catalysts. Then, the method of addition of cobalt by Co(CO)3NO was used to promote the slabs of MoS2 of known geometry. The effect of the initial geometry on the rate of promotion and the distribution of Co between the two edges were followed by IR/CO. Finally, the last part of the study relates to the effect of the pressure of sulphidation on the activity of catalysts
Kergosien, Nina. "Etude de l'intégration de transducteurs piézoélectriques à coeur de matériaux composite de type aéronautique pour le contrôle santé intégré par ondes de Lamb." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ECDL0008.
Full textSHM systems are currently being developed to check the integrity of aircraft composite materials. These systems will help optimize maintenance by enabling real-time monitoring of structural condition, or spot-checking of parts that are difficult to access using conventional NDT methods. Composite materials offer the possibility of integrating a SHM system directly into the material. In this way, the instrumentation is protected from the environment and surface bonding issues are resolved. The aim of this thesis is to determine the effects of integrating piezoelectric transducers into the core of an aeronautical laminated CFRP composite on their Lamb-wave emission and reception abilities, in order to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages for the design of a defect detection SHM system. Thin PZT transducers proved to be the most suitable ones for integration, as they can withstand the processing conditions of an autoclave-processed composite (7 bar and 180°C). They are also capable of transmitting and receiving guided waves, which are propagating in the plates. Moreover, the integration method was adapted to preserve the integrity of the PZTs and to optimize their ability to transmit waves in a composite. In order to assess the effectiveness of the integration, electromechanical impedance measurements were made a fast checking process. Characterization of qA0 mode wavefield transmitted by embedded PZT was carried out experimentally. Surface-bonded and embedded PZT were excited at frequencies between 30 and 200 kHz, while out-of-plane displacements were measured with a laser vibrometer. The ability of the embedded PZT to detect a simulated magnet-type defect are also studied in pitch-catch tests, and compared with the behavior of surface-bonded PZT to the composite surface. A dynamic finite element modelling study was then conducted to highlight the physical phenomena induced by the integration of a PZT in the composite core. The direction of the plies in contact with the embedded PZT, the depth of integration and the coupling of the PZT with the composite are influencing the ultrasonic transduction mechanism. Furthermore, it appears that the stresses induced by the PZT actuator cannot be simplified by the pin-force model usually used to load a PZT on an isotropic material surface in flaw detection models. These stresses are not radially oriented and depend on the PZT electrode considered, as well as on the wave generation frequencies
Maruzhenko, Oleksii. "Structure, thermal and electrical properties of nanocomposites with hybrid fillers." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI131.
Full textThe thesis determines the principles of the conductive phase structure formation in polymer composites containing conductive fillers, which will be different types of carbon fillers. The processes of segregated structure formation in which the particles of the filler are localized on the surfaces of polymer grains is studied. It is shown that the value of the percolation threshold φc for the segregated system is one order lower than in the composite with a random distribution of the filler 2.95 vol.% and 24.8 vol.%, respectively. The hybrid filler shows percolation threshold, much lower than the value calculated using the mixing rule. Experimental results of thermal conductivity for systems filled with anthracite, graphene and hybrid filler Gr/A do not reveal percolation behaviour and can be well described by the Lichtenecker model. It is shown that λf for segregated systems is 4.4 times higher than for a composite with a random distribution of filler particles. It is shown that in segregated systems the shielding parameters are significantly increased due to the absorption caused by the internal reflection on the conductive walls of the filler framework. Carbon fillers create the most effective basis that ensures a high absorption rate of EMI at low concentrations. It was found that the greatest shielding effect in the interaction of a composite with electromagnetic radiation was observed for the hybrid filler GNP/CNT (graphite nanoplatelets/carbon nanotubes). The synergistic effect is explained not by their higher electrical conductivity, but by the better interaction of the EMI with the developed hybrid framework of the filler, which causes increased absorption of the EMI. Systems with a segregated structure based on elastomer (ground rubber) with a polymer-adhesive and hybrid electroconductive nano-fillers exhibit a significant piezoresistive effect. The cyclic studies of electric response, depending on the applied external load, showed a linear relationship between composite deformation and current changes through the sample and demonstrate stable long-term stability. The study of the piezoresistive effect in a wide temperature range (-40 ÷ +50°C) showed the stability of the main characteristics and the possibility of exploiting the composite in a wide temperature range
Moreira, Edvan. "Encapsulamento de [beta]-caroteno em nanotubos de carbono utilizando modelagem molecular." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2008. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1583.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA)
From its discovery, the nanotubes of carbon are seen as material’s highly promising for a lot of applications. The combination of nanotubes of carbon with other molecules is the most general form of modifying their properties. New methods to control and to tune these properties are necessary for the developing of their potentials applications. The functionalization has been proposed as one of the processes capable to modify the optical properties of the nanotubes of carbon, through chemical reaction ”it is arrested”another molecule in the surface of the nanotube. However, another more elegant form of functionalization is through the encapsulation of molecules inside the nanotube. Recently, the encapsulation of the molecule of the beta-carotene experimentally in nanotubes of carbon was accomplished and changes were verified in the absorption spectrum. In this work we performed simulations of molecular dynamics using field of similar universal force to test the encapsulation of the beta-carotene, and calculations of Electronic Structure to verify charge transference. The obtained results of the molecular dynamics confirm that the encapsulation of the -carotene happens in the three cases studied experimentally by Yanagi and collaborators.
Desde sua descoberta, os nanotubos de carbono são vistos como um material altamente promissor para muitas aplicações. A combinação de nanotubos de carbono com outra molécula é a forma mais geral de se modificar suas propriedades. Novos métodos para controlar e sintonizar estas propriedades são necessários afim de se desenvolver suas potenciais aplicações. A funcionalização tem sido proposta como um dos processos capaz de se modificar as propriedades ópticas dos nanotubos de carbono, através de reação química ”prende-se”a outra molécula na superfície do nanotubo. Entretanto, uma outra forma mais elegante de funcionalização se dá através do encapsulamento de moléculas no interior do nanotubo. Recentemente, foi realizado experimentalmente o encapsulamento da molécula do beta-caroteno em nanotubos de carbono e foram constatadas mudanças no espectro de absorção. Neste trabalho realizamos simulações de dinâmica molecular usando campo de força universal afim de verificar se o encapsulamento do beta-caroteno ocorre, e cálculos de Estrutura Eletrônica para verificar se há ou não transferências de carga no sistema. Os resultados obtidos da dinâmica molecular confirmam que o encapsulamento do beta-caroteno ocorre nos 3 casos reportados experimentalmente por Yanagi e colaboradores.