Relevant bibliographies by topics / Materials and Resources

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Materials and Resources'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Materials and Resources"

1

Khan, Svetlana, and Mamura Alimova. "MATERIALS AND RESOURCES REVIEW." Theoretical & Applied Science 79, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2019.11.79.65.

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Eichhorn, Stephen J., and Alessandro Gandini. "Materials from Renewable Resources." MRS Bulletin 35, no. 3 (March 2010): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2010.650.

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AbstractThe drive for greater use of renewable materials is one that has recently gained momentum due to the need to rely less heavily on petroleum. These renewable materials are defined as such since they are derived from plant-based sources. Some renewable materials also offer properties that conventional materials cannot provide: hierarchical structure, environmental compatibility, low thermal expansion, and the ability to be modified chemically to suit custom-made applications. Nature's materials, particularly from plant- and animal-based polysaccharides and proteins, have hierarchical structures, and these structures can be utilized for conventional applications via biomimetic approaches. This issue begins with an article covering renewable polymers or plastics that can be used to generate block copolymers (where two polymers with specific functions are combined) as an alternative to conventional materials. Applications of renewable polymers, such as cellulose from plants, bacteria, and animal sources, are also covered. Also presented are the use of bacterial cellulose and other plant-based nanofibers for transparent electronic display screens and, in a wider sense, the use of cellulose nanofibers for composite materials, where renewable resources are required to generate larger amounts of material. Finally, this issue shows the use of biomimetic approaches to take the multifunctional properties of renewable materials and use these concepts, or the materials themselves, in conventional materials applications.
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NAGY, G. B. "Conserving resources ? packaging materials." International Journal of Dairy Technology 40, no. 1 (February 1987): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1987.tb02386.x.

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Mathur, V. K. "Composite materials from local resources." Construction and Building Materials 20, no. 7 (September 2006): 470–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.031.

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Carlson, Allen, and Frederick O. Waage. "Teaching Environmental Literature: Materials, Methods, Resources." Journal of Aesthetic Education 23, no. 3 (1989): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3332772.

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Allamraju., Kashi V. "Materials used for Renewable energy resources." International Journal of Advanced Materials Manufacturing and Characterization 3, no. 1 (March 13, 2013): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11127/ijammc.2013.02.044.

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Gryshchenko, Ivan, and Anatoliy Danylkovych. "On the Methodology of Optimizing the Raw Stuff Resources of Producing Leather Materials." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 5, no. 1 (May 20, 2012): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2012/5-1/7.

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NAKAJIMA, Kenichi, Kohmei HALADA, Kiyoshi IJIMA, and Tetsuya NAGASAKA. "Estimation of Total Materials Requirement: Energy Resources and Industrial Materials." Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 2, no. 2 (2006): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3370/lca.2.152.

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SHIBATA, Mitsuhiro. "Polymer Materials Derived from Plant-based Resources." Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 73, no. 6 (2000): 304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai1937.73.304.

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Falk, Patricia K. "Web Resources for the Rare Materials Cataloger." Technical Services Quarterly 37, no. 2 (March 18, 2020): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131.2020.1728137.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Materials and Resources"

1

Tian, G. "Renewable materials from renewable resources." Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11187/.

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Renewable resources related to biomass, waste materials and recycled materials are an important concept in the principles of green chemistry, development of biorefineries and sustainability development. This thesis reports the repurposing of renewable resources which included wheat straw, biomass ash, waste cardboard (paper) and paper de-inking residues (DIR) to extract, synthesize and produce potentially high value chemicals, materials and composites. Biosilicate solutions were successfully extracted from biomass ash including wheat straw ash and miscanthus ash with aqueous potassium hydroxide solutions. Systematic analyses had been applied on the extraction of biosilicate solutions to obtain different types of silicate solutions for further applications of binder and mesoporous materials. Biosilicate solutions extracted from miscanthus ash were utilized as binders to make bioboards, whilst biosilicate solutions extracted from wheat straw ash were utilized as a silica resource to synthesize biobased mesoporous materials, namely bio-MCM-41 and bio-SBA-15. N2 porosimetry analysis revealed that mesoporous silica made from biosilicate solutions gave a surface area of bio-MCM-41 of >1000 m2 g-1 and a surface area of >800 m2 g-1 for bio-SBA-15. XRD, SEM and TEM analyses for both bio-MCM-41 and bio-SBA-15 revealed significant ordering pores, structure and the hexagonal arrays. Different kinds of renewable resources including wheat straw, pea pod waste and paper de-inking residue with the binder of biosilicate solutions and other chemical additives such as protein and starch were processed to bioboards. Also, wheat straw powder was added into cardboard/paper sheets to decrease the cost of paper manufacture and to improve mechanical properties. De-waxed wheat straw cardboard/paper sheets was successfully incorporated in to paper pulp to give a tensile index of 30-34 Nm/g similar with respect to conventional cardboard paper (tensile index of 30-32 Nm/g). A brief study to elicit sugars to the surface of cardboard/paper thus producing an in-situ sticky surface using low temperature microwave irradiation was conducted. Although it’s not conclusive, an aqueous fraction was expelled that contains organic matter (based on C-H stretch absorption bands noted in FT-IR), which may be due to sugars.
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McElroy, C. R. "Composite materials from copolymers incorporating renewable resources." Thesis, Keele University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491843.

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A robust method for the production of an emulsion polymer based on styrene-acrylic acid-acrylic ester was developed to give enhanced physical properties and/or reduced envhonmental impact. Replacing the methyl methacrylate content with n-butyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate and ethyl acrylate all gave stable polymer emulsions. Replacing methyl methacrylate with fatty acid based monomer containing no more than one polymerisable acrylate group per molecule also led to the production of a stable emulsion, with the fatty acid based monomer also acting as a self-emulsifying agent if having sufficient amphiphilic character. All stable emulsions were successfully used to produce composite materials.
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Key, Philip Henry. "Excimer laser micromachining of inorganic materials." Thesis, University of Hull, 1989. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:11090.

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Elaigwu, Sunday Enenche. "Pollution reduction with processed waste materials." Thesis, University of Hull, 2013. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8424.

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This research aimed at providing an understanding into the waste management options available for developing countries and also to provide insight into the possible application of the processed materials during the waste management processes, thereby helping in converting the waste materials which would have been a nuisance into useful products. Pyrolysis and composting were utilized as the waste management techniques for processing the waste materials for use in pollution reduction. Carbon materials (biochar and hydrochar) were prepared in the pyrolysis aspect of this research through dry and wet (hydrothermal carbonization) pyrolysis respectively. Under the wet pyrolysis, comparisons were made between the conventional and the microwave-assisted hydrothermal process for carbonisation of waste materials. Three waste materials were investigated Prosopis africana shell (from Nigeria), rapeseed waste (from the UK) and coconut husks (a well-studied material in carbon science). The result shows that the microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization process reduced the processing time from 4 hours to 20 minutes for the same level of carbonisation. The biochar and the hydrochar from the pyrolysis and microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of one of the waste materials (Prosopis africana shell) were applied in the adsorption of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ from aqueous solution. In terms of adsorbing the heavy metal ions from aqueous solution, the materials proved to have high adsorption capacities than some previously studied adsorbents. Maximum adsorption capacities for the hydrochar and biochar were 45.3 and 31.3 mg/g for Pb²⁺ and 38.3 and 29.9 mg/g for Cd²⁺ respectively. Interestingly, the hydrochar from microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization, which is a green chemistry approach, was capable of adsorbing the metal ions more than the biochar from aqueous solution. The adsorption process was dominated by chemisorptions as it followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics and the adsorption data fitted the Langmuir isotherm model. The thermodynamics study of the adsorption processes showed that it was spontaneous and endothermic. Microwave-assisted hydrothermal process and evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) were also used to synthesize carbon monoliths, using a waste plant material as the carbon precursor. The microwave-assisted hydrothermal process was not successful in the synthesis of the carbon monolith; however novel carbon monolith was produced using the EISA approach. The carbon monolith in comparison to the biochar and hydrochar from the same material is not powdered, has higher surface area and porosity which could enhance its adsorption capacities for heavy metal ions. In the composting aspect of the research, the Prosopis africana shell showed that it can be composted. The effect of an organic pollutant, in this case anthracene during a starch amended co-composting process was evaluated through total dry matter and extracellular enzyme activities of both starch specific (α-glucosidase) and non-specific (β-glucosidase) substrate. The result showed that the effect of anthracene amendment alone was not highly significant on the process. However, the interaction between the anthracene and starch have consistent effects on the process, which is novel and should be studied further to know the magnitude of sure interaction. This research showed that the waste material (Prosopis africana shell) from Nigeria can be processed into useful products using pyrolysis and composting. Further work will be required in Nigeria outside the laboratory to see the real applicability of these processed materials.
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Thompson, Benjamin Robert. "Hierarchically structured composites and porous materials." Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16570.

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This thesis develops a hydrogel bead templating technique for the preparation of hierarchically structured composites and porous materials. This method involves using slurries of hydrogel beads with different size distributions as templates. Mixing hydrogel beads with a scaffolding material and then allowing the scaffold to harden, followed by drying of the composite leaves pores in the place of the hydrogel beads. These pores reflect the size and shape of the templates used and the porosity reflects the volume percentage of hydrogel bead slurry mixed with the scaffolding material. A viscous trapping technique has been developed which utilises the viscosity of methylcellulose to stop sedimentation of the scaffold particles during network formation. Both of these methods are attractive due to being cheap, non-toxic and they use food grade materials which allows their use in a multitude of applications. Porous and hierarchically porous gypsum composites have been prepared using both hydrogel bead templating and viscous trapping techniques, or a combination of the two. The level of control over the final microstructure of the dried composites offered by these techniques allowed for a systematic investigation of their thermal and mechanical properties as a function of the pore size, porosity and hierarchical microstructure. It has been shown that the thermal conductivity decreases linearly with increasing porosity, however it was not dependent on the pore sizes that were investigated here. The mechanical properties, however, were significantly different. The porous composites produced with either small hydrogel beads (100 μm) or methylcellulose solution had approximately twice the compressional strength and Young’s modulus compared to the ones produced with large hydrogel beads (600 μm). The sound insulating properties of porous and hierarchically porous gypsum composites have also been investigated. With increasing porosity, the sound transmission loss decreases, as expected. At constant porosity, it is shown that the composites with large pores perform significantly better than the ones with small pores in the frequency range of 75-2000 Hz. At higher frequencies (>2400 Hz) the composites with smaller pores begin to perform better. The material’s microstructure has been studied in an attempt to explain this effect. The hydrogel templating technique can be used to prepare composite materials if the drying step is not performed. Hydrogel beads have been incorporated into a soap matrix. The dissolution rate of these composites as a function of hydrogel bead size and volume percentage of hydrogel beads incorporated within the soap matrix has been investigated. It has been shown that the dissolution rate can be increased by increasing the volume percentage of hydrogel beads used during composite preparation but it is independent on their size distribution. Finally, three methods of controlling the release rate of encapsulated species from these soap-hydrogel bead composites have been shown. The first method involved varying the size distribution of the hydrogel beads incorporated within the soap matrix. The second involved changing the concentration of the gelling polymer and the final method required co-encapsulation of an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte. A binary hydrogel system has been developed and its rheological and thermal properties have been investigated. It consists of agar and methylcellulose and shows significantly improved rheological properties at high temperatures compared to agar alone. The storage modulus of the two component hydrogel shows a maximum at 55 °C which was explained by a sol-gel phase transition of methylcellulose, evidence of which was seen during differential scanning calorimetry measurements. After exposure of this binary hydrogel to high temperatures above the melting point of agar alone (> 120 °C), it maintains its structure. This suggests it could be used for high temperature templating or structuring of food products. The melt-resistant binary hydrogel was used for the preparation of pancake-hydrogel composites using hydrogel bead templating. Mixing slurry of hydrogel beads of this composition with pancake batter, followed by preparation at high temperatures produced pancakes with hydrogel beads incorporated within. Bomb calorimetry measurements showed that the caloric density could be reduced by a controlled amount by varying the volume percentage of hydrogel beads used during preparation of the composites. This method could be applied to other food products such as biscuits, waffles and breakfast bars. Furthermore, there is scope for development of this method by the encapsulation of flavour enhancing or nutritionally beneficial ingredients within the hydrogel beads.
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Haq, Bibi Safia. "Laser structuring of materials for biomedical applications." Thesis, University of Hull, 2012. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8727.

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Laser processing methods have become very appealing for the fabrication of micro/nano structures. To fabricate 3D structures with high resolution and arbitrary complexity, several material deposition processes are in use. By using appropriate moulding techniques, these structures can be fabricated out of a variety of materials such as polymers, ceramics and composites. In this work different lasers have been investigated regarding their suitability for additive and subtractive patterning of small features for biomedical applications. The main focus is on a technique based on two-photon polymerisation of photosensitive materials; this is a nonlinear optical stereo lithography which allows direct-writing of high-resolution three dimensional structures. During the two-photon absorption process, temporal and spatial overlap of photons leads to nonlinear absorption in a highly localized volume. Absorbed photons induce chemical reactions which cause a polymer to form. Due to the quadratic intensity dependence of the process, resolutions of less than 100nm in polymerized structures can potentially be achieved because of the well-defined polymerization threshold. Here, we have emphasised another regime whereby deep structures (~300µm) can be generated in a single pass. This allows rapid fabrication of structures suitable for cell scaffolds where the length scales are small (~10µm) and are required over long ranges (~cm). A Ti: sapphire femtosecond laser at 800nm wavelength with 150fs pulse duration and 1kHz repetition rate was used to determine the two-photon absorption cross section of photoinitiators. This approach was used to initiate two-photon polymerization of resin allowing the fabrication of cell scaffolds suitable for biomedical applications. Diffraction calculations for the imaging optics employed, show that spherical aberration plays a significant role in determining the feature sizes achieved. For subtractive patterning of materials, a femtosecond laser system and an ArF excimer laser have been used. Using ablative techniques keratin films were processed to investigate physical realisation of the commonly used theoretical bricks-and-mortar description of skin. This structure was successfully fabricated and is being used for skin cream research. Also the threshold fluence for ablation of Polyimide Kapton (HN) foils has been measured at oblique angles as an analogue for corneal sculpturing based on beam scanning.
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Rocher, Anais. "Particles at fluid interfaces : behaviour and derived materials." Thesis, University of Hull, 2011. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5738.

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The objectives of this thesis are to enhance the understanding of the particle behaviour at fluid interfaces using novel and stimuli responsive particles, and how their adsorption at these interfaces affect the emulsions, foams or other materials that they are stabilising. Materials stabilised solely by particles are of great interest due to long-term stability, generally low emulsifier content and also in order to replace surfactant molecules, which are often potentially harmful with relatively inert solid materials. The adsorption/desorption of a particle from an interface depends on the particle wettability, which can be affected by the temperature, the pH or the liquid type used, to cite only a few examples. This is investigated through six different sections encompassing particle-stabilised emulsions, particle-stabilised foams and dry liquids. The synthesis of stimuli-responsive particles and their use for production of stimuli-responsive materials is a recent area of interest particularly for bio-medical applications. It is shown in this thesis that temperature has a strong effect on the stability of water-in-oil emulsions stabilised by microwax particles. Separation of wax-stabilised emulsions can be controlled by changing the storing temperature of these emulsions: increasing the temperature results in melting of the wax, destabilising the emulsions. Conversely, the same wax particles give really stable emulsions at elevated temperature, due to potential release from the particles of surface-active molecules. Although it is observed more as a time than as a temperature effect, emulsions stabilised with biodegradable polymer particles undergo analogous separation. The initially high stability oil-in-water emulsions destabilise over time, most likely because of degradation of the polymer particles. It is observed that modification of the polymer particle surface, by grafting pHsensitive groups on their surface, hinders emulsion separation. It is also shown that sporopollenin particles, originated from natural Lycopodium clavatum spores, show a change in charge and wettability with pH. This leads to emulsion inversion from oil-in-water at their high natural pH to water-in-oil at low pH. Interestingly, the sporopollenin particles also exhibit preferred orientation around water droplets: the anisotropic sporopollenins orientate with their hemispherical side toward the oil either for a better packing geometry or due to a wettability difference. The production of new particle-stabilised materials is another concern for this study. The production of novel emulsion drop architectures by using emulsion heteroaggregation has been attempted. Although aggregation of opposite-charge emulsion drops has been found difficult to obtain, the importance of pH, method used for mixing and excess of free particle in the continuous phase is discussed. It is also shown that the number ratio of small to large drops affects the drop aggregation. Another new material produced in this study is particle-stabilised non-aqueous foam. Fluoroethylene microparticles are observed to disperse in low surface tension oil, to stabilise air bubbles when aerated with intermediate surface tension oil, and to form a powder like material with high surface tension liquids. The effect of particle type, oil type and particle concentration on these foams are described, and freeze fracture electron microscopy is used in order to observe the close-packed arrangement of particles at the air-oil surface. Finally, production of a powdered emulsion is attempted in order to encapsulate low volume fraction of oils in a dry material. For this purpose, particle-stabilised oil-in-water emulsions were produced, before being blended with hydrophobic particles, resulting in an encapsulation of emulsion drops into particles. It is shown that the particle type, both for the initial emulsions and production of the powdered emulsions, the particle concentration, the blending time and the oil volume fraction affect the nature of the material obtained.
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Alzahrani, Eman Saad. "Investigation of monolithic materials for protein sample preparation." Thesis, University of Hull, 2012. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:7149.

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Proteomics plays an important role in the recognition of diseases and the understanding of biological processes. Sample preparation is a bottleneck in systems for chemical analysis and it is a required step in proteomics in order to remove interferences and preconcentrate the proteins. In addition, protein reduction and alkylation before digestion is a required step in proteomics to facilitate protein unfolding and increase the efficiency of enzymes in digesting proteins. The purpose of this study was to develop new techniques to address some of the shortcomings of current sample preparation methods, and provide short sample preparation time. Much research in recent years has focused on porous monolithic materials since they are highly permeable to liquid flow and show high mass transfer compared with common packed beds. This study has focused on the use of organic polymer- and inorganic silica-based monolithic materials for protein sample preparation. The organic polymer monolith used in this study was a butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate (BuMA-co-EDMA) monolith that was fabricated inside the borosilicate tube using photoinitiated polymerisation. The porous properties of the fabricated monolith were controlled by adjusting the composition of the porogenic solvent in the polymerisation mixture. The results indicated that using MeOH/1-propanol as a porogenic solvent produced a polymer-based monolith with high surface area (56.89 m² g¯¹); however, it lacked the desired permeability and porosity when fabricated inside a glass microchip. Evaluation of its performance was carried out by extraction of four standard proteins that were insulin, cytochrome C, myoglobin, and hemoglobin and the extraction recovery was in the range (79.1-98.4 %). A monolithic silica rod was fabricated without cracks inside a heat shrinkable tube and then compared with the same material whose surface has been modified with octadecyl groups in order to use them for preconcentration/extraction of proteins. Their performance was evaluated using eight standard proteins, namely insulin, cytochrome C, lysozyme, myoglobin, β-lactoglobulin, ovalbumin, hemoglobin, and bovine serum albumin. The results show that recovery of the proteins was achieved by both columns with variable yields; however, the octadecylated silica monolith gave higher recoveries (92.7 - 109.7%) than the non-modified silica monolith (25.5 - 97.9%). This was followed by a new process for the fabrication of a silica-based monolith inside a glass microchip, which was successfully developed for use in microchip-based solid phase extraction of proteins. This was achieved by placement of the monolithic silica disk inside the extraction chamber in the base plate of the microchip, followed by thermal bonding of the two plates of the glass microchip at 575 °C for 3 hours. By doing this, the problem of shrinkage in the silica skeleton during preparation was avoided completely. The monolithic silica disk inside the glass microchip was subsequently modified with octadecyl groups for increased protein binding capacity. The performance of the microchip was evaluated using the extraction of standard proteins mixed with a high concentration of the detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS). The results show that the octadecylated silica monolith was permeable, has the ability to remove impurities, and achieved a high extraction recovery of the proteins (94.8-99.7%) compared with conventional octadecylated silica particles (48.3-91.3%). The intra-batch and inter-batch RSDs were in the range of 2.0-4.5% and 2.9-6.4%, respectively. Comparison between the fabricated device and a commercial cartridge for the preconcentration of proteins in skimmed cows milk and hen egg white showed the ability of the device to successfully enrich protein mixtures from more realistic samples. This new microfluidic device for protein extraction may find an application in the area of proteomic research. A novel approach for immobilisation of the reducing reagent on the surface of the silica-based monolith in order to use it for protein reduction and alkylation was successfully developed. This was carried out by silanisation of the surface of the silica-based monolith with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), followed by immobilisation of the reducing reagent, tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) on the surface of the amino-bonded silica monolith. The fabricated monolith was characterised using IR spectroscopy, EDX analysis, BET model, and measuring the contact angle of deionised water. The fabricated monolith was evaluated for its use in protein reduction and alkylation in one single step at 60 °C by injection of a mixture consisting of 40 μL denatured protein and 60 μL iodoacetamide solution into the fabricated microchip, followed by using MALDI-TOF-MS instrument for qualitative confirmation. The results show that the fabricated microchip-based silica monolith has the ability to reduce and alkylate insulin in 30 min, and lysozyme in 45 min. Although this method was shown to require sample desalting to remove denaturant (urea) and the performance of the fabricated monolith had low intra-chip reproducibility, the method was simple, reduced the risk of contamination, decreased the number of processing steps, and results in lower amounts of the sample and reagents compared with the conventional techniques for proteomics sample preparation. More work is required to fully optimise this approach to protein sample preparation.
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Benstead, Michael. "Dipyrrin complexes and their uses as self assembling materials." Thesis, University of Hull, 2010. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:4241.

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Several series of BODIPYs bearing mesogenic substituents were synthesised and their fluorescence and liquid crystal properties were characterized. Each compound prepared consisted of one BODIPY fluorophore and one, two or three mesogenic units based primarily on a cyanobiphenyl core. Initially, the mesogens were attached to the pyrrolic positions of the fluorophore, but it was found that mesogen attachment at the BODIPY 8-phenyl ring gave an increased preference for mesophase formation due to the molecules having a more rod-like‘ (calamitic) shape. For several of the compounds, a monotropic nematic phase was exhibited, however, no layered phase (e.g. smectic) was observed. Several linker groups between the mesogenic unit and the fluorophore were investigated and it was found that linear linker groups (e.g. ethynyl) had a greater preference for liquid crystal phase formation when compared to non-linear linker groups (e.g. triazole). Two series of di-mesogenic compounds were prepared and a significant stabilisation of the nematic phase was observed when compared to the mono-mesogenic analogues. The compounds bearing the mesogenic units on the 8-phenyl ring were prepared by metal-catalyzed couplings and each series consisted of three compounds with increasing alkyl substitution on the bipyrrolic core of the BODIPY. This resulted in a progressive increase in fluorescence quantum yield of the compounds in each series due to increased rotational restriction of the 8-phenyl ring along with a concurrent decrease in nematic phase stability. This permitted the observation of a structure-property relationship between nematic phase stability and fluorescence intensity. A BODIPY with significantly red-shifted fluorescence was also prepared and three mesogenic units were attached to this compound. Temperature dependant fluorescence measurements were taken in order to observe any relationship between fluorescence and degree of molecular ordering (e.g. nematic phase fluorescence compared to isotropic liquid fluorescence) and several of the compounds were dissolved in a commercial nematic liquid crystal and incorporated into a twisted nematic cell in order to observe the affect that molecular alignment (induced by an electric field) had on the fluorescence.
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Zhao, Rui. "Environmental risk management system design for hazardous waste materials." Thesis, University of Hull, 2012. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:6227.

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Hazardous materials can be generally deemed as any material which, because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics, may cause, or pose a substantial or potential hazard to human health or the environment. In the context of "sustainable development", most 'materials' could be deemed to be 'hazardous' at some stage of their lifecycle, i.e. from extraction to final disposal. This PhD study develops a decision support system for engineers and policy makers to help limit environmental burden, by reducing the environmental risk and the associated carbon footprint, from the perspective of 'hazardous' materials in product design, through the application of 'game theory' and 'grey theory' etc, as well as various computational approaches, by helping the designer identify novel solutions or mitigation strategies. The thesis starts by introducing the problem situation of the study and identify the research objectives, as well as previous studies have been reviewed in order to set this study in context. Since it is evident that consumers drive the open market, and their preference may be influenced by the carbon footprint label of products, the decision support system proposes an improved carbon labelling scheme to demonstrate the significance of a product‘s carbon footprint in a more visual way. The prototype of the scheme is derived from the concept of 'tolerability of risk', providing a framework by which judgments can be made as to whether society will accept the risk from hazardous materials. Application of game theory for decision support is a novel approach in this study, which aids decision-making by selecting appropriate strategies for both organisations and policy makers to reduce environmental impact. In this context, a game between manufacturers and government in the field of clean production is generated with various game scenarios to reflect the variation trend of strategic actions, and then developed to discuss the reduction of the inherent risk posed by 'hazardous' materials and carbon emissions on the supply chain network. The 'hierarchy of waste' suggests that the most preferable state for sustainability is prevention or the elimination of waste. Although this is not wholly practicable in real terms, the framework gives the importance to waste minimisation and prevention, especially promotes the cleaner production. In addition to strategy selection for mitigating environmental impact, the decision support system also develops an evaluation methodology for application by engineers to aid decision-making on materials selection, thus to improve the materials performances, promote cleaner production and provide better and sustainable products for public consumption.
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Books on the topic "Materials and Resources"

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Kerrod, Robin. Material resources. New York: Thomson Learning, 1994.

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Methven, J. M. Polymeric materials from renewable resources. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1991.

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Fuller, Glenn, Thomas A. McKeon, and Donald D. Bills, eds. Agricultural Materials as Renewable Resources. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1996-0647.

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Stoller, Roger E., Rudy J. M. Konings, Todd R. Allen, and Shinsuke Yamanaka. Comprehensive nuclear materials: Material performance and corrosion/waste materials. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2012.

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Natural resources law: Cases and materials. St. Paul, Minn: West Pub. Co., 1985.

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American Bar Association. Central European and Eurasian Law Initiative. ABA/CEELI judicial ethics: Resources materials. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: ABA, CEELI, 2003.

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Dutch, Steven I. Earth science: Earth materials and resources. Ipswich, Mass: Salem Press, 2013.

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Bozell, Joseph J., ed. Chemicals and Materials from Renewable Resources. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2001-0784.

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Chen, Jianxian. Manchu archival materials. Taipei, Taiwan: Linking Pub. Co., 1988.

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Wagner, Lorie A. Materials in the economy, material flows, scarcity, and the environment. Denver, CO: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Materials and Resources"

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Perkins, Dexter, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, and Lance D. Yarbrough. "Energy Resources." In Earth Materials, 429–68. Leiden, The Netherlands : CRC Press/Balkema, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429197109-14.

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Butler, M. M., and K. P. McGrath. "Protein-Based Materials." In Biopolymers from Renewable Resources, 177–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03680-8_7.

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Valéry, Antoine. "Access to Raw Materials." In Deep Marine Mineral Resources, 115–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8563-1_8.

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Faaij, André P. C. "Biomass Resources, Worldwide." In Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass), 299–350. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7813-7_259.

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Shogren, R. L. "Starch: Properties and Materials Applications." In Biopolymers from Renewable Resources, 30–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03680-8_2.

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Yu, Long, and Ling Chen. "Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources." In Biodegradable Polymer Blends and Composites from Renewable Resources, 1–15. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470391501.ch1.

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Maley, Alan, and Tamas Kiss. "Creativity in Materials and Resources." In Creativity and English Language Teaching, 125–35. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-46729-4_6.

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Ciardelli, Francesco, Monica Bertoldo, Simona Bronco, and Elisa Passaglia. "Hybrid Materials and Systems." In Polymers from Fossil and Renewable Resources, 133–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94434-0_6.

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Maiti, Sukumar, Sabyasachi Sinha Ray, and Achintya K. Kundu. "Polymers from Renewal Resources: Crosslinking and Thermal Behavior." In Renewable-Resource Materials, 187–203. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2205-4_16.

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Flesner, Jessica, and Boris Mahltig. "Fibers from Natural Resources." In Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, 287–309. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119441632.ch73.

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Conference papers on the topic "Materials and Resources"

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Frollini, Elisabete, Bruno V. M. Rodrigues, Cristina G. da Silva, Daniele O. Castro, Elaine C. Ramires, Fernando de Oliveira, and Rachel P. O. Santos. "Polymeric materials from renewable resources." In VIII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “TIMES OF POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES”: From Aerospace to Nanotechnology. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4949608.

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Takahashi, Shinya, Aki Shitsukawa, and Masayuki Okura. "Degradation Study on Materials for Dissolvable Frac Plugs." In Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Tulsa, OK, USA: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2018-2901283.

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PESIC, BATRIC. "REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS FROM WATER BY WOOD-BASED LIGNOCELLULOCIS MATERIALS." In WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2017. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wrm170081.

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Kim, Y. S., J. J. Kim, G. H. Lee, and J. B. Park. "Use of geophysical methods in investigating PRBs employing non-conductive reactive materials." In WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IV. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wrm070331.

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Wojtenko, I., A. Ray, and R. Field. "Treatment of Stormwater by Natural Organic Materials." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)210.

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Clark, Shirley E., Melinda Lalor, Mukesh Pratap, Richard Field, and Robert Pitt. "Wet-Weather Pollution from Commonly-Used Building Materials." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40792(173)239.

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Hafera, Julia. "Metals Contamination in Stormwater from Common Roofing Materials." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40856(200)459.

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Norris, Jason, Nicholas Carrejo, and Sean L. Gaudette. "Interventionless, Pre-Perforated Liner Using Smart Engineered Materials to Provide Flow Assurance." In SPE Unconventional Resources Conference Canada. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/167153-ms.

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Staat, Albrecht, Kathrin Harre, and Reinhard Bauer. "Materials made of renewable resources in electrical engineering." In 2017 40th International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isse.2017.8000963.

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Platt, Frank Martin, David B. Burnett, Uche Marian Eboagwu, and Carl Vavra. "Pretreatment Options for Frac Flow Back Brines: Laboratory and Pilot Plant Testing of Oil Removal Materials." In Canadian Unconventional Resources Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/147417-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Materials and Resources"

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March, G. D. Surficial geology and materials-resources maps of the Skagway A-2 Quadrangle, Alaska. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/2429.

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Eberle, Cliff, Daniel C. Webb, Tracy Albers, and Chong Chen. Commercialization of New Carbon Fiber Materials Based on Sustainable Resources for Energy Applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1072149.

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Wellmer, F. W., and M. Kürsten. Changing resources in societies: metals towards new materials, fossil fuel towards renewables. A changing role for geological surveys? Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/193516.

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Al-Chaar, Ghassan K., Peter B. Stynoski, Todd S. Rushing, Lynette A. Barna, Jedadiah F. Burroughs, John L. Vavrin, and Michael P. Case. Automated Construction of Expeditionary Structures (ACES) : Materials and Testing. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39721.

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Complex military operations often result in U.S. forces remaining at deployed locations for long periods. In such cases, more sustaina-ble facilities are required to better accommodate and protect forward-deployed forces. Current efforts to develop safer, more sustaina-ble operating facilities for contingency bases involve construction activities that require a redesign of the types and characteristics of the structures constructed, that reduce the resources required to build, and that decrease the resources needed to operate and maintain the completed facilities. The Automated Construction of Expeditionary Structures (ACES) project was undertaken to develop the capa-bility to “print” custom-designed expeditionary structures on demand, in the field, using locally available materials with the minimum number of personnel. This work investigated large-scale automated “additive construction” (i.e., 3D printing with concrete) for con-struction applications. This report, which documents ACES materials and testing, is one of four technical reports, each of which details a major area of the ACES research project, its research processes, and its associated results. There major areas include System Require-ments, Construction, and Performance; Energy and Modeling; Materials and Testing; Architectural and Structural Analysis.
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Berkowitz, Jacob F., Christine M. VanZomeren, Jaybus J. Price, and Anthony M. Priestas. Incorporating Color Change Propensity into Dredged Material Management to Increase Beneficial Use Opportunities. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39261.

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Dredged materials provide a number of beneficial use opportunities, including beach nourishment, habitat creation and restoration, and other activities. In situ sediment color is important for determining aesthetic and habitat suitability, for beach nourishment, and for other projects. However, dredged materials must meet locally established color compatibility requirements (for example, material cannot be too dark). Often, potential sediment sources are close to meeting specified color thresholds, and previous observations suggest that sediments lighten over time. In response to these observations, this study quantified sediment color change potential in a dredged m aterial management context. Results indicate that dredged material sediment color responded to changes in secondary color components, sediment mixing, and photolytic bleaching improving the sediment color for beneficial use application. Findings allowed for development of a conceptual color change capacity framework and supported development of tools for resource managers to incorporate color change dynamic into planning and operations activities.The following report provides a framework for determining the color change capacity of dredged materials using (1) a comprehensive laboratory approach and (2) a semiquantitative index based on source material and placement location conditions. These tools allow practitioners to incorporate dredged-material color change into resource management decisions, thus increasing beneficial use opportunities.
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Nic Daeid, Niamh, Heather Doran, Lucina Hackman, and Pauline Mack. The Curse of the Burial Dagger Teacher Materials. University of Dundee, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001220.

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The Curse of the Burial Dagger is an interactive graphic novel murder mystery, created by the Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science and digital story studio Fast Familiar. Players use maths, logic and critical reasoning skills to assist Susie uncover different types of forensic evidence and weigh up contrasting hypotheses. Can they uncover the events leading up to Lord Hamilton’s death and deduce how he died…before the curse strikes again? These documents are the Teacher/Group lead pack which contain additional resources including: • The Teacher/Group Lead Pack – Teacher walk through – Factsheet – What is Forensic Science? – Factsheet – What is a hypothesis? – Marzipan Calculation – Factsheet and activity – Fingerprint Analysis – Activity – Chromatography investigation • Printable completion certificate • Printable Note paper and fact-sheet
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Bolton, Laura. Climate and Environment Learning Resource Guide. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.060.

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This guide is designed to provide information about online resources and materials that can be used to develop or refresh knowledge relevant to FCDO’s climate and environment technical competencies. It is not an exhaustive list and further resources may be added. The guide briefly explains what each resource is, what it covers, and an estimate of how long it takes to read/complete (where information is available). The courses and resources are mostly aimed at people with a general level of knowledge about climate and the environment. Particularly useful resources have been highlighted with *Key Report* at the top of the tables in sections 3, 4, and 5.
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Kennedy, Alan, Mark Ballentine, Andrew McQueen, Christopher Griggs, Arit Das, and Michael Bortner. Environmental applications of 3D printing polymer composites for dredging operations. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39341.

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This Dredging Operations Environmental Research (DOER) technical note disseminates novel methods to monitor and reduce contaminant mobility and bioavailability in water, sediments, and soils. These method advancements are enabled by additive manufacturing (i.e., three-dimensional [3D] printing) to deploy and retrieve materials that adsorb contaminants that are traditionally applied as unbound powders. Examples of sorbents added as amendments for remediation of contaminated sediments include activated carbon, biochar, biopolymers, zeolite, and sand caps. Figure 1 provides examples of sorbent and photocatalytic particles successfully compounded and 3D printed using polylactic acid as a binder. Additional adsorptive materials may be applicable and photocatalytic materials (Friedmann et al. 2019) may be applied to degrade contaminants of concern into less hazardous forms. This technical note further describes opportunities for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) project managers and the water and sediment resource management community to apply 3D printing of polymers containing adsorptive filler materials as a prototyping tool and as an on-site, on-demand manufacturing capability to remediate and monitor contaminants in the environment. This research was funded by DOER project 19-13, titled “3D Printed Design for Remediation and Monitoring of Dredged Material.”
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Fuelberth, August S., Adam D. Smith, and Sunny E. Adams. Fort McCoy, Wisconsin Building 550 maintenance plan. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38659.

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Building 550 (former World War II fire station) is located on Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, and was recommended eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 2018 (Smith and Adams 2018). The building is currently vacant. It is an intact example of an 800 Series World War II fire station with character-defining features of its period of significance from 1939 to 1946 on its exterior and interior. All buildings, especially historic ones, require regular planned maintenance and repair. The most notable cause of historic building element failure and/or decay is not the fact that the historic building is old, but rather it is caused by incorrect or inappropriate repair and/or basic neglect of the historic building fabric. This document is a maintenance manual compiled with as-is conditions of construction materials of Building 550. The Secretary of Interior Guidelines on rehabilitation and repair per material are discussed to provide the cultural resources manager at Fort McCoy a guide to maintain this historic building. This report satisfies Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966 as amended and will help the Fort McCoy Cultural Resources Management office to manage this historic building.
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Barilo, Nick F., Don Frikken, Edward G. Skolnik, and Steven C. Weiner. Safety Evaluation Report: Development of a Novel Efficient Solid-Oxide Hybrid for Co-generation of Hydrogen and Electricity Using Nearby Resources for Local Applications, Materials and Systems Research, Inc. (MSRI), Salt Lake City, UT, February 17, 2009. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1051999.

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