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1
LUNA ORTEGA, IVONNE, and VICENCIO DE LA CRUZ FRANCISCO. "ENSAMBLES DE MACROALGAS SOBRE SUPERFICIES MUERTAS DE CORALES ESCLERACTINIOS (ANTHOZOA: SCLERACTINIA) EN EL ARRECIFE ORO VERDE, VERACRUZ, MÉXICO." CICIMAR Oceánides 32, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v32i1.192.
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Las macroalgas son abundantes en el arrecife Oro Verde, Veracruz pero, hasta ahora, se desconocía su riqueza taxonómica, y se presume que presentan asentamientos en los corales escleractinios hermatípicos. Por ello el presente trabajo investigó qué especies de corales presentaron colonizaciones algales; además, se determinó la composición taxonómica y la similitud de los ensambles de macroalgas entre las especies de corales escleractinios. Se establecieron diez puntos de muestreo de manera sistemática en el arrecife; en cada lugar de estudio se colocó un transecto de banda de 50 x 2 m para localizar y recolectar macroalgas en superficies muertas de corales escleractinios. La frecuencia de aparición de las algas se estimó con base en el total de corales estudiados, así como para cada especie coral. Para explicar similitudes y diferencias significativas de la composición de ensamblajes macroalgales entre especies de corales se aplicaron análisis de similitud y ordenación. Los corales escleractinios con ensambles de algas fueron Siderastrea siderea, Montastraea cavernosa, Pseudodiploria strigosa, Colpophylia natans, Stephanocoenia intersepta, Porites astreoides, Orbicella annularis, Orbicella faveolata. De un total de 100 colonias coralinas revisadas se determinaron 32 especies de macroalgas, las cuales están representadas en tres divisiones, 10 órdenes y 15 familias. Las macroalgas corticadas, foliosas corticadas y filamentosas fueron las más representadas en especies. Las algas de mayor frecuencia sobre los corales masivos fueron Laurencia obtusa, Amphiroa rigida y Caulerpa chemnitzia. Los corales masivos con mayor número de registros de algas fueron S. siderea (9 especies), M. cavernosa (19) y P. strigosa (17). Los ensambles algales en los corales masivos presentaron baja similitud, sin embargo no se detectaron grupos significativamente disimiles. Solamente S. siderea y M. cavernosa son ligeramente parecidos en la composición ficológica. Los resultados sugieren que los corales masivos del arrecife Oro Verde son vulnerables a la colonización de algas, pero es necesario indagar qué condiciones preceden al asentamiento algal.Macroalgal assemblages on dead surfaces of scleractinian corals (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) in the Oro Verde reef, Veracruz, MexicoBenthic macroalgae are abundant in the Oro Verde reef but their taxonomic richness was hitherto unknown and it is presumed to present settlements on the massive corals. For this reason, the present work investigated which species of massive corals show algal colonization. Also, their taxonomic composition was determined, and the similarity of the algal assemblages between species of scleractinian corals was measured. Ten sampling points were systematically established in the reef, where a transect band of 50 x 2 m at each site was placed to locate and collect algae fron the dead surfaces of scleractinian corals. The frequency of occurrence of algae species was estimated based on the total number of coral species studied, as well as on each coral species. Similarity and ordination analysis were applied in order to explain similarities and significant differences of the phycological composition among the coral species. Scleractinian corals with algal assemblages were: Siderastrea siderea, Montastraea cavernosa, Pseudodiploria strigosa, Colpophylia natans, Stephanocoenia intersepta, Porites astreoides, Orbicella annularis, Orbicella faveolata. Thirty-two species of algae were identified from a total of 100 revised coral colonies which are represented in 3 divisions, 10 orders and 15 families. The corticated, foliose corticated and filamentous macroalgae were the most represented species. The most frequent algae on massive corals were Laurencia obtusa, Amphiroa rigida and Caulerpa chemnitzia. Massive corals with higher algal records were S. siderea (9 species), M. cavernosa (19 species) and P. strigosa (17 species). The algal assemblages on the massive corals presented low similarity. However, no significant dissimilar groups were detected. Only S. siderea and M. cavernosa are relatively similar in phycological composition. The results suggest that the massive corals of the Oro Verde reef are vulnerable to the colonization of algae, but it is necessary to investigate the conditions preceding algal settlement.
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Nanami, Atsushi. "Spatial distribution and feeding substrate of butterflyfishes (family Chaetodontidae) on an Okinawan coral reef." PeerJ 8 (August 4, 2020): e9666. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9666.
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Coral reefs support diverse communities, and relationships among organisms within these communities are quite complex. Among the relationships, clarifying the habitat association and foraging substrate selection relative to habitat characteristics is of central importance to ecology since these two aspects are the fundamentals for survival and growth of organisms. The aims of the present study were to investigate the spatial distribution and feeding substrate selection of 14 species of butterflyfishes on an Okinawan coral reef in Japan. Species-specific spatial distributions varied with habitat characteristics (e.g., encrusting corals, massive corals, branching Acropora and rock). For feeding substrates, seven species of obligate coral polyp feeders exhibited significant positive selectivity for tabular Acropora, corymbose Acropora, encrusting corals and massive corals but significant negative selectivity for dead corals, coral rubble and rock. Among six species of facultative coral polyp feeders, two species exhibited significant positive selectivity for encrusting corals and massive corals, and one species showed significant positive selectivity for dead corals as feeding substrates. In contrast, three species exhibited no significant positive selectivity for any feeding substrates. A similar result was observed for one non-coralline invertebrate feeder. Among the 14 species, 12 species showed a relatively close relationship between spatial distribution and feeding substrates but the remaining two species did not. The present study is the first study to elucidate species-specific spatial distributions and feeding substrate selection of butterflyfishes on an Okinawan coral reef. The results of the present study suggest that diverse substrates, including various types of living corals (especially encrusting corals, massive corals, tabular Acropora, corymbose Acropora and branching Acropora) and non-coralline substrates (rock) are the primary determinants of spatial distributions and feeding sites. Thus, diverse substrates are important for maintaining high species diversity of butterflyfishes and changes of the substrates would likely change the spatial patterns and foraging behavior, although species-specific responses may be found, depending on their species-specific dependence on vulnerable substrates.
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Lafratta, A., J. Fromont, P. Speare, and C. H. L. Schönberg. "Coral bleaching in turbid waters of north-western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 1 (2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15314.
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We report severe bleaching in a turbid water coral community in north-western Australia. Towed still imagery was used for a benthic survey near Onslow in March 2013 to assess thermal stress in hard and soft corals, finding 51–68% of all corals fully bleached in 10–15-m water depth. Tabulate or foliaceous Turbinaria was the locally most abundant hard coral (46%), followed by massives such as faviids and poritids (25%) and encrusting coral (12%), thus over 80% of the local corals could be considered to be bleaching resistant. All coral groups were bleached in similar proportions (massive hard corals 51%<soft corals 60%<encrusting hard corals 62%<Turbinaria 62%<‘others’ 68%). NOAA data and environmental assessments suggest previous recurrent thermal stress throughout the last 10 years in the study area. On the basis of these records this stress apparently changed the community structure from bleaching vulnerable species such as Acropora, leaving more tolerant species, and reduced coral cover. We could see no evidence for adaptation or acclimation of corals in this area. Towed still imagery was found to be a suitable means for rapid and large-scale bleaching studies in shallow, turbid areas where diving can be difficult or impossible.
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DeCarlo, Thomas M., Hugo B. Harrison, Laura Gajdzik, Diego Alaguarda, Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa, Juan D'Olivo, Gang Liu, Diana Patalwala, and Malcolm T. McCulloch. "Acclimatization of massive reef-building corals to consecutive heatwaves." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1898 (March 6, 2019): 20190235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0235.
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Reef-building corals typically live close to the upper limits of their thermal tolerance and even small increases in summer water temperatures can lead to bleaching and mortality. Projections of coral reef futures based on forecasts of ocean temperatures indicate that by the end of this century, corals will experience their current thermal thresholds annually, which would lead to the widespread devastation of coral reef ecosystems. Here, we use skeletal cores of long-lived Porites corals collected from 14 reefs across the northern Great Barrier Reef, the Coral Sea, and New Caledonia to evaluate changes in their sensitivity to heat stress since 1815. High-density ‘stress bands’—indicative of past bleaching—first appear during a strong pre-industrial El Niño event in 1877 but become significantly more frequent in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries in accordance with rising temperatures from anthropogenic global warming. However, the proportion of cores with stress bands declines following successive bleaching events in the twenty-first century despite increasing exposure to heat stress. Our findings demonstrate an increase in the thermal tolerance of reef-building corals and offer a glimmer of hope that at least some coral species can acclimatize fast enough to keep pace with global warming.
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Ashey, Jill, Hailey McKelvie, John Freeman, Polina Shpilker, Lauren H. Zane, Danielle M. Becker, Lenore Cowen, et al. "Characterizing transcriptomic responses to sediment stress across location and morphology in reef-building corals." PeerJ 12 (January 30, 2024): e16654. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16654.
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Anthropogenic activities increase sediment suspended in the water column and deposition on reefs can be largely dependent on colony morphology. Massive and plating corals have a high capacity to trap sediments, and active removal mechanisms can be energetically costly. Branching corals trap less sediment but are more susceptible to light limitation caused by suspended sediment. Despite deleterious effects of sediments on corals, few studies have examined the molecular response of corals with different morphological characteristics to sediment stress. To address this knowledge gap, this study assessed the transcriptomic responses of branching and massive corals in Florida and Hawai‘i to varying levels of sediment exposure. Gene expression analysis revealed a molecular responsiveness to sediments across species and sites. Differential Gene Expression followed by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis identified that branching corals had the largest transcriptomic response to sediments, in developmental processes and metabolism, while significantly enriched GO terms were highly variable between massive corals, despite similar morphologies. Comparison of DEGs within orthogroups revealed that while all corals had DEGs in response to sediment, there was not a concerted gene set response by morphology or location. These findings illuminate the species specificity and genetic basis underlying coral susceptibility to sediments.
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Harrell, Cailin, and Diego Lirman. "Dictyota defense: Developing effective chemical protection against intense fish predation for outplanted massive corals." PeerJ 11 (March 8, 2023): e14995. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14995.
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The incorporation of coral species with massive (e.g., boulder, brain) morphologies into reef restoration is critical to sustain biodiversity and increase coral cover on degraded reef ecosystems. However, fragments and colonies of massive corals outplanted in Miami-Dade County, Florida, US, can experience intense predation by fish within the first week of outplanting, resulting in >70% mortality. Here, we tested for the first time the potential benefit of feeding corals powdered Dictyota, a brown reef alga that is chemically defended against grazing, to determine if exposure to Dictyota can confer chemical protection to coral fragments and reduce the impacts of fish predation after outplanting. We found that feeding corals every 2 to 3 days for 2 months with dried and powdered Dictyota prior to outplanting significantly reduced predation levels on Orbicella faveolata and Montastraea cavernosa fragments (with less than 20% of the fragments experiencing predation up to 1-month post-outplanting). We also found that a single exposure to Dictyota at a high concentration 1 to 2 days prior to outplanting significantly reduced predation for six coral species within the first 24 h following outplanting. Thus, feeding corals dry Dictyota ex situ prior to outplanting appears to confer protection from fish predation during the critical first days to weeks after outplanting when predation impacts are commonly high. This simple and cheap method can be easily scaled up for corals kept ex situ prior to outplanting, resulting in an increase in restoration efficiency for massive corals in areas with high fish predation.
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Liao, Zhiheng, Kefu Yu, Yinghui Wang, Xueyong Huang, and Lijia Xu. "Coral-algal interactions at Weizhou Island in the northern South China Sea: variations by taxa and the exacerbating impact of sediments trapped in turf algae." PeerJ 7 (March 13, 2019): e6590. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6590.
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Competitive interactions between corals and benthic algae are increasingly frequent on degrading coral reefs, but the processes and mechanisms surrounding the interactions, as well as the exacerbating effects of sediments trapped in turf algae, are poorly described. We surveyed the frequency, proportion, and outcomes of interactions between benthic algae (turf algae and macroalgae) and 631 corals (genera: Porites, Favites, Favia, Platygyra, and Pavona) on a degenerating reef in the northern South China Sea, with a specific focus on the negative effects of algal contact on corals. Our data indicated that turf algae were the main algal competitors for each surveyed coral genus and the proportion of algal contact along the coral edges varied significantly among the coral genera and the algal types. The proportions of algal wins between corals and turf algae or macroalgae differed significantly among coral genera. Compared to macroalgae, turf algae consistently yielded more algal wins and fewer coral wins on all coral genera. Amongst the coral genera, Porites was the most easily damaged by algal competition. The proportions of turf algal wins on the coral genera increased 1.1–1.9 times in the presence of sediments. Furthermore, the proportions of algal wins on massive and encrusting corals significantly increased with the combination of sediments and turf algae as the algal type. However, the variation in proportions of algal wins between massive and encrusting corals disappeared as sediments became trapped in turf algae. Sediments bound within turf algae further induced damage to corals and reduced the competitive advantage of the different coral growth forms in their competitive interactions with adjacent turf algae.
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Stevens, Calvin H. "New species of the Early Permian cerioid coral Kleopatrina from northwest Chihuahua, Mexico." Journal of Paleontology 69, no. 6 (November 1995): 1176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000038154.
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Early Permian massive corals define a narrow zone (the Thysanophyllum coral belt of Stevens, 1982) that surrounded the northern and western margins of Pangaea from the southern Ural Mountains through western North America to Bolivia (Stevens, 1982; Wilson, 1990). This belt appears to have been essentially continuous in the Wolfcampian, and although massive corals persisted along this belt into the Leonardian, they were restricted to many fewer localities.
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Bessell-Browne, Pia, Hannah E. Epstein, Nora Hall, Patrick Buerger, and Kathryn Berry. "Severe Heat Stress Resulted in High Coral Mortality on Maldivian Reefs following the 2015–2016 El Niño Event." Oceans 2, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/oceans2010014.
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Coral cover worldwide has been declining due to heat stress caused by climate change. Here we report the impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño mass coral bleaching event on the coral cover of reefs located on central and northern atolls of the Maldives. We surveyed six reef sites in the Alifu Alifu (Ari) and Baa (South Maalhosmadulu) Atolls using replicate 20 m benthic photo transects at two depths per reef site. Live and recently dead coral cover identified from images differed between reef sites and depth. Recently dead corals on average made up 33% of the coral assemblage at shallow sites and 24% at deep sites. This mortality was significantly lower in massive corals than in branching corals, reaching an average of only 6% compared to 41%, respectively. The best predictors of live coral cover were depth and morphology, with a greater percentage of live coral at deep sites and in massive corals. The same predictors best described the prevalence of recently dead coral, but showed inverse trends to live coral. However, there was high variability among reef sites, which could be attributed to additional local stressors. Coral bleaching and resulting coral mortalities, such as the ones reported here, are of particular concern for small island nations like the Maldives, which are reliant on coral reefs.
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Frias-Torres, Sarah, Claude Reveret, Kerstin Henri, Nirmal Shah, and Phanor Hernando Montoya Maya. "A low-tech method for monitoring survival and growth of coral transplants at a boutique restoration site." PeerJ 11 (May 24, 2023): e15062. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15062.
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Background Coral reef restoration projects are becoming a popular corporate environmental responsibility activity at hotel resorts. Such involvement of private businesses offers the potential to expand restoration into a new socioeconomic sector. However, the scarcity of user-friendly monitoring methods for hotel staff, but robust enough to detect changes over time, hinders the ability to quantify the success or failure of the restoration activity. Here, we present a monitoring method of easy application by hotel staff, without scientific training, using the standard resources available at a hotel resort. Methods Survival and growth of coral transplants were evaluated over 1 year at a boutique coral reef restoration site. The restoration was tailored to the needs of a hotel resort in Seychelles, Indian Ocean. A total of 2,015 nursery-grown corals of branching (four genera, 15 species), massive (16 genera, 23 species), and encrusting (seven genera, seven species) growth types were transplanted to a 1–3 m deep degraded patch reef. A unique cement mix was used to transplant corals onto the hard substrate. On the north side of each coral selected for monitoring, we attached an 8.2 cm × 8.2 cm reflective tile. We used reflective tiles instead of numbered tags due to the expected amount of biofouling growing on the tag surface. Every coral was recorded with top view photography (perpendicular to the plane of coral attachment), with the reflective square in the field of view. We drafted a map of the site to facilitate navigation and re-sighting of the monitored colonies. Then, we developed a simple monitoring protocol for hotel staff. Using the map, and the reflective tiles, the divers located the coral colonies, recorded status (alive, dead, bleaching), and took a photograph. We measured the two-dimensional coral planar area and the change in colony size over time using contour tissue measurements of photographs. Results The monitoring method was robust enough to detect the expected survival of coral transplants, with encrusting and massive corals outperforming branching corals. Survival of encrusting and massive corals was higher (50%–100%) than branching corals (16.6%–83.3%). The change in colony size was 10.1 cm2 ± 8.8 (SE). Branching coral survivors grew faster than massive/encrusting corals. A comprehensive approach to the boutique restoration monitoring experiment would have included comparisons with a control patch reef with a similar species composition to the coral transplants. However, the ability to monitor such a control site, in addition to the restoration site, was beyond the logistic capabilities of the hotel staff, and we were limited to monitoring survival and growth within the restoration site. We conclude that science-based boutique coral reef restoration, tailored to the needs of a hotel resort, combined with a simple monitoring method, can provide a framework for involving hotels as partners in coral reef restoration worldwide.
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Huertas, Víctor, Renato A. Morais, Roberta M. Bonaldo, and David R. Bellwood. "Parrotfish corallivory on stress-tolerant corals in the Anthropocene." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): e0250725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250725.
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Cumulative anthropogenic stressors on tropical reefs are modifying the physical and community structure of coral assemblages, altering the rich biological communities that depend on this critical habitat. As a consequence, new reef configurations are often characterized by low coral cover and a shift in coral species towards massive and encrusting corals. Given that coral numbers are dwindling in these new reef systems, it is important to evaluate the potential influence of coral predation on these remaining corals. We examined the effect of a key group of coral predators (parrotfishes) on one of the emerging dominant coral taxa on Anthropocene reefs, massive Porites. Specifically, we evaluate whether the intensity of parrotfish predation on this key reef-building coral has changed in response to severe coral reef degradation. We found evidence that coral predation rates may have decreased, despite only minor changes in parrotfish abundance. However, higher scar densities on small Porites colonies, compared to large colonies, suggests that the observed decrease in scarring rates may be a reflection of colony-size specific rates of feeding scars. Reduced parrotfish corallivory may reflect the loss of small Porites colonies, or changing foraging opportunities for parrotfishes. The reduction in scar density on massive Porites suggests that the remaining stress-tolerant corals may have passed the vulnerable small colony stage. These results highlight the potential for shifts in ecological functions on ecosystems facing high levels of environmental stress.
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Ferratges, Fernando A., Samuel Zamora, and Marcos Aurell. "Systematics and distribution of decapod crustaceans associated with late Eocene coral buildups from the southern Pyrenees (Spain)." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 296, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2020/0893.
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A new decapod crustacean assemblage associated with late Eocene coral reef deposits in northeast Spain (southern Pyrenees) is recorded; it includes Gemmellarocarcinus riglosensis sp. nov., Daira corallina sp. nov., Lobogalenopsis joei sp. nov., Liopsalis cf. anodon (Bittner, 1875) and Galenopsis crassifrons A. Milne- Edwards, 1865. The genera Gemmellarocarcinus, Daira and Lobogalenopsis are here recorded for the first time from Eocene strata of the Iberian Peninsula, extending their palaeobiogeographical distribution. Detailed sampling from three different coral reef facies within the La Peña buildup, here referred to as branching, tabular and massive, suggest that the core of the reef, which was dominated by branching corals, hosted the highest diversity and abundance of decapod crustaceans. Daira corallina sp. nov. predominated in the branching corals facies, while G. crassiforns was the most abundant taxon within the tabular coral facies and carpiliids showed preferences for environments with massive corals. Thus, this constitutes a good example of primary ecological zonation among decapod crustaceans within a discrete reef.
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Koval, Gammon, Nicolas Rivas, Martine D’Alessandro, Dalton Hesley, Rolando Santos, and Diego Lirman. "Fish predation hinders the success of coral restoration efforts using fragmented massive corals." PeerJ 8 (October 2, 2020): e9978. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9978.
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As coral reefs continue to decline globally, coral restoration practitioners have explored various approaches to return coral cover and diversity to decimated reefs. While branching coral species have long been the focus of restoration efforts, the recent development of the microfragmentation coral propagation technique has made it possible to incorporate massive coral species into restoration efforts. Microfragmentation (i.e., the process of cutting large donor colonies into small fragments that grow fast) has yielded promising early results. Still, best practices for outplanting fragmented corals of massive morphologies are continuing to be developed and modified to maximize survivorship. Here, we compared outplant success among four species of massive corals (Orbicella faveolata, Montastraea cavernosa, Pseudodiploria clivosa, and P. strigosa) in Southeast Florida, US. Within the first week following coral deployment, predation impacts by fish on the small (<5 cm2) outplanted colonies resulted in both the complete removal of colonies and significant tissue damage, as evidenced by bite marks. In our study, 8–27% of fragments from four species were removed by fish within one week, with removal rates slowing down over time. Of the corals that remained after one week, over 9% showed signs of fish predation. Our findings showed that predation by corallivorous fish taxa like butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae), parrotfishes (Scaridae), and damselfishes (Pomacentridae) is a major threat to coral outplants, and that susceptibility varied significantly among coral species and outplanting method. Moreover, we identify factors that reduce predation impacts such as: (1) using cement instead of glue to attach corals, (2) elevating fragments off the substrate, and (3) limiting the amount of skeleton exposed at the time of outplanting. These strategies are essential to maximizing the efficiency of outplanting techniques and enhancing the impact of reef restoration.
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Kennedy, Emma V., Julie Vercelloni, Benjamin P. Neal, Ambariyanto, Dominic E. P. Bryant, Anjani Ganase, Patrick Gartrell, et al. "Coral Reef Community Changes in Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia: Assessing the Efficacy of Management in the Face of Local and Global Stressors." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 10 (September 28, 2020): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100760.
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Karimunjawa National Park is one of Indonesia’s oldest established marine parks. Coral reefs across the park are being impacted by fishing, tourism and declining water quality (local stressors), as well as climate change (global pressures). In this study, we apply a multivariate statistical model to detailed benthic ecological datasets collected across Karimunjawa’s coral reefs, to explore drivers of community change at the park level. Eighteen sites were surveyed in 2014 and 2018, before and after the 2016 global mass coral bleaching event. Analyses revealed that average coral cover declined slightly from 29.2 ± 0.12% (Standard Deviation, SD) to 26.3 ± 0.10% SD, with bleaching driving declines in most corals. Management zone was unrelated to coral decline, but shifts from massive morphologies toward more complex foliose and branching corals were apparent across all zones, reflecting a park-wide reduction in damaging fishing practises. A doubling of sponges and associated declines in massive corals could not be related to bleaching, suggesting another driver, likely declining water quality associated with tourism and mariculture. Further investigation of this potentially emerging threat is needed. Monitoring and management of water quality across Karimunjawa may be critical to improving resilience of reef communities to future coral bleaching.
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Arafat, Dondy, Dedi Soedharma, Beginer Subhan, Hawis Madduppa, Ayu Ervina, Prakas Santoso, Widyarto Margono, Silki Anisa Hidayat, and Bunga Anggraeny. "Development and growth of massive coral Lobophyllia hemprichii transplanted on Pramuka Island, Thousand Islands, Jakarta." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1033, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1033/1/012042.
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Abstract The condition of coral reefs in Indonesia is declining, one of the efforts to restore the condition is to carry out coral transplants. The method used in this research is fragmentation transplantation. This study was conducted to determine the effect of fragmentation (cutting) on coral species Lobophyllia hemprichii from F1 parent transplants carried out on Pramuka Island, Seribu Islands Jakarta. There were two types of coral cutting treatment, namely L1 (wound 1) and L2 (wound 2), with 14 replications. This study showed that there was no effect on the number of cuttings on the survival (SR) and growth of the sub-massive coral Lobophyllia hemprichii (P>0.05). All coral fragments were alive until the end of the observation (SR=100%) and there was an increase in fragment length every month in 2 treatments. The increase in length over 6 months in corals with 1 wound was 10.17 mm (from 67.48 mm to 79.65 mm) and in corals with 2 wounds was 11.74 mm (from 79.01 mm to 90.75 mm). Coral growth rate was also not significantly different between the two treatments (P>0.05), with a range of 1.54-1.94 mm/month (wound 1) and 1.49-3.16 mm/month (wound 2). The growth rate increased after the corals recovered from wound healing (after 5 months of transplantation).
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Umanailo, M. Takdir, Inri M. Manembu, Hermanto WK Manengkey, Carolus P. Paruntu, Rosita A. Lintang, and Wilmy E. Pelle. "KONDISI KARANG SCLERACTINIA DI PERAIRAN BULUTUI KECAMATAN LIKUPANG BARAT KABUPATEN MINAHASA UTARA." JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jplt.9.2.2021.35568.
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Hard coral is one of the main components of this forming coral reef ecosystem. Bulutui waters have coral reef ecosystems that have a direct role as a source of livelihood for people around these waters. However, there are non-environmentally friendly human activities such as fishing using explosives or chemical solutions that cause coral reef damage. The aimed of this research was to find out the condition of hard coral’s percentage cover and to described the frequency of hard coral’s occurance therefore it’s could be representative data at this location. Coral data was collected by using PIT (Point Intercept Transect) method. The value of percentage cover of hard corals at Bulutui waters are 20.58% and the value is categorized damaged. The total frequency of hard coral’s occurance at station 1 are 66 and dominated by Coral Submassive (CS), at station 2 are 23 and dominated by Coral Massive (CM), at station 3 are 18 and dominated by Coral Foliose (CF) and then at station 4 are 140 and dominated by Coral Foliose (CF).Keywords: Percentage Cover, Scleractinia Coral, Bulutui Waters, PIT Methods.
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Su, Hongfei, Zhenlun Xiao, Kefu Yu, Qinyu Huang, Guanghua Wang, Yinghui Wang, Jiayuan Liang, et al. "Diversity of cultivable protease-producing bacteria and their extracellular proteases associated to scleractinian corals." PeerJ 8 (May 6, 2020): e9055. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9055.
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Protease-producing bacteria play a vital role in degrading organic nitrogen in marine environments. However, the diversity of the bacteria and extracellular proteases has seldom been addressed, especially in communities of coral reefs. In this study, 136 extracellular protease-producing bacterial strains were isolated from seven genera of scleractinian corals from Luhuitou fringing reef, and their protease types were characterized. The massive coral had more cultivable protease-producing bacteria than branching or foliose corals. The abundance of cultivable protease-producing bacteria reached 106 CFU g−1 of coral. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolates were assigned to 24 genera, from which 20 corresponded to the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Bacillus and Fictibacillus were retrieved from all coral samples. Moreover, Vibrio and Pseudovibrio were most prevalent in massive or foliose coral Platygyra and Montipora. In contrast, 11 genera were each identified in only one isolate. Nearly all the extracellular proteases from the bacteria were serine proteases or metalloproteases; 45.83% of isolates also released cysteine or aspartic proteases. These proteases had different hydrolytic ability against different substrates. This study represents a novel insight on the diversity of cultivable protease-producing bacteria and their extracellular proteases in scleractinian corals.
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García-Sais, Jorge R., Stacey M. Williams, and Ali Amirrezvani. "Mortality, recovery, and community shifts of scleractinian corals in Puerto Rico one decade after the 2005 regional bleaching event." PeerJ 5 (July 25, 2017): e3611. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3611.
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This work analyzes the mortality, recovery, and shifts in the composition of scleractinian corals from Puerto Rico one decade after the 2005 regional coral bleaching event. Temporal and spatial patterns of coral community structure were examined using a stratified, non-random sampling approach based on five permanent transects per reef at 16 reef stations. A negative correlation between percent coral cover loss and light attenuation coefficient (Kd490) was observed, suggesting that light attenuation, as influenced by water turbidity and depth, played a major role in coral protection during the bleaching event (“sunblock effect”). Responses of coral assemblages varied after the bleaching event, including shifts of cover from massive corals (Orbicellaspp.) to opportunistic (Porites astreoides) and branching corals (Madracis auretenra,P. porites) and/or turf algae; partial recovery of reef substrate cover byO. annulariscomplex; and no measurable changes in coral assemblages before and after the event.
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Zapalski, Mikołaj K., Andrew H. Baird, Tom Bridge, Michał Jakubowicz, and James Daniell. "Unusual shallow water Devonian coral community from Queensland and its recent analogues from the inshore Great Barrier Reef." Coral Reefs 40, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 417–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-020-02048-9.
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AbstractPalaeozoic coral communities were dominated by two extinct coral groups: Tabulata and Rugosa. Whilst they are not closely related to modern Scleractinia, they are morphologically convergent, displaying many morphological characters that allow comparisons between recent and ancient coral reef communities. The extensive shallow-water reef communities of the Devonian were generally dominated by stromatoporoid sponges, with corals occupying deeper environments. Here, we describe an unusual, shallow water coral reef community from the Middle Devonian (Givetian, approx. 385 Ma) of the Fanning River area, Queensland, Australia. The coral community is dominated by tabulate corals, but also includes solitary and occasionally colonial rugose corals. Tabulate corals most commonly exhibit foliose and massive morphologies, but encrusting and branching growth forms also occur. The depositional environment was characterized by a shallow water depth, moderate hydrodynamic energy, high sedimentation rate, and high turbidity. Since these environmental factors influence the morphological composition of modern coral communities, we hypothesize that similar environments may result in morphologically equivalent coral assemblages throughout the Phanerozoic. To test this idea, we qualitatively compare the Fanning River reefs with modern scleractinian coral assemblages in a similar environmental setting at Magnetic Island. Both reefs are located in a shallow water less than 10 m deep, with high sediment flux, moderate wave energy, and generally high turbidity. Like Fanning River, Magnetic Island coral communities are dominated by foliose morphologies, with contributions from massive and branching forms. The Fanning River reef, together with previously identified Silurian and Devonian mesophotic coral ecosystems, suggest that Palaeozoic coral assemblages may share many functional characteristics with modern scleractinian reefs in similar environments. Therefore, the geological record of inshore, high turbidity-adapted coral communities can be traced back as far as 385 Ma.
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Ramesh, CH, S. Koushik, T. Shunmugaraj, and M. V. Ramana Murthy. "Purple-Blue Pigmentation Production as a Sign of Immune Response by Bleached Corals to Avoid Stress Caused by Elevated Sea Surface Temperature." International Journal of Hydrology Research 4, no. 1 (November 26, 2019): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.108.2019.41.13.15.
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Coral reefs are extensively studied around the world with regard to their taxonomy, distribution, diversity, bleaching events, diseases, conservation, and restoration aspects. However, exhibition of blue pigmentation by corals under certain stressed condition such as high temperature and bleaching events has not been widely investigated. In the present study, during a massive bleaching event of coral reefs in 21 islands of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve, corals such as Acropora sp. and Turbinaria sp. and some other encrusting corals have displayed purple blue pigmentation in response to high temperature and to avoid complete bleaching of their food supplying symbiotic zooxanthellae. This documentation from this environment is being reported for the first time and thus further immunological and genomic studies are required to study the variation in the zooxanthellae in bleached and non-bleached corals as well as blue pigment showing and non-pigmented corals. The compound responsible for blue pigmentation is needed to be analyzed further which could be employed for other industrial and biomedical applications.
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Asadi, Muhammad Arif, Oktiyas Muzaky Luthfi, Guntur, Anwan Rahmat Ardiansyah, and Andik Isdianto. "DISTRIBUTION OF SCLERACTINIAN JUVENILES AT THE NATURE RESERVE AREA PULAU SEMPU, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA, AND ITS NEIGHBORING AREA." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 57, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.1.21.
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Coral reefs in the southern waters of Malang Regency are characterized by wide reef flat areas which are generally dominated by massive, encrusting, and branching corals. The living and growth of Scleractinian coral have limiting factors: current velocity, salinity, temperature, DO, turbidity and pH. These factors have a very important role in influencing the rate of reproduction and recruitment of hard corals in the southern waters of the Malang Regency. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of juvenile corals of Pulau Sempu and its surrounding waters. The study was conducted at five sites: Waru Waru, Teluk Semut, Tiga Warna, Kondang Merak, and Jembatan Panjang Tanjung Sirap (JPTS), from August to November 2020. The results showed that the distribution of juvenile corals had varying results at each research station. Eight families of hard juvenile corals are described in this study, including four families having the highest density: Acroporidae, Poritidae, Pocilloporidae, and Merulinidae. Based on statistics, it was found that the location had a positive impact on the number of juvenile coral densities (p = 8.3 x 10-35). This is the first research reporting on the distribution of juvenile corals, which will be very important for policymakers to determine the best rehabilitation method to protect coral reefs in the area.
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Klepac, C. N., and D. J. Barshis. "Reduced thermal tolerance of massive coral species in a highly variable environment." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1933 (August 19, 2020): 20201379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1379.
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Coral bleaching events are increasing in frequency and severity, resulting in widespread losses in coral cover. However, branching corals native to highly variable (HV) thermal environments can have higher bleaching resistance than corals from more moderate habitats. Here, we investigated the response of two massive corals, Porites lobata and Goniastrea retiformis , from a moderately variable (MV) and a low variability (LV) pool transplanted into a HV pool on Ofu Island in American Samoa. Paired transplant and native ramets were exposed to an acute thermal stress after 6 and 12 months of exposure to the HV pool to evaluate changes in thermal tolerance limits. For both species, photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll loss following acute heat stress did not differ between ramets transplanted into the HV pool and respective native pool. Moreover, HV native P. lobata exhibited the greatest bleaching susceptibility compared to MV and LV natives and there was no effect of acute heat stress on MV P. lobata . There was also a thermal anomaly during the study, where Ofu's backreef thermal regime surpassed historical records—2015 had 8 degree heating weeks (DHW) and 2016 had up to 5 DHW (in comparison to less than or equal to 3 over the last 10 years)—which may have exceeded the upper thermal limits of HV native P. lobata . These results strongly contrast with other research on coral tolerance in variable environments, potentially underscoring species-specific mechanisms and regional thermal anomalies that may be equally important in shaping coral responses to extreme temperatures.
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Das, Rocktim Ramen, Parviz Tavakoli-Kolour, Sanaz Hazraty-Kari, and James Davis Reimer. "Survey of Black Band Disease-affected scleractinian corals via drone-based observations in Okinawa, Japan." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 6 (June 26, 2023): 23397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8215.15.6.23397-23402.
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Diseases are a growing global threat to scleractinian corals. This study used a relatively inexpensive commercial drone flown simultaneously along with reef walking/snorkeling to confirm the presence of cyanobacterial Black Band Disease (BBD) on a reef in subtropical Okinawa, Japan. At the surveyed reef, the scleractinian corals included encrusting forms (12.57% ± 5.72 coverage), followed by massive/submassive (6.09% ± 4.05) and tabular corals (2.66% ± 1.19). Our survey is unique in that drone research has not been previously applied to BBD surveys, followed by ground truthing. Thus, this study can be regarded as an example of using drones during coral disease assessments.
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Raghukumar, Chandralata, and S. Raghukumar. "Fungal Invasion of Massive Corals." Marine Ecology 12, no. 3 (September 1991): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.1991.tb00257.x.
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Samuel, Pratama Diffi, Muhammad Fakhri, Citra Satrya Utama Dewi, Jessica Ellona, and M. Choirul Anam. "Percentage of Hard Coral Cover and Coral Recruitment on in Bangsring Beach, Banyuwangi Regency." Research Journal of Life Science 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.rjls.2023.010.01.3.
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One of the tourist attractions at Bangsring Beach is the condition of the coral reef ecosystem and unique marine biota that tourists can enjoy by snorkeling and diving. Based on research (Ekawati et al., 2021) using remote sensing, the area of live coral reefs on Bangsring Beach is as follows; 2005; 3.38, 2008; 2.61, 2011; 3.7, 2017; 3.98, 2020; 6.1 Ha). It can be said that the area of coral reefs increases yearly, although, in 2008-2011, it decreased by 32%. The results of the economic valuation explain that the (Total Economic Value) of the coral reef ecosystem in Bangsring Beach is 38.2 billion Rupiah/year or 2.9 billion Rupiah hectares/year. The use-value that has the largest economic value comes from tourism utilization of 25 billion or 60% of the Total Economic Value. The coral community structure includes Coral Branching, Coral Encrusting, Coral Massive, Coral Submaasive, and Coral Mushroom. Mushroom Coral is found solitary and shaped like a mushroom. The research data shows the average value of Bangsring Fish House cover is 82.5%. Fish house cover here is seen and assessed based on the presence of hard corals, soft corals, and algae. The average percentage of hard corals growing at the Bangsring Fish House was 30%, soft corals 21.5%, and algae 17.5%. Found 21 types of coral such as; Acropora, Favia, Turbinaria, Symphyllia, Goniastrea.
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Davies, Jocelyn M., Richard P. Dunne, and Barbara E. Brown. "Coral bleaching and elevated sea-water temperature in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, 1996." Marine and Freshwater Research 48, no. 6 (1997): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf96128.
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A coral bleaching event began in February 1996 on reefs in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. Corals were affected on the shallow fringing reef and to water depths of greater than 20 m on the reef slope. Bleaching was extensive and in the survey area 54% of all corals were bleached. Branching corals (particularly Acropora and Pocillopora) were more severely affected than massive species. Bleaching occurred at the time of the annual maximum monthly sea temperature when long-term sea temperature data sets recorded an anomaly of + 1.29°C. Analysis of the anomalies over the previous 40 years shows a positive trend of 0.09°C per decade.
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Zlatarski, Vassil. "The actuopaleontological studies on Cuban scleractinians and coral reefs of half a century ago are not over." Geologica Balcanica 46, no. 2 (November 2017): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.46.2.111.
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Gathering and studying a rich collection of fossil corals in Bulgaria led to the definition of various new taxa, but highlighted the gaps in our knowledge of fossil Scleractinia. I needed to learn from living corals. An actuopaleontological project with massive sampling of all phenotypes following coral life in depth in Cuba (1970–1973) showed extraordinary scleractinian variability and led to “heresy” regarding the conventional Caribbean taxonomy. Subsequent fundamental new knowledge challenged Scleractinia taxonomy and justified the results of the investigation of the Cuban corals, through continuing contributions to: holistic approach to scleractinian species; integrative character of coral taxonomy; new paleobiological perspectives and tasks for study; and the evolutionary benefits of hybridization for reef survival. Continuing research can be supported by: an 80% preserved collection; a scientific audiovisual documentary; a monograph in Russian, French, and soon Spanish; and a substantially and rarely preserved coral life and reef ecosystem.
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Purnomo, Pujiono Wahyu, Frida Purwanti, and Dhanar Syahrizal Akhmad. "Coral Reef Conditions At the Snorkeling Spots of the Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia." Croatian Journal of Fisheries 80, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cjf-2022-0008.
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Abstract Karimunjawa as a marine national park has attracted tourists to come and explore coral reefs. The reefs are under increasing pressure from the development of underwater tourist activities so it is necessary to pay attention to the reef condition to maintain its sustainability. This study was conducted in September 2019 by examining the condition of coral reefs in the most visited snorkeling spots based on information from tour operators, i.e. the Ujung Bintang, Maer and Karang Sendok spots. Data was collected using a 20 m line belt transect to count coral cover and was analyzed using coral morphology triangles to assess the Coral Condition Index (CCI) and Impact Severity Index (ISI). The condition of coral reef cover at the Ujung Bintang and Maer spots were in the “good” category based on the CCI, while at the Karang Sendok spot the corals were in the “bad” category based on the ISI. The three snorkeling spots have competition-adapted (K) morphology, which means that the coral reefs are dominated by non-Acropora corals associated with coral reefs with high waves. The dominant life form at the Ujung Bintang spot was foliose corals, at the Maer spot, it was foliose coral and non-Acropora branching corals, while at the Karang Sendok it was Acropora, which is more vulnerable than foliose and massive corals. The CCI at the three spots was in the “good” category as there are healthy coral colonies, whereas the ISI was in the “poor” category since partially and recently dead coral colonies were found there. The coral colony damage in the spots was dominated by bleached coral colonies and partially dead coral colonies.
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Ong, Chai Kee, Jen Nie Lee, and Jani Thuaibah Isa Tanzil. "Skeletal Growth Rates in Porites lutea Corals from Pulau Tinggi, Malaysia." Water 14, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14010038.
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Skeletal records of massive Porites lutea corals sampled from reefs around Malaysia have previously shown average decadal declines in growth rates associated with sea warming. However, there was a variability in growth declines between sites that warrant the need for investigations into more site-specific variations. This study analyzed decade-long (December 2004–November 2014) annual growth records (annual linear extension rate, skeletal bulk density, calcification rate) reconstructed from five massive P. lutea colonies from Pulau Tinggi, Malaysia. Significant non-linear changes in inter-annual trends of linear extension and calcification rates were found, with notable decreases that corresponded to the 2010 El Niño thermal stress episode and a pan-tropical mass coral bleaching event. Coral linear extension and calcification were observed to return to pre-2010 rates by 2012, suggesting the post-stress recovery of P. lutea corals at the study site within 2 years. Although no long-term declines in linear extension and calcification rates were detected, a linear decrease in annual skeletal bulk density by ≈9.5% over the 10-year study period was found. This suggests that although coral calcification rates are retained, the skeletal integrity of P. lutea corals may be compromised with potential implications for the strength of the overall reef carbonate framework. The correlation of coral calcification rates with sea surface temperature also demonstrated site-specific thermal threshold at 29 °C, which is comparable to the regional thermal threshold previously found for the Thai-Malay Peninsula.
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Wang, Xiang-Dong, and Tetsuo Sugiyama. "Middle Permian rugose corals from Laibin, Guangxi, South China." Journal of Paleontology 75, no. 4 (July 2001): 758–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000016917.
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The Middle Permian Chihsia and Maokou formations in Laibin, central Guangxi, South China contain 19 rugose coral species; of these taxa, Lophocarinophyllum sandoi, Asserculinia solida, and Innixiphyllum wuae are new. Innixiphyllum represents a new genus characterized by contratingent minor septa. Ten species are reviewed and described in detail, and the diagnoses of three of these species, Allotropiophyllum heteroseptatum (Grabau, 1928), Lophocarinophyllum taihuense (Yan and Chen, 1982), and Ipciphyllum regulare (Wu, 1963), are newly emended. The morphological variation and ontogenetic changes of the solitary, nondissepimented species are particularly emphasized. Six additional taxa are described and illustrated but are left in open nomenclature.The corals from Laibin are typically Tethyan. Four biostratigraphic assemblages are recognized: an assemblage of massive corals in the upper Chihsia Formation represented by Polythecalis longliensis; an assemblage of small solitary and nondissepimented corals in the lower Maokou Formation, dominated by species of Allotropiophyllum, Innixiphyllum and Lophocarinophyllum; an assemblage of mixed massive colonial and small solitary corals in the middle Maokou Formation, characterized by Ipciphyllum regulare; and an assemblage of solitary nondissepimented corals in the uppermost Maokou Formation, characterized by Ufimia elongata. These assemblages correspond well to those from other areas of South China. In Laibin, only two rugose taxa, Amplexocarinia sp. and Paracaninia minor, occur in the basal part of the Wuchiaping Formation of Lopingian age.
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Johan, Ofri, Anjang B. Prasetio, Idil Ardi, Amran R. Syam, and Norman J. Quinn. "THE ABUNDANCE OF ORNAMENTAL CORALS AFTER MASS DIE OFF IN 1997 ON THE PADANG SHELF REEF SYSTEM, WEST SUMATERA, INDONESIA." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 8, no. 1 (November 11, 2016): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v8i1.12495.
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ABSTRACTThe Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries aims to establish export quota ornamental corals based on scientifically-founded data from the natural environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the abundance of ornamental coral after mass die off in 1997. Ornamental corals were classified into three groups based on the guideline of ornamental coral propagation for trading purposes. Classification categories are rapid (3-6 months), middle (8-12 months), and slow growth rate (>24 months), which relates to their harvesting time when transplanted for the trade purpose. The survey method used line intercept transects to get coral condition data and belt transect with 2 m width to get ornamental coral data. Both line and belt transect have 30 m length and with three replicates. The study showed number of colony and abundance of ornamental coral for fast growth rate group such as Acropora sp (1348 col & 7.49 col/m2), Galaxea sp, Hydnophora exesa, H. microconus, Pocillopora damicornis, Stylopora sp and Montipora sp with the highest abundant found on Acropora sp and Montipora sp (1348 col & 7.49 col/m2). Whereas the coral which from middle growth rate were Leptoseris sp, Pavona sp, Platygyra sp, Favia sp, Favites sp with the highest abundant found on Favia sp (101 col & 0.56 col/m2). Coral species typically used for ornamental coral trade within the slow growth rate category such massive coral were not found on this survey. Due to the massive coral die-off in 1997 and the paucity of ornamental corals, the utilization of ornamental coral should be supported by coral transplantation and the broodstock of slow growth of coral taken from other area. Keywords: ornamental coral, abundant, mass die off, Padang Waters
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Putnam, Hollie M., Michael Stat, Xavier Pochon, and Ruth D. Gates. "Endosymbiotic flexibility associates with environmental sensitivity in scleractinian corals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1746 (August 29, 2012): 4352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1454.
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Flexibility in biological systems is seen as an important driver of macro-ecosystem function and stability. Spatially constrained endosymbiotic settings, however, are less studied, although environmental thresholds of symbiotic corals are linked to the function of their endosymbiotic dinoflagellate communities. Symbiotic flexibility is a hypothesized mechanism that corals may exploit to adapt to climate change. This study explores the flexibility of the coral– Symbiodinium symbiosis through quantification of Symbiodinium ITS2 sequence assemblages in a range of coral species and genera. Sequence assemblages are expressed as an index of flexibility incorporating phylogenetic divergence and relative abundance of Symbiodinium sequences recovered from the host. This comparative analysis reveals profound differences in the flexibility of corals for Symbiodinium , thereby classifying corals as generalists or specifists. Generalists such as Acropora and Pocillopora exhibit high intra- and inter-species flexibility in their Symbiodinium assemblages and are some of the most environmentally sensitive corals. Conversely, specifists such as massive Porites colonies exhibit low flexibility, harbour taxonomically narrow Symbiodinium assemblages, and are environmentally resistant corals. Collectively, these findings challenge the paradigm that symbiotic flexibility enhances holobiont resilience. This underscores the need for a deeper examination of the extent and duration of the functional benefits associated with endosymbiotic diversity and flexibility under environmental stress.
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Sangsawang, Laddawan, Beatriz Estela Casareto, Hideo Ohba, Hung Manh Vu, Aussanee Meekaew, Toshiyuki Suzuki, Thamasak Yeemin, and Yoshimi Suzuki. "13 C and 15 N assimilation and organic matter translocation by the endolithic community in the massive coral Porites lutea." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 12 (December 2017): 171201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171201.
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Corals evolved by establishing symbiotic relationships with various microorganisms (the zooxanthellae, filamentous algae, cyanobacteria, bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses), forming the ‘coral holobiont'. Among them, the endolithic community is the least studied. Its main function was considered to be translocation of photo-assimilates to the coral host, particularly during bleaching. Here, we hypothesize that (i) endolithic algae may show similar primary production rates in healthy or bleached corals by changing their pigment ratios, and therefore that similar production and translocation of organic matter may occur at both conditions and (ii) diazotrophs are components of the endolithic community; therefore, N 2 fixation and translocation of organic nitrogen may occur. We tested these hypotheses in incubation of Porites lutea with 13 C and 15 N tracers to measure primary production and N 2 fixation in coral tissues and endoliths. Assimilation of the 13 C atom (%) was observed in healthy and bleached corals when the tracer was injected in the endolithic band, showing translocation in both conditions. N 2 fixation was found in coral tissues and endolithic communities with translocation of organic nitrogen. Thus, the endolithic community plays an important role in supporting the C and N metabolism of the holobiont, which may be crucial under changing environmental conditions.
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Mayfield, Anderson B., and Chiahsin Lin. "Field-Testing a Proteomics-Derived Machine-Learning Model for Predicting Coral Bleaching Susceptibility." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2023): 1718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031718.
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Given the widespread decline of coral reefs, temperature-focused models have been generated to predict when and where bleaching events may occur (e.g., Coral Reef Watch). Although such algorithms are adept at forecasting the onset of bleaching in many areas, they suffer from poor predictive capacity in regions featuring corals that have adapted or acclimatized to life in marginal environments, such as reefs of the Florida Keys (USA). In these locales, it may instead be preferred to use physiological data from the corals themselves to make predictions about stress tolerance. Herein proteomic data from both laboratory and field samples were used to train neural networks and other machine-learning models to predict coral bleaching susceptibility in situ, and the models’ accuracies were field-tested with massive corals (Orbicella faveolata) sampled across a 2019 bleaching event. The resulting artificial intelligence was capable of accurately predicting whether or not a coral would bleach in response to high temperatures based on its protein signatures alone, meaning that this approach could consequently be of potential use in delineating O. faveolata climate resilience.
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Ananda, Dedet, Asep Mulyono, Risandi Dwirama Putra, and Agung Dhamar Syakti. "Analysis of Heavy Metal Contents (Cu. Pb And Zn) of Coral Annual Band (Porites Lutea) in the Eastern Part of Bintan Island." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1148, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1148/1/012019.
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Abstract This study analyzed the growth rate of massive corals Porites lutea and heavy metal contents in its annual band. The aims of this study were to perceive the age of corals, relation between growth rates and sea surface temperature, rainfall, and duration of sunlight as well as the heavy metal (Cu, Pb and Zn ) extent in their annual band. This study was conducted with radiographic approach to determine the direction and the annual band of corals. Sample preparation methods contained determining the annual growth direction, cutting the samples, and dissolving the coral samples. The prepared samples were analyzed using AAS to calculate their Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations. The results showed that the growth rate of P. lutea coral growth rate was range from 2.78 ± 0.25 to 9.90 ± 1.90 mm/year. The growth rate and sea surface temperature were positively correlated (18.28 %), the rainfall and sunlight duration were correlated negatively 37.82 % and 0.67 % respectively. The highest concentration of Cu and Pb were consecutively found at the stations Kawal, Malang Rapat, and Teluk Bakau, while the highest concentration of Zn were consecutively found in Teluk Bakau, Malang Rapat, and Kawal. Through annual band of coral, from surface to the core part of massive colony coral, we noticed The Cu, Zn and Pb increased variedly with value range of 2.087 ± 0.179 to 2.504 ± 0.117 mg/kg for Cu, 12.304 ± 4.815 to 32.944 ± 5.926 1mg/kg for Zn, and 1.761 ± 0.910 to 9.501 ± 0.483 926 mg/kg. The study may reveals an historical apportionment of anthropogenic heavy metals in the studied area.
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Erviana, Renanda Nur, Pujiono Wahyu Purnomo, and Supriharyono Supriharyono. "Class Conservation Morfologi Karang berdasarkan Kedalaman pada Struktur Terumbu Karang di Pulau Kemujan dan Pulau Sintok, Karimunjawa, Jawa Tengah Coral Morphology Class Conservation Based on Depth of Coral Reef Structure in Kemujan and Sintok Islands, Karimunjawa, Central Java." Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES) 9, no. 2 (June 12, 2020): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/marj.v9i2.27768.
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ABSTRAKKemujan dan Sintok merupakan pulau yang termasuk ke dalam zona pemanfaatan sebagai wisata bahari dan memiliki keanekaragaman bentuk pertumbuhan karang yang tinggi. Bentuk pertumbuhan karang dibedakan menjadi karang acropora dan non-acopora dengan perbedaan morfologi seperti tipe branching, massive, encruisting, foliose, dan digitae. Analisis morfologi karang sebagai pendukung status penutupan karang dapat mengetahui kondisi terumbu karang sesuai class conservation. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui kualitas perairan, struktur terumbu karang, morfologi karang berdasarkan class conservation dan pengaruh kedalaman terhadap struktur serta morfologi karang di Pulau Kemujan dan Sintok. Pengambilan data dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2019. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) dengan menggunakan transek sepanjang 30 meter. Data yang diambil adalah parameter kualitas perairan dan foto underwater karang. Data hasil penelitian diolah menggunakan aplikasi CPCe (Coral Point Count with Excel extensions) dan uji non parametrik dengan SPSS serta dianalisis menggunakan diagram r-K-S. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas perairan pada lokasi penelitian masih dalam keadaan normal. Persentase kelimpahan karang hidup termasuk dalam kategori sedang sampai dengan sangat baik yaitu berkisar 25,56 -76,22%. Persentase morfologi karang berdasarkan Class conservation secara umum memiliki dominasi kelompok kompetitors (K) atau CC=2 yang berkisar 48,72 – 76,5%, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pada lokasi penelitian didominasi karang bentuk branching maupun foliose serta tidak ada pengaruh signifikan kedalaman air terhadap morfologi karang. ABSTRACTKemujan and Sintok are islands in the utilization zone as marine tourism and have high diversity of coral growth forms. The coral’s life form can be grouped into acropora and non-acopora corals with morphological differences such as branching, massive, encruisting, foliose, and digitae types. Morphological analysis of corals as supporting the status of coral cover can determine the condition of coral reefs according to class conservation. The purpose of this study are to determine the quality of the waters, the structure of coral reefs, coral morphology based on class conservation and the influence of depth on the structure and morphology of corals in Kemujan and Sintok Islands. Data collection was carried out in November 2019. The research method used was the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method using a 30 meter transect. The data collected the parameters of water quality and underwater coral photos. The research data were processed using the CPCe (Coral Point Count with Excel extensions) application and non-parametric tests with SPSS and analyzed using the r-K-S diagram. The results showed that the water quality at the study area was still in a normal condition. However, there was no significant effect of water depth on coral morphology. The percentage of live coral abundance was included in the moderate to very good category, ranging from 25.56 to 76.22%. Percentage of coral morphology based on Class conservation generally has a predominance of competitor groups (K) or CC = 2 ranging from 48.72 - 76.5%. Moreover, the results show that based on the coral growth forms at the study sites were dominated by branching and foliose corals and there was no significant effect of water depth on coral morphology.
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Petersen, Dirk, Micha�l Laterveer, David van Bergen, and Maureen Kuenen. "Transportation techniques for massive scleractinian corals." Zoo Biology 23, no. 2 (2004): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.10127.
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Tombokan, John L., Unstain N. W. J. Rembet, and Silvester B. Pratasik. "Vertical Distribution Of Hard Corals In Southern Siladen Island." JURNAL ILMIAH PLATAX 5, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jip.5.1.2017.14972.
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This study was aimed at provide information on hard coral distribution in southern Siladen Island. The work was done using SCUBA gear Line Intercept Transect (LIT). Thirty m long-line transects were placed at the reef flat, 5 m depth, 10 m depth, 15 m depth, and 20 m depth. A total of 44 hard coral genera was recorded, and the highest number of genre was found at 5 m depth. Coral species diversity was also high enough at the reef flat (1.032) and 5 m depth (1.28). Coral reef condition at 10 m depth was good enough as well and categorized as productive due to much higher percent of the biotic component than the abiotic component. The dominant life forms consisted of tabulate Acropora and branching corals at the reef flat, encrusting corals, branching corals, and foliose corals at 5 m, encrusting corals at 10 and 20 m depth, and massive corals, encrusting corals, and branching corals at 15 m depth, respectively. Keywords: coral reef, distribution, LIT, vertical zonationl. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyediakan informasi tentang distribusi karang batu di sebelah selatan pulau Siladen. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan alat selam SCUBA dan metode transek intersep garis. Tali transek sepanjang 30 m diletakkan di rataan terumbu, kedalaman 5, 10, 15, dan 20 m. Total 44 genera karang batu ditemukan pada penelitian ini, dan jumlah genera terbanyak ditemukan pada kedalaman 5 m. Keanekaragaman spesies karang juga cukup tinggi di daerah rataan terumbu (1,032) and 5m (1,28). Kondisi terumbu karang pada kedalaman 10 m juga cukup baik dan dikategorikan produktif karena tingginya komponen biotik dibandingkan dengan komponen abiotik. Bentuk pertumbuhan yang dominan masing-masing terdiri dari Acropora meja dan karang bercabang di rataan terumbu karang, karang encrusting, karang bercabang, dan foliose pada kedalaman 5 m, karang encrusting pada kedalaman 10 dan 20m, serta karang masif, karang encrusting dan karang bercabang pada kedalaman 15m. Kata kunci: Terumbu karang, distribusi, Transek Intersep Garis, Zonasi vertikal.
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Tioho, Hanny, Carolus P. Paruntu, and Hendra Patrich. "Survival and growth rates of transplanted Scleractinian corals on the reef flat at Kalasei Waters, Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi." AQUATIC SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2013): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jasm.1.2.2013.7272.
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In order to know survival and growth rates of some scleractinian coral species, 538 colonies from 46 species were collected from the reef which was affected by reclamation activity and transferred to the adjacent reef about 300 meters from the former location. All of the transplanted colonies were observed during 12 months (April 2011 – March 2012). We found that 47 (8.74%) dead coral colonies dominated by branching corals and 491 (91.26%) were dominated by live coral colonies of the growth forms encrusting, folioseandmassive. The highest coral growth (10.59 to 11.32cm/year) was showed by branching Acropora, while the lowest (0.35 to 0.71 cm/year ) was showed by the group of massive-submassive growth form. This study concluded that corals with encrusting, folioseandmassive growth formhad a high survival rate, but they have slow growth ratescompared withbranching growth form. Untuk mengetahui tingkat ketahanan hidup dan pertumbuhan karang Scleractinia, 46 jenis karang Scleractinia yang terdiri dari 538 koloni dikoleksi dari areal terumbu karang yang sementara direklamasi dan ditransplantasi ke area rataan terumbu yang berjarak sekitar 300 meter dari area aktivitas reklamasi di pantai Kalasey dan pengamatan dilakukan selama satu tahun (April 2011 - Maret 2012). Ditemukan 47 (8,74 %) koloni karang yang mati dan didominasi oleh karang bercabang, dan 491 (91,26 %) koloni yang hidup didominasi oleh karang dengan bentuk pertumbuhan encrusting, foliose dan massive. Pertumbuhan karang tertinggi adalah karang bercabang dari kelompok Acropora yaitu 10,59 - 11,32 cm/Tahun, sedangkan terendah adalah kelompok dengan bentuk pertumbuhan massive-submassive yaitu 0,35 - 0,71 cm/Tahun. Penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa karang dengan bentuk pertumbuhan encrusting, foliose dan massive memiliki tingkat ketahanan hidup yang lebih tinggi, tetapi memiliki pertumbuhan yang lebih lambat dibandingkan dengan karang bercabang.
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Quang, Thai Minh. "Morphology, abundance and the invasiveness of coral-killing sponge Chalinula nematifera (Porifera: Demosponigiae) from Con Dao National Park, Vietnam." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 20, no. 4A (April 11, 2021): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/15651.
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This is the first study on morphology, abundance and invasion of coral-killing sponge Chalinula nematifera (De Laubenfels, 1954) from offshore waters in Con Dao islands, Vietnam. The results of the study show that the morphology is similar to that in the Western Pacific, but differs in skeletal structure compared to the description in the Eastern Pacific. The density of C. nematifera (average ± standard deviation) is 2.02 ± 5.03 colonies per 100 m2 (present at 12/15 survey stations) with the number of colonization belonging to diameter group 5–20 cm. They invade 30 species belonging to 23 genera of Scleractinia corals (44.7% on foliose/laminar and encrusting coral, 23.86% on massive coral and 21.97% on branching coral). The ability to invade corals of C. nematifera does not limit the host. So, this is considered a potential hazard to the East Vietnam Sea coral reefs in the future.
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Eagleson, Ryan G., John S. Lumsden, Lorenzo Álvarez-Filip, Christophe M. Herbinger, and Ryan A. Horricks. "Coverage Increases of Porites astreoides in Grenada Determined by Shifts in Size-Frequency Distribution." Diversity 13, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13070288.
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Despite coral community collapse, the mustard hill coral (Porites astreoides) is a species currently experiencing success throughout the Caribbean. The inshore reefs of Grenada were selected to study the influence of benthic factors on the abundance, size, and coverage of P. astreoides colonies. Surveys of reef communities along established 30 m transects were conducted at eight sites in 2014 and 2017 using a 0.5 m² quadrat. Coral Point Count was used to annotate the images, estimating the coverage of scleractinian corals, sponges, algae, and benthic substrates. Coverage, size, and abundance of P. astreoides colonies were quantified using the area measurement tool in ImageJ standardized against the quadrats. There were significant differences in benthic community assemblages between islands, selected sites, and between years. From 2014 to 2017 there was a significant decrease in the mean abundance of P. astreoides colonies and significant increases in mean colony size and coverage. The presence of P. astreoides colonies was significantly correlated with: rubble (−), sand (−); pavement (+); macroalgae (−); coralline algae (+); sponges (varying response); gorgonians (−); massive corals (+); and branching corals (−). P. astreoides follows similar recruitment patterns as other scleractinian corals. Observed changes in P. astreoides populations appear to indicate a recovery event following a disturbance, potentially tropical storm Chantal in 2013.
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Brodersen, Kasper Elgetti, Mads Lichtenberg, Peter J. Ralph, Michael Kühl, and Daniel Wangpraseurt. "Radiative energy budget reveals high photosynthetic efficiency in symbiont-bearing corals." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 93 (April 6, 2014): 20130997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0997.
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The light field on coral reefs varies in intensity and spectral composition, and is the key regulating factor for phototrophic reef organisms, for example scleractinian corals harbouring microalgal symbionts. However, the actual efficiency of light utilization in corals and the mechanisms affecting the radiative energy budget of corals are underexplored. We present the first balanced light energy budget for a symbiont-bearing coral based on a fine-scale study of the microenvironmental photobiology of the massive coral Montastrea curta . The majority (more than 96%) of the absorbed light energy was dissipated as heat, whereas the proportion of the absorbed light energy used in photosynthesis was approximately 4.0% under an irradiance of 640 µmol photons m −2 s −1 . With increasing irradiance, the proportion of heat dissipation increased at the expense of photosynthesis. Despite such low energy efficiency, we found a high photosynthetic efficiency of the microalgal symbionts showing high gross photosynthesis rates and quantum efficiencies (QEs) of approximately 0.1 O 2 photon −1 approaching theoretical limits under moderate irradiance levels. Corals thus appear as highly efficient light collectors with optical properties enabling light distribution over the corallite/tissue microstructural canopy that enables a high photosynthetic QE of their photosynthetic microalgae in hospite .
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Hariyanto, Sigit, Ibadur Rahman, and Mahardika Rizqi Himawan. "Survival Rate and Growth Rate of Transplant Acropora sp and Porites sp Corals in Kecinan, North Lombok." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 23, no. 2 (May 4, 2023): 456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v23i2.4876.
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Coral reef ecosystem is an ecosystem that plays a vital role as spawning floor, feeding floor and nursery ground for marine biota. This study aims to determine the survival and in growth rate of Acropora sp and Porites sp sp corals transplanted using frame media. This research was done in Kecinan Coastal Waters, Malaka Village, Pamenang District, North Lombok Regency. West Nusa Tenggara. The method used in this study an experimental method with 2 month observation, which repeated in every 2 weeks. Coral growth rate is observed twice, at the beginning of coral planting and at the end of the observation. The frame media used were 4 units a size of 1 x 1 m2, which placed 30 coral fragments each. So the total number of coral fragments observed was 120 in the media frame at the same depth. Acropora sp corals that were able to survive until the end of the study reached 96.67% while Porites sp sp corals reached 86.67%. The growth rate of Acropora sp was obtained at a value of 0.51 cm/month, while for Porites sp sp was 0.37 cm/month. The two transplanted corals had different growth forms so that they had different growth rate values. Acropora sp coral had a branching growth form with a hollow and porous limestone structure while Porites sp sp had a massive growth form with a denser and harder limestone skeletal structure.
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Nogueira, M. M., E. Neves, and R. Johnsson. "Effects of habitat structure on the mollusc assemblage in Mussismilia corals: evaluation of the influence of different coral growth morphology." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 101, no. 1 (February 2021): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315421000023.
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AbstractHabitat structure increases richness and abundance of species in many environments by providing easy access to resources and refuge from predators. In coral reefs, corals are habitat for many organisms and differences in their morphologies may act as variation in habitat structure for associated fauna. In the present study, we investigate whether there are differences in the richness and abundance of molluscs associated with three species of Mussismilia corals exhibiting different growth morphologies, in two different reef areas of the Bahia state. Mussismilia harttii has a meandroid pattern, M. hispida is a massive coral, M. braziliensis also has a massive growth pattern with crevices at the corallum base. Coral characteristics were measured in the laboratory. Significant differences were identified for richness among coral species – higher values were reported in colonies of M. harttii and no significant statistical differences were observed between M. braziliensis and M. hispida. Considering the density of associated molluscs, the same pattern was found. The results are in accordance with previous studies and indicate the importance of M. harttii as a key habitat to maintain a richer and more abundant associated fauna. The internal volume of interpolypal space is an important factor influencing the richness and density of associated species.
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Zill, Julie A., Michael A. Gil, and Craig W. Osenberg. "When environmental factors become stressors: interactive effects of vermetid gastropods and sedimentation on corals." Biology Letters 13, no. 3 (March 2017): 20160957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0957.
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Environmental stressors often interact, but most studies of multiple stressors have focused on combinations of abiotic stressors. Here we examined the potential interaction between a biotic stressor, the vermetid snail Ceraesignum maximum , and an abiotic stressor, high sedimentation, on the growth of reef-building corals. In a field experiment, we subjected juvenile massive Porites corals to four treatments: (i) neither stressor, (ii) sedimentation, (iii) vermetids or (iv) both stressors. Unexpectedly, we found no effect of either stressor in isolation, but a significant decrease in coral growth in the presence of both stressors. Additionally, seven times more sediment remained on corals in the presence (versus absence) of vermetids, likely owing to adhesion of sediments to corals via vermetid mucus. Thus, vermetid snails and high sedimentation can interact to drive deleterious effects on reef-building corals. More generally, our study illustrates that environmental factors can combine to have negative interactive effects even when individual effects are not detectable. Such ‘ecological surprises' may be easily overlooked, leading to environmental degradation that cannot be anticipated through the study of isolated factors.
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Enríquez, Susana, Eugenio R. Méndez, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, and Roberto Iglesias-Prieto. "Key functional role of the optical properties of coral skeletons in coral ecology and evolution." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1853 (April 26, 2017): 20161667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1667.
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Multiple scattering of light on coral skeleton enhances light absorption efficiency of coral symbionts and plays a key role in the regulation of their internal diffuse light field. To understand the dependence of this enhancement on skeleton meso- and macrostructure, we analysed the scattering abilities of naked coral skeletons for 74 Indo-Pacific species. Sensitive morphotypes to thermal and light stress, flat-extraplanate and branching corals, showed the most efficient structures, while massive-robust species were less efficient. The lowest light-enhancing scattering abilities were found for the most primitive colonial growth form: phaceloid. Accordingly, the development of highly efficient light-collecting structures versus the selection of less efficient but more robust holobionts to cope with light stress may constitute a trade-off in the evolution of modern symbiotic scleractinian corals, characterizing two successful adaptive solutions. The coincidence of the most important structural modifications with epitheca decline supports the importance of the enhancement of light transmission across coral skeleton in modern scleractinian diversification, and the central role of these symbioses in the design and optimization of coral skeleton. Furthermore, the same ability that lies at the heart of the success of symbiotic corals as coral-reef-builders can also explain the ‘Achilles's heel’ of these symbioses in a warming ocean.
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Endean, R., AM Cameron, HE Fox, R. Tilbury, and L. Gunthorpe. "Massive corals are regularly spaced:pattern in a complex assemblage of corals." Marine Ecology Progress Series 152 (1997): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps152119.
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Krumm, Debra K. "Comparison of Cretaceous and Oligocene endolithic reef communities from Puerto Rico." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007334.
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The question of the response of endolithic reef communities to changes in primary framework builders that serve as hosts prompted a study to compare two different types of frameworks from two formations, one Cretaceous and the other Oligocene, from Puerto Rico. The primary framework builders from the Cretaceous Cotui Formation of western Puerto Rico are rudistid bivalves, with corals and stromatoporoids also serving as supporting organisms to a lesser extent. Both larger endolithic organisms such as lithophagid bivalves and smaller endoliths such as clionid sponges are common throughout the study area. All three framework types serve as hosts. However, actual densities of endoliths, especially the bivalves, are low per host.Corals are the primary framework builders in the Upper Oligocene Lares Formation of northwestern Puerto Rico. In the study area, two types of coral frameworks were observed. The main reef was composed of massive coral heads, while facies interpreted as lower-energy patch reef and lagoonal environments were comprised of more delicate branching poritid-like corals. Oysters were common in both facies. Few larger endoliths were found in the branching coral. By contrast, boring bivalves including lithophagids, occurred in high densities in many of the massive coral heads. Some of the oysters were riddled by clionids.The comparison revealed that while the composition of the two endolithic communities was similar, the abundances and differences in density of the individual endolithic organisms was markedly different. This is attributed primarily to differences in the host substrates themselves. Hosts were abundant in both the Cotui and the Lares. However, the exoskeletons of rudistids differ considerably from corals, as do stromatoporoids. External influences such as environment, may have had some impact as well.
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Holmes, Katherine E., Evan N. Edinger, Hariyadi, Gino V. Limmon, and Michael J. Risk. "Bioerosion of Live Massive Corals and Branching Coral Rubble on Indonesian Coral Reefs." Marine Pollution Bulletin 40, no. 7 (July 2000): 606–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(00)00067-9.
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Swierts, Thomas, and Mark JA Vermeij. "Competitive interactions between corals and turf algae depend on coral colony form." PeerJ 4 (May 10, 2016): e1984. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1984.
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Turf algae are becoming more abundant on coral reefs worldwide, but their effects on other benthic organisms remain poorly described. To describe the general characteristics of competitive interactions between corals and turf algae, we determined the occurrence and outcomes of coral–turf algal interactions among different coral growth forms (branching, upright, massive, encrusting, plating, and solitary) on a shallow reef in Vietnam. In total, the amount of turf algal interaction, i.e., the proportion of the coral boundary directly bordering turf algae, was quantified for 1,276 coral colonies belonging to 27 genera and the putative outcome of each interaction was noted. The amount of turf algal interaction and the outcome of these interactions differed predictably among the six growth forms. Encrusting corals interacted most often with turf algae, but also competed most successfully against turf algae. The opposite was observed for branching corals, which rarely interacted with turf algae and rarely won these competitive interactions. Including all other growth forms, a positive relationship was found between the amount of competitive interactions with neighboring turf algae and the percentage of such interaction won by the coral. This growth form dependent ability to outcompete turf algae was not only observed among coral species, but also among different growth forms in morphologically plastic coral genera (Acropora, Favia, Favites, Montastrea, Montipora, Porites) illustrating the general nature of this relationship.