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1
Cicic, Dumitru Titi, Corneliu Rontescu, Ana Maria Bogatu, Catalin Gheorghe Amza, and Oana Roxana Chivu. "The Influence of the Deposit Parameters on the Medium Chemical Composition of the Welded Joint." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 10 (November 15, 2017): 2261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.10.5867.
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Recipient type products from energetic and chemical industry undergo a wide combined process of corrosion and ware, due to working environment. In order to put this products back in use, in a shorter period of time, welding reconditioning procedures are applied which mainly aim to restore the geometrical configuration but also the characteristics growth. Any welding technology applied, involves melting a filler material but also a part of the base material, mixing them, thereby obtaining the welded joint. The paper present the experimental results obtained in determining the optimal parameters for Metal Active Gas welding deposit that are going to be used for the restoration of some components from energetic and chemical industry and that are highlighting the dependence between the deposit parameters and the chemical composition of the juncture.
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Rodrigues, Sandra Iara Furtado Costa, José Henrique Stringhini, Márcio Ceccantini, Antonio Mário Penz Júnior, Andrea Machado Leal Ribeiro, Vanessa Peripolli, and Concepta Margaret McManus. "CHEMICAL AND ENERGETIC CONTENT OF CORN BEFORE AND AFTER PRE-CLEANING." Ciência Animal Brasileira 16, no. 2 (June 2015): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1089-6891v16i217226.
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The poultry industry normally has little control over the raw material that arrives at the processing plant. This experiment aimed to evaluate chemical and energetic quality of corn obtained in a feed mill before and after pre-cleaning. Twenty samples of 30 kg of corn each were taken from trucks delivering corn to the mill. The trucks were then unloaded and the material passed through a pre-cleaning process when another sample was taken. Samples were graded and physical properties evaluated: density (g/L), grain percentages of foreign material, impurities, fragments, broken, soft, insect damaged, fire-burnt, fermented, damaged, cracked and fine particles, as well as chemical composition analysis: Apparent metabolizable energy for poultry (AME), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), starch (STA), water activity (WA), crude protein (CP), digestible and total lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine and arginine. The experiment was a randomized design with two treatments (before and after pre-cleaning) and twenty replications. Data was analyzed using SAS ® and treatment differences obtained using F test. Correlations and principal components were calculated. There was a decrease in density after the pre-cleaning process, which was probably due to the removal of earth and stones rather than grain and its fractions. Significant increases were found for insect damage, fermented and damaged grain while fire-burn was significantly reduced after the pre-cleaning process. Starch increased after pre-cleaning which is a result of contaminants that normally are poor in this carbohydrate, but fiber levels increased too. Apparent metabolizable energy, aminoacids, digestible (P<0.05) and total (P<0.05) histidine, total lysine and methionine (P<0.1) levels were reduced after pre-cleaning. Density was higher when there were fewer impurities such as straw, husk or small grains. Broken corn was positively correlated (P<0.05) with foreign material (0.63) and fragments (0.76), while proportion of damaged corn was positively correlated with foreign material (0.68), fragments (0.58) and broken corn (0.83). In this study, even in samples classified as excellent quality before pre-cleaning, the pre-cleaning process was effective in reducing humidity and water activity which helps control the growth of fungi or other microorganisms. Starch and fiber levels increased after pre-cleaning while apparent metabolizable energy levels was not improved by pre-cleaning.
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Roman, Kamil, Michał Roman, Dominika Szadkowska, Jan Szadkowski, and Emilia Grzegorzewska. "Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Parameters According to Energetic Willow (Salix viminalis L.) Cultivation." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 2968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102968.
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The aim of this study was the investigation of the effect of growth conditions of energy willow (Salix viminalis L.) on its physical and chemical parameters towards lignocellulosic biofuels. This work is linked to the global trend of replacing fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) with energy and renewable fuels. This energy transition is dictated by the reduction of the human-induced greenhouse effect (to the greatest extent by industrial development). Changing from traditional to renewable energy sources results in industry becoming less dependent on fuels whose sources are beginning to run out, and in energy processing being broken down into smaller sectors with greater flexibility to change and less susceptibility to failure. The use of lignocellulosic raw materials such as wood, straw, food industry waste, wood, and post-consumer products such as old furniture for energy purposes allows the use of substances which bind the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide in their cellular structure during growth. In order to optimise the costs of producing such energy and minimise its impact on the environment, these plants should be located as close as possible to the source of raw materials. One of the most important characteristics for the profitability of energy production from woody biomass is a high biomass yield. For this purpose, the raw material used for this study was energy willow (Salix viminalis L.) seedlings, which are often used for energy crops. Due to the moisture-loving nature of the substrate, the effect of the addition of the active substance prednisonum as a catalyst for water adsorption from the substrate was investigated. In order to determine the substances formed during the thermal decomposition of energy willow (Salix viminalis L.) wood, a pyrolysis process was carried out at 450 °C using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (PY/GC-MS).
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Figueiró, Clarissa Gusmão, Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro, Lucas De Freitas Fialho, Carlos Miguel Simões Da Silva, and Letícia Costa Peres. "ENERGETIC VALORIZATION OF SAWMILL RESIDUES THROUGH SLOW PYROLISIS PROCESS." FLORESTA 49, no. 1 (December 17, 2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v49i1.57647.
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Brazil is a large producer of sawmill wastes, commonly used to supply boilers and produce energy. In order to reduce unwanted characteristics of the material, thermochemical conversions through carbonization is an alternative. The aim of this study is to characterize the energetic proprieties of raw biomass and pyrolyzed biomass of sawmill residues. In order to analyze the environmental impact in the emission of pyrolysis gases, the behavior of gases during the thermic treatment was determined. Eucalyptus sp. and Pinus sp. residues slow pyrolysis was performed in an electric kiln, whose gases were conducted through a condensable gas recovery system and an online gas analyzer. The charcoal, bio-oil and non-condensable gases yields were estimated. The wood’s and charcoal’s proximate analysis (extractives, lignin, holocellulosis, ash content), higher heating value, equilibrium moisture and density were appraised. The wood’s chemical components were esteemed. Hardwood and softwood’s charcoal presented several differences, especially in yields due to types of lignin. Hardwoods produce a higher amount of acetic acid in slow pyrolysis. This acid was converted, mainly, in carbon dioxide and e a minor extent in methane and carbon monoxide. The gas release was affected by the temperature and wood’s composition. The main gases resulting from the slow pyrolysis of wood are CO2, CO, CH4, H2. The emission of this gases to the atmosphere in addition to increasing the environmental impact caused by the industry is still a waste of energy that could be harnessed more efficiently. Pyrolysis increased the energetic characteristics of sawmill waste. However, in spite of the advantages of carbonization, ways to mitigate the emission of gases emitted in an operational scale should be evaluated.
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Marek, Jaromír. "State-of-the-Art Water Treatment in Czech Power Sector: Industry-Proven Case Studies Showing Economic and Technical Benefits of Membrane and Other Novel Technologies for Each Particular Water Cycle." Membranes 11, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11020098.
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The article first summarizes case studies on the three basic types of treated water used in power plants and heating stations. Its main focus is Czechia as the representative of Eastern European countries. Water as the working medium in the power industry presents the three most common cycles—the first is make-up water for boilers, the second is cooling water and the third is represented by a specific type of water (e.g., liquid waste mixtures, primary and secondary circuits in nuclear power plants, turbine condensate, etc.). The water treatment technologies can be summarized into four main groups—(1) filtration (coagulation) and dosing chemicals, (2) ion exchange technology, (3) membrane processes and (4) a combination of the last two. The article shows the ideal industry-proven technology for each water cycle. Case studies revealed the economic, technical and environmental advantages/disadvantages of each technology. The percentage of technologies operated in energetics in Eastern Europe is briefly described. Although the work is conceived as an overview of water treatment in real operation, its novelty lies in a technological model of the treatment of turbine condensate, recycling of the cooling tower blowdown plus other liquid waste mixtures, and the rejection of colloidal substances from the secondary circuit in nuclear power plants. This is followed by an evaluation of the potential novel technologies and novel materials.
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Carnevale, Monica, Enrico Paris, Beatrice Vincenti, Adriano Palma, Mariangela Salerno, Ettore Guerriero, Raffaele Mancini, Marco Calcopietro, and Francesco Gallucci. "Combustion and Emission Analysis of Spent Mushroom Compost and Forestry Woodchip for Management and Energy Production." Fire 6, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6010009.
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Forestry woodchip and spent mushroom compost have commercial potential as sustainable residues in biological and chemical processes for energy production. This study focuses on the evaluation of agri-food industry waste energy valorization, with the aim to reduce the valuable biomass utilization for energy production without decreasing the process quality, thereby pursuing economic and environmental advantages. Burning trials were conducted in a fluidized bed biomass plant provided with emission abatement systems. The biomass mixture used for combustion was composed of pine and oak woodchip and spent mushroom compost. The biomass used was first characterized through compositional and energetic analysis, and subsequently, during the burning tests, a monitoring sampling campaign was carried out to analyze the gas and particles emission. Optimal combustion conditions were observed during combustion, with good oxidation of the organic material, relatively high CO2 production, and low CO concentration in flue gas. Nevertheless, SO2 concentrations in the combustion flue gas are greater than those found in the combustion of the most commonly used biomasses. In fact, the mixture compositional characterization revealed a non-negligible concentration of sulfur, which explains the high values of SO2 detected in emission. The obtained results confirm that controlled combustion, together with suitable biomasses utilization, preliminary characterization, and emission monitoring, are essential practices for the realization of a sustainable process, both from an energy and environmental point of view.
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Gucwa, M., J. Winczek, R. Bęczkowski, and M. Dośpiał. "Structure and Properties of Coatings Made with Self Shielded Cored Wire." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0046.
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Abstract The welding technologies are widely used for design of protection layer against wear and corrosion. Hardfacing, which is destined for obtaining coatings with high hardness, takes special place in these technologies. One of the most effective way of hardfacing is using self shielded flux cored arc welding (FCAW-S). Chemical composition obtained in flux cored wire is much more rich in comparison to this obtained in solid wire. The filling in flux cored wires can be enriched for example with the mixture of hard particles or phases with specified ratio, which is not possible for solid wires. This is the reason why flux cored wires give various possibilities of application of this kind of filler material for improving surface in mining industry, processing of minerals, energetic etc. In the present paper the high chromium and niobium flux cored wire was used for hardfacing process with similar heat input. The work presents studies of microstructures of obtained coatings and hardness and geometric properties of them. The structural studies were made with using optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction that allowed for identification of carbides and other phases obtained in the structures of deposited materials. Investigated samples exhibit differences in coating structures made with the same heat input 4,08 kJ/mm. There are differences in size, shape and distribution of primary and eutectic carbides in structure. These differences cause significant changes in hardness of investigated coatings.
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Grotto, Carlos Guilherme Lopes, Adão Marcos Ferreira Costa, Carla Jovania Gomes Colares, and Douglas Henrique Pereira. "Caracterização da biomassa de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar com vistas energéticas." ForScience 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): e00928. http://dx.doi.org/10.29069/forscience.2021v9n1.e928.
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A utilização de biomassas residuais de plantas utilizadas na agroindústria tem sido crescente. O bagaço de cana-de-açúcar se destaca nesse cenário, já que a cultura da planta é muito difundida, gerando grandes quantidades desse resíduo. Neste contexto é necessário entender as características dessa biomassa para poder otimizar a geração de energia. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar o potencial energético da biomassa de cana-de-açúcar por meio da análise dos principais parâmetros que influenciam esse processo. Foram realizadas análises de poder calorífico superior, análises químicas imediatas, infravermelho e análise elementar, com o intuito de avaliar o potencial energético desse material. Observou-se bom nível de poder calorífico superior, 4309,50 kcal kg-1, além de teores baixos de cinzas, 0,95%, fatores que podem explicar a grande utilização da biomassa de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar para a geração de energia direta, principalmente na indústria. Palavras-chave: Resíduos. Cana-de-açúcar. Fonte de energia. Characterization of sugar cane bagasse biomass with energy views Abstract The use of residual biomass from plants used in agribusiness has been increasing. The sugarcane bagasse stands out in this scenario, since the plant's culture is very widespread, generating large amounts of this residue. In this context, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of this biomass in order to optimize the energy generation. With the above, the present study had as objective characterize and evaluate energy potential of sugarcane biomass through the analysis of the main parameters that influence the process. Analyzes of superior calorific power, immediate chemical analyzes, infrared and elementary analysis were carried out, in order to evaluate the energetic potential of this material. A good level of higher calorific value was observed, 4309.50 kcal kg-1, in addition to low ash content, 0.95%, factors that may explain the great use of sugarcane bagasse for direct energy generation, mainly in industry. Keywords: Waste. Sugarcane. Energy source.
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Frankowski, Jakub, Maciej Zaborowicz, Jacek Dach, Wojciech Czekała, and Jacek Przybył. "Biological Waste Management in the Case of a Pandemic Emergency and Other Natural Disasters. Determination of Bioenergy Production from Floricultural Waste and Modeling of Methane Production Using Deep Neural Modeling Methods." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 11, 2020): 3014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13113014.
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In relation to the situation caused by the pandemic, which may also take place in the future, there is a need to find effective solutions to improve the economic situation of the floristry industry. The production and sale of flowers is time-consuming and long-term. Therefore, any information that causes the impossibility of selling the plants will result in a reduction of profitability or bankruptcy of such companies. Research on rationally utilizing biowaste from plant cultivation as well as unsold flowers for environmental protection and effective use of their potential as a raw material for bioenergy production were examined in this article. The aim of this study was to analyze the energetic potential of the biodegradable fraction of waste from floriculture. The trials included floricultural waste containing the stems, leaves and flowers of different species and hybrid tulips (Tulipa L.), roses (Rosa L.), sunflowers (Helianthus L.) and chrysanthemums (Dendranthema Des Moul.). Their biogas and methane production as well as heat of combustion were determined experimentally. The calorific value was calculated on the basis of results from selected floricultural waste and its chemical composition. The biogas production was tested on different levels of plant material fragmentation (chaff, macerate) in fermentation processes with two ranges of temperature (meso- and thermophilic fermentation). The presented results show that the highest calorific values were determined for dry stems of roses (18,520 kJ/kg) and sunflowers (18,030 kJ/kg). In turn, the lowest were obtained for dried chrysanthemums and tulips, for which the heating value reached 15,560 kJ/kg and 15,210 kJ/kg. In addition, based on one ton of the fresh mass of biowaste from floriculture, the largest biogas production including the control was obtained from the chrysanthemum chaff by mesophilic anaerobic digestion. Moreover, the largest volume of methane was received by thermophilic anaerobic digestion of roses. The highest content of biomethane (56.68%) was reached by thermophilic fermentation of roses. The energy production of the analyzed substrates was also calculated, based on the amount of biogas produced in the containers for anaerobic digestion. Additionally, a deep neural network model, which predicted the production of methane gas, was created. Owing to the properties of the network, the level of significance of variables used for modelling and prediction of biogas production was determined. The neural modelling process was carried out with the use of the H2O program.
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Catureba, Rafaela Pedroso, Aldelio Bueno Caldeira, and Rodrigo Otávio de Castro Guedes. "Numerical Simulation of the TNT Solidification Process." Defence Science Journal 69, no. 4 (July 15, 2019): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.69.13536.
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The solidification phenomenon is present in the casting process of energetic materials. In defence industry, trinitrotoluene (TNT) is used as main charge for high explosive ammunitions. The present study tackles the numerical simulation of the solidification process of TNT by means of a two-dimensional transient model in cylindrical coordinates. The heat conduction problem is solved by using the enthalpy method that rewrites the governing equation in terms of this variable. The transient diffusive equation is then numerically solved by applying finite volumes in an explicit scheme. The analysis the mold thickness and the convective boundary conditions are analysed to assess how they affect heat transfer during solidification. Results obtained allow for a better comprehension of this type of problem.
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Knapczyk, Adrian, Sławomir Francik, Marcin Jewiarz, Agnieszka Zawiślak, and Renata Francik. "Thermal Treatment of Biomass: A Bibliometric Analysis—The Torrefaction Case." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010162.
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The aim of the paper was to summarize and discuss current research trends in biomass thermal treatment (torrefaction process). Quantitative analyses were carried out, in which the main countries, research units and scientists were indicated. The analysis showed a clear upward trend in number of publications after 2010. Most scientists on selected topics come from China, USA, Canada, South Korea, Republic of China, Poland (Web od Science—Core Collection (WoS-CC) and Scopus databases). Quantitative analysis also showed that the most relevant WoS-CC categories in the summary are: Energy Fuels, Engineering Chemical, Agricultural Engineering, Biotechnology Applied Microbiology and Thermodynamics and Scopus Subject area: Energy, Chemical Engineering, Environmental Science, Engineering and Chemistry. Thematic analysis included research topics, process parameters and raw materials used. Thematic groups were separated: torrefaction process (temp.: 150–400 °C), hydrothermal carbonization process (HTC) (temp: 120–500 °C), pyrolysis process (temp.: 200–650 °C) and gasification and co-combustion process (temp.: 350–1600 °C). In the years 2015–2019, current research topics were: new torrefaction technologies (e.g., HTC), improvement of the physico-mechanical, chemical and energetic properties of produced fuel as well as the use of torrefied biomass in the process of pyrolysis, gasification and co-combustion. The raw materials used in all types of biomass thermal treatment were: energy crops, wood from fast-growing and exotic trees, waste from the agri-food industry, sewage sludge and microalgae.
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Neto, Francisco Simão, Maria Melo Neta, Ana Sousa, Luana Damasceno, Bruna Sousa, Samuel Medeiros, Rafael Melo, Ada Lopes, José Santos, and Maria Rios. "Analysis of the Fuel Properties of the Seed Shell of the Neem Plant (Azadirachta indica)." Processes 11, no. 8 (August 14, 2023): 2442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11082442.
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The energetic potential of the seed shell of the Neem plant (Azadirachta indica) was investigated using proximate analysis, Higher Heating Value (HHV), thermal analysis (TG-DTG and DSC) in inert and oxidative atmospheres, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results of ash (3.80% ± 0.44), volatile matter (81.76% ± 1.30), fixed carbon (14.44% ± 1.74), and estimated HHV (18.791 MJ/kg: average value) are compatible with other biomasses already used as fuels in the bioenergy industry. Thermograms showed three main degradation events in synthetic air and two in nitrogen, attributed to the moisture, release of volatile materials, and decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. The elements positively detected by the XRF were Ca, K, S, P, Fe, Ti, Zn, Rb, and Sr.
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Daud, Zawawi, Mohd Zainuri Mohd Hatta, Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff, and Halizah Awang. "Corn Stalk Fiber Material by Chemical Pulping Process for Pulp and Paper Industry." Advanced Materials Research 1133 (January 2016): 608–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.608.
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The agriculture waste material can give benefit to many production industries. The studied crop is corn (Zea Mays) stalk. The objective of this work was to analysis the chemical composition; to study chemical pulping and papermaking properties of corn stalk and; to investigate the fiber morphology of properties of those crops. Firstly, the chemical composition of corn stalk were determined and compared with other non-woods. After that, chemical corn stalk was conducted in this analysis followed the physical and mechanical properties. The result showed that, corn stalk have cellulose (39.0%) and lignin content is the lowest (7.3%) content rather than other composition. In chemical pulping, reached high pulp yields had been produced and the strength properties: tear index, tensile index, burst and fold verified that they were of an acceptable quality for papermaking. This crop morphology was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM), which showed a condensed composition of fiber structure. This study can developed a friendly product and promote the green technology, suitable to be used as an alternative pulp in paper making industry.Keywords: Fiber, Corn stalk, Composition, Green technology, Pulp and paper making.
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Delanghe, B., J. Roussy, E. Guibal, and P. Le Cloirec. "Chemical process wastewater treatment by attached cultures under anoxic conditions." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1994): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0787.
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The anoxic biodegradation of organic carbon in industrial wastewaters was studied on pilot plants with attached bacteria. The process involved submerged granular filters with expanded glass balls as packing material. The two wastewaters which were investigated came from a wine-produce industry and a chemical industry. The nitrate requirements were studied on a semi-batch pilot plant. The nitrate consumption was found to be about 0.7 - 0.9 g N-NO3·g−1TOC for the organic carbon removal from the wine-produce industry wastewater. The influence of the volumetric load, Cv, on the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal was studied on a continuous-flow pilot plant. High removal yields of 90 % and more were obtained with volumetric loads up to 2 kg TOC.m−3.d−1 with the wine-produce industry wastewater. However 80 % TOC removal was obtained for a maximum volumetric load of 0.2 kg TOC.m−3.d−1 with the chemical industry wastewater. The difference between the two wastewaters might be due to the different degradation kinetics and/or biodegradability of their organic compounds. Nitrite concentrations were negligible throughout the study.
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Nádai, Lilla, Bálint Katona, and Eszter Bognár. "Chemical Etching of Dental Implant Material." Materials Science Forum 812 (February 2015): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.812.201.
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In this article we dealt with the development of a new method of chemical etching on dental implant materials, Grade 2 and Grade 5 titanium. Certain process creates reproducible homogenous and microrough surface, furthermore improves the reproducibility and productivity for industry appliance. During the research we modified the surface roughness of 2 mm thick samples in a single step of acid etching with a mixture of HF, HNO3and distilled water varying the etching time (15-600 seconds). After the surface treatment we obtained the changes of mass and the surface roughness on both sides of every sample. The resulting surface was examined with stereo-and electron microscopy. Based on our results we can determine a parameter setting where the homogenous and microrough surface is reproducible.
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Han, Xinqing, Cong Liu, Meng Zhang, Qing Huang, Xuelin Wang, and Peng Liu. "Thermal Spike Responses and Structure Evolutions in Lithium Niobate on Insulator (LNOI) under Swift Ion Irradiation." Crystals 12, no. 7 (July 5, 2022): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12070943.
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Irradiating solid materials with energetic ions are extensively used to explore the evolution of structural damage and specific properties in structural and functional materials under natural and artificial radiation environments. Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) technology is revolutionizing the lithium niobate industry and has been widely applied in various fields of photonics, electronics, optoelectronics, etc. Based on 30 MeV 35Cl and 40Ar ion irradiation, thermal spike responses and microstructure evolution of LNOI under the action of extreme electronic energy loss are discussed in detail. Combining experimental transmission electron microscopy characterizations with numerical calculations of the inelastic thermal spike model, discontinuous and continuous tracks with a lattice disorder structure in the crystalline LiNbO3 layer and recrystallization in the amorphous SiO2 layer are confirmed, and the ionization process via energetic ion irradiation is demonstrated to inherently connect energy exchange and temperature evolution processes in the electron and lattice subsystems of LNOI. According to Rutherford backscattering/channeling spectrometry and the direct impact model, the calculated track damage cross–section is further verified, coinciding with the experimental observations, and the LiNbO3 layer with a thickness of several hundred nanometers presents track damage behavior similar to that of bulk LiNbO3. Systematic research into the damage responses of LNOI is conducive to better understanding and predicting radiation effects in multilayer thin film materials under extreme radiation environments, as well as to designing novel multifunctional devices.
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Amza, Gheorghe, Zoia Apostolescu, Cătălin Gheorghe Amza, Marius Teodorescu, and Adrian Ioan Dragomir-Groza. "Theoretical and Experimental Cladding Technological Process of Spare Mechanical Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 760 (May 2015): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.760.545.
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The paper presents the process of cladding surfaces required strong corrosion of parts in the chemical, petrochemical and engineering industry. The phenomenon of the factors that influence the dilution that occurs between the filler material and the base material and the technological processes possible to achieve efficient plating. Following technical and economic analysis establishes that process arc welding argon environment is a process that can be used optimally to plating. It presents experimental results obtained after plating surfaces of parts of the petrochemical industry, the functional characteristics of materials resulting torque in all three major areas (base material, heat affected zone and weld material), structural analysis and possible defects that may occur after the plating process.
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Čerčikienė, Irena, Jolanta Jurkevičiūtė, and Dalė Židonytė. "COHERENCE OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY CURRICULUM CONTENT AND MATERIAL FACILITIES." GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 8, no. 1 (March 25, 2011): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/11.8.38.
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Nowadays biochemistry is the fastest growing industry in the world. Biochemical analyses are being carried out in different scientific institutions and enterprises; biochemical methods and products are being used in various areas like medicine, pharmacy, chemical industry, agriculture and environment protection. To make this process more successful specialists from different areas have to participate in it. UAB „Fermentas“ has invited Chemistry Department of Vilnius College to participate in one of 10 national integrated programmes – National Integrated Programme of Biotechnology and Biopharmacy (BBNKP). That gave a perfect chance to integrate into the project, to renew Chemical Analysis Technology study programme and the subjects’ content of its specialization – Biochemical Analysis Technology, to get methodical material ready, to perfect teachers’ qualification and to equip a laboratory of educational chromatography. Vilnius College trains specialists of higher college education in chemical engineering. After the completion of the study programme they acquire Professional Bachelor in Chemical Engineering and are able to join labour market of biotechnological industry. The article contains information about experience of good practices in BBNKP and shows what has been done and plans for the future activity. Key words: material facilities, non-university studies, technologies.
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Semenovskyi, O. Ye, and L. L. Titova. "Optimization of chemical composition of steel for gearweels of agricultural industry engineering." Naukovij žurnal «Tehnìka ta energetika» 11, no. 4 (September 10, 2020): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/machenergy2020.04.123.
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Development of new steels in mechanical engineering to create alloys with predetermined properties that can minimize material and labor costs during their processing. Optimization of the chemical composition of the alloy based on the analysis of the impact of complex alloying on the structure and consequently on the manufacturability of steel. This will reduce the level of internal intensities in the heat treatment process. Based on the analysis of existing trends in mechanical engineering, it is established that the complexity of modern parts of gearweels imposes on the material increasing technological requirements for stamping, machinability, weldability, hardenability, cementation and gouging in the hardening process which explains the need for alloying steel via a certain group of chemical elements. The influence of different compositions of steels for gearweels on the level of internal intensities occurring in parts during heat treatment is studied. The optimal composition of complex-alloyed cementing steel is established.
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Yu, Hong Mei. "Material Selection of Water-Ring Vacuum Pump in Yellow Phosphorus Tail Gas Industry." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 1520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.1520.
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Material selection of water-ring vacuum pumps in the chemical industry is closely related to the suction gas medium composition. Using the case of 70,000 tons of sodium yellow phosphorus tail gas system of water-ring vacuum pump in Guizhou Kaiyang Qingli tianmeng Chemical Ltd. (hereafter abbreviation as Tianmeng Company), this paper introduces vacuum pump in the production process of yellow phosphorus tail gas, according to the characteristics of corrosion in acidic media on flow passage component, and analyze the factors influencing the selection of materials from the point of view of the production process of yellow phosphorus tail gas.
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Ivašková, Martina, Martin Lovíšek, Peter Jančovič, and Lenka Bukovinová. "Influence of Temperature on the Electrochemical Characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V." Materials Science Forum 811 (December 2014): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.811.77.
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Titanium is not only the most widely used biomaterial for medical implants, but with its very good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and low density is also applicated in many sectors of industry (aerospace, military, aviation, machinery, energetics, chemicals, etc.). In this paper it is described the influence of temperature on the electrochemical characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The surface was mechanically grinded and polished by chemical-mechanical process. Basic electrochemical characteristics were determined by potentiodynamic tests in 0.1M NaCl solution at different temperatures. The obtained results were analysed by the Tafel-extrapolation method. Finally, a modified Arrhenius relation was used for determination of activation energy. The activation energy of grinded and chemical-mechanical polished surface is nearly three times higher than activation energy of only grinded surface.
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Schmidt, U., W. Ibach, and O. Hollricher. "Probing Polymer Material Properties on the Nanometer Scale." Microscopy Today 18, no. 6 (November 2010): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929510000994.
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Polymers play an essential role in modern materials science. Because of the wide variety of mechanical and chemical properties of polymers, they are used in nearly every industry. Knowledge about their physical and chemical properties on the nanometer scale is often required. However, some details about the phase-separation process in polymers are difficult to study with conventional characterization techniques because these methods cannot chemically differentiate phases with good spatial resolution without damage, staining, or preferential solvent washing.
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Anyszkiewicz, J., V. Gengatharan, A. Storesund, T. Gorewoda, J. Kostrzewa, E. Jamroz, Gro Eide, et al. "The process of production certified reference materials for silicon industry." TOS Forum 2022, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/tosf.170.
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Silicon is the element of significant importance — including the production of electronic devices, solar panels and metallurgical alloys. Silicon materials producers must keep strict quality control of their raw materials and products. Modern and innovative silicon production line requires high quality analytical information about chemical composition — for this purpose instrumental methods are commonly used. Correctness of the results obtained with these methods must be verified using materials of well-know composition, traceable to SI units, confirmed by the certificate. These materials are called certified reference materials (CRM). In response to the market needs, ELKEM (Norway)— the world’s leading silicon producer, together with ŁUKASIEWICZ — Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals (Poland) - an experienced CRMs producer, started the SILREF project, which consist of production of 8 CRMs for silicon material: metal silicon, ferrosilicon and microsilica. Development of new CRMs consist of several stages: production of material with planned composition, homogenization via grinding, sieving, and mixing, homogeneity and stability testing, characterisation, and certification. Sampling is part of almost every one of these steps. The choice of the right sampling scheme has a significant impact on the final quality of the produced CRMs. Homogeneity of powder type CRMs and its estimated uncertainty makes important contribution to the total uncertainty of the reference values. After homogenization and dividing the material into the 100 mL jars, 200 to 700 single units were obtained - depending on the material. In this case it is important to determine the homogeneity between the units and inside them. This was performed in accordance to the rules of ISO Guide 35:2017“Reference materials — Guidance for characterization and assessment of homogeneity and stability”. 10 random single units from every material was selected. Then, three samples from different place were taken from each unit. All parameters planned for certification (element concentrations, loss of ignition etc.) require analysis for homogeneity, stability and quantitative determination. The obtained data were used for the statistical evaluation of homogeneity based on the ANOVA test. The determined homogeneity was taken then for further calculations of total uncertainty. The determination of homogeneity, stability and characteristics is accompanied by a large number of analytical test and statistical calculations that lead to determination of the final reference’s composition values with their expanded uncertainty.
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Krysztofik, Józef, Wojciech Manaj, and Grzegorz Socha. "The Application of Acoustic Anisotropy to Evaluation of Material Properties." Fatigue of Aircraft Structures 2015, no. 7 (December 1, 2015): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fas-2015-0001.
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Abstract Structural properties of materials change under stress, temperature and work environment. These changes are generally unfavorable. They cause a reduction in strength of materials. This has an impact on the safety and service life of machines and constructions. In the chemical and petrochemical industry the destruction of a structure can be activated by chemical substances. In the energy industry, a key element in assisting the destruction is temperature. In aviation, the typical cause of damage is the process of fatigue. Regardless of the differences regarding/concerning the mechanisms of degradation, typical of the sectors of industry, the end result is the emergence of microvoids and microcracks in the material. In the final phase of the process, dominant cracks are formed. The term of measure of material damage, introduced by Kachanov and Rabotnow, can be effectively used also when considering the impact of microdamages on measurable macroscopic acoustic quantities. A damage parameter proposed by Johnson allows to correlate changes in acoustic birefringence of the material with the parameter describing the degree of damage. In this article the authors presented the nondestructive tests results concerning Inconel 718 alloy subjected to damage caused by plastic deformation. This paper focuses on the evaluation of acoustic properties in relation to the degradation of the materials tested.
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Soo Kwan, Leong, and Rakmi Abd Rahman. "Potentiality of Banana (Musa) Stem as Raw Material in Chemical Nonwood Pulping." Scientific Research Journal 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v4i2.5660.
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Wood is not sufficient in many countries to meet the rise demand for paper and pulp. In recent years, a lot of researches have been done to find a new, non-wood raw material for paper production especially using agricultural waste. Agriculture industry is one of the main industries in Malaysia which has generated a large amount of waste every year such as banana stem, rice hull, sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw. These are regarded as abundant, inexpensive and readily available natural resources for pulping industry. The purpose of this paper is to study of the pulping potentialities of banana stems which are growing in Malaysia. In this research the banana stem is used as raw material in the pulping process for the purpose of producing cellulose as pulp. The chemical pulping method which is used in the study is soda pulping, where NaOH is the main chemical substance used in cooking and with anthroquinone as the additive. Temperature, residence time and dosage of chemical were the parameters to be manipulated in this non-wood chemical pulping process to get an optimum condition for pulping. A 3 litre batch reactor was used in this non-wood chemical pulping process. The concentration of NaOH used was varied from 10 – 45 % and cooking temperature was varied from 100 – 200 °C. The ratio of solid to liquid is set at 1:8 and also the cooking period was varied from 30 – 210 minutes. The result shows that the optimum yield of pulp from this study is at 20 % w/w NaOH, cooking at 160 °C with 120 minutes. The yield of pulp is around 30 %. The cellulose content in the pulp produced is as high as 90 %.
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Leong, Soo Kwan, and Rakmi Abd Rahman. "Potentiality of Banana (Musa) Stem as Raw Material in Chemical Nonwood Pulping." Scientific Research Journal 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v4i2.9344.
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Wood is not sufficient in many countries to meet the rise demand for paper and pulp. In recent years, a lot of researches have been done to find a new, non-wood raw material for paper production especially using agricultural waste. Agriculture industry is one of the main industries in Malaysia which has generated a large amount of waste every year such as banana stem, rice hull, sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw. These are regarded as abundant, inexpensive and readily available natural resources for pulping industry. The purpose of this paper is to study of the pulping potentialities of banana stems which are growing in Malaysia. In this research the banana stem is used as raw material in the pulping process for the purpose of producing cellulose as pulp. The chemical pulping method which is used in the study is soda pulping, where NaOH is the main chemical substance used in cooking and with anthroquinone as the additive. Temperature, residence time and dosage of chemical were the parameters to be manipulated in this non-wood chemical pulping process to get an optimum condition for pulping. A 3 litre batch reactor was used in this non-wood chemical pulping process. The concentration of NaOH used was varied from 10 – 45 % and cooking temperature was varied from 100 – 200 °C. The ratio of solid to liquid is set at 1:8 and also the cooking period was varied from 30 – 210 minutes. The result shows that the optimum yield of pulp from this study is at 20 % w/w NaOH, cooking at 160 °C with 120 minutes. The yield of pulp is around 30 %. The cellulose content in the pulp produced is as high as 90 %.
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ZHU, Wei, Feng ZHU, and Gang RONG. "A Novel Mechanism for TRF of Plant-wide Material Flows in Process Industry MES." Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 22, no. 4 (April 2014): 418–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1004-9541(14)60091-4.
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Kieling, G. Amanda, A. M. Carlos Moraes, A. Feliciane Brehm, Daiane Calheiro, and P. Marlova Kulakowski. "Adaptation of Rice Husk Ash for Use as Pozzolanic Material." Key Engineering Materials 634 (December 2014): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.634.182.
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The use of waste in the construction industry is an interesting approach to minimize associated environmental impacts. A substantial body of research has proved the potential use of rice husk ash (RHA) as a mineral additive. A considerable portion of RHA presents pozzolanic characteristics, a result of its amorphous chemical structure and high silica contents. However, variations in particle size and chemical composition may affect applicability, limiting the use of RHA. In this scenario, this study presents a methodology to recycle RHA based on particle segregation and discusses how the process affects RHA performance in terms of its pozzolanic activity. Samples and respective segregated fractions were characterized using physical (loss on ignition, specific weight, surface area, grain size distribution), chemical (chemical composition and X-ray diffraction) and microstructural (scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersion) parameters. Pozzolanic activity was determined after milling of samples and segregation of fractions based on specific assays with cement and on electric conductivity. The results show that segregation opens new perspectives to increase the value of RHA in the construction industry.
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Guo, Jia Neng, Jin Zhi Lin, Xin Liu, Qi Wei Wang, Ge Gao, Xiang Zhang, Xin Ge Shi, Bei Yang, and Hai Bo Jin. "The Progress of Catalyst for Cyclohexane Dehydrogenation Processes." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 1261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.1261.
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Cyclohexane dehydrogenation is an important process in the petrochemical industry, chemical raw material such as cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone,benzene and cyclohexene can be produced from which.Divided cyclohexane dehydrogenation into catalytic dehydrogenation or oxidative dehydrogenation, homogeneous or heterogeneous reaction. Summarized vary catalysts, active constituent and process conditions in dehydrogenation process.
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Xie, Yuan Yuan, and Ze Qiang Fu. "Process Simulation of Industrial Metabolism and its Environmental Effect Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 1398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1398.
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Industrialization process cause a huge material input, waste discharge and environmental impact. To realize the sustainable development of society and reduce environmental pressures are caused by economic and social activities, process simulation of industrial metabolism and its environmental effect analysis have become a hot issues in the international research field. Around the key scientific issues of regional material metabolism, this project fully learn and absorb domestic and international research results. The empirical study focus on energy (coal) and chemical industry base in china, starting from material metabolism analysis of regional industrial system, analyze the relationship between industrial system material metabolic processes and environmental effects, establishing the environmental effects index model of industrial metabolic with the environmental effects analysis; eventually propose the approaches and countermeasures to reduce environmental effect of industrial system material metabolic.
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Abou-Elela, S. I., E. M. El-Kamah, H. I. Aly, and E. Abou-Taleb. "Management of wastewater from the fertilizer industry." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 11 (December 1, 1995): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0399.
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Two schemes of treatment were applied to wastewater produced from a superphosphate manufacturing unit. In the first scheme the final effluent, comprising washing water from the scrubbing towers in combination with cooling water, was subjected to chemical coagulation-sedimentation using lime. In the second scheme the washing water from the scrubbing towers was chemically treated with recycling of a percentage of the treated effluent. The two treatment schemes were carried out using a continuous flow compact unit. The results obtained revealed that chemical treatment of washing water from the scrubbing towers including recycling treated effluent waste (with a ratio of 1:2) was recommended. The treatment process proved to be very efficient in removing fluoride, phosphate, silicate and suspended solids. Also, the optimum conditions required for drying the sludge using sludge drying beds were determined. Analysis of the dry sludge indicated that it can be reused with the initial raw material in the plant. A process design of the proposed treatment plant was also included.
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Othman, Norazli, Liaw Lerk Lerk, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan, and Roslina Mohammad. "Comparative Content of Harmful Substances Contained In the Raw Material for Various Types of Printing Ink." International Journal of Research in Science 3, no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/ijrs.2017.3.4.07.
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Printing ink is one of the chemical industry that can be considered as a high risk industry due to it is a manufacture industry that involved all kinds of chemical materials. Thus, reliability data is important for the environmental safety in chemical industries. This study aims to compare the hazardous substances in raw materials for various printing ink production and propose the control measures in the ink production process. Three types of printing ink raw material i.e sheet-fed ink, cold-set ink and heat-set ink were considered in this study. This study was conducted by using a quantitative approaches. Data were collected through Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Hazardous substances were identified from the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) registry number of the raw materials. The result of the study shown that there are eight hazardous chemical substances in sheet-fed ink, cold-set ink and heat-set ink. The hazardous raw materials identified are mainly from the category of pigment, solvents and additives. From the study of the three types of ink printing, sheet-fed inks contain harmful chemicals that are the lowest of 33.27%, followed by thermal ink-set of 41.73% and cold-set inks of 61.86%. The results also shown that solvents are identified to contribute highest percentage as hazardous chemical substances in the printing ink, followed by additives and pigment. The results of the research shown that the production workers in the printing ink production process are at highly exposed to the hazards. The hierarchy of hazard control based on Department Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) are proposed to control the hazardous chemical substances. The recommended control measures of possible hazards and risks based on the work activities are elimination, engineering control, administration control and personal protective equipment. This research is very important as it will enhance the precautions and safety knowledge of the employer and employee in handling the chemical substances in the printing ink production process.
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Musraty, Walid, Bojan Medjo, Nenad Gubeljak, Primoz Stefane, Zoran Radosavljevic, Zijah Burzic, and Marko Rakin. "Seam pipes for process industry-fracture analysis by using ring-shaped specimens." Chemical Industry 72, no. 1 (2018): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind170530014m.
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Pipelines are commonly used in process industry for transport of fluids, as well as granular solids, due to their numerous advantages in comparison to other transportation means. Pipe integrity is essential for a reliable work of the entire plant, as well as for safety assurance. Also, serious ecological consequences may follow the pipeline failure in some cases, i.e. due to the leak of toxic, flammable or otherwise dangerous fluids in a chemical or some other plant. Therefore, it is very important to examine the fracture behaviour of pipelines, which is done here by testing the recently proposed ring-shaped specimens exposed to bending. The specimens were fabricated from a seam pipe for pressure applications (allowed for usage on temperatures up to 300?C). Initial defects, very narrow notches, were machined either in the base metal and weld metal (seam) or in the base metal only. Regardless of the defect position, ductile fracture mechanism is observed in all specimens. The results show that the ring-shaped specimen can be successfully used for fracture characterisation of pipeline material, especially for thin-walled pipes which are not suitable for production of standard fracture mechanics specimens due to the insufficient wall thickness.
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Battu, Desianto Payung, Jamaluddin Jamaluddin, and Fathony Akbar Praktikno. "Material Analysis Supporting Cement Industry Muara Dua Area South Oku Regency South Sumatera." Jurnal Geomine 8, no. 1 (June 27, 2020): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33536/jg.v8i1.526.
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Material cement industry are mostly formed by carbonate and silica. Geology of Muara Dua area was contain those material used in cement industry. Mineralogy of carbonate this area mostly formed by Calcium (Ca) contained on Calcite (CaCO3), Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) while Silica, Alumina, Iron Oxide element found as SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO on rock. Research area mostly generated by tectonically complex where the sedimentation mostly controlled the existence of material using in cement industry. Three analysis method were conducted which are Geological Mapping to describe macro petrology, Petrography analysis to determine mineralogy microscopic and Geochemical method using XRF to identified chemical mineralogy of rock. Limestone is one of lithology unit that develop on research area where known as Packstone to Wackestone (Petrography) while "Calcitic Limestone” to “Marly Limestone” classification from Geochemical analysis (XRF). Another material such as Silica and trass material are definitely found on this research area to support cement industry. Element for support cement industry that exist on Muara Dua area formed due to sedimentation process that effected by tectonic and volcanic.
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Schmidt, Axel, Dirk Köster, and Jochen Strube. "Climate Neutrality Concepts for the German Chemical–Pharmaceutical Industry." Processes 10, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10030467.
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This paper intends to propose options for climate neutrality concepts by taking non-German international experiences and decisions made into account. Asia-Pacific and Arabic countries do have already same lessons learned by large-scale projects with regard to economic evaluations. Quite a few conceptual studies to generate the climate neutrality of the chemical–pharmaceutical industry in Germany have been published recently. Most of the studies differ even in magnitude but do not refer to or evaluate the other ones. These are all first theoretical feasibility studies. Experimental piloting is not far developed; only few and only stand-alone parts are operated, with no overall concepts. Economic evaluation is missing nearly completely. Economic analysis shows a factor 3 more expensive green technologies. Even if a large optimization potential of about 30% during manufacturing optimization is assumed as significant, cost increases would result. To make green products nevertheless competitive, the approach is to increase the carbon-source cost analogue, e.g., by CO2/ton taxes by around EUR 100, which would lead to about factor 3 higher consumer prices regarding the material amount. Furthermore, some countries would not participate in such increases and would have benefits on the world market. Whether any customs-duties policy could balance that is generally under question. Such increasing costs are not imaginable for any social-political system. Therefore, the only chance to realize consequent climate neutrality is to speed up research on more efficient and economic technologies, including, e.g., reaction intensification technologies such as plasma ionization, catalyst optimization, section coupling to cement, steel and waste combustion branches as well as pinch technology integration and appropriate scheduling. In addition, digital twins and process analytical technologies for consequent process automation would help to decrease costs. All those technologies seem to lead to even less personnel, but who need to be highly educated to deal with complex integrated systems. Research and education/training has to be designed for those scenarios. Germany as a resource-poor country could benefit from its human resources. Germany is and will be an energy importing country.
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Schröder, Volker. "From Raw Material to Consumer Product — The Role of Food Process Engineers in Food Industry." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 73, no. 6 (June 2001): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1522-2640(200106)73:6<775::aid-cite7755555>3.0.co;2-d.
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Mothé Filho, Heitor Fernandes, Helena Polivanov, and Cheila Gonçalves Mothé. "Reciclagem dos resíduos sólidos de rochas ornamentais: the case of waste of the dimension stones." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2005_2_139-151.
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Dimension stone industry produces a great amount of effluents, about 200,000 ton/year per solid residue. Espírito Santo State has about 600 companies, and their average consume per industry is around are 10,000 l/ day of water. Those rejects are displaced in decant lagoons, and landfill. In this work was used material provided by marble & granite industry from Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, ES. Those residues were characterized by chemical and mineral composition, physical properties, sintering process, and point load test. The results provided from physical indices and sintering material were compared with the results of commercial granite named in Industry as "granito rosa bavena". Analysis allowed us to get a conclusion about the reject. These analyses showed that reject could be used as a source for ceramic material, with the possibility of choosing for a greater or lower resistance.
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Tura Ali, Mohd Yusuf, Chu Yee Khor, Azwan Iskandar Azmi, Mohd Zulklifly Abdullah, Zambri Samsudin, Idris Mansor, Muhammad Irsyad Suhaimi, Muhammad Syahir Mahyuddin, and Lai Ming Lim. "PACKAGE-ON-PACKAGE (POP) UNDERFILL PROCESS USING A MATERIAL DAM METHOD." ASEAN Engineering Journal 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v12.17372.
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Recent developments in the electronics industry have introduced a multi-stack ball grid array (BGA) to meet the growing consumer demand for both high-performance and smaller-sized chip packages. This study focused on the preliminary study of the Package-on-Package (PoP) underfill process using a material dam method. High viscosity type of underfill material is considered for the underfill process. In the current experimental work, L path-dispensing method was chosen due to its advantages, as reported in the previous work. The material dam method was used to prevent underfill from moving backwards and flowing out from the dispensing region. The material dam was built surrounding the PoP package. The effectiveness of the underfill process was analyzed based on the cycle time and lateral lapping, which are significant factors in material selection. The experimental results revealed that slow underfill flow may cause the quickly harden of material while the dispensing process is still running. This situation restricts the underfill flow and creates voids in the PoP package. The material dam method successfully enhanced the underfilling process for layers 3 and 4 stacked-package. This study is expected to provide the preliminary underfill process of stacking the PoP package and is useful as a reference for the engineer in the microelectronics industry.
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Bulatovic, Maja, Marica Rakin, Ljiljana Mojovic, Svetlana Nikolic, Maja Vukasinovic-Sekulic, and Aleksandra Djukic-Vukovic. "Whey as a raw material for the production of functional beverages." Chemical Industry 66, no. 4 (2012): 567–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind111124009b.
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One of the least utilized by-products of food industry, despite the great potential that is described, is the whey, which is obtained as a by-product of the technological process production of cheese and casein. The excess whey, which occurs in this process in very high yields, with failure to processing is becoming a very big polluter, what is completely at odds with the potential that such materials possess. On the other hand, the modern tempo and way of life, and increasingly polluted environmental also, impose the need to produce food products that would help the human body in the fight against harmful agents which are exposed to daily. One of the more effective solution is the production of fermented functional beverages based on whey, which achieved this intention in the most natural and most comfortable way. Considering the rather untapped potential of whey as a raw material and growing food shortages in the world market, the aim of this study was to analyze the possibilities of production of functional beverages based on whey, with satisfactory sensory characteristics, in order to demonstrate the attractiveness of whey as raw material in the food industry. This paper presents an overview of the wide possibilities for the use of whey with a special emphasis on its attractiveness and the necessity of its utilizing.
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Danylkovych, Anatolii, Viktor Lishchuk, Olga Sanginova, and Arcady Shakhnovsky. "OPTIMIZATION OF RAWHIDE COLLAGEN DEFIBRILLIZATION PROCESS." Fibres and Textiles 30, no. 3 (2023): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/008/2023-3-001.
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The paper features the rawhide collagen defibrillization process in the elastic leather materials manufacturing. Optimal colloid-chemical properties of semi-processed products were defined by way of using mathematical optimization of rowhide liming process. It was found that during the alkaline treatment of raw material (in the operating temperature range) the degree of defibrillation of raw material raises (in proportion to the derm collagen swelling) with increase in the ratio of process solution to the mass of raw material, and the extremum of hydrothermal stability and leather yield can be estimated. It was also shown that the degree of swelling decreases with a decreasing ratio of sodium sulphide and sodium hydrosulphide, and the leather area yield reaches the maximum value at the equal proportion of these reagents. Multicriteria optimization of rawhide liming process using the Harrington’s desirability function was carried out. The developed technology of soaking and liming was tested under production conditions. The above-mentioned low-waste technology provides elastic leather materials with a yield increase by 3.5%, which meet the industry standards requirements.
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Nikolaeva, L. A., and E. M. Khusnutdinova. "Investigation of the Mechanism of Sulfur Dioxide Adsorption from Gas Emissions of Sodium Bisulfite Production." Voprosy sovremennoj nauki i praktiki. Universitet imeni V.I. Vernadskogo, no. 3(77) (2020): 019–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/voprosy.2020.03.pp.019-031.
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It is proposed to purify industrial gas emissions from sulfur dioxide by the adsorption method. Waste from the power industry - sludge from the chemical water treatment of Kazan CHPP-1 - was used as an adsorption material. Its chemical composition is presented. Experimental studies of a new sorption material based on energy waste for gas purification from sulfur dioxide have been carried out. The kinetic dependence and isotherm of the adsorption process are obtained. The mechanism of the process of adsorption of sulfur dioxide by sorption material at different temperatures has been studied. The Gibbs free energy, differential heat, and activation energy of adsorption are determined. The economic and environmental impact of modernization of procedure for cleaning gas emissions from sulfur dioxide in sodium bisulfite production at JSC “Chemical factory named after L.Ya. Karpov” was measured.
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PURZYŃSKA, Hanna, and Grzegorz GOLAŃSKI. "INCOLOY 800HT IRON-BASED SUPERALLOY – PRELIMINARY CHARACTERISATION." Journal of Metallic Materials, no. 3-4 (January 5, 2022): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32730/imz.2657-747.22.3-4.5.
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The article presents and characterises Incoloy 800HT iron-based superalloy in terms of: chemical composition, heat treatment, microstructure and properties, in its delivery condition. This material is commonly used in process lines in the petrochemical industry, e.g. into components called ‘pigtails’.
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Gondudey, Shreyas, Chaudhari Kumar, Sandeep Dharmadhikari, and Thakur Singh. "Treatment of sugar industry effluent using an electrocoagulation process: Process optimization using the response surface methodology." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 85, no. 10 (2020): 1357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc200319037g.
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Wastewater of sugar industries has a high pollutant load due to the presence of organic and inorganic materials. Discharge of untreated or partially treated wastewater has a negative effect on the environment and on the life of humans, plants and animals. In our present studies, it was attempted to treat sugar industry effluent (SIE) by an electrocoagulation process (ECP) using mild steel (MS) as the electrode material. For this purpose, three process parameters, namely pH (5?9), current density (j = 34.7?104 A m-2) and treatment time (tR = 20?100 min), were selected to optimize the process using the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions were pH 6.66, j = = 104 A m-2 and tR = 100 min. The maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 75.98 % was achieved under the optimum conditions. The predicted model by RSM showed R2 = 0.9515. After treatment of the effluent, the sludge content in the treated water was separated effectively by filtration and settling.
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Santos da Costa, Juzélia, Celso Aparecido Martins, and João Baptista Baldo. "Sanitary Ware Industry as an Aggregate to Produce Concrete and Mortar." Key Engineering Materials 517 (June 2012): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.517.653.
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Chemical analysis of household waste from the sanitary ware industry is of fundamental importance in order to detect the presence of AAR (alkali-aggregate reaction), the same in field or laboratory. There are several test methods, these methods can detect pre-reactivity of aggregates compared to the sodium or potassium hydroxide present in hydrated cement paste. For the preparation of both the concrete and the mortar, from the recycled material, the aggregates were reduced until it had texture, close to the river sand and gravel. The analyses stayed in determining the potential of the alkali-aggregate reactivity. Thus the results of chemical and physical characterization of the material, indicated a willingness to be used as aggregate in mortar and concrete, due to the availability of waste, the good properties given and the gains in cost, beyond the environmental management, they promote the viability of the process of recycling of waste. 1
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Pinheiro, Bruno C. A., and J. N. F. Holanda. "Chemical-Environmental Characterization of Waste Coming from Petroleum Industry for Application in Clay Ceramics." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 1053–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.1053.
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The petroleum industry generates huge amounts of oily sludge during the process of oil and gas extraction. This waste is a pollutant material that can cause environmental damage. Because of this, it has been treated with bentonite clay, being referred as encapsulated petroleum waste. In this work the chemical-environmental characterization and classification of the petroleum waste were done according to ABNT standards. The results indicated that the encapsulated petroleum waste should be classified as Class IIA – “No Inert”. Therefore, it could be used in manufacture of ceramic products for civil construction.
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Gnaba, Imen, Fatma Omrani, Peng Wang, Damien Soulat, Manuela Ferreira, Philippe Vroman, and Boubaker Jaouachi. "Mechanical behavior of flax/polypropylene commingled nonwoven at dry scale: Influence of process parameters." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 5 (January 30, 2018): 791–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518755789.
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Currently, nonwoven fabrics made with natural and thermoplastic commingled fibers have been extensively used in the composite industry due to their light weight and low processing and material costs. As two key parameters in the manufacturing of nonwoven fabrics, the needle-punching and material surface densities influence strongly the mechanical properties of nonwoven fabrics and their reinforced composite parts. Compared to most studies focused on the composite stage, the present experimental investigation is performed at the dry fabric stage, and the influence of the needle-punching and material surface densities on the mechanical behavior of nonwoven fabrics will be analyzed through tensile and bending tests. The results show that increasing the material surface of the nonwoven fabric leads to a better mechanical behavior, but that such variations do not modify the phenomenon of anisotropy of nonwoven fabrics. By contrast, increasing the needle-punching density can strengthen generally the homogeneity of nonwoven fabrics.
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Livage, J., M. Henry, J. P. Jolivet, and C. Sanchez. "Chemical Synthesis of Fine Powders." MRS Bulletin 15, no. 1 (January 1990): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400060693.
Full textAbstract:
Interest in the synthesis of submicron monodispersed powders is increasing. Such powders find applications in the ceramic industry when high performance materials are required. Sintering time and temperature can be significantly reduced with powders of narrow particle-size distribution. Fine colloidal particles can be made by a variety of methods, from the vapor phase or the liquid phase.The sol gel process offers new approaches to the synthesis of fine powders. Starting from molecular precursors, such as metal alkoxides or aqueous solutions, an oxide network is obtained via inorganic polymerization reactions. These reactions occur in solution, and the term “sol-gel processing” is often used to describe the synthesis of inorganic oxides by wet chemical methods. It offers many advantages compared to the conventional powder route. One unique advantage is the ability to go all the way from the molecular precursor to the solid material, permitting better control of the entire process and allowing synthesis of “tailor-made” powders.
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Siekierka, Anna, and Marek Bryjak. "Modified Poly(vinylidene fluoride) by Diethylenetriamine as a Supported Anion Exchange Membrane for Lithium Salt Concentration by Hybrid Capacitive Deionization." Membranes 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020103.
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This paper shows the investigation for the optimal anion exchange membranes (AEM) supporting the desorption step of the HCDI process. The chemical modification of PVDF by diethylene triamine created the AEM. To confirm the ion-exchange character of materials, the chemical analysis with FTIR, SEM, surface energetics, and transportation analysis were applied. Next, the investigated membranes were applied for the sorption and desorption of lithium chloride. The specific sorptive parameters were higher according to the incorporation of the nitrogen groups into polymeric chains. Considering the desorption efficiency, membranes modified by four days were selected for further evaluation. The application in the HCDI process allowed reaching the desorption efficiency at 90%. The system composed of PVDF-DETA4 membrane was suitable for sorption 30 mg/g of salt. By applying the PVDF-DETA4 membrane, it is possible to concentrate LiCl with four factors. The anion exchange character of the developed membrane was confirmed by adsorption kinetics and isotherms of chlorides, nitrates, sodium, and lithium. The prepared membrane could be considered a perspective material suitable for concentration salt with electro-driven technologies for the above reasons.
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Sulaymonov, Sharifjon. "THE ROLE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OF SILK MAKING INDUSTRY." Journal of Science and Innovative Development 4, no. 4 (August 27, 2021): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.36522/2181-9637-2021-4-9.
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Studies reveal that during processing of cocoons, natural polymers in the cocoon become sufficiently swollen under water, and depending on the external ambience, climatic temperature, humidity, the sericin contained in the cocoon does not evaporate, does not suffocate well in water. As a result, the moisture content of the cocoon decreases and there are many breaks in the yarn due to poor spinning, which increases the fiber waste. In order to prevent these processes, taking into account the importance of chemicals used in the production of silkworms in the production of products, methods for obtaining quality raw silk by modification of cocoon raw materials are described. The scientific significance of the research findings is explained by the fact that the efficiency of the process of obtaining quality raw silk is achieved by processing the cocoon raw material in optimal concentrations with substances.
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Maraz, Kazi Madina. "Benefits and problems of chrome tanning in leather processing: Approach a greener technology in leather industry." Materials Engineering Research 3, no. 1 (2021): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/mer.2021.01.004.
Full textAbstract:
Tanning is the process of converting the raw skin and hides from different animals into a sustainable and manageable material called leather. Leather making is a very long process and consists of many different chemical and mechanical process steps. The most important step of the whole leather making process is the tanning step, which is performed commonly either by vegetable or mineral tanning. More than 85-90% of the leather making is performed by chrome tanning, which is the most common type of mineral tanning currently applied.