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1

Stravinskaitė, Vida. "Mastito sukėlėjų paplitimas Lietuvos galvijų populiacijoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140305_134420-88134.

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Darbo tikslas buvo nustatyti mastito sukėlėjų paplitimą Lietuvos pieninių galvijų populiacijoje. Įvertinti mastito sukėlėjų paplitimą Lietuvoje veisiamų pieninių galvijų bandose. Ištirti metų laiko įtaką mastitų sukėlėjų pasireiškimui karvių piene. Įvertinti mastitų sukėlėjų paplitimą karvių tešmens ketvirčiuose. Ištirti metų sezono ir mastito sukėlėjų įtaką somatinių ląstelių skaičiui pieno mėginiuose.
The objective of this study was to estimate mastitis pathogens prelavence in Lithuanian dairy cattle population. Evaluate the prevalence of mastitis pathogens in dairy cattle herds in Lithuania. Investigate influence of the season to mastitis pathogens manifestation in cow‘s milk. Evaluate the prevalence of mastitis pathogens in udder quarters. Investigate effect of the season and mastitis pathogens on somatic cell count in milk samples.
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2

Mirošničenko, Virginija. "Mastito sukėlėjų įtaka karvių pieno sudėčiai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140305_134432-11712.

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Mastitas yra viena iš brangiausių ir dažniausiai pasitaikančių pieno ūkių problemų, kuri aktuali visam pasauliui. Ekonominiai nuostoliai patiriami kiekvieną dieną, dėl pieno kieko sumažėjimo, pieno kokybės suprastėjimo, didelių gydymo kaštų, mastitu sergančių karvių išbrokavimo. Pirmame etape buvo tiriamos „X“ pieninių galvijų bandos karvės; antrame etape - 8 Lietuvos pieninių galvijų ūkių karvės. Buvo nustatyti visų karvių mastito sukėlėjai ir išanalizuoti jų pieno sudėties ir somatinių ląstelių skaičiaus kontrolės duomenys. Pirmame tyrimo etape įvertinus mastito sukėlėjų paplitimą tirtoje pieninių galvijų bandoje nustatyta, kad labiausiai paplitę buvo Streptococcus spp (22,22 proc.) Antrame tyrimo etape tirtose Lietuvos pieninių galvijų bandose labiausiai paplitę mastito sukėlėjai - Streptococcus spp. - 23 proc. Tirtoje karvių bandoje didžiausias somatinių ląstelių skaičius buvo pieno mėginių karvių, kurioms buvo nustatyta Streptococcus spp. (D grupė) sukėlėjas – 3430 ± 305 tūkst./ml. Mažiausias pieno riebumo vidurkis nustatytas Staphylococcus spp. su Escherichia coli 3,38 ± 0,08 proc. Mažiausias baltymingumo vidurkis Staphilococcus aureus 3,1 ± 0,01 proc. Ir mažiausias laktozės vidurkis Streptococcus spp.4,1 ± 0,2 proc. (p<0,05). Tirtose Lietuvos pieninių galvijų bandose didžiausias SLS kiekis nustatytas piene karvių, kurių mėginiuose buvo Staphylococcus spp. su Enterococcus spp - jų vidutinis somatinių ląstelių skaičius buvo 3198 ± 255 tūkst./ml. Mažiausias pieno... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Bovine mastitis is the most prevalent and costly disease, affecting dairy farms worldwide. Economic losses associated with mastitis derive mainly from a decrease in milk production and to a lesser extent, from the culling of chronically infected cows, cost of veterinary treatment, and penalties on milk quality. The researches was carried out in 2011 – 2014 at State Laboratory “Pieno Tyrimai”, at the Department of Animal Breeding of the Veterinary Academy of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and in dairy farm. At the first phase there was investigated „X“ dairy cows herd. And at the second phase there was investigated Lithuanian dairy cow’s herds. In both have been investigated cow’s mastitis pathogens and analyzed cow’s milk structure changes. The biggest part of the cows in tested cows herd was found to be infected with Streptococcus spp. (22.22 proc.) and in Lithuanian dairy cows herds - Streptococcus spp. (23 proc.). The most elevated somatic cells count was determined in tested dairy cows infected with Streptococcus spp. (D group) (3430 ± 305 thousands/ml.). The most decrease milk fats was determined to Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli (3.38 ± 0.08 proc.). The most decreased milk proteins to - S. aureus (3.1 ± 0.01 proc.). And most decreased milk lactose to - Streptococcus spp.4.1 ± 0.2 proc. (p<0.05). The most elevated somatic cells count was determined, in Lithuanian dairy cows herds, infected with Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. (3198 ± 255... [to full text]
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3

Benevides, Nelson Filipe Silva. "Compreender as mastites bovinas : relação entre a contagem de células somáticas e a incidência de mastites clínicas." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7685.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
As mastites bovinas constituem uma das doenças mais frequentes e com maior impacto económico nas explorações leiteiras. O presente trabalho procurou descrever a relação entre a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e a incidência de mastites clínicas, e foi realizado numa exploração de bovinos leiteiros da região do Ribatejo, com cerca de 400 vacas em lactação da raça Holstein Friesian. A exploração foi caracterizada para um conjunto de fatores que podem influenciar a dinâmica de infeções intramamárias: animal, ambiente e/ou maneio, nutrição, ordenha e micro-organismos. A contagem de células somáticas de leite de tanque anual do efetivo aumentou de 2007 para 2008. Com base no limiar das 200 000 células somáticas/ml de leite de vacas individuais determinou-se a percentagem de animais infetados e não infetados; com infeções crónicas, com infeções recentes, com auto-cura de infeções recentes e sem infeção; e a eficácia da terapêutica de secagem. De uma forma geral, tendo em conta estes parâmetros, constatou-se que a situação do efetivo piorou de 2007 para 2008. Em termos de mastites clínicas, as taxas de mastites e de recorrência foram mais elevadas em 2008 do que em 2007. As incidências médias de mastites clínicas por mês foram iguais em 2007 e em 2008. A incidência de mastites clínicas (IMC) por lactação, tanto em 2007 como em 2008, aumentou com o aumento do número de lactações, à exceção da transição da 3.ª para 4.ª lactação. Em 2008, a IMC por períodos de lactação de 60 dias, foi mais elevada nos primeiros 60 dias pós-parto, e, posteriormente foi diminuindo com o decorrer da lactação. Os micro-organismos mais frequentemente isolados, tanto de casos de mastite clínica como de mastite subclínica, foram Streptococcus uberis e Staphylococcus coagulase negativos. De casos de mastite clínica de grau II isolaram-se sobretudo bactérias de Gram positivo, enquanto nas de grau III foram, predominantemente, bactérias de Gram negativo. Relativamente ao estudo caso-controlo: relação entre a CCS de casos (animais diagnosticados com mastite clínica) e controlos (animais sem sinais visíveis de mastite clínica), verificou-se que a média de CCS dos casos foi mais elevada do que a dos controlos. No entanto, as diferenças registadas apenas foram estatisticamente significativas para a última e penúltima CCS antes do diagnóstico de mastite clínica.
ABSTRACT - UNDERSTANDING BOVINE MASTITIS: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOMATIC CELL COUNTS AND CLINICAL MASTITIS INCIDENCE - Bovine mastitis remains one of the most frequent diseases and with the greatest economic impact in commercial dairy farms. The present work describes the relationship between somatic cell count (SCC) and clinical mastitis incidence, and was conducted in a dairy herd in the Ribatejo region, with around 400 lactating Holstein Friesian cows. The farm was characterized for a group of factors that can influence the dynamics of intramammary infections: animal, environment and/or management, nutrition, milking and microorganisms. The annual bulk milk somatic cell count of the herd increased from 2007 to 2008. Based on the threshold of 200,000 cells/ml we determined the proportion of animals that were infected and not infected; with chronic infections, recent infections self-cure of recent infections and without infections; and the efficacy of dry cow therapy. In general, these parameters showed that the situation of the herd worsened from 2007 to 2008. Regarding clinical mastitis, the rate of mastitis and the recurrence rate were higher in 2008 than in 2007. The mean incidences of clinical mastitis per month were the same in 2007 and 2008. In 2007 and 2008, the clinical mastitis incidence (CMI) per lactation number, increased with increasing number of lactation, except in the transition from 3rd to 4th lactation. In 2008, CMI per lactation period of 60 days was higher during the first 60 days post-partum, and subsequently decreased over the course of lactation. The most frequently isolated microrganisms, both from clinical and subclinical mastitis cases were Streptococcus uberis and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Gram-positive bacteria were isolated mainly from grade II clinical mastitis cases, while Gram-negative bacteria were predominantly isolated from grade III clinical mastitis cases. For the case-control study: relationship between SCC of cases (animals diagnosed with clinical mastitis) and controls (animals without visible signs of clinical mastitis), we found that the average SCC of the cases was higher than that of controls; the difference observed was statistically significant for the last and penultimate SCC before the diagnosis of clinical mastitis.
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4

Sousa, João Miguel Bastos. "A hiperqueratose do canal do teto nas explorações leiteiras portuguesas. Causas e efeitos microbiológicos." Master's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/512.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Saúde Pública
A produção e acumulação de queratina no canal dos tetos dos bovinos, é uma resposta normal do epitélio do canal dos tetos à perda de queratina causada pela ordenha. No entanto, quando esta resposta é exagerada ocorre a hiperqueratose, que pode aumentar a vulnerabilidade do úbere a novas infecções. O objectivo deste estudo foi caracterizar uma amostra de explorações de bovinos leiteiros quanto à existência de hiperqueratose e observar os efeitos dos principais factores de risco sobre o canal do teto. Outro objectivo foi observar a influência da hiperqueratose sobre as mastites e analisar a existência de alguma associação entre a condição do canal dos tetos e os agentes microbiológicos detectados. As explorações amostradas participavam num programa de controlo da qualidade do leite e receberam duas visitas: uma para colheita de amostras compostas de leite a todos os animais para análise microbiológica, e outra visita para avaliação da hiperqueratose e a caracterização dos seus factores de risco. Das 17 explorações avaliadas, 71% tinham mais de 20% dos animais com níveis de hiperqueratose altos (2B, 2C e 2D). A prevalência de animais com níveis de hiperqueratose altos, variou entre 5% e 43% nas explorações observadas. Os factores de risco considerados neste estudo que demonstraram estar associados ao aparecimento da hiperqueratose foram a forma, a posição (OR= 1,26, p<0,05), o comprimento dos tetos (OR= 1,68, p<0,00), o número de lactações (OR= 2,72, p<0,00), o número de dias de lactação (OR= 2,10, p<0,00), o vácuo de ordenha nas tetinas (OR= 1,64, p<0,05). Os dois factores que demonstraram uma relação mais forte com a hiperqueratose foram, a inexistência de retiradores automáticos das tetinas na máquina de ordenha (OR= 3,75, p<0,00) e a utilização de desinfectantes dos tetos no final da ordenha (OR= 3,41, p<0,00). Foi observado que os tetos com hiperqueratose tiveram um risco maior de sofrerem mastites e esta associação é tanto mais forte quanto maior for o nível de hiperqueratose. Observou-se também que a hiperqueratose influenciava o tipo de agentes que infectava o úbere pois os animais com hiperqueratose, tinham um risco maior de sofrerem infecção por Enterococcus spp (OR= 2,02, p<0,05), Enterobactereaceae (OR=1,73, p<0,05) e Streptococcus agalactiae (OR= 2,76, p<0,05) e os animais com níveis baixos de hiperqueratose tinham uma maior probabilidade de não terem nenhuma infecção do úbere (OR= 2,42, p<0,00), indicando que a hiperqueratose interfere na eficácia do canal do teto em travar a entrada de microrganismos patogénicos. Com este trabalho foi possível concluir que a hiperqueratose constitui um problema em muitas das explorações observadas e pode contribuir para o aparecimento de algumas mastites.
ABSTRACT : The production and accumulation of keratin in the teat channel is the normal reaction of the teat channel epithelium to certain stimulus such as, mechanical milking. But when this reaction occurs in excessive quantities there is hyperkeratosis that may raise the vulnerability of the udder to new intramammary infections. The objective of this study was to characterize the hyperkeratosis on a sample of dairy farms and observe the effects of the most important risk factors. Another objective was to study the relation between hyperkeratosis and mastitis, and to analyse the existence of any associations of teat condition and the microbiological pathogens detected in the milk samples of the observed animals. A small sample of dairy farms involved in a milk quality control program was visited twice, one visit to collect milk samples from each cow for microbiological analysis and another visit to evaluate teat hyperkeratosis and its related risk factors. Of the 17 dairy farms studied, 71% had more than 20% of the cows with high levels of hyperkeratosis. The prevalence of cows with high levels of hyperkeratosis in the dairy farms visited, variated between 5% and 43%. The risk factors associated with the appearance of hyperkeratosis were, the form, the position (OR= 1,26, p<0,05) and the length of the teats (OR= 1,68, p<0,00), the number of lactations (OR= 2,72, p<0,00), the days in milk (OR= 2,10, p<0,00), the milking vacuum in the liners (OR= 1,64, p<0,05), and the two most important factors, that had the strongest association with hyperkeratosis were, the existence of automatic liner detachers (OR= 3,75, p<0,00) and the disinfection of the teats after milking (OR= 3,41, p<0,00). Teats with hyperkeratosis had a higher risk of suffering mastitis and this risk was higher as the level of hyperkeratosis increased. The hyperkeratosis influenced the infections of the udder because the cows with hyperkeratosis had a greater risk of being infected with Enterococcus spp (OR= 2,02, p<0,05), Enterobactereaceae (OR= 1,73, p<0,05), Streptococcus agalactiae (OR= 2,76, p<0,05) and cows with low levels of hyperkeratosis had a high probability of having no udder infection (OR= 2,42, p<0,00) showing that hyperkeratosis weakens the barrier function of the teat channel. With this work we concluded that hyperkeratosis is a problem in most of the observed dairy farms and it can play an important role in mastitis occurrence.
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5

Efthenakis, George Christou. "Ovine mastitis with special reference to subclinical mastitis associated with coagulase-negative staphylococci." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522196.

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6

El-Masannat, Emile Tawfiq Salem. "A study of ovine mastitis with special reference to mastitis caused by pasteurella haemolytica." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286175.

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7

Junior, Roberto Bellizia Raia. "Fatores fisiológicos, clínicos e farmacológicos, determinantes de resíduos de antimicrobiano no leite, avaliados em protocolos terapêuticos de mastite em bovinos leiteiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-31072006-141628/.

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Atualmente a terapia e as práticas de manejo da mastite estão baseadas na administração de agentes antimicrobianos com ampla atividade contra os microrganismos mais comuns desta doença. Os fármacos são administrados diretamente no canal da teta e/ou por sistêmica. Os tratamentos com antimicrobianos são realizados durante o período seco como terapia preventiva, ou durante o período de lactação como terapia curativa. O leite produzido por animais tratados pode conter resíduos do medicamento. A presença de resíduos de antimicrobianos no leite constitui um risco para a saúde pública devido ao fenômeno de múltipla resistência, bem como uma causa de perdas econômicas, considerando a fabricação de queijo e iogurte, entre outros derivados lácteos. A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar alguns fatores que contribuem para a ocorrência de resíduos em vacas tratadas além do período recomendado para descarte. Os fatores avaliados foram: fisiológico, como a produção leiteira; clínico, como a mastite e farmacológico como a via de administração e o fármaco utilizado. Foi usado um teste comercial para a detecção de resíduos (Delvotest®) por inibição microbiológica. Entre os fatores estudados, foi demonstrada a influência da produção leiteira, ou seja, animais com produção leiteira maior do que 20L/dia apresentaram menor ocorrência de resíduo (39,5%), quando comparado com aqueles com produção menor do que 20L/dia (70,7%) e a diferença foi significante (P < 0,0001). Entre os fatores clínicos foi determinado que a presença e intensidade do processo inflamatório contribuem para a ocorrência de resíduos. Deste modo, entre os quartos com mastite clínica tratados o nível de resíduo foi 47,7%, os quartos com mastite subclínica tratados apresentaram 34,9% e os controles 9,5% (quartos sem mastite tratados) e a diferença entre os três grupos foi significante (P = 0,0381, P = 0,0008, P = 0,0209). Ao se comparar a ocorrência de resíduos no leite de quartos tratados durante a lactação (41,9%) com os resíduos nos quartos que receberam a terapia de vaca seca (23,2%) foi observado um maior nível entre os grupos tratados durante a lactação e a diferença foi significante (P < 0,0001). Em relação aos fatores farmacológicos, a via de aplicação bem como o grupo farmacológico do antimicrobiano utilizado no tratamento foram demonstradas diferenças estatísticas tanto para os diversos antimicrobianos, quanto para as vias de administração. Um maior nível de resíduo foi observado entre os grupos farmacológicos em quartos tratados por via intramamária com aminoglicosídeos (gentamicina) (66,7%). E o maior nível de resíduo foi observado quando ambas as vias foram utilizadas simultaneamente, tanto para aminoglicosídeos (93,7%), quanto para betalactâmicos (100%). O conhecimento de que o pKa dos antimicrobianos irá determinar diferentes níveis de distribuição nos órgãos e tecidos sustenta a hipótese que a via de administração pode influenciar a presença de resíduos de antimicrobianos no leite. Conseqüentemente, o uso simultâneo das duas vias de administração, uma prática comum, contribuiu também para um alto risco da ocorrência de resíduos de antimicrobianos. Deve-se ressaltar que a redução da presença de resíduos no leite não depende apenas de normas e regulamentos, mas envolve uma orientação aos produtores e aos veterinários para controlar e/ou prevenir os fatores de risco. Assim, os resultados deste estudo irão contribuir para esclarecer alguns aspectos importantes para um melhor entendimento da ocorrência de resíduo no leite além do período recomendado para descarte.
Current mastitis therapy and management practices are base on the administration of antimicrobial agents with high activity against most common mastitis bacterial pathogens. Drugs are administrated directly into the teat canal and/or systemically. Antibiotic treatments are performed during the dry period as preventive therapy, or during the lactating periods as therapeutic cure. Milk produced from treated animals may contain drug residues. The presence of antibiotic residues in milk constitutes a public health risk due to the multi-resistance phenomenon, as well as, a source of economical losses, considering the industries of cheese and yogurts, among others dairy products. The purpose of this study was evaluated some factors that contribute to the occurrence of residues in treated cows beyond the recommended discarded period. The evaluated factors were: physiological, as milk production, clinical, as mastitis and pharmacological, as routes and antimicrobials. It was used a commercial test for residues detection (Delvotest®) by microbiological inhibition. Among the clinical factors it was demonstrated the influence of the milk production, so animals with milk production higher than 20 L/day showed lower occurrence of residues (39.5%), compared to the ones with less than 20 L/day (70.7%) the difference was significant (P<0.0001). Among the clinical factors it was determinated that the presence of inflammatory process and the intensity of it, contributes to the presence of residues. Therefore, among the clinical mastitis treated quartes the level of residues was 47.7%, while the subclinical treated quartes showed 34.9% and, the control ones 9.5% (i.e. treated quartes without mastitis) and the difference among the three groups was significant (P=0.0381, P=0.0008, P=0.0209).Comparing the residues in milk from treated quartes during lactation (41.9%) with the quartes that received the dry cow therapy (23.2%) it was observed a higher level of residues among the groups treated during the lactation and the difference was significant (P<0.0001). Among the pharmacological factors, the routes as well the pharmacological group of the antimicrobials used in the treatment showed statistical differences either among the antimicrobials as well as the administration routes. A high level of residues was observed among pharmacological groups in quartes treated by intramammarian route with aminoglicosides (gentamicin) (66.7%). And, the highest level of residues was observed when both route where used simultaneously, either with aminoglicosides (93.7%) as well as with betalactamics (100%). The knowledge that different pKa among the antimicrobials will determine the level of distribution in different organs and tissues, support the hypothesis that the administration route could influence the presence of residues of antibiotics in milk. Consequently, the simultaneous use of both administration routes, a very usual practice, could also contributes to a higher risk of antimicrobial residue occurrence. To reduce this possibility, it is not only a matter of Regulatory Affairs, but also involves the dairy farmers and veterinarians\' proper orientation about how to avoid and to control the risk factors, therefore, the results of this study will contribute to clarify some important aspects to a better understanding of the occurrence of residues in milk beyond the recommend discard period.
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Quirk, Tracy Elizabeth. "Coagulase-negative staphylococci mastitis management." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/T_QUIRK_042310.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in animal sciences)--Washington State University, May 2010.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 22, 2010). "Department of Animal Sciences." Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-65).
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Galligan, Carole Lynn. "Inflammatory cytokines in bovine mastitis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0021/NQ47391.pdf.

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Junior, Roberto Mangieri. "Comparação entre a contagem de células somáticas obtidas de secreção láctea de vacas com mastite sub-clínica, antes e depois de tratamento homeopático." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-31082007-093627/.

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Objetivou-se neste trabalho, comparar se o tratamento homeopático eliminou ou não o agente causal das mastites subclinicas; se houve alteração na contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e a variação da produção láctea antes e depois do tratamento homeopático proposto. Utilizou-se 34 glândulas mamárias de 22 vacas que apresentavam mastite subclinica, CMT 2+ e 3+, pluríparas entre o terceiro e sexto me de lactação e entre a segunda e a quinta cria. Foram divididas em 2 grupos. O grupo teste-homeopatia recebeu 15 glóbulos do medicamento Phytolaca decandra 6 CH duas vezes ao dia,e o grupo controle recebeu 15 glóbulos inertes, duas vezes ao dia, por 15 dias consecutivos. Ao final do experimento, não houve diferença significativa entre as contagens de células somáticas da secreção láctea das glândulas quando comparadas antes e depois do tratamento homeopático, bem como quando comparou-se ambos os grupos. Porém, observou-se que a produção láctea dos animais tratados com remédio homeopático aumentou significativamente (P<0,05) em 2,5 kg/leite/dia em média. No grupo tratado com placebo não houve diferença significativa na produção láctea no mesmo período.
Mammary gland inflammatory process has been particularly frequent and important in dairy cattle and gives a lot of damage. Infectious mastitis is the most important injury either by economic or public health points of view. Identify the aggressor microorganism and somatic cells count (SCC) in milk are important tools to avail the sanitary conditions of the herd and how victim react against the aggressor. In clinical mastitis, the signs of the injury and resulting reaction of the organism who suffer the injury are evident, clear, so are seem signs and symptoms of inflammation. Otherwise, in sub-clinical mastitis, signs and symptoms of inflammations are not seen, and to realize it there are technical methods. In this case, the option was use as sub-clinical mastitis indicator the Tamis test (black ground cup) and the CMT (California Mastitis Test). Then, was chosen 22 cows that obtained score 2+ and 3+ on CMT test of each teat, between third and sixth months milking and second and fifth birth. They were separated into two groups. Homeopathy is a kind of therapy that has been recently used in animals with such satisfactory results. The conventional drugs have restricted use on organic production and in same cases are forbidden. In the start of this investigation, before the homeopathic treatment, was collected, from the each teat that had sub-clinical mastitis (CMT 2+ and 3+), two milk samples. One of then was sent to somatic cells count (SCC) and another to the microbiological laboratory to identify the microorganism. Milk production from each cow, were under control all time. Since this point the group called Test-homeopathy received the homeopathic medication Phytolacca decandra 6 ch, 15 pills twice a day, and the group called Control, received placebo, 15 pills twice a day, for both groups. At the end of 15 days of treatment, a new double collect of milk samples from each same teats were done. The samples were sent again to the microbiological laboratory to identify the microorganism implicated and to somatic cells counter (SCC) laboratory. The weight of milk production of each cow was controlled before and after treatment of each cow from both groups. At the end of research, there were no significant rates between somatic cells counts (SCC) of the milk when compared before and after homeopathic treatment, as well as when compared among both groups. But, it was observed that milk production of cows which received homeopathic treatment had an increase statistically significant (P<0,05) on 2,5 kg of milk/ day in media, and the group which received placebo there were no significant rates in milk productions in the same time.
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11

Bexiga, José Ricardo Dias. "Bovine mastitis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci and the role of minor pathogens on mastitis." Doctoral thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5279.

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Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Veterinárias. Especialidade de Sanidade Animal
Bovine mastitis is the most common disease of dairy cows. To implement efficient control measures, it is generally necessary to diagnose the relevant aetiologic agents. Coagulasenegative staphylococci (CNS) and Corynebacterium spp. are considered minor mastitis pathogens because of the mild impact they have on udder health. Despite that, they are the most common agents isolated from milk samples in several large scale surveys worldwide. The objectives of this study were to evaluate if there were differences in pathogenicity between individual CNS species, to evaluate if alternative sampling or diagnostic techniques could more accurately determine in which cases the aforementioned minor pathogens were responsible for mastitis, and to determine if treatment of CNS infected quarters was a costeffective control measure. We followed 111 intramammary infections due to CNS for up to 48 weeks in four commercial dairy farms. Duration of infection had a mean of 188 days and was not significantly different between CNS species; geometric mean quarter somatic cell count (SCC) overall was 132,000 cells/ml and was also not significantly different between CNS species. There were differences in diversity between CNS species, with Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus simulans showing less diversity than Staphylococcus haemolyticus, the epidemiological significance of which is debated. Freezing milk samples overnight at -20ºC did not increase detection of intramammary bacteria in milk samples. Use of a real-time PCR-based test allowed for detection of udder pathogens beyond the ones identified using conventional bacteriology in milk samples with a high SCC that were culture negative or that yielded CNS or Corynebacterium bovis shown by conventional bacteriology. Single quarter milk samples were collected in duplicate from 132 dairy cows in a commercial dairy farm, with the standard technique and by use of a cannula surpassing the teat canal. There was a significant difference between the two sampling techniques for recovery of Corynebacterium spp. and for culture-negative samples. The observed difference could not be attributed to a particular sampling order and no significant change was observed in quarter SCC between the sampling day and seven days later, indicating iatrogenic IMI following use of the alternative technique was not an issue. Use of a deterministic economic model allowed to determine that in most situations lactational treatment of subclinical mastitis due to CNS would result in a net financial loss, on average of €38.74 per treated quarter. Taken together, these results indicate that CNS have a low impact in terms of udder health, with little differences between individual species. Treating CNS subclinical mastitis during the lactation is not cost-efficient and should therefore not be advised. Using a RTPCR and sampling with a teat cannula might improve diagnosis of mastitis etiology.
RESUMO: MASTITE BOVINA POR STAPHYLOCOCCI COAGULASE-NEGATIVOS E O PAPEL DE AGENTES PATOGÉNICOS MENORES NA MASTITE - A mastite bovina é a doença mais comum das vacas leiteiras. Para implementar medidas de controlo eficientes, é geralmente necessário identificar os agentes etiológicos relevantes. Os staphylococci coagulase-negativos (SCN) e Corynebacterium spp. são considerados agentes patogénicos menores porque têm um impacto ligeiro na saúde do úbere. Apesar disso, são os agentes mais frequentemente isolados a partir de amostras de leite em vários estudos de larga escala, em diversos pontos do mundo. Os objectivos deste estudo foram avaliar se havia diferenças em termos de patogenicidade entre espécies individuais de SCN, avaliar se um método de colheita e de diagnóstico alternativos podiam determinar mais precisamente em que casos os agentes mencionados acima eram responsáveis por mastite, e determinar se o tratamento antimicrobiano durante a lactação de quartos infectados com SCN era uma medida de controlo eficiente em termos de custos. Acompanhámos 111 infecções intramamárias por SCN durante até 48 semanas em quatro explorações leiteiras comerciais. A duração média de infecção foi de 188 dias e não foi significativamente diferente entre espécies de SCN; a média geométrica de contagens de células somáticas (CCS) global foi de 132.000 células/ml de leite e também não foi significativamente diferente entre espécies de SCN. Houve diferenças na diversidade entre espécies de SCN, tendo Staphylococcus epidermidis e Staphylococcus simulans mostrando menor diversidade do que Staphylococcus haemolyticus, sendo discutida o possível significado epidemiológico destas observações. A congelação de amostras de leite durante a noite a -20ºC não permitiu o aumento da detecção de bactérias em amostras de infecções intramamárias. A utilização de um PCR em tempo real permitiu a detecção de agentes patogénicos mamários para além dos identificados após utilização de técnicas bacteriológicas convencionais em amostras de leite com CCS elevadas que se mostraram negativas após cultura ou que levaram ao isolamento de SCN ou Corynebacterium bovis. Foram colhidas amostras de leite de quartos individuais em duplicado de 132 vacas leiteiras numa vacaria comercial, com a técnica convencional e com a utilização de uma cânula permitindo ultrapassar o canal do teto. Observou-se uma diferença significativa entre as duas técnicas de colheita para a recolha de Corynebacterium spp. e para amostras sem crescimento após cultura. A diferença observada não era atribuível a uma ordem de colheita particular e não foram observadas alterações significativas na CCS dos quartos entre o dia de colheita e sete dias mais tarde, indicando que a infecção intramamária iatrogénica após a utilização da técnica alternativa não constituiu um problema. A utilização de um modelo económico determinístico permitiu determinar que na maioria das situações o tratamento durante a lactação de mastites subclínicas por SCN resultaria numa perda finaceira líquida, em média de €38.74 por quarto tratado. Considerados em conjunto, estes resultados indicam que os SCN têm um impacto baixo em termos de saúde do úbere, com poucas diferenças entre espécies individuais. Tratar mastites subclínicas por SCN durante a lactação não é eficiente em termos de custos e não deve portanto ser aconselhado. A utilização de um RT-PCR e a colheita de amostras com uma cânula de tetos pode melhorar o diagnóstico das causas de mastite.
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12

Cabaço, Sara Luísa Palma. "Avaliação das consequências da introdução de um sistema de postdipping e backflush automatizado em duas salas de ordenha." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6215.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
A automatização de algumas ações da rotina de ordenha pode poupar tempo e diminuir os efeitos negativos do fator humano. Porém, há que comparar os resultados com a metodologia convencional. Neste estudo pretendeu-se avaliar o impacto de um sistema de postdipping e backflush de lavagem de tetinas automatizado (ADF milking®) em duas explorações leiteiras. Foram comparados, antes e depois da instalação: contagem de células somáticas totais (CCST), taxa de novas infeções (TNI), cobertura dos tetos pelo desinfetante (CT), contagem de microrganismos totais na superfície interior das tetinas (CMT), tempo de ordenha (TO) e teor de desinfetante no leite (iodo). Obteve-se uma diminuição média da CCST na ordem dos 20% para ambas as explorações (P<0,001). As alterações da TNI não foram estatisticamente significativas. A CT variou entre os dois modos de aplicação (P<0,001). A CMT sofreu uma grande redução com a utilização do backflush (P<0,001). Registou-se uma redução do TO em todas as equipas, desde 2% até 16%. O teor de iodo no leite aumentou ficando porém, longe do limite máximo recomendado. A conversão para o sistema de ordenha estudado trouxe alguns benefícios, embora não todos os esperados.
ABSTRACT - Consequences of the use of an automated postdipping and backflush system on two farms - The automation of some milking routine procedures can save time and reduce some pitfalls of the human factor. However, results need to be compared with the conventional methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects, on two dairy farms, of converting to an automated postdipping and backflush combination (ADF milking®). The parameters evaluated included total somatic cell count (CCST), new intramammary infection rate (TNI), degree of teat cover by the teat disinfectant (CT), microbial count on the inner surface of teat liners (CMT), duration of milking (TO), and disinfectant (iodine) concentration on the bulk tank milk, comparing results before and after the installation. There was a mean reduction of CCST around 20% in both farms (P<0,001). Changes in TNI were not statistically significant. In CT, there were variations between the two application methods (P<0,001). The CMT using the backflush was much smaller than not using (P<0,001). The TO decreased in all cases, between 2 and 16%. Iodine concentration on bulk tank milk increased in both farms but always far below the maximum level recommended. The conversion to this system led to some benefits but not all the expected ones.
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13

Punyapornwithaya, Veerasak. "Molecular epidemiology of mycoplasma mastitis outbreak." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2010/v_punyapornwithaya_042110.pdf.

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14

Down, P. M. "Optimising decision making in mastitis control." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33913/.

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Mastitis remains one of the most common diseases of dairy cows and represents a large economic loss to the industry as well as a considerable welfare issue to the cows affected. Decisions are routinely made about the treatment and control of mastitis despite evidence being sparse regarding the likely consequences in terms of clinical efficacy and return on investment. The aim of this thesis was to enhance decision making around the treatment and prevention of mastitis using probabilistic methods. In Chapter 2 and Chapter 3, decision making around the treatment of clinical mastitis was explored using probabilistic sensitivity analysis. The results from Chapter 2 identified transmission to be the most influential parameter affecting the cost of clinical mastitis at cow level and, therefore, highlighted how important the prevention of transmission was in order to minimise losses associated with clinical mastitis. The cost-effectiveness of an on-farm culture (OFC) approach to the treatment of clinical mastitis was explored in Chapter 3, and compared with the cost-effectiveness of a ‘standard’ approach commonly used in the UK. The results of this study identified that the OFC approach could be cost-effective in some circumstances but this was highly dependent on the proportion of Gram-negative infections and the reduction in bacteriological cure rate that may occur as a result of the delay before treatment. Therefore, in the UK, this approach is unlikely to be cost beneficial in the majority of dairy herds. In Chapters 4, 5 and 6, decision making around the control of mastitis was explored utilising data from UK dairy herds that had participated in a nationwide mastitis control plan. In Chapter 4, mastitis control interventions were identified that were not currently practised by a large proportion of herds, and the frequency at which they were made a priority by the plan deliverers was also reported. In Chapter 5 and Chapter 6, the cost-effectiveness of specific mastitis control interventions was explored within an integrated Bayesian cost-effectiveness framework from herds with a predominance of environmental intramammary infections. Results from the Bayesian microsimulations identified that a variety of interventions would be cost effective in different farm circumstances. The cost-effectiveness of different interventions has been incorporated in a decision support tool to assist optimal decision making by veterinary practitioners in the field.
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15

Macdonald, Elizabeth A. "Bovine neutrophil functionality in mastitis resistance." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68211.

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Diapedesis, phagocytosis and microbicidal activity are important parameters of neutrophil functionality and thus outcome of mastitis. An in vitro model of an "alveolar pavement" using the MAC-T3 bovine mammary epithelial cell line was developed to assess neutrophil diapedesis. Features of this biologically-meaningful barrier include: characteristic transepithelial resistance, tight junction complexes and polarity. Continuous transepithelial resistance measurements showed no significant changes throughout the assay period. Neither a Staphylococcus aureus challenge ($1 times10 sp7$ and $2 times10 sp9$ cfu/ml), or the presence of neutrophils, both resting and challenged had any deleterious effects on monolayer integrity over a short term (1-2 h) exposure. Neutrophils, both resting and challenged gave no indication of causing damage to the epithelium over the short term. Neutrophils isolated from proven sires and evaluated for phagocytic activity were found to differ significantly (p $<$ 0.05) in activity, rate and capacity to uptake particles. Correlations between phagocytic parameters and production traits were negative and small in magnitude. Microbicidal activity of neutrophils isolated from proven sires showed a highly significant variation between animals due to test day (p $<$ 0.001), however variation due to source of cells (i.e. animal) was not significant. in vitro analysis of diapedesis and phagocytosis is promising as a tool for the assessment of resistance or susceptibility to mastitis.
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16

Sanchez, Diana Consuelo Cifuentes. "Perfil bioquímico dos soros lácteo e sanguíneo de cabras com mastite de ocorrência natural /." Jaboticabal, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143029.

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Orientador: José Jurandir Fagliari
Coorientador: Ana Maria Centola Vidal
Banca: Paulo Francisco Domingues
Banca: Daniela Gomes Silva
Banca: Kalina Maria de Medeiros Gomes Simplício
Banca: Viviani Gomes
Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações da secreção láctea de cabras com mastite mediante o uso do teste da caneca de fundo escuro, California Mastitis Test (CMT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e perfil microbiológico, bem como determinar o perfil bioquímico, em especial de proteínas de fase aguda, do soro sanguíneo e soro lácteo de cabras com mastite clínica ou subclínica, de ocorrência natural. Foram constituídos três grupos experimentais compostos de 30 metades mamárias de cabras sadias, com secreção láctea negativa na prova da caneca de fundo escuro, CMT e no exame microbiológico (grupo controle - G1), 30 metades mamárias com secreção láctea negativa ao teste da caneca de fundo escuro, reação moderada (2+) ou intensa (3+) no CMT e positividade no exame microbiológico (Grupo mastite subclínica - G2) e 12 metades mamárias com secreção láctea positiva na prova da caneca de fundo escuro e no exame microbiológico (grupo mastite clínica - G3). Após antissepsia dos tetos foram colhidas amostras de leite para CCS, cultura microbiológica e determinação do perfil bioquímico do soro lácteo, inclusive o proteinograma mediante fracionamento em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE), e amostras de sangue venoso para determinação do perfil bioquímico sérico. A contagem automática de células somáticas (CCS) e por contagem microscopia direta foi maior nas amostras de secreção láctea das cabras com mastite subclínica (G2: 4.500.000 células/mL e 20.830.000 células/mL, respectivamente) e com mastite clínica (G3: 7.500.000 células/mL e 39.100.000 células/mL, respectivamente). Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (SCN), Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (SCP), Corynebacterium spp. e Streptococcus spp. foram os microrganismos isolados nas amostras de leite das cabras do G2 e G3. As amostras de soro lácteo das cabras do G2 e G3 apresentaram maiores atividades das enzimas...
Abstract: The study aimed to evaluate the changes in milk from goats with mastitis by using the strip cup test, California Mastitis Test (CMT), somatic cell count (SCC) and microbiological profile as well as to determine the biochemical profile, especially acute phase proteins, in blood serum and whey from goats with naturally occurring clinical or subclinical mastitis. Three experimental groups were formed by 30 mammary glands from healthy goats with milk samples negative to strip cup test, CMT and microbiological examination (control group - G1); 30 mammary glands with milk samples negative to strip cup test but with moderate (2+) or intense (3+) reaction in CMT and microbiological examination (group with subclinical mastitis - G2), and 12 mammary glands with positive results to strip cup test and microbiological examination (group with clinical mastitis - G3). After asepsis of the teats milk samples were collected for SCC, microbiological culture, and to determine the biochemical profile in whey, including proteinogram by fractionation in poliacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). At the same time, blood samples were obtained to determine the serum biochemical profile. Automatic and microscopic methods were higher in milk samples from goats with subclinical mastits (G2: 4,500.000 cells/mL e 20,830,000 cells/mL, respectively) e with clinical mastitis (G3: 7,500,000 células/mL e 39,100,000 cells/mL, respectively). Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS), Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CPS), Corynebaterium spp. and Streptococcus spp. were the microorganisms isolated in milk samples from goats of G2 and G3. Whey samples from goats of G2 and G3 showed higher activity of alkaline phosphatase (G2: 122 U/L and G3: 207 U/L) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (G2: 483 U/L and G3: 571 U / L), and higher concentrations of albumin (G2: 0.18 g/dL and G3: 0.29 g/dL), total protein (G2: 1.50 g/dL and G3: 1.67 g/dL), chlorides ...
Doutor
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17

Sanchez, Diana Consuelo Cifuentes [UNESP]. "Perfil bioquímico dos soros lácteo e sanguíneo de cabras com mastite de ocorrência natural." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143029.

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O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações da secreção láctea de cabras com mastite mediante o uso do teste da caneca de fundo escuro, California Mastitis Test (CMT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e perfil microbiológico, bem como determinar o perfil bioquímico, em especial de proteínas de fase aguda, do soro sanguíneo e soro lácteo de cabras com mastite clínica ou subclínica, de ocorrência natural. Foram constituídos três grupos experimentais compostos de 30 metades mamárias de cabras sadias, com secreção láctea negativa na prova da caneca de fundo escuro, CMT e no exame microbiológico (grupo controle - G1), 30 metades mamárias com secreção láctea negativa ao teste da caneca de fundo escuro, reação moderada (2+) ou intensa (3+) no CMT e positividade no exame microbiológico (Grupo mastite subclínica - G2) e 12 metades mamárias com secreção láctea positiva na prova da caneca de fundo escuro e no exame microbiológico (grupo mastite clínica - G3). Após antissepsia dos tetos foram colhidas amostras de leite para CCS, cultura microbiológica e determinação do perfil bioquímico do soro lácteo, inclusive o proteinograma mediante fracionamento em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE), e amostras de sangue venoso para determinação do perfil bioquímico sérico. A contagem automática de células somáticas (CCS) e por contagem microscopia direta foi maior nas amostras de secreção láctea das cabras com mastite subclínica (G2: 4.500.000 células/mL e 20.830.000 células/mL, respectivamente) e com mastite clínica (G3: 7.500.000 células/mL e 39.100.000 células/mL, respectivamente). Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (SCN), Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (SCP), Corynebacterium spp. e Streptococcus spp. foram os microrganismos isolados nas amostras de leite das cabras do G2 e G3. As amostras de soro lácteo das cabras do G2 e G3 apresentaram maiores atividades das enzimas...
The study aimed to evaluate the changes in milk from goats with mastitis by using the strip cup test, California Mastitis Test (CMT), somatic cell count (SCC) and microbiological profile as well as to determine the biochemical profile, especially acute phase proteins, in blood serum and whey from goats with naturally occurring clinical or subclinical mastitis. Three experimental groups were formed by 30 mammary glands from healthy goats with milk samples negative to strip cup test, CMT and microbiological examination (control group - G1); 30 mammary glands with milk samples negative to strip cup test but with moderate (2+) or intense (3+) reaction in CMT and microbiological examination (group with subclinical mastitis - G2), and 12 mammary glands with positive results to strip cup test and microbiological examination (group with clinical mastitis - G3). After asepsis of the teats milk samples were collected for SCC, microbiological culture, and to determine the biochemical profile in whey, including proteinogram by fractionation in poliacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). At the same time, blood samples were obtained to determine the serum biochemical profile. Automatic and microscopic methods were higher in milk samples from goats with subclinical mastits (G2: 4,500.000 cells/mL e 20,830,000 cells/mL, respectively) e with clinical mastitis (G3: 7,500,000 células/mL e 39,100,000 cells/mL, respectively). Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS), Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CPS), Corynebaterium spp. and Streptococcus spp. were the microorganisms isolated in milk samples from goats of G2 and G3. Whey samples from goats of G2 and G3 showed higher activity of alkaline phosphatase (G2: 122 U/L and G3: 207 U/L) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (G2: 483 U/L and G3: 571 U / L), and higher concentrations of albumin (G2: 0.18 g/dL and G3: 0.29 g/dL), total protein (G2: 1.50 g/dL and G3: 1.67 g/dL), chlorides ...
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18

Ahlner, Sara. "Prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis in Uruguay." Uppsala : SLU, 2004. http://vfak-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00000058/.

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19

Pryor, Shona Marie. "Bovine mastitis and ecology of Streptococcus uberis." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2580.

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Bovine mastitis caused by Streptococcus uberis is a common problem in pasture-based dairying systems. This study examines both the ecology of S. uberis and infection of the bovine mammary gland on a New Zealand dairy farm. Initially, the REP-PCR strain typing method was developed and the potential of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry evaluated as a strain typing method. While strain-specific mass spectra were obtained with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, the irreproducibility of spectra was its major downfall. With further work, this rapid method could be very useful for strain typing S. uberis on a large scale. Using optimised REP-PCR and anchored typing methods, multiple S. uberis strains were isolated and strain typed from the dairy environment, including farm races and paddocks, faeces, teat skin, the cow body and from intramammary infections. High strain diversity was observed in all sampled locations; however, some strains were found at more than one site, suggesting transmission may occur between the environment and cows. The most likely means of S. uberis distribution throughout the dairy farm was via excretion with faeces and, although not all cow faeces contained this pathogen, the gastrointestinal tract of some cows appeared to be colonised by specific strains, resulting in persistent shedding of this bacteria in the faeces. Infection of the mammary gland is likely to occur through contamination of the teat skin with highly diverse environmental strains of S. uberis. However, only one or two strains are generally found in milk from mastitis cases, suggesting that, although infection may arise from a random or opportunistic event, a strain selection process may take place. Intramammary challenge with multiple strains of S. uberis revealed that selection of a single infective strain can occur within the mammary gland. The predominance of one strain over others may be related to production of virulence factors allowing enhanced ability to establish in the gland and evade the immune response, or due to direct competition between strains through the production of antimicrobial factors such as bacteriocins. In addition to strain-specific factors, the individual cow and quarter response may play an important role in the development of infection and selection of the infective strain. Using results from this study, a model of S. uberis strain transmission has been proposed, which includes potential mechanisms of infection and persistence of S. uberis within the mammary gland.
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20

Roberts, Judith M. "The California Mastitis test : what's the value?" Thesis, Lancaster University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654745.

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21

Leininger, Dagny Jayne. "Escherichia coli Mastitis in the Dairy Bovine." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33584.

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Diagnosis techniques and treatments for Escherichia coli mastitis in the dairy bovine were evaluated in two experiments. The first experiment evaluated eosin methylene blue agar as a method of distinguishing E.coli from other gram-negative mastitis pathogens. Escherichia coli will usually produce a green metallic sheen on eosin methylene blue agar. One hundred and twenty-nine milk samples or gram-negative isolates from milk samples were used to compare eosin methylene blue agar to a commercial biochemical test strip (the accepted standard). There was an intermethod agreement of 96.9% and a k-value of 93.7% indicating excellent agreement beyond chance between test methods. Eosin methylene blue agar is a reliable method for differentiation of E. coli from other gram-negative mastitis pathogens. The second experiment evaluated the efficacy of frequent milk-out as a treatment for E. coli mastitis. Sixteen Holstein dairy cows were divided into 2 blocks and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: 1) non-infected, not frequently milked-out, i.e. not treated (NI-NT), 2) experimentally infected with E. coli, not treated (EC-NT), 3) non-infected, frequently milked-out (NI-FMO), and 4) experimentally infected with E. coli, frequently milked-out (EC-FMO). Hours to bacterial, clinical and systemic cure were not different between the EC-NT and EC-FMO treatment groups. Serum a-lactalbumin concentrations were evaluated between treatment groups as a measure of udder health. Serum a-lactalbumin concentrations were higher in cows in the EC-NT treatment group than cows in the NI-NT, NI-FMO and EC-FMO treatment groups at 12 hours post-experimental challenge. Serum a-lactalbumin concentrations were higher in cows in the NI-FMO treatment group than in cows in the NI-NT, EC-NT and EC-FMO treatment groups at 36 hours post-experimental challenge. Results from this study do not support frequent milk-out as a treatment for E. coli mastitis.
Master of Science
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22

Tomita, Grant Matsuo. "Immunization of dairy cows against Coliform Mastitis /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487861396024528.

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23

Mudaliar, Manikhandan A. V. "An integrative polyomics investigation of bovine mastitis." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/9083/.

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Bovine mastitis, inflammation of the mammary gland, is one of the most costly and prevalent diseases in the dairy industry. It is commonly caused by bacteria, and Streptococcus uberis is one of the most prevalent causative agents. With advancements in omics technologies, the analysis of system-wide changes in the expression of proteins and metabolites in milk has become possible, and such analyses have broadened the knowledge of molecular changes in bovine mastitis. The work presented in this thesis aims to understand the dynamics of molecular changes in bovine mastitis caused by Streptococcus uberis through system-wide profiling and integrated analysis of milk proteins and metabolites. To this end, archived milk samples collected at specific intervals during the course of an experimentally induced model of Streptococcus uberis mastitis were used. Label-free quantitative proteomics and untargeted metabolomics data were generated from the archived milk samples obtained from six cows at six time-points (0, 36, 42, 57, 81 & 312 hours post-challenge). A total of 570 bovine proteins and 690 putative metabolites were quantified. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis showed clustering of samples by the stage of infection, with similarities between pre-infection and resolution stages (0 and 312 hours post-challenge), early infection stages (36 and 42 hours post-challenge) and late infection stages (57 and 81 hours post-challenge). The proteomics and metabolomics data were analysed at both individual omics-layer level and combined inter-layer-level. At individual omics layer-level, the temporal changes identified include changes in the expression of proteins in acute-phase response signalling, FXR/RXR activation, complement system, IL-6 and IL-10 pathways, and changes in the expression of metabolites related to amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid and nucleotide metabolisms. The combined inter-layer-level analyses revealed functional relevance of proteins and metabolites enriched in the co-expression modules. For example, possible immunomodulatory role of bile acids via the FXR/RXR activation pathways could be inferred. Similarly, the actin-binding proteins could be linked to endocytic trafficking of signalling receptors. Overall, the work presented in this thesis provides deeper understanding of molecular changes in mastitis. On a secondary note, it also serves as a case study in the use of integrative polyomics analysis methods in the investigation of host-pathogen interactions.
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Sbardella, Ana Paula [UNESP]. "Expressão gênica diferencial em úbere extracorpóreo de vacas mestiças Holandês-Zebu infectado por Streptococcus agalactiae." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143493.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A mastite é responsável por grandes perdas econômicas na bovinocultura leiteira e necessita de maior compreensão de suas bases genéticas para que métodos de melhoramento genético possam ser desenvolvidos. Neste sentido, estudos de expressão gênica têm sido empregados. Portanto, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1. Detectar, por meio de três métodos computacionais distintos, a expressão gênica diferencial de dados obtidos por sequenciamento de RNA extraído de glândula mamária mantida em um sistema extracorpóreo de bovinos de leite mestiços Holandês-Zebu e infectada experimentalmente com Streptococcus agalactiae; 2. Estudar o perfil de expressão do total de genes identificados e aqueles comuns aos três métodos relacionados ao desenvolvimento da mastite, a fim de contribuir para melhor entendimento de processos biológicos, de componente celular e função molecular e vias biológicas envolvidas com a expressão desta característica. Quatro vacas foram abatidas e os úberes foram colhidos, perfundidos e inoculados com S. agalactiae. Para cada úbere, dois quartos foram inoculados (anterior esquerdo - AE; e posterior esquerdo - PE) e dois quartos foram utilizados como controle (anterior direito - AD; e posterior direito - PD). Biópsias foram feitas do tecido alveolar nos tempos 0 e 3 horas após a perfusão do tecido. O RNA das amostras foi extraído e sequenciado com a plataforma HiSeq2000 (Illumina). A partir das leituras obtidas os transcritos foram montados utilizando como referência a anotação do genoma bovino UMD 3.1 e então foram avaliadas quanto à sua expressão diferencial e funcionalidade. Métodos que assumem distribuição binomial negativa executados pelos métodos computacionais edgeR e baySeq e o método que assume distribuição beta binomial negativa executado pelo Cuffdiff, foram utilizados para análise de expressão gênica diferencial. Foram identificados 5.158 genes provenientes da união dos resultados obtidos com os três métodos computacionais. Esses genes foram investigados pela plataforma DAVID revelando o enriquecimento de termos de ontologia gênica, dentre os quais destacaram-se os processos de resposta a estímulos, sistema imune e processos apoptóticos. O perfil de genes diferencialmente expressos em amostras afetadas foi associado com a diferenciação, proliferação, migração e apoptose celular, desempenhando importante papel no local da inflamação por células do sistema imune, além de ativar vias de sinalização relacionadas ao sistema imune que são importantes nas primeiras três horas de infecção. Foram identificados apenas 122 genes com expressão diferencial em comum pelos três métodos utilizados. A restrição causada pelo uso da intersecção dos resultados obtidos com os três métodos não se mostrou adequada para realizar o enriquecimento funcional pois muitos genes de interesse foram desconsiderados e perdeu-se suporte estatístico nas análises de enriquecimento funcional. Assim, sugerimos que para esse tipo de estudo é mais adequado a utilização dos resultados de um dos métodos ou a união dos resultados dos três métodos. Este estudo permitiu maior entendimento das bases genéticas do desenvolvimento da mastite em úbere extracorpóreo de bovinos leiteiros mestiços holandês-Zebu, infectado experimentalmente por S. agalactiae, durante as primeiras horas de infecção.
Mastitis is responsible for huge economic losses in dairy cattle production which requires a better understanding of its genetic bases in order that genetic breeding methods could be developed. Therefore, some gene expression studies have been developed. The aims of this study were: 1. To detect, through three different computational methods, the differential gene expression data obtained by RNA sequencing from mammary glands of Holstein-Zebu crossbred dairy cattle, kept in an extracorporeal system and experimentally infected with Streptococcus agaclatiae; 2. To study the total gene expression profile and those genes common to the three methods, related with mastitis, in order to contribute to a better understanding of biological processes, cellular components, molecular functions and metabolic pathways related with the expression of this trait. Four cows were slaughtered and its udders were perfused and inoculated with S. agalactiae. For each udder, 2/4 were inoculated (front left - AE, and rear left - PE) and 2/4 were used as control (front right - AD, and rear right - PD). Biopsies were obtained from the alveolar tissue at 0 and 3 hours after the tissue perfusion. The RNA sample was extracted and sequenced with HiSeq 2000 platform (Illumina). From the reads obtained transcripts were assembled using as the reference the bovine genome annotation UMD 3.1, and then were evaluated for differential expression and functionality. Methods that assumes negative binomial distribution performed by edgeR and baySeq and the method that assumes beta negative binomial distribution performed by Cuffdiff were used for differential gene expression analysis. From the union of the results obtained with all computational methods, a total of 5,158 genes were identified. These genes were investigated by DAVID platform showing the enrichment of gene ontology terms, which were highlighted the response processes stimuli, immune response and apoptotic processes. The profile of differentially expressed genes identified in the affected samples was associated with differentiation, proliferation, migration and apoptosis, playing a major role in the inflammation site by immune system cells and in the activation of signaling pathways related to the immune system, which are important in the early three hours of infection. Only 122 differentially expressed genes were identified in common by the three methods. The restriction caused by the use of the intersection of the results obtained with the three methods was not interesting to perform functional enrichment analysis because there is loss of many interesting genes and the functional enrichment analysis has no statistical support. Thus, for this kind of study, we suggest that could be most appropriate the use of the results obtained with one method or the union of the results obtained with more than one method. This study allowed a better understanding of the genetic basis of mastitis developing in extracorporeal udder of Holstein-Zebu crossbred dairy cattle, during the early hours of experimentally infection by S. agalactiae.
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25

Nóbrega, Diego Borin [UNESP]. "Perfil molecular e pesquisa de beta-lactamases de espectro ampliado de isolados de Klebsiella pneumoniase em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros no Estado de São Paulo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94614.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O presente trabalho objetivou o isolamento de Klebsiella pneumoniae do ambiente de sala de ordenha e do ambiente dos animais, incluindo a sala de pré-ordenha, piquetes e, em algumas propriedades os galpões de free stall, do reto e membros posteriores dos animais, do leite do tanque de refrigeração e do leite dos tetos positivos ao teste do Califórnia Mastitis Test (CMT), pesquisar cepas produtoras de β-lactamases de espectro ampliado (ESβL) e, a partir da identificação clonal, verificar a semelhança entre as cepas. Em 28 (2,14%) amostras de leite coletadas dos animais foi detectada a presença de Klebsiella pneumoniae como patógeno responsável pela infecção intramamária (IMI). A partir de swabs ambientais, da pele dos animais e do leite oriundo do tanque de expansão das dez propriedades, foram isoladas 79 cepas de K. pneumoniae. Os resultados da prova de detecção fenotípica da produção de enzimas do tipo ESβL foram positivos em oito (7,47%) das cepas bacterianas isoladas. No Brasil ainda não há relatos de coliformes produtores destas enzimas oriundos de animais de produção, e no presente estudo uma das cepas foi isolada do tanque de expansão, representando um potencial perigo à saúde pública. Pelo resultado da PFGE, observou-se grande diversidade genética da bactéria dentro da propriedade e entre as propriedades. Demonstrou-se que patógenos ambientais multirresistentes estão presentes em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros, não apenas isolados de quadros de infecção intramamária como também de galpões de free stall, membros posteriores dos animais, sala de ordenha e tanque de expansão. Confirmou-se também, a alta variabilidade genética da K. pneumoniae em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros mesmo dentro de um mesmo rebanho, e a importância da PFGE como recurso na epidemiologia molecular
The present study aimed the isolation of Klebsiella pneumoniae from the milk parlor and the animal’s environment, including the pre milking room, paddocks and, in some properties the free stall, animal’s rectum and hind limbs, bulk tank milk and from all teats positive to the California Mastitis Test (CMT), search for strains producers of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESβL) and, by the clonal identification, verify if similarities between the strains ocurred. In 2.14% (28) of the milk samples collected from the animals it was detected the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae as the pathogen responsible for the intramammary infection (IMI). From environmental swabs and bulk milk tank of the ten properties, it was isolated 79 strains of K. pneumoniae. The results of phenotypic detection of the ESβL enzymes production were positive in eight (7.47%) bacterial strains isolated. It is important to know that, in Brazil there are no reports of coliforms producers of these enzymes isolated from livestock animals, and in the present study one of the strains was isolated from the bulk tank milk, representing a potential hazard to public health. The results of PFGE showed high genetic diversity of the bacteria within and between the dairy farms. It was demonstrated that environmental multidrug resistant pathogens are present in dairy herds, isolated from intramammary infections cases, free stall parlors, animal’s hindlimbs, milking parlor and bulk tank milk. This study also confirmed the high genetic diversity of K. pneumoniae in dairy herds within the same herd, and the importance of PFGE as a molecular epidemiology tool. Keywords: environment, extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESβL), Klebsiella pneumoniae, mastitis, milk, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)
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Sartori, Luciana Carla Agostinho [UNESP]. "Isolamento de Candida spp em leite proveniente de bovinos com mastite em 4 estados brasileiros." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94880.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A mastite representa um dos mais sérios problemas existentes nas fazendas de leite. Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar leveduras envolvidas nos casos de mastite bovina; avaliar a sensibilidade in vitro de cepas de Candida spp. frente a quatro desinfetantes utilizados no pré e pós-dipping e avaliar a resistência destas leveduras frente à pasteurização e fervura. Cinquenta e cinco amostras (12,8%) foram positivas para o gênero Candida. As espécies mais isoladas foram C. krusei (34,6%), C. parapsilosis (25,4%), C. tropicalis (18,2%) e C. albicans (12,8%). As drogas utilizadas foram clorexidina (2,0%), iodo (0,8%), iodo glicerinado (0,8%) e hipoclorito de sódio (1,0%) em 4 intervalos específicos de tratamento (15″, 30″, 60″ e 300″). Cem por cento das cepas de Candida foram sensíveis a clorexidina nos tempos de 30″, 60″ e 300″, ao iodo glicerinado em 60″ e 300″, ao hipoclorito de sódio em 60″ e 300″ e ao iodo apenas em 300″. Em relação aos tratamentos térmicos, a pasteurização rápida foi o procedimento no qual houve maior índice de resistência (64,44%) por parte das estirpes de leveduras. A mastite provocada por fungos está se tornando um problema crescente devido ao aumento da participação deste microrganismo no desenvolvimento de mastite em bovinos. Além disso, resistência apresentada ao tratamento térmico pelas cepas de Candida representa um problema para o consumo de leite, significando um risco para a saúde pública. Uma conclusão adicional é a importância da realização periódica de avaliações de sensibilidade dos microrganismos aos desinfetantes utilizados, de forma a garantir a eficácia da desinfecção dos tetos
Mastitis is one of the most serious problems in dairy farms. The objectives of this study were to identify yeasts involved in cases of bovine mastitis; evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of strains of Candida spp. Against four disinfectants used in the pre and post-dipping and evaluate the resistance of these strains before pasteurization and boiling. Fifty-five samples (12,8%) were positive for Candida. The most isolated species were C. krusei (34,6%), C. parapsilosis (25,4%), C. tropicalis (18,2%) and C. albicans (12,8%). As active drugs were used chlorhexidine (2,0%), iodine (0,8%), glycerin iodine (0,8%) and sodium hypochlorite (1,0%) at specific intervals of four treatment (15, 30, 60 and 300). One hundred percent of Candida was found to be sensible to chlorhexidine at 30″, 60″, and 300″, to iodine glycerin at 60″ and 300″, to sodium hypochlorite at 60″, and 300″, to iodine only at 300″. In relation to thermal treatments, pasteurization was the quick procedure in which there was a higher resistance index (64,44%) by yeast strains. Moreover, t he resistance of Candida spp. strains after thermal treatment presents a problem for milk consumption what represents a potential risk for public health. A further conclusion was that it is important to undertake a periodic evaluation of the sensibility of microorganisms to the disinfectants commonly used, to guarantee the efficacy of the process of teat disinfecting
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Zafalon, Luiz Francisco [UNESP]. "Mastite subclínica bovina por Staphylococcus aureus: qualidade e quantidade de leite secretado por quartos tratados e não tratados e relação custo/benefício do tratamento durante a lactação." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103834.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Estudou-se a influência da mastite subclínica bovina causada por Staphylococcus aureus sobre a qualidade e a quantidade do leite secretado por quartos tratados e não tratados e avaliou-se a relação custo/benefício do tratamento na lactação. Amostras de leite obtidas de vacas em duas fases de lactação, classificadas como Fase 1 e Fase 2, com animais até o final do segundo mês de lactação e do início do terceiro até o nono mês, respectivamente, foram submetidas a análises bacteriológicas, físico-químicas e citológicas. A mastite subclínica influenciou as variações (p<0,05) nas contagens de células somáticas, acidez titulável, densidade, extrato seco desengordurado, teor de cloretos e soroproteínas em ambas as fases estudadas. Após o tratamento, as diferenças entre os quartos mamários tratados e os quartos que serviram como controle diminuíram para todas as características estudadas, com exceção da produção de leite, proteína total, proteína verdadeira e soroproteínas nas duas fases, e do teor de gordura e da caseína, em uma das fases. As taxas de cura das Fases 1 e 2 foram de 79,0% e 83,3% e as taxas de recuperação espontânea de 21,4% e 3,7%, respectivamente. Não houve aumento das receitas com a produção de leite após o tratamento da mastite subclínica bovina causada por S. aureus durante a lactação.
The influence of bovine subclinical mastitis by Staphylococcus aureus upon milk quality and quantity of treated and untreated quarters and the treatment cost/benefit relation were studied. Bacteriologyc, physical-chemical and cellular analysis of milk samples from two stages of lactation, classified as Stage 1 and Stage 2, from animals until the second month of lactation and from animals of the third lactation month until the ninth lactation month, respectively, were performed. Subclinical mastitis influenced variations (p < 0.05) in the somatic cells count, titratable acidity, density, non fat solids, chloride levels and soroproteins in both lactation stages. After treatment, variations between treated mammary quarters and healthy quarters were reduced for all characteristics, except for milk production, total protein, true protein and soroproteins, in both stages, and for fat contents and casein in the Stage 1. The cure in the stages 1 and 2 were 79.0% and 83.3%, respectively. Spontaneous recovery rates were 21.4% and 3.7% for stages 1 and 2, respectively. There was no increase of the incomes with the milk production after bovine subclinical mastitis treatment by S.aureus in the lactation.
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Junior, Roberto Bellizia Raia. "Influência da mastite na ocorrência de resíduos de antimicrobianos no leite." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9137/tde-25042006-143156/.

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A presença de resíduos de antimicrobianos no leite representa um problema de saúde pública, podendo causar reações alérgicas e a seleção de bactérias resistentes aos antimicrobianos. É também um problema econômico interferindo nas culturas lácteas utilizadas na fabricação de derivados. A mastite é a causa mais freqüente para o tratamento de bovinos leiteiros com antimicrobianos. Foram objetivos deste trabalho estudar a influência do processo inflamatório no tempo de eliminação de diferentes antimicrobianos, administrados por via sistêmica ou intramamária em vacas em lactação e avaliar a presença de resíduos detectáveis em tanques resfriadores de propriedades leiteiras, correlacionando com os níveis de mastite nos rebanhos. Foi utilizado teste microbiológico comercial (Delvotest) para a avaliação da corrência de resíduos de antimicrobianos em 60 amostras de leite de tanques resfriadores de propriedades leiteiras e individualmente de 135 vacas em lactação com e sem processo inflamatório na glândula mamária. Foi verificada correlação entre a ocorrência de resíduo de antimicrobiano no tanque resfriador e o aumento da freqüência de mastite clínica (r= 1,0; teste de Spearman).O aumento do período de carência, no leite de glândulas com processo inflamatório, foi observado tanto nos animais tratados por via sistêmica quanto naqueles tratados por via intramamária, ultrapassando o período estipulado pelo fabricante do medicamento. Tal fato foi observado em relação a todos os grupos tratados com diferentes antimicrobianos (betalactâmicos, aminoglicosídeos, tetraciclinas e sulfa) variando de 11 a 60 % das amostras analisadas. Após 72 horas da aplicação de medicamento por via sitêmica, houve diferença significante (p < 0,05, Fisher) entre as amostras de animais com mastite e as de animais com ausência de processo inflamatório, indicando uma maior persistência de resíduo nas amostras de animais com mastite. Na avaliação da influência de inibidores naturais observou-se que 33% das amostras de quartos com mastite clínica e 18% das amostras de quartos com mastite subclínica apresentaram resultados positivos, sendo que na ausência de processo inflamatório todas as amostras apresentaram resultados negativos. A diferença de positividade foi estatisticamente significante, quando foram comparadas as amostras de quartos mamários com mastite clínica com as amostras de quartos mamários com ausência de processo inflamatório (p < 0,05, Fisher). Em síntese concluiu-se que houve uma correlação entre o nível de ocorrência de mastite clínica e a presença de resíduo no leite dos tanques resfriadores de propriedades leiteiras e que glândulas mamárias com processo inflamatório apresentaram maior período de eliminação de resíduos de antimicrobiano pelo leite, em relação às glândulas sem processo inflamatório, muitas vezes ultrapassando o período estipulado pelos fabricantes de medicamentos. Observou-se também que as amostras de leite de animais não tratados, analisadas sem aquecimento prévio, apresentaram positividade demonstrando a influência dos inibidores naturais, produzidos em decorrência do processo inflamatório, nos resultados dos testes microbiológicos, indicando a necessidade de aquecimento das amostras antes da realização dos testes microbiológicos para a detecção de resíduos, para evitar a ocorrência de resultados falso positivos. Como conclusão geral, a análise dos resultados obtidos no presente estudo demonstrou que a mastite interferiu na ocorrência de antimicrobianos no leite.
The presence of antimicrobial residues im milk is a public health concern, because they may cause allergic reactions and may lead to the development of resistance to antimicrobial agents by bacterial strains. It is also an economic problem because it interferes with starter cultures used in dairy products. Mastitis, the inflammatory process of the mammary gla nd, is the main reason to treat dairy cows with antimicrobial agents. The purpose of this study was to verify the influence of mastitis on the withdrawal period of several intramammary and parenteral antimicrobial agents used in lactating cows, as well as to evaluate the presence of detectable antimicrobial residues in bulk tank milk, in relation to the mastitis rates among the studied dairy farms. A total of 60 bulk tank samples of dairy farms and 135 individual samples of healthy and mastitic dairy cows were screened to verify the occurrence of antimicrobial residues with a microbiologic test (Delvotest®). A correlation was detected between antimicrobial residues in bulk tank and high clinical mastitis rates (r= 1.0; Spearman\'s test). A higher withdrawal period, exceeding that determined by the manufacturer, was observed in the milk of mammary glands presenting inflammatory processes, both in animals treated by the parenteral route, and those treated by the intramammary route. This observation ranged from 11 to 60% of the analyzed samples and was verified in all groups treated with different antimicrobial agents (betalactam, aminoglycosides, tetracycline and sulfas). Statistically significant difference was detected (p<0.05, Fisher\'s test) at seventy two hours after the parenteral treatment in samples from animals presenting inflammatory processes, in relation to samples from animals that did not present mastitis. That is, there was a higher withdrawal period in the samples from animals presenting mastitis. In the evaluation of the influence of inflammatory reaction natural inhibitors on Delvotest®, it was verified that 33% of the samples from clinical mastitis quarters and 18% from subclinical mastitis quarters were positive, and that quarter samples without inflammatory processes were negative. These differences were statistically significant (p<0.05, Fisher\'s test). Among the main onclusions, it should be pointed out that there was a correlation between high clinical mastitis rates in the dairy herd and antimicrobial residues in bulk tank milk. Another important result was that mammary glands presenting inflammatory processes exhibited higher withdrawal periods when compared with mammary glands that did not present inflammatory processes, and that sometimes this withdrawal period exceeded the period recommended by the manufacturer. It was also observed that milk samples from untreated animals, when tested without preliminary heating at 80ºC, were positive, due to the occurrence of natural inhibitors produced by the inflammatory process, showing their interference on microbiologic tests. Therefore, it was demonstrated that previous heating is helpful to avoid false positive results when microbiologic tests are used to detect antimicrobial agents residues in milk samples. As an overall conclusion, it was well demonstrated that mastitis interferes in antimicrobial residues in milk.
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29

Costa, Simone Silveira da. "Comparação entre a quantidade de unidades formadoras de colônias de microrganismos e a contagem de células somáticas em amostras de leite provenientes de glândulas mamárias de bovinos com infecção intramamária." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-30082007-155730/.

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Os processos inflamatórios na glândula mamária são especialmente freqüentes e importantes em bovinos leiteiros, sendo responsáveis por grandes prejuízos à pecuária leiteira. A mastite infecciosa é a mais importante doença sob o ponto de vista econômico e de saúde pública. A contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias por mililitro (UFC/mL) de leite proveniente diretamente de uma glândula mamária permitiria avaliar o comportamento de cada um dos agentes etiológicos da mastite infecciosa. A comparação desta informação com a contagem de células somáticas (CCS/mL) na amostra de leite permitiria uma avaliação mais acurada do processo infeccioso e inflamatório na glândula mamária. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: avaliar o \"status\" microbiológico de amostras de leite de vacas em lactação que apresentaram mastite e comparar a quantidade de UFC/mL de colônias dos diferentes microrganismos com as respectivas CCS/mL, levando em consideração a diferenciação de células polimorfonucleares (PMN/mL) e mononucleares (MN/mL) nas amostras. Quinhentas e seis amostras de 15 propriedades de exploração leiteira do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foram submetidas aos testes de Tamis e California Mastitis Test (CMT), e realizados os exames microbiológicos, contagem de UFC/mL e CCS/mL. Destas, 112 não apresentaram crescimento de microrganismos, e das amostras com crescimento foram isolados: 94 Corynebacterium spp., 104 Staphylococcus spp., 73 Streptococcus spp., 36 Prototheca zopfii, 08 Candida spp., 02 Nocardia spp. e 77 associações entre os microrganismos. Houve correlação entre o número de UFC/mL com a CCS/mL, assim como entre PMN/mL e entre MN/mL. Concluiu-se que existe um aumento da CCS/mL, PMN/mL e MN/mL no leite quando há um aumento das contagens de UFC/mL. As quantidades de UFC/mL no leite com isolamento de Streptococcus spp. foram maiores estatisticamente (P < 0,05) que as quantidades de UFC/mL com isolamento de Corynebacterium spp. e Staphylococcus spp. Concluiu-se também que, em havendo necessidade de tratamento de mastite clínica e subclínica no rebanho devido às altas contagens de UFC/mL, deve-se tratar inicialmente os quartos nos quais foram isolados Streptococcus spp. e deixar para uma segunda etapa ou para o processo de secagem o tratamento das mastites associadas à Staphylococcus coagulase-positivo, Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo e Corynebacterium spp. nessa mesma ordem.
Mastitis is a complex pathologic condition which may have different etiology and consequences. Mastitis usually starts with the penetration of microorganisms through the teat canal towards mammary parenchyma and secretory cells, and an inflammatory response occurs due to the products of the microbial growth. The aim of this work was to evaluate the microbial status of milk samples collected from lactating cows with mastitis and comparing the colonies forming units (CFU)/mL and the somatic cell counts (SCC)/mL, taking into consideration the differentiation of polymorphonuclear (PMN/mL) and mononuclear (MN/mL) cells. From primiparous and pluriparous dairy cows, 506 milk samples were collected from 15 dairy farms located in the State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. Samples were submitted to strip cup test and California Mastitis Test (CMT) and evaluated for CFU and SCC procedures. For microbial examinations, 112 (22.13%) samples were found negative and from the other 394, the following microorganisms were isolated: 94 (18.58%) Corynebacterium spp., 104 (20.55%) Staphylococcus spp., 73 (14.42%) Streptococcus spp., 36 (7.11%) Prototheca zopfii, 8 (1.60%) Candida spp., 2 (0.39%) Nocardia spp., and 77 (15.21%) associations among distinct microorganisms. Significant correlations were found between the CFU/mL and SCC/mL, and also with the PMN and MN cell countings. With the increased CFU/mL countings, it was observed the increase in SCC, PMN, and MN countings. The CFU/mL counts in samples with Streptococcus spp were statistically higher (P < 0.05) than the ones positive for Staphylococcus spp. and Corynebacterium spp. In case of treatments of mastitis, target must be primarily oriented to treat the mammarial glands showing clinical or subclinical mastitis with Streptococcus spp. showing high CFU/mL, and at the second stage, in case of treatment or drying the cows, therapy must be directed against coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium spp.
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30

Bolsanello, Roberto Ximenes. "Aspectos de produção e etio-epidemiológicos referentes às vias de transmissão nas mastites ovinas /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98350.

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Resumo: A ovinocultura vem se expandindo no Brasil nos últimos anos, e com isso começa-se a observar também um maior interesse para a produção de leite dessa espécie. Mesmo em países cuja produção leiteira é uma tradição de muitos anos, há uma deficiência de novas tecnologias e de pesquisas ligadas à produção de leite ovino. O leite de ovelha é um produto caro, com nichos de mercados e com excelentes perspectivas de crescimento no Brasil. Este trabalho teve como finalidade estudar aspectos de etio-epidemiologia referentes às vias de transmissão de patógenos na mastite ovina, e os aspectos de produção leiteira em animais com ou sem mastite, durante toda lactação. O experimento foi realizado na área de Produção de Ovinos da Fazenda Edgárdia, da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP - Campus de Botucatu. Foram utilizadas 37 ovelhas em lactação, da raça Bergamácia, submetidas a ordenha mecânica diariamente, com manejo idêntico. Os animais foram acompanhados durante toda a lactação (8 semanas). Avaliou-se o índice de mastite através do Califórnia Mastitis Test (CMT) e o leite dos animais positivos foi realizada cultura microbiológica e também se realizou a cultura microbiológica na água utilizada para higienização das tetas e equipamentos de ordenha; nos insufladores (teteiras); nas mãos dos ordenhadores; no óstio das tetas e na orofaringe dos respectivos cordeiros para correlacionar os achados microbiológicos encontrados nas diferentes situações, com os obtidos de amostras de leite dos animais, com mastites subclínicas e clínicas. Foi avaliada a produção de leite durante a lactação dos animais, correlacionando-se o índice da mastite e o estágio de lactação. O índice de CMT positivos (+, ++ e +++) durante as 8 semanas de lactação variou entre 1,35% e 8,1% das tetas.
Abstract: Sheep farms have been expanding on the last years in Brazil, from this on a bigger interests on milk production of this species starts to grow. Even in countries which milk production is a tradition for years, there are deficits of new technologies and researches on the subject. Sheep milk is a expensive product that shows excellent perspectives onto the brazilian market. The aim of this work is to study the etio-epidemiology aspect which refers to the transmission pathways of sheep mastitis pathogenes, during the lactation period. The research was realized in the sheepraising center of Edgardia farm, of the Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP - Campus de Botucatu. Thirty seven lactating sheeps were used, Bergamácia breed, under daily milking machines, all of them under similar management. The animals were followed during the lactation period (eight weeks). Evaluation of mastitis rates through the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and for positive milk samples microbiology culture were done on the milk samples and on the water used for hygiene of teat and milking equipments; insufflators; workers hands; teats ostium; and mouth of youngs to correlate to microbiologic findings during diferent situations, with the ones found from milk samples of animals, with clinical and subclinical mastitis. The milk production was evaluated during lactation period, correlating the mastitis rates and the lactation stage. The rate of positive CMT (+, ++ and +++) through eight weeks of lactation varied between 1,35% and 8,1% os the teats. Microbiology cultures realized could indicate that the most common mastite agent in this flock of sheep was Staphylococcus spp. not agreeing with many other cited works that affirmed that Manhemia haemolytica the most common sheep mastitis agent. There was not found a significative correlation between milk production... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Paulo Francisco Domingues
Coorientador: Hélio Langoni
Banca: Luis Carlos de Souza
Banca: Graziela Barioni
Mestre
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31

Dorosko, Stephanie. "Exploring the applicability of the California mastitis test to detect clinical and subclinical mastitis in milk from HIV-infected women /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2005.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2005.
Adviser: Davidson Hamer. Submitted to the School of Nutrition Science and Policy. Includes bibliographical references. Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
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32

Valavičienė, Jurgita. "Karvių slaptų mastitų paplitimas ir antimastitinių preparatų gydomasis efektyvumas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050415_144529-59668.

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A study was performed in agricultural company “Nemunas”, Prienai district, the Departament of Non-contagious Diseases of the Lithuanian veterinary Academy and the Laboratory of Animal reproduction. The master of thesis analyses reproduction of the cowherd and mastitis prblems in the farm of agricultural “Nemunas”, Prienai district. Analysis of data shows that the yield of milk is quite low (3203 kg) despite the fact that annual introduction of first-calf heifers amounts to 21,1 % of the herd. By examination of 1227 milk samples in 2003, the general count of somatics cells was 590,550 ± 51,030 cells/ml. Only 61,2 % of the delivered milk satisfied standart milk indicators (SCCL < 400,000 cells/ml). An increase in the somatic cell count is closely related with hidden mastitis. By examination of 41 milk samples (SCCL < 400,000 cells/ml), a mixed micro-flora was isolated in 78 % of the cases and pure cultures isolated in 22 % of the cases. The mixed microorganism cultures constituted of Streptococci, Stafilococci, Enterococci and yeast-like fungi. The sensitivity of the isolated organism was determined by carrying out antibioticogram testing. Used anti-mastitis preparations were found differently effective against isolated microorganisms. The preparation “Penak Entervitol” was effective agaisnt enterobacter and Candida, the preparation “Targot mastitis Suspension” was effective against Streptococci, Stafilococci and Proteus. The preparation “Streptopen” was effective against... [to full text]
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33

Kriščiūnienė, Justina. "Somatinių ląstelių skaičiaus įtaka reprodukcijos rodikliams." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140305_141843-50775.

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Padidėjęs somatinių ląstelių skaičius piene - svarbus mastito požymis. Perdirbamajai pramonei karvių mastitas buvo ir liks vienu iš svarbiausių trukdžių, gaminant aukštos kokybės pieno produktus. Klinikine forma serga 2 - 5 % lakuojančių ir užtrūkintų karvių, o slaptuoju uždegimu - iki 50 % karvių.
The increased number of somatic cells - an important feature of mastitis. Processing industry bovine mastitis has been and will remain one of the most important interference in the manufacture of high-quality dairy products. The clinical form of suffering 2-5% lakuojančių and užtrūkintų cows and subclinical inflammation - up to 50% of the cows.
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34

Xia, Sen. "The rheology of gel formed during the California Mastitis Test." The University of Waikato, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2258.

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One of the most costly diseases in the dairy industry is mastitis, which is an inflammation of the mammary gland. Mastitis influences the quality of milk and therefore reduces financial returns to both the farmer and the processor. Early detection of mastitis typically reduces treatment cost and a significant amount of research has been done in this field. Currently, the three major methods for mastitis detection are: • The Foss Analysis, which physically counts each cell and is performed off-site. • The Whiteside Test, which is based on a direct relationship between the number of the blood cells and the intensity of a gel formed between NaOH and cells. It was developed for on-site mastitis detection, but is no longer used routinely. • The California Mastitis Test (CMT), which can be done on-site, but is only a quantitative indication of the severity of the infection. The California Mastitis Test has previously been adapted to determine the somatic cell count (SCC) in infected milk by correlating viscosity to cell count. Although highly successful, some uncertainty exists regarding the rheology of the gel formed during the test as well as factors that may influence the accuracy of the test. In this thesis, studies were undertaken on the rheology of the gel formed during the California Mastitis Test in order to develop an understanding of the mechanism of gel formation and how various factors influence the rheology of the gel. Basic biochemistry and physico-chemistry of the gel has been reviewed and it was found that the CMT gel is a DNA/histone/surfactant complex, which forms when SDS is introduced into infected milk with elevated somatic cell counts. Based on literature and some initial experimentation it was found that the gel is a time- and sheardependent, non-Newtonian fluid. Since the reliability of the CMT hinges on the correlation between viscosity and SCC, this study investigated specific factors that may influence gelation, these were: iii • rheology • testing conditions, such as time delay prior to viscosity testing, shear rate and temperature • surfactant type and concentration • milk composition, including fat content, somatic cell count and protein content. It was found that when using capillary viscometry a linear relationship exists between the relative viscosity of the gel and the SCC. The surfactant concentration determines the slope of this linear relationship and it was found that at least 3% SDS is necessary for accurate results. Using more than 3% SDS resulted in more scatter in the data. It was also found that a linear relationship exists between the maximum apparent viscosity and SCC. Either capillary or Brookfield viscometry can be used, however, Brookfield viscometry was found to be more sensitive at the lower SCC range. It was found that the combination of surfactant concentration and SCC influenced the rheology of the gel. The lower the SCC the more SDS was required for gel formation. It was found that when using 1% SDS the critical SCC was 79 k cell/ml, while using 3% SDS this was lowered to 59 k cell/ml. It was found that above the critical SCC the gel is a non-Newtonian rheopectic fluid. Dependent on shear rate, the gel shows rheodestructive behaviour. With a delay time, the peak viscosity of the gel formed faster with longer delay times. However, more than 30 seconds delay had no additional influence on gel formation. It was found that the shear rate or spindle speed influences both the time to reach the peak viscosity as well as the magnitude of this maximum. Higher shear rates shortened the time to reach the maximum apparent viscosity as well as the maximum viscosity. This is likely due to physical breakdown of the gel which is accelerated due to increased shear. Different surfactants have different effects on raw milk. Both acetic acid and Triton- 114 were found to be ineffective as CMT reagents. Acetic acid only denatures proteins and the increased viscosity is due to the precipitation of casein. Triton-114 cannot lyse nuclei walls and therefore gel formation was prohibited due to no DNA/histone complexes being released. Mixing SDS with Triton-114 was found to be less effective than SDS alone either due to the nucleus not being lysed, or because iv of interaction effects between SDS and Triton-114, reducing the available SDS for gelation. Lastly it was concluded that protein and fat content only contributes to the viscosity of milk by changing the solids content of milk and neither of these affects gelation during the CMT. Also, temperature only has a small influence on the relative viscosity and this influence could be neglected if the CMT is done around room temperature.
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35

Mehne, Daniel Stefan. "Modellhafte Untersuchungen zur Frühphase der Mastitis beim Rind." kostenfrei, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1001451198/34.

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36

Mehne, Daniel. "Modellhafte Untersuchungen zur Frühphase der Mastitis beim Rind." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-113233.

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37

Nyman, Ann-Kristin. "Epidemiological studies of risk factors for bovine mastitis /." Uppsala : Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200780.pdf.

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38

Appiah-Kusi, Charles. "A ratiometric sensor for the detection of mastitis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614241.

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39

Thorberg, Britt-Marie. "Coagulase-negative staphylococci in bovine sub-clinical mastitis /." Uppsala : Dept. of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/10971614.pdf.

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40

Carlén, Emma. "Genetic evaluation of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle /." Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200863.pdf.

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41

Repetti, Leandro [UNESP]. "Possíveis associações entre marcadores genético-bioquímicos e sensibilidade a mastite em vacas da raça holandês, pura por cruzamento, variedade malhada de preto, em ambiente tropical." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95347.

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A mastite é um processo inflamatório da glândula mamária, aguda ou crônica, freqüente em ruminantes, sendo consideráveis as perdas econômicas por tal patologia, por desencadear inúmeros problemas sanitários para a pecuária leiteira. Portanto, a análise do polimorfismo dessas proteínas constitui-se numa importante ferramenta para o melhoramento genético do rebanho leiteiro. Neste trabalho, foram analisadas possíveis associações entre o polimorfismo bioquímico das hemoglobinas, transferrinas, albuminas séricas e beta lactoglobulinas e freqüência de mastite em vacas da raça Holandês, num rebanho controlado, mantidas em ambiente tropical. Embora não tenha sido constatada diferença significativa entre as freqüências de polimorfismo bioquímico das proteínas entre as duas populações estudadas, propõe-se a realização de novos estudos na área de biologia genética para que os dados que forem obtidos poderão ser empregados na orientação de programas de manejo e de melhoramento com vistas à resistência a mastite.
Mastitis is an inflammatory process of the mammary gland, sharp or chronic; frequent in ruminant, being considerable the economical losses for such pathology, for unchaining countless sanitary problems for the livestock milk pan. Therefore, the analysis of polymorphism of those proteins is constituted of an important tool for the flock milkman's genetic improvement. In this work, possible associations were analyzed among the biochemical polymorphism of the hemoglobins, transferrins, serum albumins and beta lactoglobulins and mastitis frequency in cows of the Dutch race, in a controlled flock, maintained in tropical atmosphere. Although it has not been verified significant differences among the frequencies of biochemical polymorphism of the proteins among the two studied populations, intends the accomplishment of new studies in the area of genetic biology so that the data that be obtained can be used in the orientation of handling programs and of improvement with views to the resistance the mastitis.
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42

Bolsanello, Roberto Ximenes [UNESP]. "Aspectos de produção e etio-epidemiológicos referentes às vias de transmissão nas mastites ovinas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98350.

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
A ovinocultura vem se expandindo no Brasil nos últimos anos, e com isso começa-se a observar também um maior interesse para a produção de leite dessa espécie. Mesmo em países cuja produção leiteira é uma tradição de muitos anos, há uma deficiência de novas tecnologias e de pesquisas ligadas à produção de leite ovino. O leite de ovelha é um produto caro, com nichos de mercados e com excelentes perspectivas de crescimento no Brasil. Este trabalho teve como finalidade estudar aspectos de etio-epidemiologia referentes às vias de transmissão de patógenos na mastite ovina, e os aspectos de produção leiteira em animais com ou sem mastite, durante toda lactação. O experimento foi realizado na área de Produção de Ovinos da Fazenda Edgárdia, da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia – UNESP – Campus de Botucatu. Foram utilizadas 37 ovelhas em lactação, da raça Bergamácia, submetidas a ordenha mecânica diariamente, com manejo idêntico. Os animais foram acompanhados durante toda a lactação (8 semanas). Avaliou-se o índice de mastite através do Califórnia Mastitis Test (CMT) e o leite dos animais positivos foi realizada cultura microbiológica e também se realizou a cultura microbiológica na água utilizada para higienização das tetas e equipamentos de ordenha; nos insufladores (teteiras); nas mãos dos ordenhadores; no óstio das tetas e na orofaringe dos respectivos cordeiros para correlacionar os achados microbiológicos encontrados nas diferentes situações, com os obtidos de amostras de leite dos animais, com mastites subclínicas e clínicas. Foi avaliada a produção de leite durante a lactação dos animais, correlacionando-se o índice da mastite e o estágio de lactação. O índice de CMT positivos (+, ++ e +++) durante as 8 semanas de lactação variou entre 1,35% e 8,1% das tetas.
Sheep farms have been expanding on the last years in Brazil, from this on a bigger interests on milk production of this species starts to grow. Even in countries which milk production is a tradition for years, there are deficits of new technologies and researches on the subject. Sheep milk is a expensive product that shows excellent perspectives onto the brazilian market. The aim of this work is to study the etio-epidemiology aspect which refers to the transmission pathways of sheep mastitis pathogenes, during the lactation period. The research was realized in the sheepraising center of Edgardia farm, of the Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia – UNESP – Campus de Botucatu. Thirty seven lactating sheeps were used, Bergamácia breed, under daily milking machines, all of them under similar management. The animals were followed during the lactation period (eight weeks). Evaluation of mastitis rates through the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and for positive milk samples microbiology culture were done on the milk samples and on the water used for hygiene of teat and milking equipments; insufflators; workers hands; teats ostium; and mouth of youngs to correlate to microbiologic findings during diferent situations, with the ones found from milk samples of animals, with clinical and subclinical mastitis. The milk production was evaluated during lactation period, correlating the mastitis rates and the lactation stage. The rate of positive CMT (+, ++ and +++) through eight weeks of lactation varied between 1,35% and 8,1% os the teats. Microbiology cultures realized could indicate that the most common mastite agent in this flock of sheep was Staphylococcus spp. not agreeing with many other cited works that affirmed that Manhemia haemolytica the most common sheep mastitis agent. There was not found a significative correlation between milk production... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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43

Fávero, Samuel [UNESP]. "Fatores associados a qualidade do leite, higiene animal e concentração bacteriana na cama de vacas leiteiras confinadas no sistema de compostagem." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132015.

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Os objetivos foram descrever e identificar fatores da cama associados à concentração bacteriana no leite e na cama, índices epidemiológicos de mastite e higiene animal em rebanhos alojados no sistema de compostagem. Três fazendas foram visitadas mensalmente durante um ano. Amostras foram colhidas do leite do tanque e de casos de mastite para exame microbiológico. Foram avaliados escores de limpeza do flanco, perna, teta e úbere. Amostras da cama foram coletadas para estimar concentrações bacterianas e características físico-químicas. Matéria orgânica, densidade e a relação carbono-nitrogênio foram associados a concentrações bacterianas na cama. A temperatura na camada profunda foi maior do que a da superfície, mas não o suficiente para diminuir substancialmente as concentrações de bactérias totais, estreptococos e coliformes na cama. Exceto em situações de erros de manejo, parâmetros como a temperatura, matéria orgânica, umidade, densidade e relação carbono-nitrogênio foram mantidas dentro de limites de controle durante o estudo. Coliformes e estreptococos ambientais foram os patógenos mais freqüentes isolados nos casos de mastite clínica. A prevalência de mastite causada por patógenos ambientais que podem causar surtos de mastite intratável não foi preocupante. Surtos de mastite ambiental não foram observados. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que níveis baixos de umidade e densidade da cama estão associados a diminuição do risco de mastite clínica e melhora da limpeza dos animais, respectivamente. Os resultados desta pesquisa podem ser usados para reduzir o risco de mastite de animais alojados em sistema de compostagem
Os objetivos foram descrever e identificar fatores da cama associados à concentração bacteriana no leite e na cama, índices epidemiológicos de mastite e higiene animal em rebanhos alojados no sistema de compostagem. Três fazendas foram visitadas mensalmente durante um ano. Amostras foram colhidas do leite do tanque e de casos de mastite para exame microbiológico. Foram avaliados escores de limpeza do flanco, perna, teta e úbere. Amostras da cama foram coletadas para estimar concentrações bacterianas e características físico-químicas. Matéria orgânica, densidade e a relação carbono-nitrogênio foram associados a concentrações bacterianas na cama. A temperatura na camada profunda foi maior do que a da superfície, mas não o suficiente para diminuir substancialmente as concentrações de bactérias totais, estreptococos e coliformes na cama. Exceto em situações de erros de manejo, parâmetros como a temperatura, matéria orgânica, umidade, densidade e relação carbono-nitrogênio foram mantidas dentro de limites de controle durante o estudo. Coliformes e estreptococos ambientais foram os patógenos mais freqüentes isolados nos casos de mastite clínica. A prevalência de mastite causada por patógenos ambientais que podem causar surtos de mastite intratável não foi preocupante. Surtos de mastite ambiental não foram observados. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que níveis baixos de umidade e densidade da cama estão associados a diminuição do risco de mastite clínica e melhora da limpeza dos animais, respectivamente. Os resultados desta pesquisa podem ser usados para reduzir o risco de mastite de animais alojados em sistema de compostagem
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44

Zanutto, Mirella Rossitto [UNESP]. "Capacidade de adesão, invasão e produção de enterotoxinas de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de leite de vacas com mastite subclínica e leite humano de um banco de leite." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/139322.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Staphylococcus aureus é um dos principais patógenos envolvidos na mastite humana e bovina. Entre seus diversos fatores de virulência está a capacidade de aderir e invadir células do epitélio mamário, estabelecendo a doença, produzir enterotoxinas que podem causar intoxicações de origem alimentar, caso haja consumo do leite contaminado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e comparar o potencial de adesão e de invasão de S. aureus, isolados de leite de vacas com mastite subclínica e de leite humano de um Banco de Leite, em cultura de células epiteliais mamárias bovinas (BMECs), HEp-2 e HeLa, pesquisar os genes envolvidos na formação de algumas enterotoxinas por PCR, verificar a produção das enterotoxinas clássicas in vitro e pesquisar a presença do gene mecA, que confere resistência à vários antibióticos beta lactâmicos. Foram utilizados 20 isolados de S. aureus, de leite de vacas com mastite subclínica e 20 de leite humano de um Banco de Leite, de um hospital público, na cidade de Botucatu, SP. Os isolados de leite humano apresentaram melhor adesão em células HeLa (p=0,043), enquanto os isolados de leite bovino aderiram melhor em células HEp-2 e BMEC (p=0,01). Nos testes de invasão, os isolados de leite humano e bovino invadiram os três tipos celulares indistintamente em porcentagens de invasão de 1 a 62,5% para S. aureus de origem humana e de 0,7 a 100%, para isolados de origem bovina. O gene que codifica a enterotoxina G (seg) foi o mais frequente em ambos os tipos de leite, com prevalência de 90% (n=18) e 80% (n=16), em humanos e bovinos, respectivamente. No leite humano, sea foi o segundo mais prevalente, com 75% (n=15), dos quais 11 (73,3%) produziram SEA in vitro, seguido de sec, que foi observado em 9 (45%) isolados, dos quais 4 (44,5%) produziram a enterotoxina in vitro. Os genes sea e sec foram observados, simultaneamente, em 6 desses isolados e 2 deles produziram ambas as enterotoxinas. Em relação...
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main pathogens involved in human and bovine mastitis. Among his many virulence factors is the ability to adhere and invade mammary epithelial cells, establishing the disease, produce enterotoxin that can cause foodborne poisoning, if any contaminated milk consumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the potential of adherence and invasion of S. aureus, isolated from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis and breast milk from a milk bank in culture bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC), HEp -2 and HeLa, searching genes involved in the formation of certain enterotoxins by PCR, verify the production of enterotoxins classical in vitro and investigate the presence of the mecA gene, which confers resistance to various beta lactam antibiotics. Were used 20 S. aureus isolates from milk cows with subclinical mastitis and 20 human milk from a milk bank of a public hospital in the city of Botucatu, SP. The isolated human milk showed better adhesion to HeLa cells (p = 0.043), while isolates from bovine milk adhered better to HEp-2 cells and BMEC (p = 0.01). In invasion testing, isolates from human milk and bovine invaded the three cell types indistinctly in percentage from 1 to 62.5% invasion for S. aureus of human origin and 0.7 to 100% for isolates from bovine origin. It was concluded that the adhesion test for human isolates can be used and HeLa cells isolated from bovine origin, can be used Hep-2 and BMEC cells. For testing invasion any cell type may be utilized for S. aureus from both origins. The gene encoding the enterotoxin C (sec) was the most common in both types of milk, with a prevalence of 90% (n = 18) and 80% (n = 16) in human and bovine, respectively. In human milk, sea was the most prevalent second, with 75% (n = 15), of which 11 (73.3%) produced SEA in vitro, followed sec, which was observed in 9 (45%) isolates of which 4 (44.5%) enterotoxin produced in vitro. The sea and ...
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45

Carneiro, Deolinda Maria Vieira Filha. "Efeito do uso de um selante interno de tetos na profilaxia de novas infecções intramamárias durante o período seco e no pós-parto." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2006. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/870.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This is the first controlled study to demonstrate the efficacy of an internal bismuth subnitrate teat sealant in protecting quarters against IMI, under Brazilian field conditions. The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of an internal dry period teat sealant containing bismuth subnitrate, when used alone or in association with a dry cow antibiotic (gentamicin), and in comparison with the infusion with the dry cow antibiotic alone. It was assessed the number of new intramammary infections (IMI) acquired during the dry period, the dry period cure rate and the number of IMI during the three first weeks after calving. Selection of animals was based on the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and bacteriological culture data. Two groups were analyzed: G1, free of IMI (n=215 quarters) and G2, not free of IMI (n=105 quarters). Milk samples were taken from 320 quarters (80 cows, six herds) on four occasions: seven days before dry off, at dry off, seven days after calving and 21 days after calving. All the samples were analyzed by the CMT and bacteriological culture. Immediately after the last milking, one quarter was infused with a teat sealant (T1, n= 80 quarters), one quarter was infused with teat sealant plus a dry cow therapy antibiotic (gentamicin) (T2, n=80), and two contralateral quarters were infused with gentamicin only (T3, n=160). Data analysis (Fischer s Exact Test) indicated that there was no statistical difference in the occurrence of post-calving clinical mastitis among T1 (0,43%, 1 quarter), T2 (0%) or T3 (1,3%, 3 quarters). There was no occurrence of clinical mastitis during the dry period. Analysis of the data in the group free of IMI at drying off showed no statistical differences in the incidence of new IMI in the three groups at 8 days after calving (T1=1,8%, 1 quarter; T2=0%; T3=1,85%, 2 quarters); and neither 21 days after calving (T1=5,35%, 3 quarters; T2=1,96%, 1 quarter; T3=9,25%, 10 quarters). In the group with IMI at dry off, there were no statistical differences in the incidence of IMI between the quarters at 7 days after calving (T1=8,3%, 2 quarters; T2=3,4%, 1 quarter; T3=7,7%, 4 quarters); neither 21 days after calving (T1=16,6%, 4 quarters; T2=10,3%, 3 quarters; T3=19,2%, 10 quarters). The dry period cure rate in the G2 group was not significantly different among T1 (87,5%), T2 (93,1%) and T3 (90,4%). These findings demonstrate that there were no significant differences between the use of a dry cow antibiotic or a teat sealant at dry-off on IMI, under the conditions of this study. Furthermore, there was no apparent benefit with the simultaneous application of the teat sealant and a dry cow antibiotic
Este é o primeiro estudo desenvolvido no Brasil para demonstrar a eficácia de um selante interno de tetos na proteção de quartos mamários contra infecções intramamárias (IIM). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de um selante interno de tetos à base de subnitrato de bismuto na profilaxia de novas IIM adquiridas durante o período seco, a taxa de cura neste período e o número de IIM durante as três primeiras semanas após o parto. Foram observados os efeitos deste selante interno de tetos quando usado isoladamente ou quando em associação com um antibiótico intramamário para vacas secas à base de gentamicina e compararam-se estes efeitos com os do mesmo antibiótico utilizado isoladamente. A seleção dos animais foi baseada no California Mastitis Test (CMT) e análise microbiológica de amostras de leite de cada quarto mamário. Foram analisados dois grupos: G1, quartos livres de IIM (n=215) e G2, com infecção intramamária (n=105). Foram coletadas amostras de leite de 320 quartos mamários (80 vacas, seis granjas leiteiras) em quatro ocasiões: sete dias antes da secagem, à secagem, oito e 21 dias pós-parto. Todas as amostras foram analisadas por CMT e cultura microbiológica. No momento da secagem, exatamente após a última ordenha, um quarto foi infundido com o selante interno de tetos (T1, n= 80 quartos), um quarto foi infundido com o antibiótico para vaca seca à base de gentamicina e o selante interno de tetos (T2, n= 80 quartos), e dois quartos ipsilaterais foram infundidos somente com o antibiótico (T3, n= 160). A análise estatística (Teste Exato de Fischer, P>0,05) indicou que não houve diferença entre a ocorrência de mastite clínica no pós-parto entre T1 (1,25%, 1 quarto), T2 (0%) ou T3 (1,8%, 3 quartos). Não houve ocorrência de mastite clínica durante o período seco e no pós-parto imediato. A análise dos dados do grupo G1 indicou não haver diferença estatística na incidência de novas IIM entre os três tratamentos aos oito dias pós-parto (T1=1,8%, 1 quarto; T2=0%; T3=1,85%, 2 quartos); bem como aos 21 dias pós-parto (T1=5,35%, 3 quartos; T2=1,96%, 1 quarto; T3=9,25%, 10 quartos). No grupo G2, também não houve diferença estatística na incidência de IIM entre os tratamentos aos oito dias pósparto (T1=8,3%, 2 quartos; T2=3,4%, 1 quarto; T3=7,7%, 4 quartos); e nem aos 21 dias pós-parto (T1=16,6%, 4 quartos; T2=10,3%, 3 quartos; T3=19,2%, 10 quartos). A taxa de cura do G2 no período seco não foi significantemente diferente entre T1 (87,5%), T2 (93,1%) e T3 (90,4%). Estes dados indicam que não houve diferença significativa entre o uso de um antibiótico para vaca seca e o selante interno de tetos na incidência de infecções intramamárias, nas condições deste estudo. Também não houve benefício aparente na aplicação simultânea do selante e do antibiótico
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46

Fávero, Samuel. "Fatores associados a qualidade do leite, higiene animal e concentração bacteriana na cama de vacas leiteiras confinadas no sistema de compostagem /." Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132015.

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Orientador: José Carlos de Figueiredo Pantoja
Banca: Hélio Langoni
Banca: Paulo Fernando Machado
Resumo: Os objetivos foram descrever e identificar fatores da cama associados à concentração bacteriana no leite e na cama, índices epidemiológicos de mastite e higiene animal em rebanhos alojados no sistema de compostagem. Três fazendas foram visitadas mensalmente durante um ano. Amostras foram colhidas do leite do tanque e de casos de mastite para exame microbiológico. Foram avaliados escores de limpeza do flanco, perna, teta e úbere. Amostras da cama foram coletadas para estimar concentrações bacterianas e características físico-químicas. Matéria orgânica, densidade e a relação carbono-nitrogênio foram associados a concentrações bacterianas na cama. A temperatura na camada profunda foi maior do que a da superfície, mas não o suficiente para diminuir substancialmente as concentrações de bactérias totais, estreptococos e coliformes na cama. Exceto em situações de erros de manejo, parâmetros como a temperatura, matéria orgânica, umidade, densidade e relação carbono-nitrogênio foram mantidas dentro de limites de controle durante o estudo. Coliformes e estreptococos ambientais foram os patógenos mais freqüentes isolados nos casos de mastite clínica. A prevalência de mastite causada por patógenos ambientais que podem causar surtos de mastite intratável não foi preocupante. Surtos de mastite ambiental não foram observados. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que níveis baixos de umidade e densidade da cama estão associados a diminuição do risco de mastite clínica e melhora da limpeza dos animais, respectivamente. Os resultados desta pesquisa podem ser usados para reduzir o risco de mastite de animais alojados em sistema de compostagem
Abstract: Os objetivos foram descrever e identificar fatores da cama associados à concentração bacteriana no leite e na cama, índices epidemiológicos de mastite e higiene animal em rebanhos alojados no sistema de compostagem. Três fazendas foram visitadas mensalmente durante um ano. Amostras foram colhidas do leite do tanque e de casos de mastite para exame microbiológico. Foram avaliados escores de limpeza do flanco, perna, teta e úbere. Amostras da cama foram coletadas para estimar concentrações bacterianas e características físico-químicas. Matéria orgânica, densidade e a relação carbono-nitrogênio foram associados a concentrações bacterianas na cama. A temperatura na camada profunda foi maior do que a da superfície, mas não o suficiente para diminuir substancialmente as concentrações de bactérias totais, estreptococos e coliformes na cama. Exceto em situações de erros de manejo, parâmetros como a temperatura, matéria orgânica, umidade, densidade e relação carbono-nitrogênio foram mantidas dentro de limites de controle durante o estudo. Coliformes e estreptococos ambientais foram os patógenos mais freqüentes isolados nos casos de mastite clínica. A prevalência de mastite causada por patógenos ambientais que podem causar surtos de mastite intratável não foi preocupante. Surtos de mastite ambiental não foram observados. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que níveis baixos de umidade e densidade da cama estão associados a diminuição do risco de mastite clínica e melhora da limpeza dos animais, respectivamente. Os resultados desta pesquisa podem ser usados para reduzir o risco de mastite de animais alojados em sistema de compostagem
Mestre
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47

Zanutto, Mirella Rossitto. "Capacidade de adesão, invasão e produção de enterotoxinas de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de leite de vacas com mastite subclínica e leite humano de um banco de leite /." Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/139322.

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Orientador: Vera Lúcia Mores Rall
Coorientador: João Pessoa Araújo Júnior
Banca: Ary Fernandes Júnior
Banca: Antonio Carlos Paes
Resumo: Staphylococcus aureus é um dos principais patógenos envolvidos na mastite humana e bovina. Entre seus diversos fatores de virulência está a capacidade de aderir e invadir células do epitélio mamário, estabelecendo a doença, produzir enterotoxinas que podem causar intoxicações de origem alimentar, caso haja consumo do leite contaminado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e comparar o potencial de adesão e de invasão de S. aureus, isolados de leite de vacas com mastite subclínica e de leite humano de um Banco de Leite, em cultura de células epiteliais mamárias bovinas (BMECs), HEp-2 e HeLa, pesquisar os genes envolvidos na formação de algumas enterotoxinas por PCR, verificar a produção das enterotoxinas clássicas in vitro e pesquisar a presença do gene mecA, que confere resistência à vários antibióticos beta lactâmicos. Foram utilizados 20 isolados de S. aureus, de leite de vacas com mastite subclínica e 20 de leite humano de um Banco de Leite, de um hospital público, na cidade de Botucatu, SP. Os isolados de leite humano apresentaram melhor adesão em células HeLa (p=0,043), enquanto os isolados de leite bovino aderiram melhor em células HEp-2 e BMEC (p=0,01). Nos testes de invasão, os isolados de leite humano e bovino invadiram os três tipos celulares indistintamente em porcentagens de invasão de 1 a 62,5% para S. aureus de origem humana e de 0,7 a 100%, para isolados de origem bovina. O gene que codifica a enterotoxina G (seg) foi o mais frequente em ambos os tipos de leite, com prevalência de 90% (n=18) e 80% (n=16), em humanos e bovinos, respectivamente. No leite humano, sea foi o segundo mais prevalente, com 75% (n=15), dos quais 11 (73,3%) produziram SEA in vitro, seguido de sec, que foi observado em 9 (45%) isolados, dos quais 4 (44,5%) produziram a enterotoxina in vitro. Os genes sea e sec foram observados, simultaneamente, em 6 desses isolados e 2 deles produziram ambas as enterotoxinas. Em relação...
Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main pathogens involved in human and bovine mastitis. Among his many virulence factors is the ability to adhere and invade mammary epithelial cells, establishing the disease, produce enterotoxin that can cause foodborne poisoning, if any contaminated milk consumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the potential of adherence and invasion of S. aureus, isolated from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis and breast milk from a milk bank in culture bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC), HEp -2 and HeLa, searching genes involved in the formation of certain enterotoxins by PCR, verify the production of enterotoxins classical in vitro and investigate the presence of the mecA gene, which confers resistance to various beta lactam antibiotics. Were used 20 S. aureus isolates from milk cows with subclinical mastitis and 20 human milk from a milk bank of a public hospital in the city of Botucatu, SP. The isolated human milk showed better adhesion to HeLa cells (p = 0.043), while isolates from bovine milk adhered better to HEp-2 cells and BMEC (p = 0.01). In invasion testing, isolates from human milk and bovine invaded the three cell types indistinctly in percentage from 1 to 62.5% invasion for S. aureus of human origin and 0.7 to 100% for isolates from bovine origin. It was concluded that the adhesion test for human isolates can be used and HeLa cells isolated from bovine origin, can be used Hep-2 and BMEC cells. For testing invasion any cell type may be utilized for S. aureus from both origins. The gene encoding the enterotoxin C (sec) was the most common in both types of milk, with a prevalence of 90% (n = 18) and 80% (n = 16) in human and bovine, respectively. In human milk, sea was the most prevalent second, with 75% (n = 15), of which 11 (73.3%) produced SEA in vitro, followed sec, which was observed in 9 (45%) isolates of which 4 (44.5%) enterotoxin produced in vitro. The sea and ...
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48

Steele, Nicole. "On-farm strategies for the prevention and detection of Gram-specific clinical mastitis in dairy cows." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89026.

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Controlling mastitis in dairy herds relies on good prevention and detection methods. This dissertation describes two areas of research relating to mastitis control. In the first objective, the efficacy of 2 vaccines against Escherichia coli mastitis in mid-lactation dairy cows was evaluated. Secondly, in a series of 3 studies, milk and activity sensor data were used to derive models for clinical mastitis (CM) detection, and models were tested for their ability to indicate the causative pathogen type. Primiparous and multiparous animals were vaccinated with 1 of 2 commercially available J5 vaccines (V1 or V2) or served as unvaccinated controls (CTL). Intramammary challenge with E. coli approximately 84 d later resulted in few treatment differences in the clinical and behavioral responses, except that vaccinated cows exhibited fever (≥ 39.4 °C) 3 h earlier and laid down for longer periods than CTL. Although vaccinated cows had similar severity and duration of CM, V1 cows produced more serum IgG1 and IgG2 than V2 cows. Our results indicated that the effects of vaccination were diminished in mid-lactation, and that antibodies are not the limiting factor in defending against induced E. coli mastitis. Multiple regression models, incorporating the slope changes in relevant milk and activity sensor data, were developed to indicate all CM cases (ACM), or specifically, CM due to Gram-negative (GN) or Gram-positive (GP) bacteria. Gram-specific models had greater detection accuracy (> 80%) than the ACM model (75%) when evaluated using the model training dataset, but independent evaluation demonstrated reduced sensitivity (Se) of detecting CM by all models (GN, 62%, ACM, 56%, and GP, 32% Se). Data in the 3 d prior to CM were more important in detecting GN pathogens, whereas the best GP models incorporated changes more than 1 week prior to CM detection. Still, model performance was imperfect. Next, models were rederived from a dataset that better reflected the infection distribution of the herds its use was intended for. However, the Se of detecting CM in real-time, across 2 farms, was < 21% for all models, and categorization by Gram-status had no benefit. An insufficient number of CM cases was considered to contribute to the poor detection performance of models and limited repeatability across farms. Consequently, models derived in this study were inadequate for implementation as mastitis detection tools. In the future, development of new sensors and application of more sophisticated algorithms to the field of mastitis detection may improve the accuracy of models using sensor data.
Doctor of Philosophy
Mastitis is an important disease of dairy cattle that adversely affects animal welfare, productivity, and milk quality. Controlling mastitis in dairy herds relies on good prevention and detection methods. In this dissertation, we investigated two elements of mastitis control: 1) the effects of vaccination in protecting against mastitis, and 2) the ability of on-farm sensor data to detect clinical mastitis (CM) and indicate the causative pathogen type. Coliform bacteria commonly cause CM, and vaccination against these bacteria can reduce the severity of the disease. We evaluated the effect of 2 different vaccines on the clinical, behavioral, and immune response in cows with experimental mastitis caused by Escherichia coli. Our findings indicated that the effects of vaccination had diminished at the time of experimental mastitis, as vaccinated cows had no improvement in clinical recovery compared with unvaccinated controls. Although no clinical or behavioral differences were observed between the 2 different vaccines, the antibody response differed, suggesting that antibodies are not the key player underpinning the mechanisms of vaccination against induced coliform mastitis in mid-lactation. Rapid detection and diagnosis of mastitis is important to reduce effects on the cow, and to support decision making for the appropriate intervention. We aimed to develop and test mastitis detection models that utilized data collected by on-farm sensor technologies. Milk and activity parameters, which may be differentially affected by mastitis depending on the pathogen causing infection, were used in multiple regression models for detecting any CM case, or specifically CM caused by Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-specific models were initially estimated to have > 80% accuracy in classifying cows with and without mastitis, but further validation demonstrated that the models were not repeatable when tested independently. Subsequently, models that were more suited to the farms they were to be implemented on were developed, and tested, revealing limited performance in detecting any case of CM, or CM due to the Gram-specific pathogens. Model derivation was limited by an insufficient number of CM cases to represent the variation in different cases of CM within the Gram-positive and Gram-positive classifications. Although our models did not show promise as a mastitis detection tool, milk and activity data may be incorporated with other sensor data for improved detection and diagnosis of mastitis.
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49

Axelsson, Anneli. "A comparison between bulk tank milk samples and individual milk samples from dairy herds in Uruguay." Uppsala : SLU (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), 2004. http://vfak-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00000059/01/annelie-b.pdf.

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50

Grant, Raymond G. "The role of the bovine mammary gland in immunological responses to Streptococcus uberis." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261337.

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