Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Matériaux bio composites'
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Sauget, Alix. "Développement de matériaux composites fibreux hautes perfomances à matrice bio-sourcée." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0085/document.
Full textChanging our industrial activities towards sustainable development is one of the major human concerns of the 21th century. The use of biomass in various areas like energy, construction and materials is an answer to the future scarcity of fossil resources and to the ecological risks. The objectives of this thesis are to create new materials with the highest bio-based content possible and then to optimize these materials properties for a potential industrial use. The work presented here is about the fabrication of composite materials reinforced with natural fibers, using bio-based resins as a matrix. The main vegetable resources studied here are tannins, used to make: - Tannin – hexamine matrix composites - Tannin – resorcinol – aldehyde matrix composites Vegetable tannins were also studied to prepare tannin – furfuryl alcohol bio-plastics that may be used in the composites fabrication. The composites boards were made in laboratory and mechanically analyzed based on European norms methods. Resins were also characterized using various techniques such as thermomechanical analysis (TMA) or MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry. The end results of this work is the fabrication of highly bio-based composite materials, with homogenous and repeatable properties that furthermore satisfy several European norms requirements
Limaiem, Mariem. "Etude de durabilité des ouvrages en béton réparés par des matériaux composites." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CERG1025.
Full textThe use of composite materials is widespread in the recent decades to overcome concrete structures damages. Carbone composites showed both excellent mechanical performances and great use simplicity. These materials are still polluting and expensive which is against sustainable development. This work aims to explore the possibility to substitute a Carbone composite (Carbon Fibers Reinforced Polymer CFRP) with a bio resource composite (Flax Fibers Reinforced Polymer FFRP) to repair both mechanically and physically damaged concrete.For this purpose, a detailed characterization of three products and their constituents has been carried out to estimate FFRP properties (chemical, physical and mechanical) against CFRP onesA part of this study is dedicated to compare the efficiency of repairing concrete damaged with different mechanical dame rates with the three composites. Results showed that repairing concrete with FFRP improves its mechanical performances and provides a greet ductility.The second part is devoted to explore repairing physically damaged concrete with freeze/thaw cycles by the three composites. Results showed that repairing physically damage concrete with FFRP is more efficient than mechanically damage one. This part is followed by experimental campaign allowing to rule on the sustainability of concrete repairing with CFRP. Results showed that confined concrete strength with CFRP subjected to 300 freeze/thaw cycles decreased by 50% with keeping ductile behavior. A numerical study has been conducted in parallel to perceive the different behaviors concrete generated by confinement with the three composites.Results showed that using FFRP to repair damaged concrete allowed restituting initial mechanical performances, which incite to their use instead of CFRP
Viel, Marie. "Développement de composites bio-sourcés destinés à l’isolation des bâtiments." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1S122/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to develop new bio-based building insulating materials which contribute to reduce their environmental impacts. The developed materials shall have low embodied energy and low carbon footprint. They shall contribute to reduce energy needs of buildings and to ensure high hygrothermal comfort of users. First, raw materials from agricultural resources (hemp shiv, flax shiv, wheat straw, rape straw and corn cobs) are characterized from a chemical, physical, hygrothermal and mechanical point of view, with a aim of developing bio-based composites for the thermal insulation of buildings. Their chemical composition is interesting for the development of green binder. A study to assess this ability is carried out. At the end of the study, two binders corresponding to extractions performed on corn cobs and flax fines are developped. Other binders from industry are also selected for composite production. Then, composites are produced to study the influence of aggregates, binder, granulometry of aggregates, alkaline pre-treatment of aggregates and compaction pressure applied during the processing of composites on their hygrothermal performances and mechanical properties. Finally, the resistance to accidental immersion and humidity and the reaction to fire of the most promising formulations are studied
Musa, Corentin. "Élaboration et caractérisation de matériaux composites biosourcés à base de mucilage et de fibres de lin." Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0535.
Full textThe thesis was carried out in a context of development and valorisation of the flax through the conception of new bio-based composite materials made of mucilage and flax fibres. This work initially led to the synthesis of isosorbide epoxy and polyurethane precursors as an alternative to the conventional toxic precursors. For this, we proposed an original route for optimizing the synthesis of isosorbide diglycidyl ether (DGEI) using an ultrasonic process. Subsequently, the comparison of the conversion methods of epoxies into cyclic carbonates by the inclusion of CO₂ served as a basis for the development of an efficient protocol for converting DGEI into isosorbide cyclic carbonates (CCI) under moderate conditions of temperature and pressure. In the second part, the extraction of water-soluble compounds from the flaxseed allowed us to identify the complex structure of the mucilage and the effects of the extraction parameters on its physicochemical and thermal properties. Then, for the first time, oxidation of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) mucilage was successfully performed. After that, we have highlighted the enhanced efficiency of ultrasonic assisted oxidation over the conventional method when scaling up the process. In order to improve the fibre/matrix compatibility of natural fibre-based composites, different treatments of short flax fibres led to the individualizationof the fibres and to the improvement of the oxidation of sonicated fibres.These new materials allowed to formulate a series of novel biocomposites. The DGEI have been enhanced by making an amine-crosslinked resin reinforced with long flax fibres which have a comparable performance to oil-based composites. Additionally, the sonication of short flax fibres led to the improvement of the mechanical properties of PLA/Flax composite. The use of oxidized mucilage has demonstrated the beneficial aspects of flax mucilage incorporation into lightweight, compression-resistant composites
Jaillet, Fanny. "Synthèse, formulation et caractérisation de matrices vinylester biosourcées pour l’élaboration de matériaux composites par pultrusion." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENCM0012/document.
Full textThe study presented concern the development of composite material (polymer matrix + fibres) in order to produce windows profiles by a pultrusion process. In the context of this work, several biobased vinylester polymers have been developed as matrix of the composite material. A vinylester resin is formed in two steps: firstly the synthesis of vinylester prepolymer, corresponding to a (meth)acrylated monomer carrying an ester function and having polymerizable double bonds at its ends. Next, the formulation of vinylester material is performed by mixing the vinylester prepolymer with a copolymerizable monomer, called reactive diluent. Finally, the material is crosslinked by radical polymerization, using a radical initiator.First, a model study was conducted: in the synthesis of vinylester prepolymer from a template molecule (DGEBA) to the formulation of a vinylester material by radical polymerization. Severals bioresources were then studied in order to replace the DGEBA which is from bisphenol A, compound CMR, group 2. The strategy was first to study marketed bioresources, such as vegetable oils and cardanol which is a by-product of the cashew nut shell industry. Next, a non-biobased but not listed compound, of the name of TACTIX has also been studied. Finally, bioresources not currently marketed, such as isosorbide which is a sugar derivative and phloroglucinol, which is extracted of bark of trees have also been studied for the synthesis of VE prepolymers and VE materials. The reactive diluent the most currently used is styrene, which is a very volatile and harmful compound. Several reactive diluents were tested with the VE prepolymers synthesized in order to replace the styrene by compounds with low volatility and less harmful. Finally, three composites materials reinforced with flax fibres, were made by mini-pultrusion, from the systems studied (VE prepolymer synthesized and reactive diluent)
Lévêque, Maxime. "Évaluation du potentiel d’un polymère bio-sourcé, PA11, pour applications piézoélectriques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10194.
Full textIn the last few years it has been an increasing demand for the elaboration of flexible energy conversion sources due to the rapid increase in the usage of portable electronic devices. The piezoelectric conversion from vibration sources could be an interesting way to charge small systems. In this work, we investigate the potential of bio-based polyamide 11 (PA11) polymer films. At first, the effect of physical and chemical treatments on the development of crystalline phases in polyamide 11 has been thoroughly investigated. In a second step, nanoclays have been used as structural modifiers in PA 11 matrix. Nanocomposites were prepared using layered and tubular clays by melt-blending process and it was found that addition of layered silicates (cloisite 20A, cloisite 10A and cloisite Na+) results in an increase in mechanical properties, while the addition of tubular silicates (halloysite nanotube) has no significant effect. Addition of clay is not significant on the structural quality of the obtained nanocomposites. PA11 nanocomposite loaded with Cloisite Na+ have shown the best piezoelectric properties. It appears that the higher value of the polarity of Cloisite Na + may be responsible of the best answer to the polarization of the composites. A specific method for the quantification of energy vibration recovery has been developed for these nanocomposites. The capabilities of vibrational energy recovery were studied on PA11 loaded with Cloisite Na+
Vo, Van Son. "Élaboration, caractérisation et simulation de nanocomposites argile-polymère : des nouveaux matériaux pour l'éco-conception." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1162/document.
Full textClay nanoparticles (CNP) are abundantly available low-cost natural resources with numerous positive attributes such as large surface area, impermeability to gas, superior mechanical and thermal properties so that they have attracted over the last three decades significant attention, notably for the reinforcement of polymer-based materials. However, CNP suffer from incompatibility, hence weak interfacial interactions and poor dispersion with/in most of organic polymeric materials because of their intrinsic hydrophilicity and strong interlayer interactions. This limitation is one of the major reasons why polymer nanocomposites have to date remained mainly in laboratories. Thus, one of the key challenges in developing clay-based polymer nanocomposites (PCNs) with advanced thermo-mechanical, gas barrier...properties relies on the control at the molecular level of the interface properties of clay nanoplatelets-filled polymer resins. Taking into account the criteria for sustainable development, civil engineering and green economy, we have developed, in the first part of this thesis, reactive and pre-exfoliated clay nanofillers that may be further incorporated in a diverse set of biopolymer matrices and giving rise to strong energy interactions with the said matrices for improved mechanical behavior. To ensure a closer fit of these specifications we have implemented green approaches for the preparation of these generic nanofillers, namely photopolymerisation was used as a low energy consumption and fast method for the surface functionalization of native clays, solvent-free protocols were applied to prepare polymer nanocomposites, while biopolymers (starch, cellulose) or bio-based precursors (epoxidized vegetal oils) served as dispersion media. By controlling the preparation conditions, reactive clay nanofillers with adjustable interlayer spacing and chemical surface reactivity were prepared. Of particular interest is that the layered-like structure of the clay nano ller is preserved while the d-interlayer spacing can be increased though increasing the photopolymerization time, i.e. amount of polymer within the clay nanosheets. Our major results from the the first part can be summarized as follows: Morphology and reactivity of clay nanofillers are easily controlled though adjusting the photopolymerization time and selecting adequate vinyl monomer. - The newly preparation methods allow preparation of samples beyond the gram-scale. - Reactive and surface chemistry of pre-exfoliated clay nanofillers can be tuned to provide compatibility with both conventional preformed biopolymers and bio-based epoxy resins. - The mechanical properties of the resulting polymer nanocomposites are improved as compared to the neat polymeric matrices owing to the strong interface interaction between fillers and dispersion matrices
Menager, Charlotte. "Valorisation du liège et de la subérine pour l’élaboration de résines thermodurcissables et de composites bio-sourcés." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4109.
Full textCork is derived from the cork oak outer bark (Quercus suber L.) which is harvested around each ten years. This material is known mainly for its use in wine and building industries for cork stoppers production, on the first hand and for the manufacture of agglomerated insulated cork panels with a polyurethane resin on the second hand. However during the industrial cork processing, cork residues are produced which are representing 20 % of total cork production. The granulometry of these residues is too low and they are not suitable for cork conventional applications. The goal of this thesis is to valorize the use of cork residues and to agglomerate them thanks to a biobased resin that can replace the use of petrochemical resin. In a first part, mechanisms of polymerisation of a first biobased matrix is studied based on epoxidized linseed oil thanks to the use of isoconversional method. Performances of three dicarboxylic acids with a various carbon chain length are compared as hardener. Then, the major component of cork, named suberin, is extracted in the form of two different textures. Secondly, suberin is also extracted with a way more adapted for industrial constraints in order to produce it for low value-added applications. A study of the reactivity between epoxidized linseed oil and suberin is drived to design a new biobased thermoset material. Finally two types of biobased cork composites are studied in this PhD work with two different matrix: the poly(furfuryl alcohol) and epoxidized vegetal oils. The fracture surfaces as well as thermal and mechanical properties of these composites are observed, studied and compared to samples agglomerated with commercially available on polyurethane resin
Goumghar, Amirouche. "Élaboration et étude des performances dynamiques de composite bio-sourcés à architecture hybride lin—verre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023REIMS002.
Full textThe use of natural fibre-reinforced composite materials is growing in various sectors such as automotive and packaging. However, the problem of their sensitivity to humidity still hinders their use in applications exposed to extreme environmental conditions. Therefore, the hybridization of natural fibres with synthetic fibres can constitute a promising way to improve some properties of natural fibre-reinforced composites. It is in this context that the present doctoral work is situated. It presents an experimental analysis of the tensile-tensile fatigue and low-energy impact fatigue behaviour of non-hybrid and hybrid flax-glass/epoxy laminates. An investigation of their durability after water aging until saturation is also presented. To this end, several plates of non-hybrid and hybrid flax-glass/epoxy composites have been fabricated by the vacuum infusion process. First, we carried out a monotonic tensile characterization of the studied composites and evaluated the kinetics of moisture diffusion within these materials. The results of these tests show that the addition of glass layers to the flax/epoxy laminate improves its mechanical properties and also reduces its mass of water absorbed at saturation. Then, cyclic fatigue tests were performed on unaged and aged composite specimens. These fatigue tests were coupled with the acoustic emission technique in order to identify the damage mechanisms and their chronology of appearance. To evaluate the effect of fatigue loading on the loss of stiffness, hysteresis loops and the damping factor of non-hybrid and hybrid composites were investigated. The analysis of the acoustic signals makes it possible to identify three classes of acoustic signals in all the studied composites. These three classes are attributed to the main damage mechanisms such as matrix cracking, fibre/matrix decohesion and fibre breakage. This attribution is supported by microscopic observations obtained using a scanning electron microscope. Finally, low-energy impact fatigue tests were performed on unaged and aged composite samples. The obtained results clearly show that the flax/epoxy composite absorbs a large part of the impact energy and transforms it into elastic energy. However, the glass/epoxy laminate consumes this energy in damage and breakage. In addition, water aging weakens all the studied composites and reduces their resistance to impact fatigue
Dobircau, Larisa. "Relations structures-propriétés dans les composites 100 % naturels, bio-sourcés, renforcés par des fibres végétales." Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES016.
Full textOver the last decades the consumption of synthetic polymers and their products increased rapidly and the problems concerning the plastic wastages are now one of the most important limiting factors for its extensive usages. The research efforts are being harnessed in the development of fully biodegradable "green" materials. Among these new materials , plastics resulting from bio-resources in general, and starch in particular, seem to be able to replace polymers resulting from petro chemistry. Thus, the primary goal of this work was to study the effect of the composition of a wheat flour based matrix on the physical properties. By the mean of an extrusion process, we carried out films with different compositions and compared the structures, morphologies, the thermal and mechanical properties obtained. Then, we focused on the valorisation of natural fibres (cotton, flax and bamboo) by their incorporation in our matrix. These fibres were not chosen by hazard, indeed, cotton is resulting from the recycling of fabric cutting, the short flax fibres are a by-product of the production of long fibres and finally the bamboo because this plant can present very fast growths. We could show initially that the matrix composition initially established in a patent can be simplified and improved by the suppresion of certain components like silica, stearate of magnesium and partly the sorbitol. Then, "low-tech" 100 % natural composites (short life time) were carried out by varying the nature of the reinforcement used. In the future, these performances will make it possible to target quite specific markets
Colson, Valentin. "Panneaux composites bio-sourcés destinés à l'isolation des bâtiments : caractérisation des ressources et procédé de production." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1S031.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to develop new insulation composites from agricultural by-products for building applications. The research work is divided in three main steps : The first one focuses on the formulation of bio-based composites obtained by agglomeration of vegetal aggregates with different types of binders (bio-based or mineral binders), and on the characterization of their mechanical, thermal and hygric properties. Several bio-aggregates are envisaged (wheat straw, rape straw, flax shiv, hemp shiv and corn cob). A solution combining hemp shiv aggregates bonded with a bio-based thermosetting adhesive is selected. The next step aims to identify a suitable manufacturing process to produce rigid insulation panels using the previously determined composite formulation. Several manufacturing trials are conducted on different laboratory and industrial tools which allow to experiment existing manufacturing technologies. The possibility to produce the rigid insulation panel from hemp shiv at the industrial scale on a fully automatized production line is demonstrated. Finally, new solutions to improve the fire reaction of the insulation panels are tested which allows to identify suitable solutions for the developed composites
Mazhoud, Brahim. "Elaboration et caractérisation mécanique, hygrique et thermique de composites bio-sourcés." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ISAR0024/document.
Full textIn response to environmental concerns, the use of hemp concrete has been developed in recent years and has shown its efficiency from a hygrothermal point of view. Its life cycle analysis underlines the environmental interest of hemp and shows that the most impacting component is the binder, usually lime-based. The aim of this thesis is to develop hemp-based composites by substituting lime with a less impacting mineral matrix. Several formulations are made with different binder matrices and different hemp content. On the one hand, the ThermO® commercial binder is used to produce "classic" hemp concrete, which are used as a comparative reference. On the other hand, binder matrices are developed based on washing mud fines. Claytec® commercial earth is also considered. After presenting the different raw materials selected for this study, the ThermO® binder is characterized with several water ton binder ratios. The washing mud fine stabilisation is investigated regarding mechanical resistance objectives. A stabilization with 5% of portland cement coupled with 5% of ThermO® is selected for the following development. This formulation does not significantly affect the thermal conductivity of the binder matrix, while allowing to achieve the fixed mechanical objectives. The composites made with the various selected binders have hemp I binder ratios ranging between 0.4 and 0.75, conventional ratio for roof, wall and floor applications. They are implemented by compact ion, which leads to densities ranging from 370 to 61 5 kg/m3 and porosities ranging from 70 to 81%. The mechanical. Thermal and hygric behaviors of the composites are investigated. The measured mechanical performances meet the requirements of the professional rules Construire en Chanvre, even for composites made with unstabilized fines. The sorption isotherms obtained are class II or III sigmoid, with higher water contents for composites made with ThermO®. The MBV values obtained show that the composites made with fines and with Caytec® earth are better hygric regulators than the composites made with ThermO® binder, respectively classified as excellent and as very good hygric regulators. The thermal performances of the composites allow a use in distributed insulation. At the dry point, the thermal conductivity mainly depends on the density, without impact of the type of binder. As ambient relative humidity increases, the thermal conductivity of ThermO®, binder-based composites is more impacted than that of other composites in connection with sorption isotherms. This study thus shows the relevance of the development of composites formulated with washing mud fine as a substitute tor lime
Guerfala, Wassim. "Élaboration de bio-composite hybride à matrice thermoplastique : formulation optimale et modélisation du comportement statique en vue d'une application pour pièces de structure dans l'automobile." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ECDN0022.
Full textThe environmental impact is becoming increasingly important in the automotive industry, pushing OEMs to reduce CO2 emissions through clean engines and structural weight reduction. Composite materials, combining lightness and mechanical strength, offer a good alternative to standard steels with a considerable weight reduction. This study mainly aims to apply bio-composite materials in the automotive structure.To meet the various mechanical, thermal and economic requirements, the first objective of this study is to develop ahybrid composite material based on two natural fibers with complementary characteristics to optimize its performance while guaranteeing the homogeneity of its mechanical behavior. The second objective is the development of a numeric tool that would allow rapid pre-design of structural parts reinforced with this hybrid composite material. Indeed, the obligations of the automotive industry are quickly and continuously changing; it is necessary to provide quick and cost-effective responses (compared to the long and expensive experimental campaigns especially when there is sensitivity to the environmental conditions to consider)
Tlijani, Mohamed. "Contribution à la caractérisation thermophysique de matériaux bio-isolants : valorisation des déchets de bois de palmier." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1157/document.
Full textThe growing interest in new concrete and their use in many fields of civil engineering was that we wanted to bring a new approach to the design of a new product consisting of a reinforced concrete with basel end frond palm fibers. This led us to conduct the experimental study of thermal properties of natural fibers of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). The analysis of experimental results showed that the essential factors affecting the thermal conductivity are the variety of date palm and the fiber orientation and that the basel end of the frond palm is the most interesting part as thermal insulation. However, the main problem encountered when using plant fibers as reinforcement is cohesion, bonding with the matrix and dimensional instability so the composite loses its mechanical properties. In this context, an alkaline pretreatment of palm fibers was envisaged to clean and modify the fiber surface to address the problems of dimensional stability of the fibers and degradation before their use as reinforcement in the cement matrix. We also studied the influence of chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide on the mechanical properties of processed samples, they were subjected to the tensile test to estimate the fracture strength for each treatment concentration, the Young's modulus and elongation at break corresponding. Subsequently, we conducted experimental and theoretical research on the thermal conductivity of different formulations of basel end palm wood concrete composite. The study of the theoretical apparent thermal conductivity was based on an approach that relies on a process whereas the material consists of a solid matrix combined with a fluid phase (air). Finally, we performed a numerical simulation of heat transfer phenomena to assess the thermal conductivity of basel end frond palm concrete composite and validate subsequently the theoretical prediction model selected. The results showed that the numerical approach based on the isotropic orientation of the particles in the composite coincides and approaches the physical reality
Francois, Camille. "Contribution au développement de composites 100% bio-sourcés : synthèse de polyépoxydes bio-sourcés, traitement de fibres de chanvre au CO2 supercritique et incidence sur les propriétés des matériaux." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK041/document.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the development of 100% bio-based hemp/epoxy composites. Current environmental issues favor the emergence of materials derived from renewable resources such as plant fibres and a wide range of bio-based building-blocks, source of epoxy prepolymers in particular. An intensive investigation of the two constituents (hemp fibres and polyepoxidic matrix) is carried out before the composites manufacturing. Supercritical CO2 treatment is applied to hemp fibres used as reinforcement in composite materials. This treatment, not optimized, leads to better individualization as well as a decrease in the hygroscopic power of the fibres. These aspects, which are essential in order to guarantee good properties for the final composite, are nevertheless qualified by a loss of mechanical properties at the fibre scale but also at the composite scale. In the same way, the decrease in the hygroscopic power of the hemp fibres after treatment is reflected at the composite scale, thus improving the durability of the crosslinked material. The synthesis of the epoxy resins used in this study is made from abundant resources such as lignin. The thermosetting polyepoxides prepared in this study have good performance, compatible with the specification for composite applications with plant fibres reinforcement. In view of the results obtained, 100% bio-based composites are materials with a high future potential. Nevertheless, their development requires a comprehensive sustainability study
Sangregorio, Anna. "Valorisation d'humines issues de biorafineries : vers le développement de thermodurcissables et de composites durables." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4062.
Full textThe production of chemicals via acid-catalysed dehydration of sugars is inevitably related to the formation of co-products. Noteworthy, a black and viscous polymeric co-product called humins can be formed in significant quantities. Humins are heterogeneous and polydisperse macromolecules, mainly constituted by furanic rings and aldehydes, ketones and hydroxyls as main functional groups. For many years, scientists focused on finding a way to avoid humins formation during biorefinery processes but that appears to be almost inevitable. In current biorefinery process designs, humins are burnt to generate heat that can be integrated back into the process. However, the attention is now shifting towards ways to make high value-added products from humins, to further improve the process economics of biorefineries. An extensive analysis of the structure and pysico-chemical properties of humins was performed to support humins application research. Particular attention was paid to the identification of transitions and chemical reactions occurring in humins, by using advanced thermoanalytical techniques. It was demonstrated that it is possible to obtain a thermoset polymer with different properties, based on the treatment used. The cross-linking behaviour was then further elucidated by studying optimal initiators and through a deep investigation on the kinetics of cross-linking. Humin based thermosets were tested for different applications. The potential of all-humins-matrix in combination with natural fibres was investigated. Good interaction between organic matrix and natural fibres was observed, making humins very promising for the next generation of biobased thermoset materials. The use of humins as matrix is a sustainable solution to develop all "green" composites, with high hydrophobic properties and mechanical properties comparable with other biobased thermosets used in several commercial applications. Considering the very good affinity with lignocellulosic materials, a new process option was evaluated for fibre modification to enhance the interaction at the interface between cellulosic fibres and common polymeric matrices such as polypropylene. This study also allowed to get insights into the interactions between cellulose and humins. To further exploit these type of applications, wood modification with humin resin was studied. Dimension and weight stability of the modified wood after immersion in water confirmed improved hydrophobicity of the final material. Mechanical properties were studied by DMA. This study demonstrates that this new impregnation technique can improve the dimensional stability of wood, without compromising on the mechanical properties by valorising humins. Finally, the possibility to use humins as a binder to enhance bitumen’s rheological properties and decrease its environmental impact was investigated
Julien, Jean Mario. "Développement de polymères et composites alvéolaires bio-sourcés à base de poly(acide lactique)." Phd thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00726158.
Full textMéjean, Chloé. "Élaboration de nouveaux matériaux absorbants : application en chambres anéchoïques." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S153.
Full textThis thesis work focused on the study of new materials for electromagnetic absorption in anechoic chambers. This subject arose from the study of a new matrix which was never used for electromagnetic absorbers until then: the epoxy foam. This foam has many advantages compared to the matrices usually used in the trade like the possibility of cutting complex shapes out of them or trapping the charge in the core of the absorber...This matrix was associated to different carbonaceous load (carbon black, graphite and carbon fibers). The combination of epoxy foam with millimeter carbon fibers has shown better absorption performance at very low loading rates: 0.5 %wt (S11 ≈ -40 dB between 4 and 18 GHz under normal and oblique incidences). The use of different fiber lengths showed that it is possible to improve absorption performance at low frequencies using long carbon fibers. Finally, we directed our work on the creation of an absorbent material from a cork matrix. These new materials, made from bio-based materials, have shown better absorption performance than a commercial absorber, with the same dimensions in normal incidence (S11 = -54 dB and S11 = - 27 dB respectively at 4.26 GHz) and oblique incidence (S11 = -51 dB and S11 = -30 dB respectively at 4.26 GHz) and are therefore potential candidates for the replacement of existing commercial absorbent materials
Tlijani, Mohamed. "Contribution à la caractérisation thermophysique de matériaux bio-isolants : valorisation des déchets de bois de palmier." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1157.
Full textThe growing interest in new concrete and their use in many fields of civil engineering was that we wanted to bring a new approach to the design of a new product consisting of a reinforced concrete with basel end frond palm fibers. This led us to conduct the experimental study of thermal properties of natural fibers of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). The analysis of experimental results showed that the essential factors affecting the thermal conductivity are the variety of date palm and the fiber orientation and that the basel end of the frond palm is the most interesting part as thermal insulation. However, the main problem encountered when using plant fibers as reinforcement is cohesion, bonding with the matrix and dimensional instability so the composite loses its mechanical properties. In this context, an alkaline pretreatment of palm fibers was envisaged to clean and modify the fiber surface to address the problems of dimensional stability of the fibers and degradation before their use as reinforcement in the cement matrix. We also studied the influence of chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide on the mechanical properties of processed samples, they were subjected to the tensile test to estimate the fracture strength for each treatment concentration, the Young's modulus and elongation at break corresponding. Subsequently, we conducted experimental and theoretical research on the thermal conductivity of different formulations of basel end palm wood concrete composite. The study of the theoretical apparent thermal conductivity was based on an approach that relies on a process whereas the material consists of a solid matrix combined with a fluid phase (air). Finally, we performed a numerical simulation of heat transfer phenomena to assess the thermal conductivity of basel end frond palm concrete composite and validate subsequently the theoretical prediction model selected. The results showed that the numerical approach based on the isotropic orientation of the particles in the composite coincides and approaches the physical reality
Ngoufo, donkeng Noëlle Edwige. "Vieillissement de matériaux hybrides composites biosourcés/métal sous sollicitations thermiques et hydriques. Application au développement de mobiliers urbains ultra légers et durables." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UBFCK019.
Full textIn the perspectives of the future city, the progressive use of autonomous vehicles seems to become unavoidable. The preparation of an adequate framework for the deployment of this future mobility represents an important issue. This requires revisiting the urban infrastructures of cities from the choice of material to the design, and to propose solutions based on mobile street furniture. Faced with this challenge, hybrid materials such fibre metal laminates (FML) present interesting characteristics. FML made of plant fibre composites are of particular interest to minimize their environmental impact. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to design and manufacture plant-fibre metal laminates and assess their mechanical performance and durability in view of their use for street furniture.Two families of hybrid materials are studied, namely steel/flax-epoxy and steel/flax-polypropylene. For the steel/flax-epoxy hybrid material, the influence of some aspects such as the composite/metal assembly method, the lamination of the composite layers, and the structuring of the hybrid was evaluated on the mechanical performances using three-point bending and impact tests. The structuring of the hybrid is the most influential parameter on the measured properties. The results also show that the developed hybrid solutions have superior properties when compared to most of the mono-material solutions generally used for street furniture.Hybrid steel/flax-polypropylene and flax/polypropylene composites were subjected to accelerated hydrothermal and thermal ageing. Hydrothermal ageing leads to a drop in the flexural and impact properties of the composite, as well as a degradation of the latter. For the hybrid, a real drop was only observed in the flexural properties. The composite of the hybrid also degrades, but the phenomenon is attenuated by the presence of the metallic layers. Thermal ageing leads to yellowing and embrittlement of the composite by thermo-oxidation. This results in a significant drop in the bending properties and impact of the composite over the long term. At the hybrid level, the interface is severely affected by aging; the metal is delaminated after less than two days of aging
Mattlet, Agnès. "Influence de l'utilisation d'une matrice recyclée sur le comportement et les performances d'un composite lin/polypropylène lors de sa mise en oeuvre et de son vieillissement hydrothermique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UBFCK079.
Full textTo respond to the growing interest in ecology, the development of eco-responsible materials has become preponderant in areas such as transportation and mobility. One potential solution is to replace synthetic fibers by natural ones and virgin polymers by recycled ones. Indeed, these materials present similar specific properties and a lesser environmental footprint. However, natural fibers are very hydrophilic, which can be a problem in long-term outdoor use. As for the polymers, they undergo modifications during recycling that can affect their compatibility with fibers. This thesis' aim is to investigate how the use of a recycled matrix affects the properties of polypropylene/flax composites and their behavior under hydrothermal and cyclic ageing. First, the influence of processing parameters (compatibilizing agent's percentage, consolidation time, temperature and pressure, cooling rate and exit temperature) on the mechanical properties of virgin matrix composites was studied in order to obtain a reference material. Then, the impact of the use of recycled matrices on the properties of the composite was studied. Finally, hydrothermal and cyclic ageing (immersion, freezing and drying) were applied to all composites (with virgin and recycled matrices). A multiscale analysis combining physicochemical, structural and mechanical characterizations was carried out during ageing to better understand the influence of the matrix on the behavior of the composites over time
Nagalakshmaiah, Malladi. "Melt processing of cellulose nanocrystals : thermal, mechanical and rheological properties of polymer nanocomposites." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI043/document.
Full textThe low thermal stability and irreversible agglomeration issues are limiting to process the polymer nanocomposites using CNC as the reinforcing phase. In this context, thermally stable and highly dispersed CNC were prepared by green process (Aqueous based methods) like physical adsorption and surface modification. These two different Extrudable CNC was reinforced in to hydrophobic polymers. Ensuing polymer nanocomposites had a positive impact on the storage modulus, tensile strength, Young’s modulus. Importantly, no evidence of micro aggregates in the matrix was observed in the scanning electron microscopy images contrary to non-treated CNC. Both the surface modification and adsorption are the water based methods and is an industrially viable solution. Also, it can be applicable at industrial level
Postdam, Gérémie. "Développement de composites bio-sourcés à base de fibres de canne à sucre : caractérisation mécanique et acoustique." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCK022/document.
Full textFor reasons of comfort, modern constructions require acoustic and thermal insulating materials, offering good mechanical performances. In this context, the valorization of plant fibres from the agro-food industry presents economic and environmental benefits. Thus, the aim of the present study is to develop a multifunctional sugarcane fibres reinforced epoxy porous composite combining good acoustic and mechanical properties.The study of the bagasse fibres geometry has shown that fibres’ length and diameter distribution can be fitted by lognormal laws. Composites manufactured by thermocompression process with an epoxy matrix were characterized using an experimental design whose parameters were the diameter of the fibres (between 0.5 and 4 mm) and their mass ratio (between 40 and 70%). The study of acoustic properties showed that the sound absorption increases with the diameter of the fibres, while decreasing with their mass proportion, over a frequency range between 500 and 1000 Hz. Mechanical characterisation by bending tests, has showed a fragile behavior, with deviations of stiffness and maximum stress around 36%. The stereo-correlation image analysis confirmed the heterogeneity of the strain fields throughout the thickness, in relation to the fracture observation
Rouch, Matthias. "Contribution à la compréhension des mécanismes de vieillissement hydrothermique de matériaux composites unidirectionnels polyester insaturé/fibre de lin." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC210/document.
Full textA great number of plant fiber – reinforced polymer composites allowed substantial lightening of structures in various fields of application. However, the question remains about the durability of these parts in service, mainly for lack of knowledge about the aging of plant fibers, their interactions with the polymer matrix and the hydrothermal behavior of biosourced composites over time. In this work, water absorption mechanisms and kinetics by the composite material are studied in order to understand the hydric behavior during hydrothermal aging by immersion in deionized water at 23°C or 70°C. The results show that water absorption by the composite is characterized by a high water uptake and an anisotropic swelling. It also allowed the identification of the degradation mechanisms of flax fibers; the very harmful role of bark residues recalls the importance of retting and decortication on the performance of these fibers.The investigation of the behaviors of the constituents and the composite under hydrothermal aging was then undertaken with the aim to identify and quantify the influence of each on the constituent materials, as well as their synergy. It shows that the deterioration of the flax fibers is the main cause of the reduction of the mechanical properties of the composite. If immersion at 23 ° C for 70 days has little effect on the mechanical properties, raising the temperature to 70 ° C induces significant damage from 14 days of immersion. The destruction of the cell walls and the degradation of the fiber/matrix interfaces due to water deteriorate the load transfer efficiency by the fiber/matrix interface. The correlation between accelerated and natural aging showed a similarity between holding for 70 days in water at 23 ° C and exposure to natural conditions for 24 months; immersion at 70 ° C is too severe. An improvement solution would be to increase the retting of the fibers in order to further remove the pectic compounds from the middle lamella and the primary wall. The elimination of these compounds easily hydrolysable by water would claim to a better quality of the fiber / matrix interface throughout aging
He, Jing. "Des (bio)nano-composites utilisés dans le traitement d'eaux contaminées par de l'arsenic/gentamicine ou pour des applications médicales." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00988092.
Full textQuitadamo, Alessia. "Influence of wood flour and cellulose on the properties and the stability of formulations based on polyolefins and bio-based polymers." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI015.
Full textThe objective of this research is the development of high-added value materials, with high amount of bio-derived fillers, resulting in a more eco-friendly product. The pursued strategy is based on both the introduction of natural fibres and the use of oil-based and bio-derived polymer blends as matrices, reducing the non-biodegradable amount in the material. The thesis project is based on the development of HDPE/PLA blends filled with natural fillers, such as wood flour and recycled paper fibres. High-density polyethylene has been chosen because it is one of the most representative recycled polymers on the market. Poly(lactic) acid has been selected as it is an important bio-degradable polymer on the market. The methodology developed here can be extended to other bio-degradable polymers, such as Soy Protein Isolate (SPI). Wood flour is a diffuse waste material, that can be used for production of Wood Plastic Composites. Recycled paper fibres are derived from industrial paper waste, which cannot be subjected to traditional recycling processes. Additives have been introduced in order to face the problem of different hydrophilicity between oil-based/bio-derived polymers with natural fillers. The optimal composition and production processes are challenges, not only for the use of these materials, but also for their disposal. The end-of-life of these samples can be evaluated through controlled bio-degradability and compostability, correlating material structure with the ability to biodegrade. The production of a material at reduced environmental impact with properties consistent with their applications is a first environmental advantage. Obtaining a controlled biodegradability, as a function of the applications, would give enhanced value to our materials. Several characterizations have been performed in order to analyse the effect of different compatibilizers and treatments such as: tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses, infrared spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography and composting tests
Tran, Thi Nguyet. "Bio-based elastomeric composites for antibacterial and antifouling applications : methodology for the synthesis and grafting of functionalized oligomers issued from natural rubber." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA1024/document.
Full textThis manuscript presents the synthesis of new elastomeric materials based on natural rubber derived building blocks and organic monomers having antifouling and/or antibacterial properties, covalently bound to the polymer network. Original acrylate monomers bearing an organic bioactive moiety (a Guanidinium group or Zosteric acid derivates) were synthesized and co-polymerized with telechelic acrylate oligomers from polyisoprene. No significant leaching of the bioactive monomers occurred and the material resisted to long water immersions. Freestanding films prepared from acrylate oligoisoprenes also showed a weak antibiofouling activity which was drastically increased by integrating the guanidinium and the Zosteric acid monomers. The coatings were active against several strains of pathogenic bacteria among which Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. In order to covalently graft oligoisoprenes to surfaces, new bifunctional oligoisoprenes bearing an alkoxy-silane end moiety were designed and coupled with silicon-containing materials. An alternative approach was followed by prefunctionalizing the surface with amino groups and by covalently grafting oligomers with carbonyl chain-ends. Post-polymerization from the surface free chain-ends resulted in a thick oligoisoprene coating with strong resistance to solvent immersion (water, THF). In this way, we were able to build dense and tethered molecular layers, thin films and thick coatings
Walha, Fatma. "Elaboration de mélanges à base de Bio-polymères : Etude des corrélations entre structure, propriétés et transformation." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI075.
Full textThis study is a contribution to the development of a new biomaterial with suitable melt strength, stiffness-to-toughness balance, and the required thermal performance for food packaging applications. The proposed approach consists in preparing a mixture of poly (lactic acid) [PLA] / polyamide 11 [PA11] with different compositions; the main advantage being to offer a range of properties that are difficult to combine on the same polymer. The different formulations, PLA/PA11, processed in the molten state in a twin-screw extruder were studied from the side of rheological, thermal, mechanical and morphology. Different copolymers of various structures were used, at different rates, in order to promote the adhesion in the interface of the components and to improve the blend systems performances. The aim is to obtain a formulation that having an elongation behavior, in the molten state, perfectly compatible with the blowing process
Mujica, Randy. "Layer-by-Layer assembly of nanocellulose composite films with bio-inspired helicoidal superstructures." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAE011.
Full textThe remarkable optical and mechanical properties of natural materials are often associated with the complexity of their hierarchical structures. One of the most complexes is the helical structure which consists of several layers of unidirectionally aligned fibers whose orientation rotates with respect to their neighboring layers. This so-called Bouligand microstructure is responsible for the enhanced impact resistance of the shell of some crustaceans as well as the preferential reflection of circularly polarized light of certain fruits and insects. Here, we fabricated complex bio-inspired thin films made of cellulose nanofibrils and poly(vinylamine) using the layer-by-layer (LbL) approach and grazing incidence spraying (GIS), a method allowing to control the in-plane alignment of anisotropic nano-objects like cellulose nanofibrils. We demonstrated the independent direction of alignment of each cellulose layer, which allowed the preparation of thin films with well-defined internal structures, namely, unidirectional, cross-ply or helical arrangement of the reinforcing nanofibrils, which is impossible to achieve by any other fabrication process. The optical properties of these films were characterized by circular dichroism (CD) and by Mueller matrix ellipsometry. The chirality observed for helicoidal films is controlled by the rotation direction, the pitch, and the number of layers. The mechanical properties of these cellulose-based films were studied by various nanoindentation methods. A nano-contact fatigue methodology showed an increased ductility of the unidirectional and helicoidal films, which can be indirectly related to enhanced absorption of energy of this material owing to their internal structure
Merindol, Rémi. "Layer-by-layer assembly of strong bio-inspired nanocomposites." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAE015/document.
Full textNatural materials such as nacre or wood gain their exceptional mechanical performances from the precise organisation of rigid and soft components at the nano-scale. Layer-by-layer assembly allows the preparation of films with a nano-scale control over their organisation and composition. This work describes the assembly and properties of new nano-composites containing 1-D (cellulose nano-fibrils) and 2-D (clay nano-platelets) reinforcing elements. The clay platelets were combined with an extremely soft matrix (poly(dimethylsiloxane)) to mimic the lamellar architecture of nacre. Cellulose based composites with a random in plane orientation of the fibrils were studied first, later we aligned the fibrils in a single direction to mimic further the cell wall of wood. The mechanical properties of these bio-inspired composites match or surpass those of their natural counterparts, while being transparent and in one case self-repairing
Darabi, Peyvand. "Propriétés de composites de polyéthylene haute densité et résidus de canne à sucre : effet de la délignification des fibres et d'un traitement de surface sur la résistance à la photo- et la bio-dégradation." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819083.
Full textChennouf, Nawal. "Phénomènes de transfert de chaleur et de masse dans les composites de bois de palmier dattier : comportement sous sollicitations dynamiques." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC0012.
Full textPromoting the date palm concrete in new constructions and renovating buildings requires a full hygrothermal characterization at several scales (material, wall and building). In this thesis, the hygrothermal behavior of date palm concrete was experimentally investigated, firstly at material scale then at wall scale. In the first part, the adsorption-desorption isotherms and the hysteresis effect of DPC were characterized under static conditions.The results revealed a high hygric capacity for this material compared with other classical building materials. The moisture buffer value and the effect of temperature on successive adsorption/desorption cycles were also assessed under dynamic conditions. It was found that the sorption process is highly affected by the temperature. Furthermore, this bio-based mortar was classified as hygroscopic and breathable material with excellent moisture buffer capacity. In the second part of the thesis, we have experimentally investigated the hygrothermal behavior at wall scale. The investigation was performed using a climatic chamber where the variation of temperature and relative humidity were applied on one side of the wall. These both parameters were measured at different depths of the biobased wall using sensors. Several thermo-hygric phenomena were highlighted such as the high coupling effect between the heat and moisture transfer due to the evaporation-condensation and adsorption-desorption phenomena. Besides, significant thermal and hygric inertia was observed through the DPC wall which allows mitigating overheating and reducing interstitial condensation for sustainable constructions
Honoré, Mathilde. "Mise au point de nouveaux bio-composites verts innovants à base de roseau commun Phragmites australis : applications en plasturgie et en éco-construction pour le bâtiment." Thesis, Lorient, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORIS572.
Full textThe use of plant fibres, both in the field of plastics processing and in the building industry, makes it possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and therefore the environmental impact of mankind. Interest in biocomposites using plant fibres such as hemp, wood, flax and also miscanthus reed is increasing. Nowadays, there is very little work on the reed phragmites australis. However, as it does not use cultivated areas, this invasive plant is independent of agricultural issues and does not require any chemical inputs. The reed harvest is therefore part of a wetlands management approach while enhancing the value of a material with multiple properties. This work is devoted to the characterisation of the raw material phragmites australis and to the study of its eligibility as a substitute material of three reference materials, wood, miscanthus and hemp shiv, widely used as reinforcements in plastics processing and eco-construction. Composite formulations using two polymer matrices (polypropylene and polybutylene succinate) with different rates of plant fillers and coupling agent were characterised from the point of view of their mechanical properties by Charpy tensile, flexural and impact tests. The water ageing of these composites was also studied and correlated to the hydrophobic character of the reed. For the construction application, formulations based on reeds of different origins and using different binders (lime, plaster and earth) were tested in compression and with thermal conductivity measurements in order to evaluate the behaviour of the reed as a material for building use
Sliwa, Fabien. "Etude de nouveaux composites de source renouvelable à base de copolyamide et de farine de bois." Thesis, Pau, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PAUU3020.
Full textThe physical properties and thermal stability of a new family of wood polymer composites (WPC) using a bio-based thermoplastic elastomer matrix (pebax® copolymers) were studied. The matrix is a polyether-b-amide thermoplastic elastomer which presents an important elongation at break, a melting point below 200°C which helps prevent degradation of wood fibres. The hydrophilic character of pebax® leads to a good interaction with wood fibres. We have chosen several types of wood flour as reinforcement agent, focusing on wood flour from maritime pine. Composites compounds were made using a laboratory twin screw extruder prior to injection molding to obtain tensile test samples. We have demonstrated the good quality of the interface between wood fibres and matrix, without using any specific compatibilizing agent. Most importantly, we have pointed out a strong improvement of thermal stability of composites under air atmosphere, compared with the behaviour of the matrix or wood separately. We have also characterized the mechanical properties of these composites. The resulting data show an improvement of the tensile modulus with increasing wood content and a decrease of elongation at break, with a behaviour change from elastomeric to less stretchable solid behaviour between 20% and 30% of wood content.The last part of our work was dedicated to the evaluation of water absorption of thecomposites at different wood content. We have shown an increase of water absorption withincreasing wood content and we demonstrated a Fickian diffusion process at the onset ofwater absorption
Khennache, Mehdi. "Influence des conditions de culture et de transformation du lin sur les caractéristiques chimique, physique et mécanique de la fibre de lin technique pour une application en matériaux composites biosourcés." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR103.
Full textComposite materials based on natural reinforcements are constantly evolving towards products that are either the least expensive or the most efficient, and ideally both at the same time. For the sake of environmental protection and public health, their use has become a major issue and will be even more in the near future and in the long term. The automotive industry, for example, is increasingly interested in plant fibers in order to use renewable and sustainable materials, and to lighten vehicles whose mass is responsible for 75% of fuel consumption (cellulose fibers are 30 % less dense than glass fibers). It is in this context that this research work takes place, whose main objective is to study the effect of the transformation parametersof textile flax (scutching, hackling and homogenization) as well as the effect of its conditions of culture (degrees of maturity and retting) on the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics of technical flax fibers and the mechanical performance of the associated biobased flax /epoxy composite materials, produced by thermocompression. For each flax Modalities (reference, transformation and culture), technical flax fibers are characterized by Van Soest method, X-ray diffraction, pycnometry, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in order to determine and compare respectively their biochemical composition, crystallinity index, density, thermal stability and morphology as well as the different chemical bonds present on the surface. The tensile mechanical properties of each technical flax fiber, unidirectional veil of flax fiber and thermopressed bio-based composite material are also determined. A new method, considering temperature and relative humidity during tensile tests, is proposed to calculate the cross section of technical flax fiber. The results of the transformation campaign show that the flax hackling step can be deleted without affecting the mechanical properties of the proposed bio-based composite materials. The results of the culture campaign show a slight effect of the degrees of maturity and retting of technical flax fibers on the mechanical properties of the biobased composite materials produced. It appears that the degrees of maturity and retting of flax impact their rigidity and breaking properties, respectively
Noël, Marion. "Elaboration d'un matériau composite innovant à base de bois et de bio-polymère d'acide lactique." Nancy 1, 2007. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2007_0061_NOEL.pdf.
Full textComposites from petroleum based polymers and synthetical or mineral fibers can be advantageously replaced by biomaterials from biopolymers and vegetal fibrous reinforcements, allowing recycling and /or biodegradation at the end of their lifecycle. In this purpose, we prepared a wood / lactic acid biopolymer based bio composite. Wood vacuum / pressure impregnation by lactic acid oligomers containing chemical catalyst or not, was followed by a heating process in a drying kiln. The aim of this study was to induce oligomers polymerization into the wood cells, and a potential grafting on the free hydroxyls wood groups, in order to improve wood properties. We showed an effective in-situ polymerization, and a strong interaction between wood and biopolymers chains, however not grafted. The biopolymer impact on the lignocellulosic structure is shown by a significant softening of wood, occurring at an intermediate level of the heating process, probably due to a reaction between lactic acid oligomers and the lignin mainly contained into the middle lamella. The material darkening suggests a probable reaction between chemical catalysts and cellulose. Once the heating process has been completed, the composite gets stiff. The treatment imparts an excellent dimensional stability to the wood composite : an anti swelling efficiency approaching 70%. A good antifungal resistance is also noticed. As for mechanical properties, bending and compression resistances are slightly influenced, while hardness is significantly improved, and shearing resistance altered, due to the middle lamella degradation. Therefore, high density and hardness, plus a good material stability could be valorized by industrial uses such as flooring. In the intermediate state, moulding applications are also conceivable
Bouhamed, Nesrine. "Elaboration et caractérisation d'un matériau composite à base de farine de bois d'olivier." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMLH18.
Full textThis work concerns the development and the characterization of new composite materials based on natural fibers. It aims at the exploitation of natural fibers extracted from the work of olive wood introduced in the form of olive wood flour (OWF) in a polymer matrix of the polypropylene (PP).Thus, two types of PP / FBO bio-composites were produced: polypropylene combinations with olive wood flour fibers untreated or treated with amino-silane with a mass loading rate of 3%. Following the chemical treatment, the characterizations of the treated fibers showed an increase in the rate of cellulose, the roughness, the thermal stability and also the crystallinity. The composite material samples studied were manufactured from PP and OWF raw materials, by twin-screw extrusion followed by injection, varying the OWF charge rate from 0 to 30%. The micrographs of the rupture facets carried out with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) show better adhesion between the matrix and the treated fibers compared to those not treated. With the aim of characterizing elastic properties, destructive characterization methods by mechanical and non-destructive ultrasonic tests are used to establish the correspondence, but also the limits. As a result, the rigidity of the PP / OWF biocomposites has been improved with the increase in the fiber content and the addition of a coupling agent. A correlation factor between the estimated Young's moduli is established between theultrasonic values and the mechanical values. The longitudinal and transverse speeds increase in the same proportions with the fiber content and with the addition of a coupling agent. Finally, the internal structure of the PP / OWF bio-composite samples was evaluated by ultrasonic reflectometry and Xray tomography
Galhac-Noel, Marion. "Elaboration d'un matériau composite innovant à base de bois et de bio-polymère d'acide lactique." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00346544.
Full textMadra, Anna. "Analyse et visualisation de la géométrie des matériaux composites à partir de données d’imagerie 3D." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2387/document.
Full textThe subject of the thesis project between Laboratoire Roberval at Université de Technologie Compiègne and Center for High-Performance Composites at Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal considered the design of a deep learning architecture with semantics for automatic generation of models of composite materials microstructure based on X-ray microtomographic imagery. The thesis consists of three major parts. Firstly, the methods of microtomographic image processing are presented, with an emphasis on phase segmentation. Then, the geometric features of phase elements are extracted and used to classify and identify new morphologies. The method is presented for composites filled with short natural fibers. The classification approach is also demonstrated for the study of defects in composites, but with spatial features added to the process. A high-level descriptor "defect genome" is proposed, that permits comparison of the state o defects between specimens. The second part of the thesis introduces structural segmentation on the example of woven reinforcement in a composite. The method relies on dual kriging, calibrated by the segmentation error from learning algorithms. In the final part, a stochastic formulation of the kriging model is presented based on Gaussian Processes, and distribution of physical properties of a composite microstructure is retrieved, ready for numerical simulation of the manufacturing process or of mechanical behavior
Andriamananjara, Koloina. "Modélisation numérique des procédés LCM à l’échelle des milieux homogènes équivalents en cours de déformation – intégration de la pression capillaire lors de l’infusion et équilibrage post-infusion." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02921453.
Full textThe LRI process consists in impregnating a fibrous preform through its thickness, under the pressure gradient created by pulling the vacuum. This out-of-autoclave process was developed to reduce manufacturing costs and ensure proper filling of large parts; hence the increasing interest of the aeronautical industry in this technique. This work, within the framework of the Hexcel-Mines Saint-Etienne Chair, aims to establish a predictive numerical tool to simulate the main physical phenomena occurring during the process at macroscale. In order to properly model the complex and multi-scale phenomena during the infusion process, a numerical approach based on finite-element method is developed to model the capillary effects during the filling stage and to model the post-filling stage. Capillary effects are represented by a capillar stress tensor acting at the bi-fluid interface of the flow modelled by Darcy's equations. By generating a pressure jump, it requires a local pressure enrichment of the elements crossed by the fluid front. The results are validated with a convergence analysis and a confrontation with experimental data. The model is adapted to the mesoscale to simulate the flow through the tows. A first approach of post-filling stage modeling is proposed, which describes the interaction between the preform deformation and the resin flow after the filling. Modeling this stage allows to study the influence of fluid-solid coupling on the final part regarding the dimensional tolerances, and to predict the evolution of the fibre volume fraction which determines the part mechanical properties. The first simulation tests reveal a high potential for industrial simulators
Doutres, Olivier. "Caractérisation mécanique de matériaux fibreux en vibro-acoustique." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00186424.
Full textTribot, Amélie. "Valorisation de la "partie lignine" des effluents de prétraitement de biomasse forestière : élaboration et caractérisation d'agrocomposites." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAC030.
Full textLignin is a polymeric constituent of vascular plants’ pectocellulosic walls. It is a by-product, poorly upgraded from pulp and paper, and biorefinery industries. To evaluate their potential in agrocomposites field, commercial lignins (sodium lignosulfonates and Kraft lignin) were processed along with corn cob, an agro-industrial residue used hereby as a natural fibre. Firstly, a compression-moulding process allowed the combination of hydrated sodium lignosulfonates and corn cob particles. The impact of three factors (particle size, fibre content, and compacting pressure) on compressive mechanical properties was measured. Although sodium lignosulfonates cross-linking by commercial laccases was highlighted in solution, addition of such enzymes to agrocomposites formulations did not improve their flexural strength (maximum value of 5.3 MPa). The acoustic insulation properties of agrocomposites (sound transmission loss of 60 dB) and their thermal conductivity of 0.143 W.m - 1.K -1 may suggest applications in the building sector. Secondly, nine formulations of bio-based materials were developed by twin-screw extrusion, and then injection moulding, combining a bio-based thermoplastic polymer matrix (polylactic acid and/or poly(butylene succinate)) with technical lignins (2.5 to 20% (m/m) Kraft lignin or sodium lignosulfonates), and corn cob particles (5 to 19% (m/m)). The addition of Kraft lignin led to increased hardness of the materials up to 50%, and more hydrophobicity compared to polylactic acid. Nevertheless, their mechanical strengths decreased (by a maximum of 40%), and materials exhibited a more brittle fracture profile. In the presence of corn cob, transfer of forces from matrix to fibres was not ideal since de-bonding was detected at the interfaces under irreversible flexural stress. However, these bio-based materials exhibited mechanical, and thermal properties that made them suitable for synthetic plastics substitution while adding value to by-products of agricultural, and forest industries
Lind, Nordgren Eleonora. "A study of tailoring acoustic porous material properties when designing lightweight multilayered vehicle panels." Doctoral thesis, KTH, MWL Marcus Wallenberg Laboratoriet, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-100701.
Full textQC 20120815
Chlela, Robert. "Durabilité d'un système composite biosourcé (matrice époxy-fibres de lin) pour applications de renforcement structural : approches expérimentale et fiabiliste." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2076.
Full textIn France, the built heritage of civil engineering and building structures is vast and ageing. Recent reports prepared by experts highlight this alarming situation and point out the need to significantly increase the resources allocated to the rehabilitation of this heritage. In this context, structural reinforcement by externally bonded composites has become an attractive solution for the rehabilitation of structures and the extension of their lifespan. This thesis, funded by the French Research Agency (ANR), aims to develop a new composite reinforcement system with a reduced environmental footprint, on one hand, and to build an original reliability approach to estimate the lifetime of reinforcement systems and their failure probability at any time, on the other hand. In this manuscript, the main phases of development of the bio-based system are first recalled. In particular, it is recalled that the formulation of the bio-sourced epoxy matrix was based upon the specifications and characteristics of the Foreva® TFC matrix, and the criteria that guided the choice of the unidirectional flax fibre reinforcement fabric are also presented. The second part of the manuscript presents all the experimental results obtained within the framework of the durability study on the bio-based strengthening system. This test campaign relies on a Design of Experiment optimized by Hoke’s matrix. Laminated composite plates and concrete slabs reinforced with these composites were subjected to accelerated ageing under hygrothermal conditions, and to natural ageing on an outdoor exposure site in Lyon as well, for a total duration of 24 months. In a first step, the results of various physico-chemical characterizations that were periodically conducted on the bio-based composites, highlighted the relative contributions of mechanisms involved in microstructural evolutions and degradation phenomena of both the polymer matrix and fiber/matrix interfaces. In a second step, the changes in the main performance indicators related to the composite and the concrete-composite interface subjected to the various ageing environments, are presented and interpreted in the light of the previous physico-chemical characterizations. In a third step, a comparison is made between the bio-based composite system and a traditional carbon fibre strengthening system. The last part of the manuscript is devoted to the implementation of the reliability approach, relying on the experimental database previously collected for the bio-based system. A statistical analysis by the ANOVA method is first carried out on all experimental data. Two degradation models were then developed to describe the evolutions of performance indicators over time for any hygrothermal ageing condition: an analytical model with explicit terms related to quadratic effects and coupling between temperature and relative humidity, and a physical model based on Eyring's law.In a next step, these models were used to estimate the lifetime of the bio-based strengthening system under accelerated ageing conditions. End-of-life criteria were first defined based on specifications proposed by different design guidelines, in particular by ACI and AFGC reports.In order to evaluate the lifetime under actual service conditions, a specific procedure was then proposed to apply the analytical model in the case of natural ageing. Finally, a probabilization of the analytical model is carried out in order to determine the probability of failure of the bio-based strengthening system at any time during its lifetime
Brouard, Yoann. "Caractérisation et optimisation d'un composite biosource pour l'habitat." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4024.
Full textThe purpose of this study was to compare hygrothermal acoustical and mechanical properties ot different materials based on vegetal aggregates and clay in order to characterize the performances of different biocomposites to provide building insulation solutions with a view to valorizing agricultural waste. We first analyzed the raw materials in order to get the density, thermal and hydric properties of the vegetal aggregates in one hand and the mineralogy and gravimetric data of the selected crude earth in the other hand. Thermal behavior of earth:vegetal aggregates mixes have been investigated at different humidity rates and different density ranges. Additionally, hydric properties have been measured to produce sorption and desorption curves and moisture buffer values (MBV) in one hand and capillarity of both aggregates and biocomposites on the other hand. One of the main interests of this study is to confirm that a wide range of locally produced vegetal byproducts could be used as - bioaggregates for concretes. Local biomaterials industries could therefore emerge depending on the locally available resources at country scale
Ismail, Brahim. "Contribution au développement et optimisation d’un système composite biosourcé-enduit de protection pour l’isolation thermique de bâtiment." Thesis, Orléans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ORLE3112.
Full textThe research work presented in this thesis focuses on the formulation, characterization and modeling of the physical and mechanical properties of bio-composite materials based on plant aggregates (cereal straw) for thermal insulation and energy rehabilitation of buildings. The objectives of this thesis, part of the PEPITE project, are the optimization of the thermal, mechanical and hydric performances of the bio-based materials developed within the framework of previous work and the development of a protective coating for a technical solution of thermal rehabilitation. The optimization of the formulation is obtained by using additives and other biodegradable and renewable natural waste, in order to create a higher porosity and to further decrease the thermal conductivity of the materials. Based on the results of experimental characterization, three formulations were selected. These materials are highly heterogeneous media with a rather complex behaviour and for which its understanding and prediction call for numerical homogenization methods in the framework of this work. The effect of the real microstructure (morphology, orientation of heterogeneities) on the effective thermal properties and the non-linear mechanical behavior of these materials was also highlighted in this study. The comparison of numerical and experimental results confirmed the predictive capacity and the potential of the approach used to guide the formulation of materials based on thermal performance criteria. A detailed characterization of the hydric properties of the optimal formulations (water vapor permeability, sorption-desorption curves, MBV) was carried out in order to understand the relationship between the properties of these materials and the notion of hygro-thermal comfort of the building. Excellent hydric properties were obtained for the three bio-composites studied. In order to evaluate their long-term performance, the materials were exposed to accelerated ageing in the laboratory through humidification-drying and freeze-thaw tests. This environmental assessment revealed a significant reduction in mechanical properties after the cycles considered. Finally, a protective coating for bio-based materials was developed in this study with the aim of proposing a complete thermal renovation solution. The coating with optimised behaviour proposed here by combining an experimental and numerical approach was the subject of a physical and mechanical characterization in order to measure its impact on the performance of biocomposites. The characteristics obtained for the optimal formulations proposed meet perfectly the regulatory requirements relating for thermal insulation coatings