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Academic literature on the topic 'Masses d'eau – Arctique, Océan'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Masses d'eau – Arctique, Océan"
Bertosio, Cécilia. "On the evolution of the halocline in the upper Arctic Ocean since 2007." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS423.
Full textIn the Arctic Ocean, stratification is determined by salinity, unlike the mid-latitude oceans which are stratified by temperature. In other words, in the Arctic, salty water ends up at the bottom, even if it is warmer. The halocline of the Arctic Ocean is a 100-200m thick layer with strong vertical salinity gradients and is located between 100 and 350m depth. The halocline lies between the sea ice at the surface and the relatively warm Atlantic water. The halocline thus insulates the ice from the heat reservoir contained in the underlying Atlantic layer, and is a key element for the maintenance of the sea ice cover. During this thesis, we studied the evolution of the Arctic Ocean halocline since 2007, using several tools: hydrographic measurements obtained from autonomous drifting platforms or from sea campaigns, and high spatial resolution numerical model simulations ("PSY4")
Lacan, F. "Masses d'eau des Mers Nordiques et de l'Atlantique Subarctique tracées par les isotopes du néodyme." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00118162.
Full textL'étude des signatures isotopiques de l'Eau Subarctique Intermédiaire (SAIW), de l'Eau Profonde de la Mer de Norvège et de l'Eau Modale Subpolaire (SPMW) nous a permis de préciser leur histoire (trajectoires, mélanges). En particulier, nous confirmons que l'origine de la SAIW se trouve dans le courant du Labrador et nous suggérons que la SPMW résulte d'un mélange à deux pôles : l'Eau Centrale Nord Atlantique et des eaux provenant du courant du Labrador.
Les C.I. de Nd sont en accord avec les schémas admis pour la formation des couches supérieure et inférieure de l'Eau Profonde Nord Atlantique (NADW). En revanche, elles suggèrent une composition de l'Eau Profonde Nord Est Atlantique significativement différente de celle de la couche centrale de la NADW. Ce point nécessitera des études complémentaires.
Nous confirmons robustement la conservativité de la CI de Nd à l'abri d'influence terrigène. Nous mettons en évidence l'influence de sédiments d'origine cristalline sur la C.I. de Nd des masses d'eau et confirmons celle de sédiments d'origine basaltique. Nous suggérons que la CI de Nd perd partiellement la mémoire de l'histoire des masses d'eau lors d'interactions sédiment/océan, dans des zones de forte énergie hydraulique.
Enfin nous suggérons que des variations de taux d'érosion dans le passé modifieraient la signature de la NADW, au même titre que des variations de circulation, si ce n'est d'avantage.
Larqué, Lionel. "Etude des masses d'eau en Atlantique Sud et de la circulation océanique à grande échelle dans le Bassin argentin." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30232.
Full textBeuvier, Jonathan. "Modélisation de la variabilité climatique de la circulation et des masses d'eau en Méditerranée : impacts des échanges océan-atmosphère." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00676896.
Full textBeuvier, Jonathan. "Modélisation de la variabilité climatique de la circulation et des masses d'eau en Méditerranée : impacts des échanges océan-atmosphère." Phd thesis, Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2011. https://pastel.hal.science/docs/00/67/68/96/PDF/Beuvier_2011_PhD-thesis_1.pdf.
Full textThis thesis aims at progressing on key points about the realistic reproduction of the formation and the paths of the Mediterranean water masses, and their variability. For that purpose, several regional oceanic models of the Mediterranean Sea, with different horizontal resolutions, are developped and used. A realistic configuration, representing the interannual variability of the boundary conditions of these models (atmosphere, Atlantic Ocean, rivers, Black Sea) is used to carry out long-term simulations of the Mediterranean for the last 50 years. Two rare events, characterising the decennial variability in the Mediterranean, are studied: the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) and the Western Mediterranean Transition (WMT). The EMT is a period, at the beginning of the 1990's, during which the main site of dense water formation in the eastern Mediterreanean basin switched from the Adriatic subbasin to the Aegean subbasin. The ability of the long-term simulations to reproduce the sequence of the EMT events is first proved. Among the preconditionning and triggering elements of the EMT suggested in the literature, we show that the main factors are the intense winter fluxes over the Aegean subbasin during winters 1992 and 1993. The realism of the Cretan Deep Water (CDW) formation and propagation during the EMT is then analysed in reference and sensitivity simulations. The spreading of the CDW on the bottom of the eastern Mediterranean is only reproduced with modified atmospheric conditions. The WMT has been starting during winter 2005 in the Gulf of Lions, during which a huge volume of Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW) was formed with unusual high temperature and salinity. The simulations reproduce the intensity of the winter 2005 deep convection in the Gulf of Lions, which is due to the strong surface buoyancy loss. They also show that 100-km width deep cyclonic eddies are responsible for the fast southwards spreading of the new WMDW. Then, the long-term simulations allow to set back the WMT in the decennial variability of the north-western Mediterranean. They show that the EMT potentially doubled the volume of new WMDW formed in winter 2005 in the Gulf of Lions, but that it is not responsible for the high temperature and salinity of the new WMDW. These unusual characteristics are due to the absence of intense convection in the Gulf of Lions during the 1990's, which favours a salt and heat accumulation in the north-western Mediterranean
Louarn, Essyllt. "Étude de la variabilité de la circulation des masses d'eau profondes en Atlantique Nord en relation avec le climat : utilisation des traceurs transitoires halocarbonés." Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2035.
Full textThe North Atlantic deep circulation variability is studied regarding global change. The variability is assessed using halocarbonated tracers (CFC-11, CFC-1 2, CFC-113 and CC14) and studying hydrographic cruises spanning from 1991 to 2006. In this work, water mass formation (Mediterranean Sea Water and Labrador Sea Water) and North Atlantic deep water masses properties and transport variability are studied. First, in the Gulf of Cadiz, the presence of a old and high-silicate water, caracterized as Antarctic lntermediate Water, is observed. That water is seen as participating to the lower Mediterranean Sea Water out of the Gulf. The formation site of the upper Labrador Sea Water is observed wider than formerly considered. It forms every year in the central Labrador Sea, that zone, under certain conditions, extends to the north South of Greenland (2005). Under severe wintertime, deep convection can occur in the Imminger Sea as observed in this study in 1997 and 2002. Second, the variability of the Labrador Sea Water is high since the 90’s. A reduction of the maximal convection depth is observed, at the same time the CFC-1 1 transport decreased at the level of the LSW. The Denmark Strait Overflow Water variability observed in the lmminger Sea is linked to a change in proportion of different waters composing it, in particular the presence of Polar Surface Water. Finally the CFC-11 fluxes north of the North Atlantic show a diminution of the air-sea exchange above that area especially in 2006 due to a decrease of the winter mixed layer depth, supporting a decrease of the uptake of anthropogenic carbon in that area
Lique, Camille. "Etude des échanges entre l'Océan Arctique et l'Atlantique Nord : Origine, Variabilité et Impact sur les mers Nordiques." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00528245.
Full textGasparin, Florent. "Caractéristiques des masses d'eau, transport de masse et variabilité de la circulation océanique en mer de corail (Pacifique sud-ouest)." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1986/.
Full textWaters from the South Equatorial Current, the northern branch of the South Pacific subtropical gyre, have been identified as having an important contribution to climate variability and El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Initially a broad westward current extending from 2°S to 30°S, the South Equatorial Current splits upon the major archipelagos of Fiji (18°S, 180°E), Vanuatu (16°S, 168°E), New Caledonia (22°S, 165°E) and Australian coasts resulting in two main zonal jets entering the Coral Sea: the North Caledonian Jet (18°S, 180°E) and the North Vanuatu Jet (16°S, 168°E). In this work, we focus on the oceanic circulation using hydrographic data from sea cruises and we apply two inverse methods: the "inverse box model" and the "optimal multi-parametric analysis". Then, we report interannunal variability and its impacts on the Coral Sea circulation. We first study the East Caledonian Current which runs along the east coast of New Caledonia and feeds the North Caledonian Jet. Both currents extend about 100 km horizontally, to at least 1000 m depth vertically and transport 15 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3. S-1). In the northern part, the North Vanuatu Jet is larger (~300 km) and shallower (0-500 m) and transports around 20 Sv. A part of these waters reaches Australia and supplies the Solomon Sea via its western boundary current, the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent estimated at 30 Sv. These structures are characterized by water mass properties. Secondly, we emphasize the thermocline and intermediate waters to depict water mass pathways and mixing. In the thermocline, the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent is mainly supplied by North Vanuatu Jet waters at the thermocline level while in the intermediate level, waters come from the North Caledonian Jet. This complementary approach shows that intermediate waters are mainly carried by deep currents and subsurface waters by the North Vanuatu Jet. In the last part, interannual variability is analyzed on the 1993-2010 period with a 1/10° numerical simulation and a proxy method based on altimetric data. Interannual variability of the South Equatorial Current mass transport follows the El Niño-Southern Oscillation with a 3-months lag. The North Vanuatu Jet leads this variability. Controlled by winds, the South Equatorial Current variability is associated with thermocline depth modulation, which involves intensification after an El Niño event (6 ±4 Sv) and a decrease after La Niña (4 ±4 Sv). We also show that temperature and salinity anomalies are the result of thermocline depth modulation
Bourgain, Pascaline. "The upper Arctic Ocean variability at a time of rapid Arctic climate change." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066010.
Full textThe Arctic climate underwent strong modifications over the past decades. Thanks to a data base gathering more than 18000 observations collected in the entire deep basin of the Arctic Ocean since 1997, we focused on the interannual variability of the upper ocean. The subsurface Summer Pacific Water warmed up since the late 1990s. Notably, a particularly warm flux entered the Arctic Ocean in 2004 was documented all along its propagation in the Canadian basin. These analyses suggest a possible influence of the subsurface waters on the sea ice evolution in the Arctic region. At depth, observations confirm the propagation of warm Atlantic water pulses, in particular a warm anomaly of 0. 8°C detected for the first time in 2004 West of Svalbard. Nevertheless, we did not find evidence for any gradual warming trend of this water mass. The double diffusion process seems to be a widespread phenomenon in the entire deep basin. The vertical heat fluxes transmitted through the interfaces between two mixed layers increased since the 1980s, notably because of the “supersteps” appearance, characterized by a strong temperature increase at the interface. Above the thermocline, the halocline remained relatively robust over the past decade. Its stratification intensified in 2007-2008 in the Canadian basin due to a freshwater content increase probably in response to the atmospheric forcing. As a consequence, the warm Atlantic waters remained insulated from the surface waters and did not contribute to the changes observed at the surface over this period
Gasparin, Florent. "Caractéristiques des Masses d'Eau, Transport de masse et Variabilité de la circulation océanique en mer de Corail." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00840821.
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