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Journal articles on the topic 'Materia condensata'
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1
Rojo, Juan Manuel. "El electrón en la materia condensada." Arbor 158, no. 622 (October 30, 1997): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/arbor.1997.i622.1806.
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Currie, Simon L., and Michael K. Rosen. "Using quantitative reconstitution to investigate multicomponent condensates." RNA 28, no. 1 (November 12, 2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.079008.121.
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Many biomolecular condensates are thought to form via liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) of multivalent macromolecules. For those that form through this mechanism, our understanding has benefitted significantly from biochemical reconstitutions of key components and activities. Reconstitutions of RNA-based condensates to date have mostly been based on relatively simple collections of molecules. However, proteomics and sequencing data indicate that natural RNA-based condensates are enriched in hundreds to thousands of different components, and genetic data suggest multiple interactions can contribute to condensate formation to varying degrees. In this Perspective, we describe recent progress in understanding RNA-based condensates through different levels of biochemical reconstitutions as a means to bridge the gap between simple in vitro reconstitution and cellular analyses. Complex reconstitutions provide insight into the formation, regulation, and functions of multicomponent condensates. We focus on two RNA–protein condensate case studies: stress granules and RNA processing bodies (P bodies), and examine the evidence for cooperative interactions among multiple components promoting LLPS. An important concept emerging from these studies is that composition and stoichiometry regulate biochemical activities within condensates. Based on the lessons learned from stress granules and P bodies, we discuss forward-looking approaches to understand the thermodynamic relationships between condensate components, with the goal of developing predictive models of composition and material properties, and their effects on biochemical activities. We anticipate that quantitative reconstitutions will facilitate understanding of the complex thermodynamics and functions of diverse RNA–protein condensates.
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Horák, Jiří, Lenka Kuboňová, Milan Dej, Jiří Ryšavý, Stanislav Bajer, Zdeněk Kysučan, Pavel Ulrich, et al. "Long-Term Neutralization of Acidic Condensate from Gas Condensing Boilers." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 13, 2022): 15015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215015.
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The pH of wastewater needs to remain between 6 and 9 to protect water organisms. Condensates from a gas condensing boiler have a pH value of about 3. An optimal way to neutralize the acid condensate is to use cheap material such as dolomite. An old-style neutralization box (NB) was tested with a standard faction of dolomite. However, it did not sufficiently neutralize the condensate. Therefore, several tests were performed involving changes to the construction of the neutralization box, a finer fraction of dolomite and aerating the condensate in the neutralization box. In summary, a new NB technology with partitions, a finer fraction of dolomite and condensate aeration proved sufficient in the neutralization of the pH of the condensate in the short and long terms. It depends on what material the heat exchanger is made of in the condensing boiler. The aluminum content reduces the effectiveness of dolomite in the long run, so aerating the condensate in the NB is recommended, which leads to its more effective neutralization.
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Li, Dongsheng, Ziyou Tian, Xichen Cai, Zhanqiao Li, Chen Zhang, Wei Zhang, Yongji Song, Hong Wang, and Cuiqing Li. "Nature of polymeric condensates during furfural rearrangement to cyclopentanone and cyclopentanol over Cu-based catalysts." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 48 (2021): 22767–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nj04027h.
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In-depth studies on condensate structures during furfural rearrangement to cyclopentanone are presented. Polymeric condensates with high levels of conjugation were the main cause for carbon loss and catalyst deactivation.
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Pasek, Wojciech Julian, Marcos Henrique Degani, and Marcelo Zoéga Maialle. "Destructive Interference of the Superconducting Subband Condensates in the Quasi-1D Multigap Material Nanostructures." Condensed Matter 8, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat8010004.
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This modelling work concerns the effects of the interference between two partial subband condensates in a quasi-one-dimensional superconducting superlattice. The iterative under-relaxation with phase control method is used to solve Bogoliubov–de Gennes equations in the envelope ansatz. This method—easily generalisable to a wide class of multiband superconducting systems—allows us to obtain both the constructive and the destructive interference solution. The discussion is centred on the latter case, with one of the condensates collapsing with increased inter-subband coupling strength, due to the other—the dominating one—imposing its symmetry on the overall order parameter. The in-depth qualitative analysis is made of underlying intra-subband and inter-subband dynamics, such as the possible factors determining the dominant subband condensate or the ones determining the region where the destructive solution coexists with the constructive one. A comprehensive discussion with the recent works concerning inter-band coupling effects follows, pointing that the destructive solution is nearly universally omitted.
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Pereira, Lucas Carvalho, and Valter Aragão do Nascimento. "Dynamics of Bose–Einstein Condensates Subject to the Pöschl–Teller Potential through Numerical and Variational Solutions of the Gross–Pitaevskii Equation." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 2236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102236.
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We present for the first time an approach about Bose–Einstein condensates made up of atoms with attractive interatomic interactions confined to the Pöschl–Teller hyperbolic potential. In this paper, we consider a Bose–Einstein condensate confined in a cigar-shaped, and it was modeled by the mean field equation known as the Gross–Pitaevskii equation. An analytical (variational method) and numerical (two-step Crank–Nicolson) approach is proposed to study the proposed model of interatomic interaction. The solutions of the one-dimensional Gross–Pitaevskii equation obtained in this paper confirmed, from a theoretical point of view, the possibility of the Pöschl–Teller potential to confine Bose–Einstein condensates. The chemical potential as a function of the depth of the Pöschl–Teller potential showed a behavior very similar to the cases of Bose–Einstein condensates and superfluid Fermi gases in optical lattices and optical superlattices. The results presented in this paper can open the way for several applications in atomic and molecular physics, solid state physics, condensed matter physics, and material sciences.
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Mukubwa, Abel, and John Wanjala Makokha. "Plasmon Mediation of Charge Pairing in High Temperature Superconductors." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2021 (December 28, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7234840.
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A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of a nonzero momentum Cooper pair constitutes a composite boson or simply a boson. We demonstrated that the quantum coherence of the two-component BEC (boson and fermion condensates) is controlled by plasmons. It has been proposed that plasmons, observed in both electron-doped and hole-doped cuprates, originates from the long-range Coulomb screening, where the transfer momentum q ⟶ 0 . We further show that the screening mediates boson-fermion pairing at condensate state. While only about 1 % of plasmon energy mediates the charge pairing, most of the plasmon energy is used to overcome the modes that compete against superconductivity such as phonons, charge density waves, antiferromagnetism, and damping effects. Additionally, the dependence of frequency of plasmons on the material of a superconductor is also explored. This study gives a quantum explanation of the modes that enhance and those that inhibit superconductivity. The study informs the nature of electromagnetic radiations (EMR) that can enhance the critical temperature of such materials.
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De María-García, Sergi De, Albert Ferrando, J. Alberto Conejero, Pedro Fernández De De Córdoba, and Miguel Ángel García-March. "A Method for the Dynamics of Vortices in a Bose-Einstein Condensate: Analytical Equations of the Trajectories of Phase Singularities." Condensed Matter 8, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat8010012.
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We present a method to study the dynamics of a quasi-two dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate which initially contains several vortices at arbitrary locations. The method allows one to find the analytical solution for the dynamics of the Bose-Einstein condensate in a homogeneous medium and in a parabolic trap, for the ideal non-interacting case. Secondly, the method allows one to obtain algebraic equations for the trajectories of the position of phase singularities present in the initial condensate along with time (the vortex lines). With these equations, one can predict quantities of interest, such as the time at which a vortex and an antivortex contained in the initial condensate will merge. For the homogeneous case, this method was introduced in the context of photonics. Here, we adapt it to the context of Bose-Einstein condensates, and we extend it to the trapped case for the first time. Also, we offer numerical simulations in the non-linear case, for repulsive and attractive interactions. We use a numerical split-step simulation of the non-linear Gross-Pitaevskii equation to determine how these trajectories and quantities of interest are changed by the interactions. We illustrate the method with several simple cases of interest, both in the homogeneous and parabolically trapped systems.
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Prasad, Pande Nishant, Andreas Lennartsson, and Caisa Samuelsson. "Volatilized and Condensed Sb- and As-Bearing Phases Produced During Roasting of Cu-Rich Complex Concentrate in Nitrogen Atmosphere with Oxygen in Traces." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 52, no. 3 (April 20, 2021): 1866–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02154-1.
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AbstractA Cu-rich complex sulpfide concentrate (containing Sb as sulphosalts and gudmundite, and As as arsenopyrite) is roasted in Nitrogen atmosphere carrying traces of oxygen ($${\text{p}}^{{\text{O}}_{2}} \approx {10}^{-5.3}\text{ bar)}$$ p O 2 ≈ 10 - 5.3 bar) . In situ measurements through QMS indicated that the volatilized species are mainly elemental sulfur, S2(g), and gaseous sulfur oxides. Sb- and As-bearing volatilized species could not be detected, owing to their low concentrations in the gas phase. Characterization studies through XRD and SEM-EDS confirmed that the condensates collected at room temperature during the roasting experiments comprised of (1) cyclo-octa sulfur, S8(s) and polysulfur oxides, Sn−xOx(s); (2) amorphous trisulfides of Sb and As; (3) and cubic crystalline trioxides of Sb and As. The solid phases in the condensate were found to be fine-sized (sub-micronic) and widely intermixed. Consequently, quantification of the solid phases in the condensates through direct measurement techniques like QEMSCAN was not possible. A novel approach of partial quantification of solid phases in the condensate through a stochastic model-based calculation approach is also presented. The model results suggested the occurrence of vapor-phase complexation of sulfides of Sb and As in the gas phase. Additional attributes of the volatilized species could be determined through a thermodynamic equilibrium calculation showing that the formation of the complex oxides, As4−nSbnO6(g), would be negligible compared to that of the complex sulfides, As4−nSbnS6(g).
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Oleksandr Volodymyrovych Burachok, Dmytro Volodymyrovych Pershyn, Serhii Vasylovych Matkivskyi, Yefim Semenovych Bikman, Oleksandr Romanovych Kondrat, and Viacheslav Yuriiovych Filatov. "GAS-CONDENSATE FLUID PVT MODEL QUALITY CHECK BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF A SINGLE-CELL SIMULATION MODEL." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Chemistry, Chemical Technology and Ecology, no. 2 (4) (July 28, 2022): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-0821.2020.02.07.
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The problems of gas-condensate PVT-models (Pressure Volume Temperature, PVT) creation under limited input information were analyzed. Traditional fluid phase behavior characterization approach relies on creation of the equation of state (EOS) based on initial composition of reservoir fluid and its future regression for critical parameters (pressure and temperature), binary interaction coefficients, acentric factors of residual “plus” fraction or pseudo-components. The adjustment is done until the moment when EOS is reproducing the results of laboratory experiments. Classic PVT experiments performed on gas-condensates and volatile oils are constant composition expansion (CCE), constant volume depletion (CVD) and separator tests. However, in the case of most Ukrainian fields, discovered and explored in the last century, not only the reliable detailed initial fluid composition is not available, but phase behavior was studied with non-equilibrium method of so-called differential condensation, that does not allow their direct application for PVT models creation. Previously, the authors [1, 2] presented an alternative method for fluid characterization based on the fractional distillation test. At the same time, due to significant uncertainty in input data, particularly a) condensate production allocation; b) commingled production from multiple reservoirs with different C5+ yield; c) non-recorded change of separator conditions that affects liquid extraction and its density; d) technological production losses, issues of reproducing the condensate production during history matching of several models of Dniper-Donetsk Basin were faced. There was proposed and explained in detail an example of single-cell reservoir simulation model application concept for quality check of created PVT model for one of the fields with potential yield of 86 g/m3. The idea of the concept is based on the reproduction of material balance of gas-condensate reservoir through one conditional well controlled on a primary (gas) phase, that allows quick identification of changes into calculated gas-condensate yield curve, necessary for matching of condensate production. Implementation of these changes allows quick and precise full-field model calibration.
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Pereira, Lucas Carvalho, and Valter Aragão do Nascimento. "Stability of Spin-Wave Solitons in Bose-Einstein Condensates of Magnons: A Possible Application in Ferromagnetic Films." Materials 15, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 2551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072551.
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In this paper, we theoretically investigate the stability of spin-wave solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates of repulsive magnons, confined by an inhomogeneous external magnetic field described by a Gaussian well. For this purpose, we use the quasi-one-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation to describe the behavior of the condensate. In order to solve the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, we used two different approaches: one analytical (variational method) and another numerical (split-step Crank-Nicolson method). The stability of the solutions and the validation of the numerical results were confirmed, respectively, through the anti-VK criterion and the virial theorem. Furthermore, the simulations described the behavior of physical quantities of interest such as chemical potential, energy per magnon and central density as a function of the nonlinearity of the model (magnon-magnon interactions). The theoretical results provide subsidies for a better understanding of the nonlinear phenomena related to the Bose-Einstein condensates of magnons in ferromagnetic films.
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van der Wijst, Cornelis, Nirmal Ghimire, Wenche Hennie Bergland, Kai Toven, Rune Bakke, and Øyvind Eriksen. "Improving carbon product yields in biocarbon production by combining pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion." BioResources 16, no. 2 (April 16, 2021): 3964–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.3964-3977.
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Solid carbon is an important raw material in industrial processes. Most of the charcoal produced today is via conventional carbonization, which suffers from huge carbon losses due to system inefficiency. Intermediate pyrolysis is principally similar to conventional carbonization and produces biocarbon while capturing the off gasses; among these off gasses is aqueous condensate, which is difficult to utilize due to the high water content and low energy content. This fraction can contain up to 25% of the carbon from feedstock, so utilization of this fraction is important for good overall carbon balance. Anaerobic digestion can be a promising tool for utilizing the carbon in the aqueous condensate by converting it into biomethane. Here, birch and spruce wood were pyrolyzed and the biomethane potential for the aqueous condensates was tested. The mass and carbon balances of the pyrolysis products of birch and spruce at two pyrolysis temperatures were performed, and biocarbon carbon yields ranging from 42% to 54% were obtained. Anaerobic digestion of the aqueous phases collected from the pyrolysis process was performed, with carbon recovery yields between 44% and 59%. A total carbon recovery of 77.8% to 85.7% was obtained, and the primary carbon losses were identified.
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Mukubwa, Abel. "Electron Number Density and Coherence Length of Boson-Fermion Pair in HTSC." Advances in High Energy Physics 2022 (March 29, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8198401.
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A Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) of a nonzero momentum Cooper pair constitutes a composite boson or simply a boson. Previously, it has been shown that the quantum coherence of the two-component BEC (boson and fermion condensates) is controlled by plasmons where < 1 % of plasmon energy mediates the charge pairing but most of the plasmon energy is used to overcome the modes that compete against superconductivity such as phonons, charge density waves, antiferromagnetism, and damping effects. The dependence of plasmon frequency on the material of a superconductor reveals that modes within a specific range of frequency enhance superconductivity and therefore affect the critical temperature of a particular superconducting material. Against this background, we study the effect on doping on boson-fermion pairing energy and hence the critical temperature. While most hole doping agents are atoms lighter than copper, many of the electron doping agents are materials heavier than copper. This property defines the doping effect on the plasma frequency. Heavier dopants lower the critical temperature while lighter dopants increase the critical temperature of a superconductor. The number density of electrons is also found to be proportional to the square of critical temperature T c while the size of a boson-fermion pair condensate (BFPC) is proportional to T c − 2 / 3 . The size of a BFPC particle is less than boson-fermion (BF) coherence length by almost an order.
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Gobrecht, David, John M. C. Plane, Stefan T. Bromley, Leen Decin, and Sergio Cristallo. "From molecules to dust grains: The role of alumina cluster seeds." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 15, S350 (April 2019): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319009384.
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AbstractAsymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars contribute a major part to the global dust budget in galaxies. Owing to their refractory nature alumina (stoichiometric formula AlO) is a promising candidate to be the first condensate emerging in the atmospheres of oxygen-rich AGB stars. Strong evidence for that is supplied by the presence of alumina in pristine meteorites and a broad spectral feature observed around ∼ 13 μm. The emergence of a specific condensate depends on the thermal stability of the solid, the gas density and its composition. The evaluation of the condensates is based on macroscopic bulk properties. The growth and size distribution of dust grains is commonly described by Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT). We question the applicability of CNT in an expanding circumstellar envelope as CNT presumes thermodynamic equilibrium and requires, in practise, seed nuclei on which material can condense. However, nano-sized molecular clusters differ significantly from bulk analogues. Quantum effects of the clusters lead to non-crystalline structures, whose characteristics (energy, geometry) differ substantially, compared to the bulk material. Hence, a kinetic quantum-chemical treatment involving various transition states describes dust nucleation most accurately. However, such a treatment is prohibitive for systems with more than 10 atoms. We discuss the viability of chemical-kinetic routes towards the formation of the monomer (Al2O3) and the dimer (Al4O6) of alumina.
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Das, Debapriya, and Ashok A. Deniz. "Topological Considerations in Biomolecular Condensation." Biomolecules 13, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13010151.
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Biomolecular condensation and phase separation are increasingly understood to play crucial roles in cellular compartmentalization and spatiotemporal regulation of cell machinery implicated in function and pathology. A key aspect of current research is to gain insight into the underlying physical mechanisms of these processes. Accordingly, concepts of soft matter and polymer physics, the thermodynamics of mixing, and material science have been utilized for understanding condensation mechanisms of multivalent macromolecules resulting in viscoelastic mesoscopic supramolecular assemblies. Here, we focus on two topological concepts that have recently been providing key mechanistic understanding in the field. First, we will discuss how percolation provides a network-topology-related framework that offers an interesting paradigm to understand the complex networking of dense ‘connected’ condensate structures and, therefore, their phase behavior. Second, we will discuss the idea of entanglement as another topological concept that has deep roots in polymer physics and important implications for biomolecular condensates. We will first review some historical developments and fundamentals of these concepts, then we will discuss current advancements and recent examples. Our discussion ends with a few open questions and the challenges to address them, hinting at unveiling fresh possibilities for the modification of existing knowledge as well as the development of new concepts relevant to condensate science.
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Turnbull, Alan, and Shengqi Zhou. "Impact of solution conductivity and crack size on the mechanism of environmentally assisted crack growth in steam turbines." Corrosion Reviews 35, no. 4-5 (October 26, 2017): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2017-0062.
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AbstractAn overview is presented of recent experimental measurements of environmentally assisted crack growth rates for steam turbine blades in simulated condensate solutions. The most notable observation is the complex dependence of stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue crack growth rates on crack size and solution conductivity in the low conductivity solutions associated with turbine condensates. Recent modelling of crack electrochemistry for this system has enabled rationalisation of most of these observations. An intriguing implication of the merging of experimental data and modelling is that the mechanism of cracking could also be dependent on crack size and solution conductivity.
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Zhang, Hongqiang, Guanlei Zhao, Shuwang Wu, Yousif Alsaid, Wenzheng Zhao, Xiao Yan, Lei Liu, et al. "Solar anti-icing surface with enhanced condensate self-removing at extreme environmental conditions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 18 (April 26, 2021): e2100978118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100978118.
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The inhibition of condensation freezing under extreme conditions (i.e., ultra-low temperature and high humidity) remains a daunting challenge in the field of anti-icing. As water vapor easily condensates or desublimates and melted water refreezes instantly, these cause significant performance decrease of most anti-icing surfaces at such extreme conditions. Herein, inspired by wheat leaves, an effective condensate self-removing solar anti-icing/frosting surface (CR-SAS) is fabricated using ultrafast pulsed laser deposition technology, which exhibits synergistic effects of enhanced condensate self-removal and efficient solar anti-icing. The superblack CR-SAS displays superior anti-reflection and photothermal conversion performance, benefiting from the light trapping effect in the micro/nano hierarchical structures and the thermoplasmonic effect of the iron oxide nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the CR-SAS displays superhydrophobicity to condensed water, which can be instantly shed off from the surface before freezing through self-propelled droplet jumping, thus leading to a continuously refreshed dry area available for sunlight absorption and photothermal conversion. Under one-sun illumination, the CR-SAS can be maintained ice free even under an ambient environment of −50 °C ultra-low temperature and extremely high humidity (ice supersaturation degree of ∼260). The excellent environmental versatility, mechanical durability, and material adaptability make CR-SAS a promising anti-icing candidate for broad practical applications even in harsh environments.
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van Kan, Adrian, Takahiro Nemoto, and Alexandros Alexakis. "Rare transitions to thin-layer turbulent condensates." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 878 (September 10, 2019): 356–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.572.
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Turbulent flows in a thin layer can develop an inverse energy cascade leading to spectral condensation of energy when the layer height is smaller than a certain threshold. These spectral condensates take the form of large-scale vortices in physical space. Recently, evidence for bistability was found in this system close to the critical height: depending on the initial conditions, the flow is either in a condensate state with most of the energy in the two-dimensional (2-D) large-scale modes, or in a three-dimensional (3-D) flow state with most of the energy in the small-scale modes. This bistable regime is characterised by the statistical properties of random and rare transitions between these two locally stable states. Here, we examine these statistical properties in thin-layer turbulent flows, where the energy is injected by either stochastic or deterministic forcing. To this end, by using a large number of direct numerical simulations (DNS), we measure the decay time $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{d}$ of the 2-D condensate to 3-D flow state and the build-up time $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{b}$ of the 2-D condensate. We show that both of these times $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{d},\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{b}$ follow an exponential distribution with mean values increasing faster than exponentially as the layer height approaches the threshold. We further show that the dynamics of large-scale kinetic energy may be modelled by a stochastic Langevin equation. From time-series analysis of DNS data, we determine the effective potential that shows two minima corresponding to the 2-D and 3-D states when the layer height is close to the threshold.
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Hee, Johann, Kai Schlögel, Simone Lechthaler, Jacqueline Plaster, Kristina Bitter, Lars Mathias Blank, and Peter Quicker. "Comparative Analysis of the Behaviour of Marine Litter in Thermochemical Waste Treatment Processes." Processes 9, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010013.
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Plastic in the ocean, especially plastic on the ocean surface is not only researched intensively but also photos and reports rise awareness of the challenge in the general public. While research is concerned with the fate of marine litter in the environment, recycling of these materials after collection is rarely addressed, mainly because there is neither considerable data on composition nor a suggested process to do so. This study is the first to analyse and evaluate chemical recycling (pyrolysis, gasification) and energy recovery (incineration) of marine litter. Two heterogenous marine litter samples from Sylt and Norderney, North Sea, Germany, were analysed, consisting of six different material groups. Agricultural mulch foil was used as reference material. The thermochemical treatment processes were reproduced by thermogravimetric analysis. Furthermore, pyrolysis trials on a semi-technical scale were conducted and the residues were analysed by proximate, ultimate and X-ray fluorescence analysis. The results indicate that heterogeneous and weathered material mixtures can be treated by thermochemical processes. Finally, the pyrolysis condensates are discussed as substrate for biotechnological upcycling. In summary, we present a comprehensive approach from the material characterisation of marine litter to the analysis of three different thermochemical treatment processes and the possibility to use the generated pyrolysis condensate for subsequent upcycling. The data collected form the basis for the evaluation and application of possible treatment options for the collected marine litter.
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Zhou, Huan-Xiang. "Determination of Condensate Material Properties from Droplet Deformation." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 124, no. 38 (August 28, 2020): 8372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06230.
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Schuller, Jon A., Samuel A. Hevia, and Iván K. Schuller. "Las nuevas fronteras de la física de la materia condensada." Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 37, no. 145 (May 21, 2014): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.18257/raccefyn.28.
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Boeynaems, Steven, Alex S. Holehouse, Venera Weinhardt, Denes Kovacs, Joris Van Lindt, Carolyn Larabell, Ludo Van Den Bosch, et al. "Spontaneous driving forces give rise to protein−RNA condensates with coexisting phases and complex material properties." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 16 (March 29, 2019): 7889–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821038116.
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Phase separation of multivalent protein and RNA molecules underlies the biogenesis of biomolecular condensates such as membraneless organelles. In vivo, these condensates encompass hundreds of distinct types of molecules that typically organize into multilayered structures supporting the differential partitioning of molecules into distinct regions with distinct material properties. The interplay between driven (active) versus spontaneous (passive) processes that are required for enabling the formation of condensates with coexisting layers of distinct material properties remains unclear. Here, we deploy systematic experiments and simulations based on coarse-grained models to show that the collective interactions among the simplest, biologically relevant proteins and archetypal RNA molecules are sufficient for driving the spontaneous emergence of multilayered condensates with distinct material properties. These studies yield a set of rules regarding homotypic and heterotypic interactions that are likely to be relevant for understanding the interplay between active and passive processes that control the formation of functional biomolecular condensates.
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Grond, Julian, Jörg Schmiedmayer, and Ulrich Hohenester. "Shaking the condensates: Optimal number squeezing in the dynamic splitting of a Bose–Einstein condensate." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 42, no. 3 (January 2010): 432–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2009.06.079.
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Kaur, Taranpreet, Ibraheem Alshareedah, Wei Wang, Jason Ngo, Mahdi Moosa, and Priya Banerjee. "Molecular Crowding Tunes Material States of Ribonucleoprotein Condensates." Biomolecules 9, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9020071.
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Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules are membraneless liquid condensates that dynamically form, dissolve, and mature into a gel-like state in response to a changing cellular environment. RNP condensation is largely governed by promiscuous attractive inter-chain interactions mediated by low-complexity domains (LCDs). Using an archetypal disordered RNP, fused in sarcoma (FUS), here we study how molecular crowding impacts the RNP liquid condensation. We observe that the liquid–liquid coexistence boundary of FUS is lowered by polymer crowders, consistent with an excluded volume model. With increasing bulk crowder concentration, the RNP partition increases and the diffusion rate decreases in the condensed phase. Furthermore, we show that RNP condensates undergo substantial hardening wherein protein-dense droplets transition from viscous fluid to viscoelastic gel-like states in a crowder concentration-dependent manner. Utilizing two distinct LCDs that broadly represent commonly occurring sequence motifs driving RNP phase transitions, we reveal that the impact of crowding is largely independent of LCD charge and sequence patterns. These results are consistent with a thermodynamic model of crowder-mediated depletion interaction, which suggests that inter-RNP attraction is enhanced by molecular crowding. The depletion force is likely to play a key role in tuning the physical properties of RNP condensates within the crowded cellular space.
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Jawerth, Louise, Elisabeth Fischer-Friedrich, Suropriya Saha, Jie Wang, Titus Franzmann, Xiaojie Zhang, Jenny Sachweh, et al. "Protein condensates as aging Maxwell fluids." Science 370, no. 6522 (December 10, 2020): 1317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw4951.
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Protein condensates are complex fluids that can change their material properties with time. However, an appropriate rheological description of these fluids remains missing. We characterize the time-dependent material properties of in vitro protein condensates using laser tweezer–based active and microbead-based passive rheology. For different proteins, the condensates behave at all ages as viscoelastic Maxwell fluids. Their viscosity strongly increases with age while their elastic modulus varies weakly. No significant differences in structure were seen by electron microscopy at early and late ages. We conclude that protein condensates can be soft glassy materials that we call Maxwell glasses with age-dependent material properties. We discuss possible advantages of glassy behavior for modulation of cellular biochemistry.
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Toraliev, Zhantore, Gulzhan Orazova, Olga Panchenko, and Danagul Kalimanova. "KARACHACHANAK DEPOSIT GAS CONDENSATE – PERSPECTIVE RAW MATERIAL FOR PETROCHEMISTRY." REPORTS 2, no. 324 (April 15, 2019): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2019.2518-1483.58.
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Jones, Mike. "Quick estimation of product yields from downhole gas sample." APPEA Journal 52, no. 2 (2012): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11054.
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The estimation of product yields from gas and gas condensate reservoirs is often the subject of multi-million-dollar studies, requiring gas and condensate samples from production tests, lab analysis of the samples, and complex process engineering models. An accurate estimation of sales product yields can, however, be determined simply from the composition of a reservoir sample and a basic material balance calculation. Sales gas, LNG, and condensate have fairly consistent specifications across the world, based on various properties such as heating value, vapour pressure, etc. This consistency allows the determination of product yields from simple material balance calculations and properties of the individual components found in the reservoir gas. In this case, material balance simply means the allocation of each component to a particular product stream. The lighter components, C1 through C4 (methane through butane), comprise the LNG and/or sales gas product, and all C5+ (pentane and heavier) components make up the condensate product. The yields can then calculated for each unit of reservoir gas, for example MJ/scm, BTU/scf, bbl/MMscf, etc. Inerts such as CO2 and N2 have no heating value and are not included in the yield calculation. Likewise, contaminants such as H2S must be removed from the product stream and are not included in the yield. In actual practice, a perfect separation of the individual components is not achieved—that is,the condensate product will contain small amounts of C3 and C4, but experience has shown that the simple method described above gives an accurate estimattion of product yields from a simple gas analysis.
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Farid, A. M. M., Ahmed H. El-Banbi, and A. A. A. Abdelwaly. "An Integrated Model for History Matching and Predicting Reservoir Performance of Gas/Condensate Wells." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 16, no. 04 (September 15, 2013): 412–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/151869-pa.
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Summary The depletion performance of gas/condensate reservoirs is highly influenced by changes in fluid composition below the dewpoint. The long-term prediction of condensate/gas reservoir behavior is therefore difficult because of the complexity of both composition variation and two-phase-flow effects. In this paper, an integrated model was developed to simulate gas-condensate reservoir/well behavior. The model couples the compositional material balance or the generalized material-balance equations for reservoir behavior, the two-phase pseudo integral pressure for near-wellbore behavior, and outflow correlations for wellbore behavior. An optimization algorithm was also used with the integrated model so it can be used in history-matching mode to estimate original gas in place (OGIP), original oil in place (OOIP), and productivity-index (PI) parameters for gas/condensate wells. The model also can be used to predict the production performance for variable tubinghead pressure (THP) and variable production rate. The model runs fast and requires minimal input. The developed model was validated by use of different simulation cases generated with a commercial compositional reservoir simulator for a variety of reservoir and well conditions. The results show a good agreement between the simulation cases and the integrated model. After validating the integrated model against the simulated cases, the model was used to analyze production data for a rich-gas/condensate field (initial condensate/gas ratio of 180 bbl/ MMscf). THP data for four wells were used along with basic reservoir and production data to obtain original fluids in place and PIs of the wells. The estimated parameters were then used to forecast the gas and condensate production above and below the dewpoint. The model is also capable of predicting reservoir pressure, bottomhole flowing pressure, and THP and can account for completion changes when they occur.
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Honda, H., S. Nozu, and Y. Takeda. "A Theoretical Model of Film Condensation in a Bundle of Horizontal Low Finned Tubes." Journal of Heat Transfer 111, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250709.
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The previous theoretical model of film condensation on a single horizontal low finned tube is extended to include the effect of condensate inundation. Based on the flow characteristics of condensate on a vertical column of horizontal low finned tubes, two major flow modes, the column mode and the sheet mode, are considered. In the column mode, the surface of the lower tubes is divided into the portion under the condensate column where the condensate flow is affected by the impinging condensate from the upper tubes, and the portion between the condensate columns where the condensate flow is not affected by the impinging condensate. In the sheet mode, the whole tube surface is assumed to be affected by the impinging condensate. Sample calculations for practical conditions show that the effects of the fin spacing and the number of vertical tube rows on the heat transfer performance is significant for R-12, while the effects are small for steam. The predicted value of the heat transfer coefficient for each tube row compares well with available experimental data, including four fluids and five tube bundles.
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Zong, Alfred, Xiaozhe Shen, Anshul Kogar, Linda Ye, Carolyn Marks, Debanjan Chowdhury, Timm Rohwer, et al. "Ultrafast manipulation of mirror domain walls in a charge density wave." Science Advances 4, no. 10 (October 2018): eaau5501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau5501.
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Domain walls (DWs) are singularities in an ordered medium that often host exotic phenomena such as charge ordering, insulator-metal transition, or superconductivity. The ability to locally write and erase DWs is highly desirable, as it allows one to design material functionality by patterning DWs in specific configurations. We demonstrate such capability at room temperature in a charge density wave (CDW), a macroscopic condensate of electrons and phonons, in ultrathin 1T-TaS2. A single femtosecond light pulse is shown to locally inject or remove mirror DWs in the CDW condensate, with probabilities tunable by pulse energy and temperature. Using time-resolved electron diffraction, we are able to simultaneously track anti-synchronized CDW amplitude oscillations from both the lattice and the condensate, where photoinjected DWs lead to a red-shifted frequency. Our demonstration of reversible DW manipulation may pave new ways for engineering correlated material systems with light.
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Turshatov, М. V., V. А. Krivchenko, А. О. Solovyev, and V. D. Nikitenko. "Closed-Loop Bioconversion of Plant Material into Ethanol and Feed." Biotekhnologiya 37, no. 4 (2021): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21519/0234-2758-2021-37-4-106-111.
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At present, the production of ethyl alcohol in accordance with the current legislation is possible only on condition of complete processing or disposal of waste from the main process. The article discusses the possibility of partial replacement of industrial water at the stage of the mixture preparation with stillage filtrate and its condensate resulting from the evaporation in a vacuum unit. The data obtained showed that partial replacement of process water with the indicated substances does not lead to a decrease in the quality of the target product, while complete fermentation of raw materials occurs with the formation of alcohol in an amount exceeding the established rate. The closed production cycle reduces the negative impact of distilleries on the environment by reducing harmful emissions and ensuring the more complete and efficient processing of raw materials. In addition, this approach makes it possible to reduce the costs of production and the final product. Key words: complex processing of raw materials, waste, closed-loop process, grain stillage, feedstuffs, sour condensate, alcohol production Funding - Research work on the preparation of the manuscript was carried out at the expense of subsidy for the implementation of state assignment no. 0529-2019-0066.
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Vaali, Kirsi, Marja Tuomela, Marika Mannerström, Tuula Heinonen, and Tamara Tuuminen. "Toxic Indoor Air Is a Potential Risk of Causing Immuno Suppression and Morbidity—A Pilot Study." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8020104.
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We aimed to establish an etiology-based connection between the symptoms experienced by the occupants of a workplace and the presence in the building of toxic dampness microbiota. The occupants (5/6) underwent a medical examination and urine samples (2/6) were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for mycotoxins at two time-points. The magnitude of inhaled water was estimated. Building-derived bacteria and fungi were identified and assessed for toxicity. Separate cytotoxicity tests using human THP-1 macrophages were performed from the office’s indoor air water condensates. Office-derived indoor water samples (n = 4/4) were toxic to human THP-1 macrophages. Penicillium, Acremonium sensu lato, Aspergillus ochraceus group and Aspergillus section Aspergillus grew from the building material samples. These colonies were toxic in boar sperm tests (n = 11/32); four were toxic to BHK-21 cells. Mycophenolic acid, which is a potential immunosuppressant, was detected in the initial and follow-up urine samples of (2/2) office workers who did not take immunosuppressive drugs. Their urinary mycotoxin profiles differed from household and unrelated controls. Our study suggests that the presence of mycotoxins in indoor air is linked to the morbidity of the occupants. The cytotoxicity test of the indoor air condensate is a promising tool for risk assessment in moisture-damaged buildings.
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Palucka, Tim. "Model of Interactions Between Coupled Atomic Bose Condensate and Molecular Gas Predicts Formation of Molecular Bose Condensates." MRS Bulletin 25, no. 5 (May 2000): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2000.60.
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Matkivskyi, S. V., O. V. Burachok, and L. I. Matiishyn. "Evaluation of the gas recycling duration on the hydrocarbon recovery from gas condensate fields." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 117, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1776.
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Optimization of formation pressure maintenance technologies in the development of gas condensate fields with a high initial content of condensate in the reservoir gas using numerical modelling. A study on the efficiency of dry gas injection for pressure maintenance in gas condensate fields was performed with the help of numerical 3D models. Key technological indicators of the reservoir development were calculated for the dry gas injection period of 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months. The results are presented as plots for the parameters in a study. Based on the results of the studies, it was found that the introduction of dry gas injection technology ensures that reservoir pressure is maintained at the highest level compared to the development of gas condensate reservoirs on primary depletion. Due to this, further condensate drop-out in the reservoir is slowed down, and the production of partly already condensed hydrocarbons is ensured by their evaporation into the dry gas injected from the surface. The simulation results indicate that increase in the injection duration period leads to an increase of the cumulative condensate production and hence the final hydrocarbon recovery factor. The heterogeneity of oil and gas deposits, both in terms of area and thickness, significantly affects the efficiency of the developed hydrocarbon enhancement technologies. In order to minimize the negative impact of heterogeneity, it is necessary to conduct additional studies on the conditions of specific reservoirs or fields. The reservoir pressure maintenance technology implementation according to various technological schemes, as well as using various types of injection agents, will significantly intensify the development of depleted gas condensate fields with a high condensate yield. Statistical analysis of the simulation results identified the optimum value of the dry gas injection period into the gas condensate reservoir, which is 34.3 months for the conditions of a given reservoir in the study.
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Henning, Thomas, Cornelia Jäger, Gaël Rouillé, Daniele Fulvio, and Serge A. Krasnokutski. "Dust formation at cryogenic temperatures." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 13, S332 (March 2017): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392131700686x.
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AbstractThe efficiency of dust formation in a variety of environments is an ongoing topic for discussions, especially if it comes to dust formation in the interstellar medium. Although this possibility is discussed in a wide range of numerical studies, experiments on the formation of dust at low densities and temperatures are mostly lacking. This contribution summarizes the main findings of our low-temperature condensation experiments including the formation of silica, complex silicates with pyroxene and olivine stoichiometry, and of carbonaceous refractory materials. Atomic and molecular species to be expected as products of supernovae shock fronts were produced by laser ablation of silicates and graphite. These species were deposited together with a rare gas on cold substrates representing the surfaces of surviving dust grains in the interstellar medium. After characterizing the precursor species, the rare gas matrix was annealed to induce diffusion and reactions between the initial components. We found the production of amorphous and homogeneous silica and magnesium iron silicates at temperatures of about 12 K in a barrierless reaction as monitored by infrared spectroscopy. The 10 μm band of the low-temperature siliceous condensates shows a striking similarity to the 10 μm band of interstellar silicates. Carbonaceous atoms and molecules can also react without a barrier and form an amorphous or hydrogenated amorphous carbon material. The refractory condensate has properties comparable to fullerene-like carbon grains formed at high temperatures.
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Doroshenko, Volodymyr, Oleksandr Titlov, and Ivan Kuper. "Development of technology of gas condensate extraction from the formation in the conditions of retrograde condensation." Technology audit and production reserves 1, no. 3(57) (February 27, 2021): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.225212.
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The object of research is gas condensate fields at a late stage of their development under conditions of a decrease in reservoir pressure below the pressure of condensate separation from a gaseous state. Reservoir losses of condensate during the development of deposits in depletion mode can reach 78 %, which entails the need to use various methods of stimulating the reservoir system to remove it. The most acceptable method is the use of a cycling process by re-injection (recirculation) of the produced and separated gas into the formation. A significant disadvantage of the cycling process is the long-term conservation of gas reserves as a result of its re-injection into the reservoir and significant capital and operating costs for dry gas injection. From a technological point of view, the use of the cycling process is constrained by the low value of the sweep efficiency. Dry gas that is injected has a lower viscosity in terms of the gas-condensate mixture is withdrawn from the reservoir, and under the conditions of the heterogeneous structure of the reservoir, its rapid breakthrough from injection to production wells takes place and, as a result, a decrease in the efficiency of condensate recovery. As an alternative to the cycling process for extracting retrograde condensate from the reservoir, it has been proposed to squeeze it out with water. The paper proposes a unified waterflooding system, actually displacing condensate with water or a gas-water mixture. This is achieved by controlled operation of injection and production wells. First, gas is taken from the wells, and with the appearance of water in the product, methods of intensifying the transfer to the surface are used. If necessary, the wells are switched to forced production mode. The results of laboratory studies carried out on real samples of core material from the Andriyashivske gas condensate field (Ukraine) are presented. The directions of the implementation of gas-water repression in gas condensate fields with the parallel use of restrained reservoir gas available in the reservoir are substantiated. The technology allows to extract up to 50 % of the condensate dropped out in the reservoir.
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Jarni, Husna Hayati, Wan Nurmi Syazwina Wan Azmi, Mohd Rizuan Mohd Razlan, Adli Md Noor, and Najmiddin Yaakob. "Effect of the Water Condensation Rate with the Presence of Gas Condensate in the Wet Gas Pipeline." Key Engineering Materials 939 (January 25, 2023): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-609529.
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Pipelines are a common medium to transfer hydrocarbons, but their integrity is compromised by corrosion issues specifically in top of line corrosion (TLC) due to several influence factors such as water condensation. Water condensation occurs due to a significant variance in temperature outside the pipeline and inside the pipeline as water condenses in the inner pipeline. Hence, this paper aims to study the water condensation rate (WCR) behaviour in the presence of gas condensate in wet gas pipelines. The objectives of the research are to determine the components of the gas condensate by characterizing the gas condensate using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) equipment and later to determine the effect of gas condensate on water condensation rate by conducting 2 different experiments. The condition of TLC was imitated by using a customized TLC testing unit, whereby 2 sets of API 5L X65 carbon steel coupons were used. Meanwhile, the delta temperature of the gas and steel obtained by regulating the temperature setting of the chiller and hot plate respectively enabled the water condensation process to be simulated. Throughout the 7-days of experiments, the gas and steel temperature were daily monitored and the water that only condensed on the surface of the coupons was collected and measured. Subsequently, the WCR was determined. The first objective was achieved as the result from GC-MS showed that there were 67 compounds in the condensate, and 5 functional groups were detected using FTIR, which confirmed that the gas condensate used in this experiment was similar to the gas condensate obtained from the pipelines. The second objective proved that condensate affected the water condensation rate, in which the WCR was reduced by about 73% with the presence of condensate. This WCR reduction is postulated because of the two different liquids (water and hydrocarbon) competing for the same surface area (top metal coupon) to condense.
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Cook, Richard A. "Interpretation of the Geochemistry of Oils of Taranaki and West Coast Region, Western New Zealand." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 6, no. 3 (June 1988): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878800600303.
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The predominant hydrocarbons produced in the Taranaki Basin are gas condensates, although oil has been discovered at several widespread locations and therefore remains a priority exploration objective. Study of the oil geochemistry by means of bulk chemical characteristics, isotope and biomarker content improves our understanding of their source rocks and maturation histories. Results show that the oils and condensates throughout the region are similar in their bulk chemical character, source environment and levels of maturation suggesting a common source for all the hydrocarbons. The source environments as indicated by biomarkers were terrestrial fresh water swamps with low bacterial anoxic conditions. The primary plant material deposited was vascular plant debris, and onshore in northern Taranaki and in the Murchison Basin, angiosperm debris was an important additional component. These angiosperm indicators are absent from the West Coast and southeastern Taranaki oils and condenstates. The overall environment of the oil sources rocks is similar to that which formed the high volatile coals of the West Coast. These coals, on source rock analyses, also reveal a perhydrous character equivalent to the high hydrogen index normally associated with marine oil source rocks. Maturation levels of the oils, equivalent to a vitrinite reflectance level of Ro 1.0% are indicated by biomarkers. The highest maturation levels reached by drilling so far are 0.9%. suggesting that oil source rocks in Taranaki Basin are at or below the maximum drilled depth of 5.5 km. After generation, the oils of the West Coast were slightly biodegraded as suggested by their low paraffin wax content. However, valid biomarker interpretations for source and maturation conditions are still possible. The widespread occurrences of oil and the consistent nature of the detailed chemistry of the oils suggest that in addition to gas condensate there is a reasonable prospectivity for oil especially in and adjacent to the Central Graben are of the Taranaki Basin and in parts of the West Coast.
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Chen Ying, 陈影, 周昱 Zhou Yu, and 马晓栋 Ma Xiaodong. "玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚均匀系统中集体激发的朗道阻尼." Acta Optica Sinica 42, no. 16 (2022): 1627001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos202242.1627001.
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Karatun, O. N., A. Yu Morozov, T. N. Fedulaeva, E. O. Yakusheva, T. I. Sasina, O. V. Tanayants, and V. V. Shardiko. "Recruitment Neutralizers of Hydrogen Sulfide to Produce a Fuel Oil of Astrakhan Gas Processing Plant." Oil and Gas Technologies 133, no. 2 (2021): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/1815-2600-2021-133-2-12-15.
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The content of hydrogen sulfide in the gas condensate of the Astrakhan gas condensate field, which is the raw material of the Astrakhan gas processing plant (Astrakhan GPP), is about 26% by volume. The high content of sulfur compounds in the reservoir mixture leads to an increased content in the fraction of >350°C, which is obtained during the primary fractionation of stable condensate. The selection of an effective reagent for the absorption of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans from fuel oil is a very urgent task that is important for the company’s economy. The results of laboratory tests of reagents-neutralizers are the first stage of admission to industrial use at the Astrakhan GPP. This article is devoted to the search for analogs of reagents-neutralizers for reducing hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans in the fuel oil of the Astrakhan GPP.
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Heidari Sureshjani, M., S. Gerami, and M. A. Emadi. "A Simple Approach to Dynamic Material Balance in Gas-Condensate Reservoirs." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 69, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2012022.
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Orozco, Daniel, and Roberto Aguilera. "A Material-Balance Equation for Stress-Sensitive Shale-Gas-Condensate Reservoirs." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 20, no. 01 (February 1, 2017): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/177260-pa.
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Forman-Kay, Julie D., Jonathon A. Ditlev, Michael L. Nosella, and Hyun O. Lee. "What are the distinguishing features and size requirements of biomolecular condensates and their implications for RNA-containing condensates?" RNA 28, no. 1 (November 12, 2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.079026.121.
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Exciting recent work has highlighted that numerous cellular compartments lack encapsulating lipid bilayers (often called “membraneless organelles”), and that their structure and function are central to the regulation of key biological processes, including transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and more. These structures have been described as “biomolecular condensates” to underscore that biomolecules can be significantly concentrated in them. Many condensates, including RNA granules and processing bodies, are enriched in proteins and nucleic acids. Biomolecular condensates exhibit a range of material states from liquid- to gel-like, with the physical process of liquid–liquid phase separation implicated in driving or contributing to their formation. To date, in vitro studies of phase separation have provided mechanistic insights into the formation and function of condensates. However, the link between the often micron-sized in vitro condensates with nanometer-sized cellular correlates has not been well established. Consequently, questions have arisen as to whether cellular structures below the optical resolution limit can be considered biomolecular condensates. Similarly, the distinction between condensates and discrete dynamic hub complexes is debated. Here we discuss the key features that define biomolecular condensates to help understand behaviors of structures containing and generating RNA.
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Caturwati, Ni Ketut, Imron Rosyadi, Yusvardi Yusuf, and Ehsan Tri Saputra. "Lauric Acid as an Energy Storage Material to Increase Distillation Solar Productivity in Indonesia." Materials Science Forum 1057 (March 31, 2022): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-11m66k.
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The use of energy storage materials in a solar distillation system is intended to increase condensate production by making changes in the temperature of the system change slowly, not following fluctuations in the intensity of solar radiation that can change quickly and drastically. One of the effective energy storage systems is the use of Phase Change Materials (PCMs), materials that involve a phase change process in storing and releasing heat, because the latent heat involved in the phase change process has a large enough value under constant temperature conditions so that temperature stability in the system is achieved. The choice of PCM type used in solar distillation is determined by the average temperature that can be reached by the water in the basin, which is strongly influenced by local environmental conditions. This study compares the productivity of the distillate produced by the double slope solar distillation system that uses Lauric Acid as PCM and that does not use PCM. Both studies were conducted at the same time. The optimal amount of LA that must be added to the solar distillation system to get the highest increase in condensate production value is 7.54 kg of Lauric Acid for 64.8 kg of raw water..
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Volovetskyi, V. B., Ya V. Doroshenko, S. M. Stetsiuk, S. V. Matkivskyi, O. M. Shchyrba, Y. M. Femiak, and G. M. Kogut. "Development of foam-breaking measures after removing liquid contamination from wells and flowlines by using surface-active substances." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 114, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2157.
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The purpose is to consider the complications that arise during the operation of gas condensate wells, in particular, the accumulation of liquid contamination. Development of new approaches to improve the efficiency of the separation equipment performance of gas gathering and treatment systems when a multiphase flow enters. Development of a foam breaking method in a gas-liquid flow after removal of liquid contaminants from wells and flowlines using surfactants. An analysis was made of the complications that may arise when removing liquid contaminants from wells and flowlines using surfactants. Measures have been developed that will make it possible to timely prevent the ingress of foam into the separation equipment of gas gathering and treatment systems. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling, an effective foam-breaking device was developed by supplying stable hydrocarbon condensate. A method to minimize the negative impact of foam on the operation of separation equipment after fluid removal from wells and gas condensate field flowlines using a surfactant solution was elaborated. A method for its breaking was proposed to prevent the flow of foam into the gas processing unit. This method foresees the application of the technological scheme layout for supplying a stable hydrocarbon condensate to a gas-liquid flow entering the separators of the first of separation, both the main line and the measuring line. CFD modelling was used to study the process of foam breaking by feeding hydrocarbon condensate into it. The influence of the hydrocarbon condensate supplying method on gas-dynamic processes (distribution of pressure, velocity, volumetric particles of phases), and the efficiency of foam breaking was estimated. It was established that the supply of hydrocarbon condensate from one branch pipe to the pipeline through which the foam moved did not ensure its complete breaking. To increase the efficiency of foam breaking, a device with designed four nozzles for supplying hydrocarbon condensate was developed. CFD modelling made it possible to substantiate that in this case, a pressure reduction zone appeared at the place of condensate supply. Because of a sharp change in pressure, a strong improvement in the effect of foam breaking occurred. The understanding of the regularities of foam breaking processes by hydrocarbon condensate was obtained, and the design of a device for the complete foam breaking was developed. The obtained results of laboratory studies have shown that a sharp decrease in the stability of the foam occurs under the condition of an increase in the volume of stable hydrocarbon condensate added to the studied model of mineralized formation water. Based on the results of CFD modeling, a device for breaking foam by stable hydrocarbon condensate has been worked out, the effectiveness of which will be confirmed experimentally and in field conditions. The results of the performed laboratory studies and CFD modelling allow a more reasonable approach to using various available methods and measures to prevent the ingress of foam with a gas-liquid flow into the separation equipment of gas gathering and treatment systems. This approach makes it possible to develop new effective ways and measures to prevent this complication. Based on CFD modelling, it was found that when a stable hydrocarbon condensate is supplied into a gas-liquid flow, foam breaks. A method for breaking foam in a gas-liquid flow has been developed, which is original and can be introduced in practice.
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Elvin Babazade, Elvin Babazade, and Shahin Ismayilov Shahin Ismayilov. "CALCULATION OF BALANCE RESERVES OF COMPOSITION AND COMPONENTS OF GAS RESERVOIR." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 17, no. 06 (May 18, 2022): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei17062022-45.
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Foreseeing the development of the aquifer depends on certain perspectives of petroleum designing, such as controlling water molding, calculating saves, planning well completion, separators, pumps, and so on. It can be as imperative as the plan of surface offices such as Water spill estimating is vital within the depiction and administration of a hydrocarbon reservoir. This think about centered on the utilize of a generalized fabric balance condition together with an expository arrangement of the dissemination condition for a steady inner boundary weight to decide the estimate of the water-bearing layer in contact with the gas-condensate layer. It is critical to utilize when the hydrocarbon liquid could be a gas condensate. In case the conventional fabric balance condition is utilized rather than noteworthy blunders can be made, as appeared in this paper. The most reason of this report is to illustrate capacity to decide the estimate of the watery layer entering the gas condensate supply. Once this estimation is gotten, it can be utilized as an input parameter to the store test system to anticipate future aquifer development as consumption continues. When is utilized to depict dark oil supplies, certain disentanglements are ordinarily made. These incorporate overlooking the impacts of compression of the combined water and arrangement shake within the gas stage, in conjunction with the unstable fluid. The effect of these presumptions on gas-condensate layers will be investigated. Keywords: material balance equation, water coning, carbohydrate reservoir, separator, diffusion equation, gas-condensate reservoir
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Mori, Y. H. "Artificial Transformation of the Direct-Contact Condensation Pattern of Steam Bubbles in a Hydrophobic Liquid Medium." Journal of Heat Transfer 109, no. 4 (November 1, 1987): 1007–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3248170.
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When steam bubbles are released into a medium of a hydrophobic coolant, the condensate is scattered through the coolant in the form of tiny droplets. This condensation pattern is unfavorable for direct-contact condensers because it is difficult to separate the condensate and the coolant. This paper proposes a novel bubble-release device by which the condensation pattern is so transformed that the condensate remains within the confines of the bubble wall. An experimental examination with single steam bubbles released into a medium of liquid paraffin is demonstrated.
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Wang, Huan, Fleurie Kelley, Christian Hoffmann, Dragomir Milovanovic, Benjamin S. Schuster, and Zheng Shi. "Quantifying the material properties of protein condensates through micropipette aspiration." Biophysical Journal 121, no. 3 (February 2022): 308a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.1218.
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Wang, Zheng, Jizhong Lou, and Hong Zhang. "Essence determines phenomenon: Assaying the material properties of biological condensates." Journal of Biological Chemistry 298, no. 4 (April 2022): 101782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101782.
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Tsizh, B., and Z. Dziamski. "Technological Methods of Forming Thin Semiconductor Layers. Part 1." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 91 (April 23, 2019): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-f9104.
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The review and analysis of the basic technological methods of formation of thin layers of semiconductor materials is presented. The timeframe for the occurrence of thin film technologies and the main centers of their localization are specified. It is shown that nowadays structure, properties and basic methods of obtaining thin films sufficiently well studied for not only simple but also complex, multi-component inorganic semiconductor materials, new areas of application and increase of requirements to the operational characteristics of devices on their basis require improvement of existing technologies and development of new methods for their synthesis, which involves a detailed analysis of the known, and the search for new, progressive methods of preparation. Due to the fact that the main methods for obtaining thin films of inorganic semiconductor materials are vacuum condensation and chemical precipitation, the first part of the review describes the methods of their vacuum application, in particular, thermal spraying in an open vacuum. It is shown that the most common way of obtaining thin films is the thermal spraying under resistive heating of the evaporator with the source material.We analyze the special structural and technological changes and improvement of traditional methods and systems of thermal spraying, which allow to equalize the ratio of the chemical composition of thin films and the source material, improve the stoichiometry of condensates, and ensure their homogeneity.The designs of thermal evaporators with resistive heating of crucibles in an open vacuum with sublimation or evaporation of one and two substances are presented. It is shown how these types of evaporators exclude the transfer of solid particles into evaporating or sublimation into the vapor phase and eliminate direct vapor deposition on the condensation surface, which more or less protects against heterogeneous condensate inclusions.It is shown that the methods analyzed or their modifications are nowadays the necessary means for the creation of thin-film semiconductor structures with predetermined properties, while vacuum deposition, in particular, traditional and modified thermal spraying in a vacuum due to its simplicity(but at the same time its ability to effectively control a large the number of technological factors and create the necessary conditions for the growth of condensates) remains one of the most common ways of obtaining thin films, including inorganic semiconductors.