Academic literature on the topic 'Massive flood events'
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Journal articles on the topic "Massive flood events"
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Froese, Duane G., Derald G. Smith, John A. Westgate, Thomas A. Ager, Shari J. Preece, Amanjit Sandhu, Randolph J. Enkin, and Florence Weber. "Recurring middle Pleistocene outburst floods in east-central Alaska." Quaternary Research 60, no. 1 (July 2003): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-5894(03)00090-5.
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AbstractRecurring glacial outburst floods from the Yukon-Tanana Upland are inferred from sediments exposed along the Yukon River near the mouth of Charley River in east-central Alaska. Deposits range from imbricate gravel and granules indicating flow locally extending up the Yukon valley, to more distal sediments consisting of at least 10 couplets of planar sands, granules, and climbing ripples with up-valley paleocurrent indicators overlain by massive silt. An interglacial organic silt, occurring within the sequence, indicates at least two flood events are associated with an earlier glaciation, and at least three flood events are associated with a later glaciation which postdates the organic silt. A minimum age for the floods is provided by a glass fission track age of 560,000 ± 80,000 yr on the GI tephra, which occurs 8 m above the flood beds. A maximum age of 780,000 yr for the floods is based on normal magnetic polarity of the sediments. These age constraints allow us to correlate the flood events to the early-middle Pleistocene. And further, the outburst floods indicate extensive glaciation of the Yukon-Tanana Upland during the early-middle Pleistocene, likely representing the most extensive Pleistocene glaciation of the area.
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Gourbesville, Philippe, and Masoud Ghulami. "Which models for extreme flood events in Mediterranean catchments?" IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1136, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1136/1/012017.
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Abstract Over the last years, most of the Mediterranean countries have been affected by catastrophic flood events generated by never observed before extreme rainfalls. Those events are frequently convective and stationary for several hours. The recorded intensities have frequently values exceeding 100 mm/hour and can last for several hours. Under those specific conditions as during the storm ALEX of October 2020, the runoff processes are particularly intense and can generate massive floods. Mitigation strategies should be developed and based on modeling that can support the understanding of the processes and the forecast the magnitude of the flood events and the associated impacts. The choice of the relevant hydrological modeling tools is a key element. The selected ones should be able to provide the relevant information, on time and with the relevant accuracy for the decision makers. The hydrological deterministic distributed models have reached a sufficient maturity to provide an accurate representation of the processes. The storm ALEX was generating more than 500 mm in less than 6 hours and producing a devastating flood within the Vésubie valley (France) in October 2020. The analysis of the event has demonstrated the difficulty to obtain consistent field observations and the limitations of many stochastic hydrological tools. The application of the AquaVar approach, combining several distributed deterministic models, has demonstrated its capacity to generate meaningful hydrographs and to quantify process with the catchment. The proposed solution is currently implemented within a real-time decision support system and can be used in real-time.
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Fadaeifard, Mostafa, and Mohammad Danesh-Yazdi. "Lessons Learned from Flood Management in Iran." E3S Web of Conferences 346 (2022): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234602012.
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Iran has a longstanding challenge in supplying water during prolonged drought periods. This has drawn considerable attention towards the dam industry over the past four decades, leading to the study, construction and operation of several large dams. These dams played a critical role in controlling the massive floods of 2019 and 2020, among others. Nevertheless, due to the increased intensity and frequency of extreme events because of climate change, the downstream regions of these large storage dams still face significant damages. This is mainly attributed to the insufficient dredging of rivers and tributaries, lack of rule curve and operation guideline for some storage dams, inaccurate prediction of flood volume, violation of land-use and water management action plans, promotion of industries with high water need, and floodplain encroachment. In this study, we aim to evaluate the performance of several large dams in the Karkheh and Karoon river basin, located in southwestern Iran, in managing the floods took place in the aforementioned periods. We also discuss the challenges and the lessons learned, with suggestions for improving the flood management in the country.
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Dougherty, Erin, and Kristen L. Rasmussen. "Changes in Future Flash Flood–Producing Storms in the United States." Journal of Hydrometeorology 21, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 2221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-20-0014.1.
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AbstractFlash floods are high-impact events that can result in massive destruction, such as the May 2010 flash floods in the south-central United States that resulted in over $2 billion of damage. While floods in the current climate are already destructive, future flood risk is projected to increase based on work using global climate models. However, global climate models struggle to resolve precipitation structure, intensity, and duration, which motivated the use of convection-permitting climate models that more accurately depict these precipitation processes on a regional scale due to explicit representation of convection. These high-resolution convection-permitting simulations have been used to examine future changes to rainfall, but not explicitly floods. This study aims to fill this gap by examining future changes to rainfall characteristics and runoff in flash flood–producing storms over the United States using convection-permitting models under a pseudo–global warming framework. Flash flood accumulated rainfall increases on average by 21% over the United States in a future climate. Storm-generated runoff increases by 50% on average, suggesting increased runoff efficiency in future flash flood–producing storms. In addition to changes in nonmeteorological factors, which were not explored in this study, increased future runoff is possible due to the 7.5% K−1 increase in future hourly maximum rain rates. Though this median change in rain rates is consistent with Clausius–Clapeyron theory, some storms exhibit increased future rain rates well above this, likely associated with storm dynamics. Overall, results suggest that U.S. cities might need to prepare for more intense flash flood–producing storms in a future climate.
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Rustan, Irpan Chumaedi, and Linda Handayani. "SIMULASI KERUNTUHAN BENDUNGAN BILI-BILI KABUPATEN GOWA PROVINSI SULAWESI SELATAN." JOURNAL ONLINE OF PHYSICS 5, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jop.v5i1.8117.
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The extreme weather that occurred on January 22-24, 2019 in the Makassar city and surrounding areas caused massive flooding in the downstream area of the Bili-Bili DAM which covered 5 districts and cities, namely Gowa Regency, Makassar City, Jeneponto Regency, Maros Regency, and Selayar Regency. There 6757 people were displaced and tens of hectares of rice fields and housing were inundated. As a form of evaluation in the context of disaster mitigation efforts if similar or larger events occur in the future, it is very important to do a floods simulation to mapping which areas will be affected by flood inundation if the Bili-Bili DAM collapses. The software used to simulate flooding in this study is HEC-RAS 2D. The object of research is focused in the city of Makassar which is a densely populated city center and other vital objects. The parameters analyzed are the distribution of flood inundation area and the depth of flood inundation. Simulation results that have been calibrated will be used as a reference for disaster mitigation planning.
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Jacka, Jerry K., and Amelia Moore. "Flood and Fire." Environment and Society 14, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ares.2023.140101.
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The intensifying warming of the planet over the past several decades is a manifestation of centuries of uneven and inequitable extractive economies. This warming is well known to be the main force driving shifts in climatological conditions and extreme weather events leading to increasingly severe impacts on planetary systems. Every year, more locations on earth are experiencing heat waves, intense droughts, longer and larger fire seasons, increased tropical storm intensity, and sea level rise at rates that would have been unthinkable a generation ago while near daily news reports document the increasing toll that this changing climate plays in exacerbating social and ecological vulnerabilities. Just this year, at the start of the Northern Hemisphere summer of 2023, a massive tropical cyclone has killed over 145 people in Bangladesh and Myanmar, western Canada has already seen as much forest burned in a few days as it does in an entire summer, drastically diminishing air quality over half a continent, the Po River Valley in Italy has been ravaged by floods after experiencing two years of extreme drought, and California has experienced deadly and pervasive atmospheric rivers after years of record-setting fire seasons and water shortages. In this special issue, rather than prioritizing benign and depoliticized notions of adaptive capacity and resilience, as is far too common within mainstream discussions of climate change, we highlight the theme of flood and fire to examine these events as compounding contemporary crises and responses to phenomena that are devastating, transforming, and reformulating communities, ecologies, and governing processes around the planet.
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Leulmi, Lamia, Youcef Lazri, Brahim Abdelkebir, and Sofiane Bensehla. "Assessment of the effect of land use and land cover (LULC) change on depth runoff: Case study of Skikda floods event." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 103, no. 2 (2023): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd2302145l.
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Land use and land cover changes in coastal cities can influence drainage sys-tems in ways that affect surface overflows and the infiltration potential of a land surface, making flooding one of the drivers. This research aims to demonstrate the spatiotemporal dynamics of LULC and their combined impact on rainfall and flood height in Skikda, Algeria. The research uses remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) to determine the type and location of LULC changes in Skikda. The supervised classification methodology used the maximum likelihood technique (MCL). Changes were identified in five categories: built-up areas, green spaces, bodies of water, agriculture, and vacant land. In Q-GIS 3.28.2, Landsat 4-5 (TM) data from 1984 and 2004 and Landsat 8-9 (OLI)/TIRS data from 2019 were used based on the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The results show that the impervious built-up area has changed significantly (44.01%) due to massive urbanization and rapid industrialization, which would affect heavy rainfall activity and increase flood height due to the intense imperviousness of the affected soil (from 27% to 44%). The precipitation and flood height were examined and compared with observations to investigate the impact of the LULC model modification during the flood. The comparison of three flood events (1984, 2004, and 2019) revealed that the change in the LULC model is the main factor increasing flood risk in the study area. This study demonstrates the importance of considering temporal changes in land use, land cover, rainfall, and flood height when mapping floods in urban cities.
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Putra, M. H. Z., D. Sarah, I. A. Sadisun, E. Soebowo, A. N. Aulia, and Sukristiyanti. "Modeling and mapping the environmental impact of debris flow hazard on alluvial fans for sustainable development in Bangga and Poi Villages, Sigi, Central Sulawesi." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1201, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1201/1/012028.
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Abstract On September 28, 2018, an Mw 7.5 Palu earthquake triggered massive landslides upstream, followed by 24 debris flood events that spread to 15 villages in Sigi from September 2018 to December 2021. Debris flow and flash floods on alluvial fans inundated lowland communities, causing severe property destruction and structural damage to bridges and roadways and resulting in an estimated 900 damaged houses. Understanding their historical occurrence is essential to sustainable fan development and minimizing their threat to infrastructure and human life due to their severe geohazard potential. Poi and Bangga Villages were affected by the disastrous debris flood in Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi. This study aimed to create a landslide inventory map, a back-analysis model, and a damage and loss assessment (DaLAs) to evaluate the potential hazard and environmental impacts of debris flow on Sigi’s alluvial fans. The result of landslide mapping showed more than 400 mapped landslides within Bangga Village in various sizes and a massive landslide within Poi Village were digitized. Then, the back-analysis model overpredicted flow direction due to vegetation, infrastructure, and road information not covered by the digital elevation model (DEM). Finally, DaLAs shows the losses caused by damaged buildings were estimated at around 65.7 and 7.4 billion rupiah in Bangga and Poi Villages, respectively.
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Makinano-Santillan, M., J. R. Santillan, E. M. O. Morales, L. C. S. Asube, A. M. Amora, L. C. Cutamora, and R. M. Makinano. "ACADEME-LOCAL GOVERNMENT PARTNERSHIP TOWARDS EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMARTER FLOOD DISASTER MANAGEMENT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: AN EXAMPLE FROM MINDANAO, PHILIPPINES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 22, 2016): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-109-2016.
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In this paper, we discuss how an academe-local government partnership can lead the way for the effective use of geospatial technologies for smarter and geospatially-informed decision making before, during, and after a flood disaster. In Jabonga municipality, in the province of Agusan del Norte, in Mindanao, Philippines, two significant flooding events occurred in the year 2014 which were caused by overflowing water bodies due to continuous heavy rains. These flood events inundated populated areas, caused massive evacuation, made roads un-passable, and greatly damaged sources of incomes such as croplands and other agricultural areas. The partnership between Caraga State University and the local government of Jabonga attempts to improve localized flood disaster management through the development of web-based Near-real Time Flood Event Visualization and Damage Estimations (Flood EViDEns) application. Flood EViDENs utilizes LiDAR-derived elevation and information products as well as other elevation datasets, water level records by monitoring stations, flood simulation models, flood hazard maps, and socio-economic datasets (population, household information, etc.), in order to visualize in near-real time the current and future extent of flooding, to disseminate early warnings, and to provide maps and statistics of areas and communities affected and to be affected by flooding. The development of Flood EViDEns as the main product of the partnership is an important application of geospatial technologies that will allow smarter and geospatially-informed decision making before, during, and after a flood disaster in Jabonga.
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Makinano-Santillan, M., J. R. Santillan, E. M. O. Morales, L. C. S. Asube, A. M. Amora, L. C. Cutamora, and R. M. Makinano. "ACADEME-LOCAL GOVERNMENT PARTNERSHIP TOWARDS EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMARTER FLOOD DISASTER MANAGEMENT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: AN EXAMPLE FROM MINDANAO, PHILIPPINES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 22, 2016): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-109-2016.
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In this paper, we discuss how an academe-local government partnership can lead the way for the effective use of geospatial technologies for smarter and geospatially-informed decision making before, during, and after a flood disaster. In Jabonga municipality, in the province of Agusan del Norte, in Mindanao, Philippines, two significant flooding events occurred in the year 2014 which were caused by overflowing water bodies due to continuous heavy rains. These flood events inundated populated areas, caused massive evacuation, made roads un-passable, and greatly damaged sources of incomes such as croplands and other agricultural areas. The partnership between Caraga State University and the local government of Jabonga attempts to improve localized flood disaster management through the development of web-based Near-real Time Flood Event Visualization and Damage Estimations (Flood EViDEns) application. Flood EViDENs utilizes LiDAR-derived elevation and information products as well as other elevation datasets, water level records by monitoring stations, flood simulation models, flood hazard maps, and socio-economic datasets (population, household information, etc.), in order to visualize in near-real time the current and future extent of flooding, to disseminate early warnings, and to provide maps and statistics of areas and communities affected and to be affected by flooding. The development of Flood EViDEns as the main product of the partnership is an important application of geospatial technologies that will allow smarter and geospatially-informed decision making before, during, and after a flood disaster in Jabonga.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Massive flood events"
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Nmor, Stanley. "Event-driven numerical modelling of early diagenesis in coastal ecosystems : application to flood deposits in Rhône River prodelta." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ023.
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L'objectif principal de ce travail est d'étudier la réponse biogéochimique des fonds marins côtiers soumis à des dépôts massifs épisodiques de sédiments. Le Rhône et ses marges côtières constituent un cas d'étude important pour quantifier l'impact des dépôts de crue sur les processus diagénétiques dans les sédiments superficiels, car juqu'à 80% des apports de sédiments sont réalisés lors d'événements courts et intenses de crues. Ces événements extrêmes sont rares et imprévisibles, et il est donc difficile d'évaluer par l'observation directe leur impact sur les processus biogéochimiques des sédiments. Afin d'étudier la réponse à court et moyen terme de la biogéochimie des sédiments dans ces conditions de changement brutal, un modèle numérique de diagenèse précoce a été spécifiquement développé au cours de cette thèse. En utilisant les données publiées de deux inondations contrastées en 2008, le modèle a montré sa capacité à simuler les changements induits par l'apport de sédiments sur les profils d'eau interstitielle pour différents solutés. Le modèle suggère que ces inondations pourraient produire des réponses biogéochimiques différentes, dont l'ampleur est déterminée par les caractéristiques du dépôt sédimentaire. Nous avons constaté que les taux de minéralisation du carbone organique totaux ont été multipliés par deux au cours de la crue du printemps 2008 par rapport aux conditions antérieures, et qu'ils ont encore augmenté à l'automne lorsqu'un sédiment enrichi en carbone très labile a été déposé (acrroissement d'un facteur 7). Mes recherches ont démontré que ces différences étaient dues à la nature du carbone organique du delta proximal du Rhône ainsi qu'à l'épaisseur du dépôt. Ces caractéristiques intrinsèques pourraient également être responsables du temps de relaxation des divers solutés de l'eau interstitielle (par exemple l'oxygène, le carbone inorganique dissous, le sulfate) autour de quelques mois. La thèse explore également le concept d'effet mémoire d'une séquence temporellement connectée de plusieurs dépôts de crue. L'occurrence multiple de ces événements peut déclencher une superposition temporelle entre les crues qui a un effet substantiel sur les processus opérant en profondeur (tels que la méthanogénèse et la réduction des sulfates) mais négligeable pour les processus oxiques et suboxiques superficiels. Cela a des conséquences importantes dans les scénarios futurs d'augmentation de la fréquence de ces événements extrêmes.La récente série temporelle de composition de l'eau interstitielle obtenue au cours des campagnes hivernales de 2021-22 étudie l'évolution temporelle du sédiment après un dépôt de sédiments estimé à 25 cm. Une modification remarquable des profils de DIC, SO_4^{2-} and CH_4 a été observée, qui se distingue de la situation antérieure à la crue. Les simulations du modèle décrivent de manière adéquate l'ensemble des données et montrent que ces événements hivernaux peuvent entraîner une augmentation de 75 % de la minéralisation totale du carbone, augmentant ainsi la production de DIC à plus long terme dans les sédiments. Cette inondation hivernale entraîne également un découplage des deux voies de réduction du sulfate - la réduction organoclastique du sulfate et l'oxydation anaérobie du méthane - et est associée à un enfoncement dans le sédiment de la zone de transition entre le sulfate et le méthane. Ceci pourrait renforcer l'efficacité du piège de méthane (un gaz à effet de serre crucial dans le contexte du changement climatique) dans le sédiment. Dans l'ensemble, cette thèse fournit pour la première fois une synthèse issue de l'exploration numérique du rôle d'un événement épisodique tel qu'un dépôt de crue massif sur la dynamique spatio-temporelle des processus biogéochimiques dans les sédimentsThe main purpose of this work is to study the biogeochemical response of coastal seafloor subject to episodic massive sediment deposition from floods events. The Rhône River and its connected coastal margins serve as an important case-study site for quantifying the impact of these extreme events on early diagenetic process because it receives significant inputs of sediment (estimated to be up to 80%) during short and intense events. These extreme events are rare and unpredictable, thus the assessment of their impact on sediment biogeochemical processes is difficult.In order to study the short and intermediate term response of the sediment biogeochemistry under these abruptly changing conditions, an event-driven numerical model of early diagenesis was specifically developed during this thesis. Using published data of two contrasting floods in year 2008, the model showed reliable capability to simulate the changes induced by the sediment input on the porewater profiles for various solutes. The model suggests that these floods could produce differing biogeochemical response, the extent of which is determined by the underlying characteristics of the flood layer deposit. We found a two-fold increase in overall mineralization rates during the 2008 spring flood event from pre-flood conditions in the spring, which increased further in the fall when a very labile carbon-enrichment sediment was deposited (up to a factor of 7). My research demonstrated that these differences were due to the nature of organic carbon delivered to the proximal delta of the Rhone as well as the scale (thickness) of deposition. These intrinsic characteristics might also be responsible for constraining the relaxation timescale of the various porewater solutes (e.g oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon, sulfate) to a few months as observed in the field. Furthermore, this research also demonstrated that the strong internal cycling and the role of secondary redox processes such as pyrite precipitation which were enhanced during these flood events might be responsible for the maintenance of non-sulfidic condition observed in Rhône prodelta sediment. The thesis also briefly explores the concept of “memory effect” of temporally connected sequence of flood deposition with the conclusion that the multiple occurrence of these events can also trigger temporal interaction between floods which has a substantial effect on the processes operating in the deep (such as methanogenesis and sulfate reduction) but negligible for superficial oxic and suboxic processes. This has significant ramification in the future scenarios of increasing frequency of these extreme events.More recent time series of porewater composition obtained during winter campaigns in 2021-22 investigates the temporal evolution of the porewater following an estimated 25 cm of sediment deposition. A remarkable modification of the DIC, SO_4^{2-} and CH_4 profiles were observed which was distinguishable from the pre-flood situation. Model simulations describes adequately the dataset and showed that these winter events can result to as much as 75% increase in total carbon mineralization, thus enhancing longer-term DIC production in the sediment. This winter flood also leads to a decoupling of the two pathways for sulfate reduction - organoclastic sulfate reduction and anaerobic oxidation of methane and is associated to vertical displacement of the sulfate-methane transition zone. This observation has important implications since further deepening of the AOM maximum zone due to flood deposition could enhance the effective trapping of methane (a “green house” gas crucial in the context of climate change) flux out of the sediment.Overall, the numerical exploration in this thesis provides for the first time, a synthesis of the role of episodic event such as the massive flood deposition on spatio-temporal dynamics of the biogeochemical processes in the sediment
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Fertier, Audrey. "Interprétation automatique de données hétérogènes pour la modélisation de situations collaboratives : application à la gestion de crise." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018EMAC0009/document.
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Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit s’appliquent au domaine de la gestion de crise française, et notamment à la phase de réponse qui suit un évènement majeur, comme une crue ou un accident industriel. Suite à l’évènement, des cellules de crise sont activées pour prévenir et traiter les conséquences de la crise. Elles font face, dans l’urgence, à de nombreuses difficultés. Les parties-prenantes sont nombreuses, autonomes et hétérogènes, la coexistence de plans d’urgence engendre des contradictions et des effets en cascade se nourrissent des interconnexions entre réseaux. Ces constats arrivent alors que les données disponibles sur les réseaux informatiques ne cessent de se multiplier. Elles sont, par exemple, émises par des capteurs de mesures, sur des réseaux sociaux, ou par des bénévoles. Ces données sont l’occasion de concevoir un système d’information capable de les collecter pour les interpréter en un ensemble d’information formalisé, utilisable en cellule de crise. Pour réussir, les défis liés aux 4Vs du Big data doivent être relevés en limitant le Volume, unifiant (la Variété) et améliorant la Véracité des données et des informations manipulées, tout en suivant la dynamique (Vélocité) de la crise en cours. Nos états de l’art sur les différentes parties de l’architecture recherchée nous ont permis de définir un tel système d’information. Ce dernier est aujourd’hui capable de (i) recevoir plusieurs types d’évènements émis de sources de données connues ou inconnues, (ii) d’utiliser des règles d’interprétations directement déduites de règles métiers réelles et (iii) de formaliser l’ensemble des informations utiles aux parties-prenantes. Son architecture fait partie des architectures orientées évènements, et coexiste avec l’architecture orientée services du logiciel développé par le laboratoire Centre de Génie Industriel (CGI). Le système d’information ainsi implémenté a pu être éprouvé sur un scénario de crue majeure en Loire Moyenne, élaboré par deux Services de Prévision des Crues (SPC) français. Le modèle décrivant la situation de crise courante, obtenu par le système d’information proposé, peut être utilisé pour (i) déduire un processus de réponse à la crise, (ii) détecter des imprévus ou (iii) mettre à jour une représentation de la situation en cellule de criseThe present work is applied to the field of French crisis management, and specifically to the crisis response phase which follows a major event, like a flood or an industrial accident. In the aftermath of the event, crisis cells are activated to prevent and deal with the consequences of the crisis. They face, in a hurry, many difficulties. The stakeholders are numerous, autonomous and heterogeneous, the coexistence of contingency plans favours contradictions and the interconnections of networks promotes cascading effects. These observations arise as the volume of data available continues to grow. They come, for example, from sensors, social media or volunteers on the crisis theatre. It is an occasion to design an information system able to collect the available data to interpret them and obtain information suited to the crisis cells. To succeed, it will have to manage the 4Vs of Big Data: the Volume, the Variety and Veracity of data and information, while following the dynamic (velocity) of the current crisis. Our literature review on the different parts of this architecture enables us to define such an information system able to (i) receive different types of events emitted from data sources both known and unknown, (ii) to use interpretation rules directly deduced from official business rules and (iii) to structure the information that will be used by the stake-holders. Its architecture is event-driven and coexists with the service oriented architecture of the software developed by the CGI laboratory. The implemented system has been tested on the scenario of a 1/100 per year flood elaborated by two French forecasting centres. The model describing the current crisis situation, deduced by the proposed information system, can be used to (i) deduce a crisis response process, (ii) to detect unexpected situations, and (iii) to update a COP suited to the decision-makers
Book chapters on the topic "Massive flood events"
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Owusu, Kwadwo, and Peter Bilson Obour. "Urban Flooding, Adaptation Strategies, and Resilience: Case Study of Accra, Ghana." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2387–403. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_249.
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AbstractDespite massive flood controlling investments, perennial flooding continues to be a major challenge in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Assembly in Ghana. Previous studies have mostly considered the vulnerability of Accra to flooding induced by urbanization and climate change. This chapter examined the impacts of and adaptation strategies to flooding in two flood-prone residential areas in Accra. A survey was conducted among 320 household heads to ascertain local impacts of floods and community adaptation strategies. To obtain a broader picture of government interventions and challenges, key stakeholders such as personnel from ministries, departments, and agencies who are involved in city planning, and private urban planning consultants were interviewed. The study found that a notable driver of floods in Accra is blocked waterways, and flawed and ad hoc engineering works. About three-quarters of the households interviewed have suffered flood-related losses over the past decade such as housing damage, income, and even a death of a relative. Key flood control interventions included dredging prior to start of rains and sporadic demolition of unauthorized buildings on or near waterways to allow free flow of water. However, these interventions only seem to be ephemeral due to the rapid rate of littering and re-siltation of the waterways after few rain events. The study highlights the need for more pragmatic and robust engineering solutions to build resilience of Accra to floods.
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Nkwazema, Oscar Chijioke, Emilia Yu Dokuchits, and Emuesiri D. Ejairu. "Integrated Asset Management for Extreme Disasters: Assessing the 2023 Flood Events and Resilience of Critical Infrastructures." In Asset Integrity Management of Critical Infrastructure, 66–71. ASME, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.887738_ch7.
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The global community is currently witnessing many casualties and economic losses resulting from extreme weather and climate-related disasters, particularly floods. These occurrences have become more pronounced in terms of their intensity and frequency due to climate change. In 2023, many countries experienced devastating floods and heavy rainfall, and the problem is further exacerbated by humanity’s increasing reliance on critical infrastructure and essential assets, which will lead to increased susceptibility to situations classified as 'extreme occurrences'. Therefore, it is imperative to prioritize the development of climate-resilient non-structural and structural means to enhance the effectiveness of water governance. This study assesses the extreme flood disasters in 2023 and investigated a more integrated flood management approach using risk-informed based method. Additionally, the study aims to enhance the resilience of critical infrastructure to mitigate the impact of future disruptive flood disasters. Technical development that echoes the principle of adopting new information is incorporated into the methodology to improve the resilience. To effectively implement a flood management strategy based on risk assessment, it is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of the risk patterns in a floodplain and to determine the key factor that requires prioritization to mitigate the risk. The findings indicated a need to explore strategies that is necessary for adapting to evolving environmental, hydrological, and social conditions, which builds sustainable resilience. To facilitate socioeconomic growth, water resource infrastructure needs to be proliferated to meet increasing current realities. In a climate-change-affected world with massive floods, preparation is crucial. We need resilience and green infrastructure that can be adapted to various disasters. This vital research develops sophisticated decision-support tools and builds resilience to help managers and decision-makers. Thus, identifying, assessing, and implementing appropriate structural and nonstructural interventions would reduce damages and enhance future flood planning, resulting in significant economic, social, and environmental benefits.
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Johnson, Victoria C., and Sherwood R. Wang. "Promoting Collaboration among Trainers in the National Weather Service." In Collaborative Information Technologies, 106–11. IGI Global, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-931777-14-8.ch006.
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In the last several years, the National Weather Service (NWS) has undergone a massive modernization and reorganization effort, substantially changing the organization’s structure and the technologies used to produce forecasts. When the reorganization is completed in the year 2000, the NWS will have approximately 120 local weather forecast offices throughout the country (plus Puerto Rico and Guam), with over 1000 forecasters. The new technological systems (such as Doppler radars and upgraded satellites) have produced a flood of data that requires forecasters to have up—to—date scientific knowledge, computer skills, and cognitive tools for synthesizing the vast amount of information available. Early in the modernization process, the NWS recognized the need for a strong training program to help its forecasters effectively use the new technologies and data to better predict deadly weather events. Toward that end, the NWS developed a unique peer training system and created a new position, the Science Operations Officer (SOO), in each forecast office to lead it.
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DuLong, Jessica. "“Sell first, repent later.”." In Saved at the Seawall, 178–90. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501759123.003.0011.
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This chapter examines how Chelsea Piers facilities, located directly up the Westside Highway from Lower Manhattan, had served a major role in disaster response from the earliest hours of the 9/11 attacks. The piers offered water stations for people fleeing from downtown and became a key debarkation point for the waterborne evacuation, delivering more than 10,000 people off the island from its docks. Then, the following day, more than 30,000 people arrived to volunteer their help and connect with other New Yorkers. In the days that followed, thousands of uniformed personnel were fed in an events center at Pier 60, hundreds of rescuers slept and showered in Chelsea Piers facilities, and truckloads of donations and supplies were assembled and processed for delivery to the trade center site. By Wednesday, the flood of private citizens' donations had been supplemented with massive corporate contributions arriving in bulk. Meanwhile, the Coast Guard was confronted with two opposing missions: protecting potential targets of a second-wave attack and continuing commerce in a port that regularly handled approximately 6,000 inbound and outbound containers daily, the closure of which created complications worldwide.
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Montz, Burrell E., and John A. Cross. "Hazards." In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0042.
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In August of 1992, Hurricane Andrew battered south-eastern Florida, causing fifty-eight deaths, and more than $27 billion in property losses (National Climatic Data Center 1999). The following year, widespread flooding occurred within the Upper Mississippi River basin, inundating 5.3 million hectares during the worst flood to affect much of the region in this century. The Northridge earthquake (magnitude 6.7) led to sixty-one deaths and more than $20 billion in property damage and loss in 1994. A year later, Kobe, Japan, experienced a magnitude 6.9 earthquake. Despite massive efforts to prepare for such events, more than 6,000 lives were lost, and $150–200 billion in property damage was experienced. In 1998, Hurricane Mitch devastated Honduras, Nicaragua, and other parts of Central America. More than 5,600 people died in Honduras alone and approximately 70,000 homes were damaged. In Nicaragua, more than 850,000 people were affected, with approximately 2,860 deaths. Estimates of losses in agriculture, housing, transportation and other infrastructure are in excess of $1.3 billion dollars (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 1998). These are just a few, albeit particularly devastating, events that continued to focus our attention in the 1990s on hazards and disasters. The widespread news media coverage of these disaster events provided a backdrop for fictional portrayals as Hollywood rediscovered the disaster movie genre. With enhanced special effects and big-named stars, popular films such as Twister, Volcano, Dante’s Peak, Armageddon, Deep Impact, Titanic, and A Civil Action added a different slant to the media coverage of disasters and the public’s perception of hazards throughout the decade. The public’s interest and fascination in actual disasters also propelled several books to the bestseller list (Barry 1997; Junger 1997; Larson 1999). Both the fictional representations and the consequences of real disasters illustrate the shift in our understanding of the forces at work in such events. Some of the damage in Hurricane Andrew, for example, is attributed to inadequate enforcement of building standards. In Kobe, structures engineered to withstand seismic activity failed, prompting concern about just how safe infrastructure is in tectonically active areas. And Hurricane Mitch’s devastating toll cannot be explained solely by the storm. Decades of land abuse and a combination of social, political, and economic factors combined with the storm to cause the severe losses.
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Ortloff, Charles R. "Hydraulic Engineering and Water Management Strategies ofAncient Societies." In Water Engineering in the Ancient World. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199239092.003.0007.
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Societies of widely different social, economic, political, religious, and technical innovation characteristics in opposing world hemispheres developed urban and rural population centres with water and agricultural systems to maintain stable economies and expanding populations. Despite vast historical, cultural, and world view differences between these societies, one common thread united them: the necessity for mastery of engineering skills to provide water for cities and agricultural systems. Although it may be thought that the technical basis to support water engineering practice is accompanied with pre-scientific concepts, many recent discoveries reveal the contrary: sophistication in the concept, design, and execution of water supply and distribution systems indicating knowledge of hydraulic principles beyond the scant hydraulics literature that survived the centuries. In the absence of ancient treatises on hydraulics practices, archaeological analysis of hydraulics works coupled with modern analysis methods provides a way to understand their technological accomplishments through ‘reverse engineering’ methodologies involving computer modelling techniques. Thus computer methodologies play a role to uncover the design intent, functionality, and operation of ancient water systems to provide insight into ancient engineering practices and their theoretical/empirical basis. In South American archaeology, the large variation in ecological conditions and landscape barriers provided the stage for the rise of civilizations and largely determined their agricultural practices. As an example, the Chimú civilization (800–1480 CE) occupied Peruvian coastal regions extending 500 km from the southern Chillon Valley to the northern Lambeyeque Valley. The desert coastal zone extends only a few kilometres inland from the Pacific Ocean before being bounded by the Cordillera Negra mountain chain. Agriculture was possible in coastal alluvial valleys through networks of canal systems originating from intermittent seasonal rivers. The temperature near the equator is near constant throughout the year while coastal rainfall averages about 2mm/year; occasional massive El Niño events which can deposit up to 150cm of rainfall in a few days occasionally break this pattern and cause extensive flooding and Weld erosion. Clearly, hydraulic practices related to the control of limited (and sometime excessive) water resources were vital for survival. Defensive measures to protect fill aqueduct structures against excessive El Niño rainfall and flooding events are expected to appear in the technology base as flood control was vital to sustainability.
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Trifonova, Tatiana, Dmitriy Trifonov, Dmitry Bukharov, Sergei Abrakhin, Mileta Arakelian, and Sergei Arakelian. "Global and Regional Aspects for Genesis of Catastrophic Floods: The Problems of Forecasting and Estimation for Mass and Water Balance (Surface Water and Groundwater Contribution)." In Flood Impact Mitigation and Resilience Enhancement. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91623.
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Traditionally torrential rains are considered to be the main factor of flood emergence. But with some examples of disastrous floods in absolutely different parts of the world, the rough estimation of the water balance results in the necessity to suggest a correct alternative hypothesis. Our simplest model (taking into account precipitation, evaporation, and soil permeability) clearly points out the significant discrepancy in several events between potentially accumulated and observed water masses. This observation puts forward the idea that precipitation is necessary, but it is not often a sufficient factor for disastrous flood emergence and for the water flow budget. Thus, another available water source, i.e., groundwater, should not be ignored. We consider the reasons and conditions for such phenomena. In this chapter, we will focus only on the causes and forecast of dangerous dynamic phenomena in rock masses. Of particular interest here are water flows through various granite massifs and geological rocks of magmatic origin using nonlinear dynamics approaches.
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Katz, Jonathan I. "Introduction." In The Biggest Bangs, 1–2. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195145700.003.0001.
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Abstract Gamma-ray bursts are the most violent events since the birth of the universe. They are perhaps ten times as energetic as the most energetic supernovas, the explosions that destroy massive stars and make neutron stars and black holes. More remarkable, the energy in a gamma-ray burst is concentrated into a small amount of mass moving at 99.999% of the speed of light. It has even been suggested that the most energetic cosmic rays—single elementary particles, each with enough energy to lift a 150-pound man an inch off the floor—are produced in gamma-ray bursts.
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Horning, Ned, Julie A. Robinson, Eleanor J. Sterling, Woody Turner, and Sacha Spector. "Disturbances: fires and floods." In Remote Sensing for Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199219940.003.0016.
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From space, much of Indonesia appeared to be on fire. One of the strongest El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events of the twentieth century had generated drought conditions in the fall of 1997 and early 1998. These conditions, probably in concert with the impacts of logging, resulted in what has been called the largest fire disaster ever observed (Siegert et al. 2001). The powerful 1997–8 ENSO also led to extensive fires in Amazonia. The humid tropics, home to Earth’s greatest concentrations of biodiversity, had long been thought to be fire resistant due to high-moisture levels in the leaf litter and the humidity of the understory. The massive fires of 1997–8 increased our understanding of the complex interactions between fire and humid tropical forests. Since the late 1990s, a new synthesis has emerged linking ENSO events, drought, logging, and fire in the wet tropics. This synthesis has sought to understand the impacts of these phenomena on tropical environments and also explain the role humans play in tropical fires and fire impacts. Remote sensing has been an important tool in forging this new synthesis of understanding. For example, NOAA’s workhorse AVHRR sensor, the SeaWiFS sensor, and NASA’s TOMS instrument were among the satellite tools available to provide imagery of the dramatic events of 1997–8. In this chapter, we discuss the potential for remote sensing to detect, monitor, and increase our understanding of certain disturbance mechanisms affecting ecosystems. We focus on fires and floods, adding shorter sections at the end on two other drivers of disturbance, volcanoes and dams. A key challenge lies in understanding the degree to which logging, even selective logging, is interacting with periodic droughts to drive fires in humid forests. Are humid tropical forests essentially immune to fire unless disturbed by human logging, or have they always been subject to climate-induced droughts and subsequent fires? The answer is crucial in determining our impact on these great storehouses of biodiversity and holds major implications for forest management. Part of the answer lies in looking backward in time.
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Hussain, Saddam, Sobia Siddique, and Ashfaq Ahmad Shah. "Climate Change and Health Impacts in Pakistan." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 1–18. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2197-7.ch001.
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Conferring to the Global Risk Index, Pakistan is ranked as the 7th most susceptible country to the inexorable influence of climate change. Before this century ends, the annual mean temperature in Pakistan is expected to rise from 3°C to 5°C for a focal worldwide discharge situation. Usually, annual precipitation is not relied upon to have a critical long haul pattern. Ocean level is relied upon to ascend further by 60 centimeters. All these climatic events are likely to disrupt the economy, lives, and the socio-political aspects of human life. Pakistan has already witnessed massive loss in terms of human, infrastructural, and economic aspects. The chapter is designed to understand both the direct and indirect health risks associated with frequent climatic events like floods, drought, and heat waves in Pakistan. After analyzing the available literature, it was observed that floods and drought have direct and indirect health risks associated with them while in case of heat waves, health risks cannot be established precisely as multiple variables are involved, playing a significant role.
Conference papers on the topic "Massive flood events"
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URZICĂ, ANDREI, ALIN MIHU-PINTILIE, CRISTIAN CONSTANTIN STOLERIU, and DAN CRISTIAN LESENCIUC. "Using 2D Hec-RAS Modeling for Modelling Major Flood Events (Post-2000) Downstream the Stânca Costești Reservoir (Middle Sector of Prut River)." In Air and Water – Components of the Environment 2024 Conference Proceedings. Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/awc2024_06.
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Floods have been a significant concern for Romania, with notable events post-2000. These floods have been influenced by several factors, such as climate change, massive deforestation, inadequate urban planning and inadequate hydraulic infrastructure. The regions in the north-east of the country were particularly affected, suffering serious consequences for local communities, agriculture and infrastructure. The floods caused significant losses, including human and material losses. As main response, the Romanian authorities implemented 2007/60/EC Directive whose objective is to assess and manage major flood events. Considering the national legislation, the experiment consists in reconstructing the most destructive flood events which happened on Prut River. Along the Prut River, the most important flood events (post-2000) were recorded in 2005, 2008, 2010 and 2020. Using the HEC-RAS hydraulic modeling software, four different 2D hydraulic scenarios (2D-HS) were developed: 2D-HS1 (2005 flood event), 2D-HS2 (2008 flood event), 2D-HS3 (2010 flood event), 2D-HS4 (2020 flood event). Using the maximum flood extent, the total affected areas were extracted. The flood hazard was assessed by using the Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience (AIDR) methodology which use the Depth*Velocity (D*V) raster. The results shows that 497.7 km2 were affected in the case of 2D-HS1, 569.3 km2 were affected in the case of 2D-HS2, 553.4 km2 were affected in the case of 2D-HS3 and 535.4 km2 were affected in the case of 2D-HS4.
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Crosson, Courtney. "The Ensuing Flood: Increasing Equity and Reducing Impact through Networked Decentralized Infrastructure." In AIA/ACSA Intersections Conference. ACSA Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.inter.19.3.
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"The fourth National Climate Assessment warns of increases in the intensity and duration of precipitation events in the coming decades, leading to a greater severity and frequency of flash floods in portions of the United States. This concern is exacerbated by a national trend in deteriorating stormwater infrastructure and increased urbanization with densification of impervious land cover. In coastal cities with accelerated development, surge events overwhelm infrastructure that was not expanded with changes in land cover. In older cities with combined sewer systems, floods result in outflows of raw sewage into ecological zones. In sprawling cities with extreme seasonal storms, a historic failure to invest in infrastructure during periods of growth causes significant, annual property damage. The damages will worsen with the projected increases in extreme precipitation if innovations are not made. However, municipalities also face resource constraints. Under limited budgets governments increasingly are asked to monitor, prevent, and respond to the impacts of climate change. Is there another answer to urban flooding than massive, top-down, and single-purpose public works? Can municipalities instead address urban challenges with a new paradigm: decentralized, bottom-up, and multi-benefit infrastructure?"
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Triananda, Ade Hamzah, Muhamad Aji, Ramdhan Ari Wibawa, Meita Silaban, Rinaldi Pasaribu, and Ria Ayu Rifani. "Managing Safety Risk and Oil Spill During Pre-Breakthrough Steam Flood by Steam Early Detection with Artificial Intelligent." In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215439-ms.
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Abstract Delta Area-X is the newest steam flood project in Delta Heavy Oil Field in Riau Province of Sumatra, Indonesia. The area currently produces 12,000 BOPD from 450 oil producers and 145 steam injectors that are supported by high proactive optimization that consists of steam cyclic stimulation, chemical stimulation, and pump optimization. The steam flood life cycle is divided into three general phases: immature phase, transition/steam breakthrough phase, and mature phase. Delta Area-X is currently entering the transition period. The transition phase is the most challenging period because steam has broken through for some producers. Many producer failures experiencing sanding problems, holes in pipes, rapid production changes, scale problems, etc. These are the challenges to completely heat the project area. At this period, the team is supposed to maintain and continue steam injection, conduct cyclic steam in cold producers to connect steam zones, and mitigate steam breakthrough impact on producers by building a fluid level and pinch casing valve. Steam rate reduction in this phase may delay heating area. Delta Area-X has experienced several steam breakthroughs events that caused the production casing line to be cut out and cause oil spills. To prevent similar cases, similar events should be identified earlier to know which wells, where and when for later on leading preventive actions. Identification started by integrating data from surveillance data from field such as artificial lift, field operation pressure and temperature survey and production performance trend. Artificial intelligence was introduced to the identification process by pattern recognition artificial lift surveillance data to determine indication of steam. The result of Artificial Intelligence combines with dynamic well condition drives condition to meet: gradually detection and sudden detection to oil producer. Since there are many wells operated in the area, an exception signal is required to alert engineers only on wells that has potential issues. Since application of steam breakthrough signal, the team can quickly make recommendations to manage steam by installing chokes, size up casing choke, reduce stroke per minute (SPM), reduce stroke length (SL) or the most massive action: shut in well oil producer / steam injector. Managing the steam will help controlling the steam causing casing cut out or oil spill and in term of steam flood management, it will redistribute steam to other wells or redirecting steam growth in order to have good sweep efficiency. Since the implementation of this approach, the team has identified more than hundred wells that were captured by steam breakthrough signals, then it followed up with appropriate action that successfully prevented potential safety hazard.
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Iyer, Suresh S. "Innovative Method of Pipeline Protection by Sheet Piling in River Banks Susceptible to Erosion." In ASME 2017 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2017-2419.
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Unprecedented flooding in Narmada River in August 2013 caused massive bank erosion at the pipeline crossing location leading to snapping of three pipelines and exposing few others except Reliance Gas Transportation Infrastructure Limited (RGTIL’s) EWPL. All these pipelines were laid by conventional trenchless HDD method wherein the landfall point was located at a relatively safe distance from the bank line. The current velocity at the crossing location being higher during floods coupled with weak bank strata, suitable and tangible measures were required to be taken to protect the pipeline from the shore line to the land fall point in the event of reoccurrence of such an incident. The depth profile of EWPL pipeline from the shore line to the landfall point varied from −18 metre to −3.5 metre from the existing ground level which prompted RGTIL to neglect conventional methods like Pipe anchoring and Installation of rock filled gabions involving massive excavations which could have further destabilized the already fragile bank. In view of the prevailing soil conditions and construction difficulties associated with it, RGTIL adopted an innovative method of Installation of Sheet piles on the upstream and downstream of the pipeline to retain the soil around the pipeline and thereby preventing its exposure. Sheet piles are generally used as temporary structures to retain soil for facilitating deep excavations, as retaining system for large waterfront structures etc. These were perhaps never used in India earlier for any pipeline protection works.
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Iyer, Shivram Balasubramaniam, Sharifah Norliza Syed Salim, and Mashitah Jais. "Cost to Decarbonise." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216536-ms.
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Abstract Industrialization and economic growth has led to greenhouse gas emissions, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2), the major driver of climate change. As economies grow and industries expand, there may be a greater demand for energy, often met by burning fossil fuels. We are all seeing now how climate change is impacting us from rising temperatures, sea-level rise, and extreme weather events. Glaciers around the world are vanishing at an alarming rate. The disappearance of mountain glaciers is a visible manifestation of climate change. Glaciers in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, and other mountain ranges have been shrinking, impacting freshwater availability, ecosystems, and water resources for downstream communities. The ongoing loss of glaciers threatens water supplies, hydropower generation, agriculture, and tourism in these regions. In July 2019, Greenland experienced an unprecedented ice melt event, with approximately 90% of the ice sheet experiencing surface melting. The melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet contributes to global sea-level rise and implications for regional climate patterns.[1] An iceberg in Disko Bay, near Ilulissat, Greenland. The massive Greenland ice sheet shed a record amount of ice in 2019, ending a brief period of more moderate ice loss. Credit: NASA/Saskia Madlene In Dec 2021, we in Malaysia were hit hard by heavy rainfall and widespread floods, resulting in deaths, evacuations and damages. The country suffered RM6.5 billion in losses and 54 deaths due to the once in a century rainfall event.[2][3] In retrospect, modernization and technological advancements is also leading to more energy efficient processes and adoption of cleaner energy sources. The energy landscape is rapidly evolving, with a greater emphasis on renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and electrification. Consumers, businesses, and investors are increasingly seeking low-carbon alternatives to traditional fossil fuels. Oil and gas operators need to adapt to this shift in market preferences and investor expectations to remain competitive. One way is to actively decarbonize the current operations. In this way, operators can position themselves as responsible and forward-thinking companies, meeting market demands, transition to a lower-carbon energy mix and ensure their long-term viability in a changing energy market. We are seeing today, Governments worldwide implementing stricter regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. Oil and gas operators need to adapt to these changing regulatory landscapes to ensure compliance and avoid penalties or potential restrictions on their operations. By embracing decarbonization strategies, such as reducing emissions and investing in cleaner technologies, operators can position themselves favourably within evolving regulatory frameworks. Demonstrating environmental responsibility and sustainability can enhance their reputation, build trust with stakeholders, and maintain a positive relationship with local communities and environmental organizations. Some of the approaches Oil and Gas Companies can implement in their strategies are on flaring and venting reductions, methane emission reduction, energy efficiency measures (Eg combining heat and power systems, or waste recovery), renewable energy integration, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), Research & Development of low carbon technologies, etc In summary, decarbonization is crucial for oil and gas operators to address climate change, comply with regulations, meet market demands, attract investment, diversify portfolios, and maintain a positive reputation. Embracing decarbonization efforts allows responsible operators to navigate the evolving energy landscape and position themselves for long-term success in a low-carbon future, thus contribute to global efforts to limit global warming and achieve climate targets. The objective in the end, by decarbonizing the economy and embracing sustainable development, societies can strive to achieve a balance between economic growth and environmental stewardship.
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Radoi, Radu, Ioan Pavel, Corneliu Cristescu, and Liliana Dumitrescu. "PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC HOT WATER IN A SUSTAINABLE WAY BY USING A COMBINED SOLAR - TLUD SYSTEM." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b2/v2/34.
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Fossil fuels are an exhaustible resource on Earth, and their use pollutes the environment massively. The population of the planet has grown a lot, and for the production of domestic hot water, to ensure a decent standard of living, it is necessary to consume increasing quantities of fossil fuels. The very high level of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere leads to an increase in average of annual temperature and climate change. Climate change is manifested by the melting of the ice caps, which has the consequence of increasing the level of the seas and oceans. Climate change also leads to extreme weather events such as floods, heat waves or the appearance of arid areas. Risks to human health have increased through deaths caused by heat or by changing the way some diseases are spread. Risks also exist for flora and wildlife due to rapid climate change.Many species of animals migrate, and other species of animals and plants are likely to disappear. Climate change also leads to costs for society and the economy due to damage to property and infrastructure, which have been more than 90 billion euros in the last 30 years, just because of the floods. In order to reduce the effects of environmental pollution, ecological energy production solutions need to be expanded. The article presents the creation of an experimental stand of a Solar - TLUD stove combined system for the production of domestic hot water in a sustainable way. TLUD is the acronym for "Top-Lit UpDraft". The advantage of the combined heat system is that it can provide thermal energy both during the day and at night. If the atmospheric conditions are unfavorable (clouds, fog) and do not allow the water to be heated only with the solar panel, TLUD gas stove can be used to supplement the energy. The TLUD stove has low Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. After gasification, about 10% of the carbon contained in the biomass is thermally stabilized and can be used as a "biochar" in agriculture or it can be burnt completely, resulting in very little ash. The stand is composed of a solar thermal panel, a TLUD stove, a boiler for hot water storage and an automation system with circulation pumps and temperature sensors. To record the experimental results, a data acquisition board was used, with which data were recorded from a series of temperature and flow transducers located in the installation. Experimental results include diagrams for temperature variation, available energy and heat accumulated in the boiler. Keywords: combined thermal system, TLUD stove, domestic hot water, solar thermal panel, data aquisition system
Reports on the topic "Massive flood events"
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Pritchett, Lant, and Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.
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The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)—using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by “raising the floor” and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills.