Journal articles on the topic 'Mass media – Vietnam'

The COVID-19 pandemic is spreading fast globally. Vietnam’s strict containment measures have significantly reduced the spread of the epidemic in the country. This was achieved through the use of emergency control measures in the epidemic areas and integration of resources from multiple sectors including health, mass media, transportation, education, public affairs, and defense. This paper reviews and shares specific measures for successful prevention and control of COVID-19 in Vietnam, which could provide useful learning for other countries.

Breastfeeding is essential for child survival but globally less than fifty percent of infants receive adequate breastfeeding. Gaps in breastfeeding knowledge and misinformation are widespread. Mass media aims to motivate mothers and families, encourage care-seeking, improve social norms, and counteract misleading advertising. However, the costs and coverage of mass media are not well documented. Our study provides a cost-accounting of four large-scale mass media interventions and coverage obtained through mass media. We retrospectively calculated annual costs and costs per beneficiary of mass media interventions based on expenditure records in four countries. The interventions were a part of multi-component breastfeeding strategies in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Vietnam. Annual costs ranged from 566,366 USD in Nigeria to 1,210,286 USD in Vietnam. The number of mothers of children under two years and pregnant women ranged from 685,257 to 5,566,882, and all designated recipients reached during the life of programs ranged from 1,439,040 to 11,690,453 in Burkina Faso and Bangladesh, respectively. The cost per mother varied from USD 0.13 USD in Bangladesh to 0.85 USD in Burkina Faso. Evaluations showed that mass media interventions reached high coverage and frequent exposure. This analysis documents the financial costs and budgetary needs for implementing mass media components of large-scale breastfeeding programs. It provides annual costs, cost structures, and coverage achieved through mass media interventions in four low- and middle-income countries.

Twenty-first-century Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) is the centre of style for a growing urban middle class in post-reform Vietnam. Over the past generation, since macro-economic reform (đổi mới), and with increased opportunities for business, education and travel, urbanites have been able to climb the social ladder and wield new forms of social power stemming from emerging lifestyle and consumption practices. Middle-class lifestyles have become the most desired models for living, providing an opportunity for the government to rely on the urban lifestyle media to convey its point of view to a receptive public. Engaging with Vietnam's urban lifestyle media, this article argues that the impact of reform in Vietnam has been overstated. Popular women's magazines reveal that continuities remain in the mode and content of the delivery of the state's values in the socialist past and the market-oriented present, even with the evolution of a modern mass media system.

This study applies attribution theory to field research into communication and public perceptions of a social group. In particular, audience viewing of various popular Vietnam War films related to attributions audiences made for readjustment problems facing some Vietnam veterans, which in turn related to public opinion about government assistance to Vietnam veterans. Results also suggest that mass media might play a role in the social definition of the meaning of the Vietnam War as the United States comes to closure on that episode in history.

Scholarship on media representations of Asian minority identity has established that historic constructions of the Other perpetuate a conflation of ethnic with foreign. Previous studies of Seung-Hui Cho and the 2007 Virginia Tech shootings concluded that though Cho was a South Korean national, news media overemphasized his foreign identity, despite his living in the United States most of his life. This study examines newspaper coverage of the 2009 mass shooting at an immigrant-services center in Binghamton, New York, and of perpetrator Jiverly Wong, who immigrated from Vietnam, had lived in the United States for two decades, and was a naturalized U.S. citizen.

Background: In Central Highland of Vietnam, number of HIV infected people in the Highlands region was 2,869, with 654 cases of AIDS. There are very few researches on HIV/AIDS, especially, research in community [14]. The ethnic minority populations are the source of differences from other regions of in the country. Negative attitude and misperception toward HIV/AIDS are remaining among this group. To improve the perception and attitude towards HIV/AIDS among Ethnic minorities. This study aims to illustrate attitude and perception towards HIV/AIDS among ethnic minority in Buon Ma Thuot City and determine factors related to attitude and perception towards HIV/AIDS in this population.Methods: We performed a cross-sectional survey of collected from 810 ethnic minority aged 15-49 in Buon Ma Thuot city, Vietnam in 2012. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect information regarding HIV knowledge, HIV perception and attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The mean score was calculated. Multivariate analysis performed to analyze the influence of socio-demographic, HIV information sources and HIV knowledge on attitudes and perception towards HIV/AIDS.Results: We identified the mass media channel is common HIV information resource (92.8%), but the respondents received HIV information through mass media channels had lower perception and attitude towards HIV/AIDS. The multivariate analysis showed that the socioeconomic-demographic characteristic, HIV information, and HIV knowledge significantly associated with perception and attitude towards HIV/AIDS. But the HIV information provided by health officers, who are ethnic minorities had more effectiveness of improving attitude towards PLWHA in community (p<0.05).Conclusion: Based on these data, we recommend improving quality of HIV massage through mass media channel with adequate HIV information combine with social messages. Besides, the role of multichannel mass media and the role of health officers is need to combine together.

It complements Silva (2020b) research, which showed that among 108 well-evaluated countries, the top benchmark nations against Covid-19 are Vietnam, Taiwan, and Thailand. For example, on April 16, 2021 around 3,011,574 lives were officially lost by Covid-19, while Taiwan, Vietnam, and Thailand reported respectively only 11, 35, and 97 fatal cases (WORLDOMETERS, 2021). So, this article main aim is to investigate the Vietnam performance and the management practices used to save lives against Covid19. The research uses an online questionnaire, is descriptive with documentary and bibliographic approaches to identify management practices, including Non Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) adopted against a pandemic. Also the Fatality Total Index (SILVA, 2020b p. 563) was used to compare Vietnam's performance with 43 semifinalist countries. Some results are: 1) 200 NPIs were identified across the world against coronavirus; 2) Among the 44 countries, Vietnam showed the second best performance, after Taiwan; 3) among 107 respondents living in Vietnam, only 5.61% don´t believe that cultural practices are decisive for the low rate of Covid-19 death, while most (94.39%) believe in that. From the group that believe, the most decisive cultural practices were: wear a mask, wash hands, not shake hands, not hug in public and few religious assembly; 4) for 106 respondents living in Vietnam, the ten main policy measures adopted by the National Government that saved lives against the virus are: international travel control, public information campaigns, schools closures, public event cancellations, integration with mass media, restriction on internal movement, effective public-private collaboration, increase the medical and personal equipment capacity, public transport reduction and combat fake news. At the final, ten golden lessons are provided, from 340 policies, measures, programs, projects, innovative products/services identified, with the majority led by the Public Sector (73.5%), followed by Corporations (8.5%), Others (6.5%), Start ups (6.2%), and Universities (5.3%).

The article analyzes Öyvind Fahlström's (1928–1976) performance Kisses Sweeter Than Wine, which took place as part of the festival 9 Evenings: art&engineering in New York (1966). It situates the performance's use of multimedia material as continuations of earlier investigations into manipulating language that played a central part in the artist's practice of both visual art and concrete poetry. It further argues that in Kisses Sweeter Than Wine such manipulations form a series of ruptures into the wider circulation of mass-media images, ruptures that locate Fahlström's use of media images in relation to both Pop Art and the beginning media activism under the Vietnam War.

AbstractTourism is a growing service economic sector that creates jobs for many communities in the world. Ethnic minority communities in many countries are also now taking part in tourism activities. Vietnam is a country with great potentials for natural landscapes, historical values, indigenous culture of ethnic groups with habits and lifestyles, rich culinary culture of regions. It is the basis for development of tourism. Through tourism, tourists will understand the daily life of indigenous peoples, but at the same time people in these ethnic minority communities will have the opportunity to access popular cultural phenomena. This thesis discusses the ethnic minority communities’ access to popular culture through tourism such as mass media, popular culinary culture or mass tourism. The case study was conducted in a village of ethnic minorities in Hoa Binh province, North Vietnam which has been undergoing changes under the impact of tourism in recent years.

Abstract In 1978–1979 the news reporting on the Vietnamese boat people attracted attention from the whole world. Not only the media but also scientific researchers were interested in these mass refugees. However, this phenomenon has been detached from its context and perceived as a self-contained event on many occasions. Furthermore, most people were not aware of the fact that the main body of these refugees were ethnic Chinese, known as the Hoa. The study presented in this paper takes this as its starting point and focuses on the question of the motivations of the Hoa in leaving North Vietnam. It takes the historical, internal and foreign political context into consideration and identifies a political atmosphere extremely hostile to the ethnic Chinese.The páihuá policy drove them to leave behind what they had built up and led to the mass exodus of 1978–1979, but also gave the Hoa hope for a new and better life for themselves and especially for their future descendants outside of Vietnam.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the strategy of positive mediatization of the Vietnamese War in the Soviet media. The theoretical basis of the work is the concept of mediatization of politics developed as a term in the era of global informatization when the perception of social conflicts and their evaluation are actively formed by the mass-media. The projection of this concept to the events of 1965-1973 allows identifying the features of coverage of the military conflict in the Soviet media which are the mouthpiece of the official authorities. The material for the research is the newspaper resources in "Pravda" and "Komsomol'skaya pravda" for 1965 which is the starting point of the beginning of the USSR’s military assistance to fighting Vietnam. Two polar substrategies of mediatization of the image of Vietnam are found and characterized, based on opposition of ours and theirs: the substrategy of the heroization of the Vietnamese people and the substrategy of the accusation and condemnation of the external aggressor – the United States. The opposition of ours and theirs is value oriented. The representation of ours and theirs dichotomy by means of a totalitarian language has identified hypertrophied and simplified evaluation in the designation of ours and theirs. The first group is characterized by an absolutely positive evaluation, the second is absolutely negative. Among the linguistic means of implementing the substrategy of accusation and condemnation of the external aggressor, evaluative epithets, metaphorical nominations, political labels with negative evaluative connotation, and slogan headings of the accusatory and condemning type are found. The substrategy of the heroization of the Vietnamese people has formed a general idea of the national character of the Vietnamese. The positive mediatization of the Vietnam War has resulted in the enrichment of the meaning of the concept of Vietnam. In the Russian linguistic consciousness, there formed positively estimated views about the Vietnamese as a friendly, hardworking, heroic nation, capable of defending their independence.

Internal public relations are used to control the relationship between the organization and its employees. The paper explored whether and how internal public relations stimulate employees’ life satisfaction and job performance. The conceptual framework was built to link internal social media, perceived organizational transparency (POT), organizational identification, employee engagement, life satisfaction, and job performance. Using the hierarchical component model with employee engagement measured by job engagement and organizational engagement is a nascent point from this study. A mass survey was distributed to employees working in the aviation industry in southern Vietnam. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to analyze primary data from 193 valid respondents. It reveals that POT, internal social media, and organizational identification significantly positively impact employee engagement. It shows that employee engagement has significantly positive impacts on life satisfaction and job performance. It indicates that both organizational identification and POT are partial mediators intervening in the strong relationship between employee engagement and internal social media. It also indicates that life satisfaction is a partial mediator intervening the positive linkage between employee engagement and job performance. Practical implications and theoretical contributions were suggested for using internal public relations to enhance employees’ life satisfaction, and job performance. AcknowledgmentThis study is funded by Vietnam National University of Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCMC) under grant number B2020-28-02.

AbstractDuring recent party congresses in China and Vietnam, two highly anticipated candidates for promotion were sidelined. In China, Bo Xilai was arrested for corruption and stripped of his party membership. In Vietnam, Nguyen Ba Thanh remained a provincial leader with little opportunity for promotion to the Politburo. Existing arguments about promotions under authoritarian rule are unable to explain these outcomes. In particular, both candidates were competent and well connected. This cuts contrary to the expectations of both performance-based promotion and factional promotion theories. We argue that these candidates were sidelined due to a previously under-theorized factor in promotion contests—their ability to mobilize personal followings. Amidst a literature that has focused almost exclusively on intra-elite conflict, we argue that elite–mass linkages are critical. In particular, the public profile of top leaders is important for regime legitimacy and mobilization. However, when individuals become exceptionally well known they become threats to the single-party system. We test this argument on promotions in China's 18th Party Congress in 2012 and Vietnam's 11th Party Congress in 2011, using original data on Internet search queries and media coverage among contenders for promotion. Our approach offers new insights into the strategies authoritarian politicians use to stay afloat as well as the mistakes that sink them when competing for power under one-party rule.

Traffic collisions have continuously been ranked amongst the top causes of deaths in Vietnam. In particular, drinking has been recognized as a major factor amplifying the likelihood of traffic collisions in various settings. This study aims to examine the relationship between alcohol use and traffic collisions in the current context of Vietnam. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 413 traffic collisions patients in six health facilities in the Thai Binh Province to investigate the level of alcohol consumption and identify factors influencing alcohol use among these patients. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) scale was used to determine the problematic drinking behavior of the participants. The percentage of patients having problematic drinking was more than 30%. Being male, having a high household income, and working as farmer/worker were risk factors for alcohol abuse. People causing accidents and patients with a traumatic brain injury had a higher likelihood of drinking alcohol before the accidents. This study highlights the necessity of more stringent laws on reducing drink-driving in Vietnam. In addition, more interventions, especially those utilizing mass media like educational campaign of good behavior on social networks, are necessary to reduce alcohol consumption in targeted populations in order to decrease the prevalence and burden of road injuries.

This analysis used data, primarily from the 1997 Vietnamese Demographic and Health Survey (VN-DHS 1997), to determine the changes in contraceptive use in Vietnam. A descriptive analysis of individual, household and community characteristics was made to obtain a general description of contraceptive use. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were also performed on the currently married in (a) a sample of all women and (b) only those women who live in rural areas, to identify the strength of association that each variable has with the use of modern contraceptives. The use of any contraceptive method and the use of modern methods increased from 1988 to 1997. The primary contraceptive method utilized is the IUD and its use has increased substantially from 1988 to 1997. Younger women (aged 15–24) were less likely to use any contraceptive method. Women not desiring additional children were significantly more likely to use contraceptive methods than those desiring more children. Education has a clear impact on both contraceptive knowledge and use by women, with higher educated women being more likely to use a contraceptive method. Illiterate women with no formal education were significantly less likely to use modern methods of contraception. Differentials in contraceptive use exist regarding place of residence. Urban women are more likely than rural women to use contraception, but the difference is not large. Women living in mountainous areas are less likely to use contraception, compared with women living in the lowlands. Living standards, especially the availability of electricity in the community, have a large effect on the methods of contraception adopted by women. Religion is not strongly related to the contraceptive behaviour of women. There were significant differences in the use of contraceptives in communities with good quality of care, with increased contraceptive use corresponding to the increase in availability of family planning workers at communes, provision of counselling services at health facilities, and the volume of mass media family planning messages.

The U.S. government has taken the sexual assault of U.S. troops lightly, even though aware of the prevalence during the Vietnam War. Some conscientious veterans admitted and confessed to this fact, but the US media also did not report it much. However, Paco's Story (1986) by Larry Heinemann specifically describes the mass sexual assault of a Vietnamese sniper who killed two US sentry soldiers. The National Book Awards 1987 winning novel confirms the public's consensus on this issue. This paper studies the reality and problems of sexual assault in the U.S. military by analyzing Paco's Story by Larry Heinemann with the main question of whether sexual assault against an enemy can be admitted in a wartime situation. This article starts with introducing the US military sexual violence and media awareness of it at that time and analyzes the novel over the two scenes of sexual intercourse. The writer analyzes the first scene that Paco's squadron raped a Viet Cong female sniper while paying attention to the presence of the men's sexual desire in the criminal act in addition to racism and misogyny. Next, this research goes to the second scene of the imaginary love affair between Paco and Cathy, looking for the answer of what stands for Cathy's existence to Paco. Lastly, this research is expected to contribute to studying wartime sexual assault in other countries including the Vietnam War.

The small and sparsely populated country of Laos is squeezed between Thailand and Vietnam, and receives information, financial investment, and cultural influence from both – arguably overwhelming the development of its own modern identity. While theatre has often been a popular and important means of disseminating cultural information and values in societies with low literacy levels, in today's Laos the mass media have become the most influential source of information and influence, with Thai television dominating the Lao airwaves – and Vietnamese-style socialist realism still the model for the live performing arts. Although the troupes disseminate didactic messages deemed important by the central government, they are supported primarily by foreign aid agencies that also dictate their content. In the following article, Catherine Diamond traces the history of the three major performing arts in Laos, describes their present state, and assesses the difficulties they face in developing along their own creative and artistic paths. Catherine Diamond teaches theatre and ecology in literature at Soochow University in Taipei, Taiwan. She is a theatre reporter in Southeast Asia, and has previously written about theatre in Burma, Vietnam, Turkey, and the Czech Republic for NTQ.

Focusing on Garry Winogrand’s Public Relations (1977), this article explores the problematic encounter between street photography and protest during the Vietnam War era. In doing so, it considers the extent to which Winogrand’s engagement with protest altered the formalist discourse that had surrounded his practice and the ‘genre’ of street photography more broadly since the 1950s. It is suggested that, although Winogrand never abandoned his debt to this framework, the logic of protest also intensified its internal contradictions, prompting a new attitude towards the crowd, art institution, street and mass media. By exploring this shift, this article seeks to demonstrate that, while the various leftist critiques of Winogrand’s practice remain valid, Public Relations had certain affinities with the progressive artistic and political movements of the period.

Soluble contaminant transport into groundwater aquifers is one of the current practical problems occuring not only in Vietnam but also in many countries around the world. In this paper, according to the main objective of estimating the ammonium (NH4+) transport parameters in soil and groundwater aquifer of Con Son Island - District Con Dao, experiments with conservative tracers (sodium chlorides) and ammonium chlorides solution had been carried out on the Con Son soil columns. The transport parameters are estimated under supportting of software Hydrus 1D using the inverse parameter estimation method. Results of the experiments showed that dispersion coefficient, distribution coefficient and mass transfer coefficient characterized the ammonium transport process in the Con Son soil and aquifers are compatible with mechanical and physical properties of Con Son soil matrix and porous media.

This study was conducted to evaluate the routine medical check-up and self-treatment behaviors of people living in a remote and mountainous setting in Northern Vietnam and identify their associations. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 175 people in August 2018 in Cao Son commune, Da Bac district, Hoa Binh. Information regarding routine medical check-ups and self-treatment behaviors was collected by using a structured questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the associations. Results show that 24% of the mountainous people had routine medical check-ups in the last 12 months. The rate of self-treatment in the past three months was 33.7%. The number of chronic diseases ( OR = 1.5 , 95% CI = 1.0 ‐ 2.3 ), health information sources from radio/television ( OR = 3.3 , 95% CI = 1.2 ‐ 9.5 ), or social media ( OR = 24.8 , 95% CI = 1.2 ‐ 512.4 ) was related to routine medical check-up. People who did not have routine medical check-up were more likely to have self-treatment practice ( OR = 6.3 , 95% CI = 1.9 ‐ 21.1 ) than those who had a regular health check. Promoting health education and communication through mass media to raise people’s awareness about regular health check-ups is a promising way to improve people’s self-treatment status.

Health personnel and community workers are at the front line of the COVID-19 emergency response and need to be equipped with adequate knowledge related to epidemics for an effective response. This study aimed to identify the coverage of COVID-19 health information via different sources accessed by health workers and community workers in Vietnam. A cross-sectional study using a web-based survey was carried out from January to February 2020 in Vietnam. Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was used for recruiting participants. We utilized the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to examine the construct validity of the questionnaire. A higher percentage of participants knew about “Clinical and pathogen characteristics of COVID-19”, compared to “Regulations and policies related to COVID-19”. The percentage of participants accessing the information on “Guidelines and policies on prevention and control of COVID-19” was the lowest, especially among medical students. “Mass media and peer-educators” channels had a higher score of accessing COVID-19 information, compared to “Organizations/ agencies/ associations” sources. Participants consumed most of their COVID-19 information via “Internet, online newspapers, social networks”. Our findings indicate an urgency to re-design training programs and communication activities for a more effective dissemination of information related to the COVID-19 epidemic or epidemics in general.

One of the greatest concerns to television program producers is to attract and retain viewers. There have been many studies aiming to predict and examine the determinants of viewers’ preference for television programs, of which the most outstanding is the research on media enjoyment by Nabi and Krcmar. In particular, Nabi and Krcmar proposed the tripartite model of media enjoyment effects on viewing and content-related behavior that comprises of affective reaction, cognitive reaction and behaviour reaction. A more generalized theory is that of Katz et al. on the uses and gratifications. Accordingly, the audience has a collection of needs that come from social and psychological origins and needs to be gratified; all types of mass communication media are only a facility to satisfy those needs. Four general categories of needs are identified, including (1) diversion; (2) personal relationships; (3) personal identity and; (4) surveillance. Later studies have been devoted to clarifying and extending these needs. This research employs the reliability test Cronbach’s Alpha, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the research model and measure the influence of the cognitive and affective factors on the enjoyment and uses of television programs. The final objective of this research is to find the way to influence the viewers’ preference for reality programs/gameshows in Vietnam.

Poor household dietary diversity has been linked to malnutrition in individuals, households, and cumulatively in populations. High rates of malnutrition among Khmer ethnic children aged five years and younger have been reported in Tri Ton district, Vietnam. This paper aims to further investigate household dietary diversity and associated factors among Khmer ethnic minority populations in Vietnam. A cross sectional study was conducted from October 2018 to April 2019 in Tri Ton District, An Giang Province. By employing a multistage sampling technique, a total of 402 (99.8% response rate) participants were interviewed to measure household dietary diversity using a structured and validated questionnaire developed by FAO. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify factors associated with household dietary diversity. The results showed that the prevalence of low, medium and high dietary diversity scores were 21.4%, 70.4% and 8.2%, respectively. Male-headed households, literacy level, household income, exposure to mass media on nutrition and health information, and frequency of eating were positively associated with household dietary diversity (p < 0.05). However, owning a vegetable and rice farm was not statistically related to households’ dietary diversification. The paper concludes that the magnitude of household diversified dietary intakes was essentially low to medium in participants’ households. These findings have provided evidence to inform the development of the National Nutrition Strategy—2021–2030 in Vietnam, to be revised in 2045. This national strategy proposes appropriate interventions, programs and policies to improve socioeconomic status in ethnic groups and in mountainous areas to enhance populations’ health and well-being including controlling childhood malnutrition. In order to improve population health and wellbeing in Tri Ton District, further actions to address effective dietary practices including strengthening nutrition and health communication about the need to improve household dietary diversity to high levels are recommended.

Through proud historical development, the Vietnamese language has overcome all obstacles to become a rich and beautiful language, with a unique identity and full of potential. In the international arena, in all fields of activities, Vietnamese has equal status with all other languages. The process of integration and development will inevitably entail contact and mutual influence between cultures, including languages. On the positive side, it has contributed to enriching the lexicology of the national language, especially new terminologies in the fields of science and technology, make more diverse forms of communication, and in some ways, it shortens the gaps to more developed cultures and civilizations. However, in terms of culture, it can also cause negative effects, that is, chaos, tension in Vietnamese disguise. This paper reports the current status of the Vietnamese language in the midst of Western trends in Vietnam. Data were collected from historical documents and daily news from popular sites of Vietnamese mass media.

Objectives: We assessed the factors relating to the prevention of the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) for students at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in February and March 2020. A 21 item self-administered questionnaire on the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding COVID-19 was collected from students of the first to the sixth year using the strategy of simple random sampling. The aim was to establish factors that relate to practices using Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) which were estimated by the logistic regression model, p-value <0.05 shows a significant difference. Results: Of the 551 students, 41.0% recorded responses indicating good practices toward prevention measures, while around half the students reported that they did not wash their hands for 20 full seconds (50.5%). The overall rate of good knowledge and positive attitude was 49.0% and 26.1%, respectively. When adjusted for all variables in the logistic regression model, a positive overall attitude was associated with good overall preventive practice; AOR = 1.72 (95% CI: 1.16 – 2.55). Furthermore, students mainly accessed information via social media and television (95.8% and 85.8%, respectively). Conclusions: There were only 41.0% recorded responses indicating good practices toward prevention measures. Besides, knowledge and attitudes about COVID-19 among students were inadequate. Further health education interventions should be focused to change bad hand-washing habits via mass media messages.

Objective To survey the knowledge, attitude, and practices of Vietnamese pharmacists regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. Method This cross-sectional, paper-based study was conducted from June to August 2020. A validated questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.84) was used to interview 1,023 pharmacists in nine provinces of Vietnam. Analysis of covariance was employed to identify factors associated with the knowledge of pharmacists. The best model was chosen by using the Bayesian Model Averaging method in R software version 4.0.4. Results The mean knowledge score was 12.02 ± 1.64 (range: 6–15), which indicated that 93.4% of pharmacists had good knowledge of COVID-19. There was no difference in the average score between males and females (p > 0.05). The multivariate linear regression model revealed that the knowledge was significantly associated with pharmacists’ age, education level, and residence (p < 0.001). About attitude and practices, pharmacists daily sought and updated information on the COVID-19 pandemic through mass media and the internet (social network and online newspapers). Nearly 48% of them conceded that they communicated with customers when at least one person did not wear a face mask at the time of the COVID-19 outbreak. At medicine outlets, many measures were applied to protect pharmacists and customers, such as equipping pharmacists with face masks and hand sanitizers (95.0%), using glass shields (83.0%), and maintaining at least one-meter distance between two people (85.2%). Conclusion The pharmacists’ knowledge of COVID-19 transmission, symptoms, and prevention was good. Many useful measures against the spread of this perilous virus were applied in medicine outlets. However, pharmacists should restrict forgetting to wear face masks in communication with medicine purchasers. The government and health agencies should have practical remedies to reduce the significant differences in the COVID-19 knowledge of pharmacists among provinces and education-level groups.

Stigmatization against HIV/AIDS greatly hinders efforts to increase the accessibility and utilization of HIV/AIDS services to meet the 90-90-90 goal. This study assessed the stigmatization and discrimination experienced by people living with HIV (PLWH) across multiple social settings such as family, community, and healthcare facilities in Vietnam. A total of 1,016 patients (63.8% males, mean age = 35.4) participated in a cross-sectional study using a culturally tailored HIV stigma measure in three HIV-epidemic-concentrated cities in Vietnam. Zero-inflated Poisson models were used to examine factors associated with the number of types of stigma that patients experienced. 86.2% PLWH reported experiencing stigma against HIV/AIDS, more frequently from their community (62.8%) and family (30.2%) than from health care facilities (8%). The level of stigma from community reported by PLWH is associated with socioeconomic status (e.g., income, occupation). The poor and middle economic classes and unemployed patients reported more stigmatization and discrimination from the community. Across all settings, PLWH experienced fewer stigmatization over the course of ART indicating the benefits of rapidly expanded ART programs. PLWH reported more stigmatization and discrimination at the provincial level of the health administration. Those with the history of drug injection reported significantly less stigmatization from healthcare setting. More culturally tailored interventions to reduce stigmatization overall to improve the quality of life and health outcomes of PLWH should be warranted to achieve the 90-90-90 goal. Improving HIV-related knowledge of the general population and providing opportunities for PLWH to be reintegrated into should be considered. Using mass media with positive messages and images would also foster positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS among the population and could potentially change social values. Continuous training of health staffs’ attitude could minimize the occurrence of stigmatization and discrimination at healthcare facilities.

One of the most frequently encountered representations of West Papuan people internationally today is a photographic or video image of a Korowai or Kombai treehouse (Figure 1). Circulation of these images first exploded in the mid-1990s. In 1994, anArts & Entertainment Channelfilm about Korowai was broadcast in the United States under the titleTreehouse People: Cannibal Justice, and in 1996National Geographicpublished a photo essay titled “Irian Jaya's People of the Trees.” Korowai and Kombai treehouses have since been depicted in dozens of magazine and newspaper articles and twenty television productions, made by media professionals from the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Austria, Sweden, Finland, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, Italy, Croatia, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Vietnam, and recently West Papua itself. Some representations have had mass global distribution through programming partnerships and satellite transmission agreements, and international editions of major magazines. Recently, several reality television programs have been produced about white travelers' stays in treehouses with Korowai or Kombai hosts. These include an episode ofTribebroadcast on BBC and Discovery in 2005, the six episodes ofLiving with the Kombai Tribeshown on Travel Channel and Discovery International in 2007, and an episode ofRendez-Vous En Terre Inconnuetelevised to much acclaim on France 2 in 2009. Treehouses were widely seen by Australian audiences in 2006 in theSixty Minutessegment “The Last Cannibals,” and during a subsequent media firestorm that surrounded a rival show's unsuccessful effort to film their anchor accompanying a supposedly endangered Korowai orphan boy to a safer life in town. In 2009, a BBC film crew filmed Korowai house construction for the forthcoming blockbuster seriesHuman Planet, and in 2010National Geographicbegan researching a possible second story on Korowai treehouses. In late June and early July 2010, photos of Korowai treehouses were published by newspapers in Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Paraguay, Spain, Romania, Hungary, Turkey, Finland, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and other countries, to illustrate stories reporting the Indonesian census bureau's announcement that it had counted Korowai thoroughly for the first time (e.g., Andrade 2010; most stories drew their content from Agence France-Presse). In August 2010, production began for a feature-length Indonesian film about physical and romantic travails of Javanese protagonists who sojourn with Korowai in their jungle home; no filming is being carried out in the Korowai area or with Korowai actors, but treehouses figure prominently in the film's early written and visual publicity.

Information and communication technology is a set of tools or technology which in terminology includes all technical tools for processing and also disclosing informationInformation and communication technology, including media technology, has been growing in the era of globalization. The development of this technology has an impact on changes in people's behavior in the use of mass media and in the end also changes the pattern of effective community development in the digital era as it is today. The development of information and communication technology has brought many changes to human life in the world. Humans are able to penetrate time and space by using technology based on information and communication technology. This study uses secondary data obtained from the World Bank Indocator and the International Telecommunication Union. The method used is a quantitative method with panel data regression from 2010-2019 in eight Southeast Asian countries namely Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. The variables used in this study are Economic Growth, ICT Trade Export, ICT Trade Import, Landline Telephone, Mobile Phone, Internet Users, Internet Secure Servers, Fixed Broadband, and Foreign Direct Investment. This study forms three models, namely model 1 for research on Trade Export of ICT, model 2 for research on Trade Import of ICT and model 3 for research on Economic Growth and ICT. The results showed that model 1 found only Fixed Broadband which had a significant influence on ICT exports. In model 2 there are Mobile Phone and Fixed Boradband which have a significant influence on the import of ICT. While in model 3 only Foreign Direct Investment has a significant influence on economic growth.

Glycoside Hydrolase family 5 (GH5) members share a broad range of enzymatic activities on oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and glycoconjugates from a wide range of species. The subfamily 4 (GH5-4) is enriched in some broad-specificity endo-β-1,4-endoglucanases (EG). From metagenomic DNA data of bacteria in Vietnam goats' rumen, a gene GL0361920 coding for endoglucanase GH5-4 was mined and selected for expression in Escherichia coli. Firstly, the codons of the gene were optimized and the codon optimized gene (eg3) was artificially synthesized and inserted into pET21a(+) at NdeI-XhoI positions for expression in E. coli. The results of the gene expression in five E. coli strains analyzed by SDS-PAGE showed that the recombinant endoglucanase (EG3) coded by eg3 was the best expressed in BL21, Origami strains, was not expressed in JM109 strain and expressed at very little amount in C43 and Rosetta strains. Among LB, TB, LB, SB, TBD media, the recombinant BL21 strain grew best at TB medium and produced total EG3 higher than the other media. The inducer IPTG gave a negative effect on the growth of the cells but the increase concentration of IPTG from 0.05 mM to 0.9 mM did not increase the negative impact on the cell mass and produced EG3 was nearly the same at the different IPTG concentrations. At 25 oC, in the TB medium containing 0.1 mM IPTG, the recombinant E. coli BL21 strain harboring pET21-eg3 produced about half of endoglucanase EG3 in a soluble form exhibiting activity hydrolyzing CMC substrate. At the OD600=10, soluble EG3 accumulated in the recombinant E. coli BL21 strain had the activity of 0.22 ± 0.006 U/ml.

The role of mass protest has been recurrently central yet controversial in the American culture. Central because American history presents a constellation of significant collective protest movements, very different among them but generally symptomatic of a contrast between the people and the state: from the 1775 Boston Massacre and the 1787 Shays’s Rebellion, to the 1863 Draft Riots, but also considering the 1917 Houston Riot or anti-Vietnam war pacifist protests. Controversial, since despite—or because of—its historical persistence, American mass protest has generated a media bias which labelled mobs and crowds as a disruptive popular expression, thus constructing an opposition—practical and rhetorical—between popular subversive tensions, and the so-called middle class “conservative” and self-preserving struggle. During the 20th century, this scenario was significantly influenced by 1968. “The sixties [we]re not fictional”, Stephen King claims in Hearts of Atlantis (1999), in fact “they actually happened”, and had a strong impact on the American culture of protest to the point that their legacy has spread into the post 9/11 era manifestations of dissent. Yet, in the light of this evolution, I believe the very perception of protesting crowds has transformed, producing a narrative in which collectivity functions both as “perpetrator” and “victim”, unlike in the traditional dichotomy. Hence, my purpose is to demonstrate the emergence of this new and historically peculiar connotation of crowds and mobs in America as a result of recent reinterpretations of the history and practice of protest in the 1960s, namely re-thinking the tropes of protest movements of those years, and relocating them in contemporary forms of protest. For this reason, I will concentrate on Nathan Hill’s recent novel, The Nix (2016), and focus on the constant dialogue it establishes between the 1968 modes of protest and the Occupy movement.

This research focuses on clarifying the local and scientific knowledge about flooding adaptations, the interaction between local knowledge and scientific information in the low-lying area of Central Vietnam is analyzed. Data was obtained using three techniques including: semi-structured interviews, direct observation and household surveys. Responses indicate that the villagers have accumulated and inherited this type of knowledge in their society for a long time. The level of local knowledge is affected by gender, occupation and house location. This implies that the villagers’ social roles and their everyday interactions with the natural environment have nurtured an accumulated local knowledge. Scientific information is provided by the National Committee for Flood and Storm Control and National Center for Hydrometeorology Prediction. It contains information regarding disaster type, intensity, risk level and directions. The information is transferred to local people through mass media, social networks and official documents. However, local people are credulous toward scientific information given by the state. It was found that many villagers are not likely to follow the official guideline, especially the villagers with a high level of local knowledge. Nghiên cứu tập trung làm rõ kiến thức bản địa và khoa học về thích ứng lũ lụt cũng như mối tương tác của chúng ở vùng trũng thấp miền Trung Việt Nam. Dữ liệu được thu thập bằng cách sử dụng kết hợp ba phương pháp bao gồm phỏng vấn bán cấu trúc, quan sát trực tiếp và khảo sát hộ gia đình. Các kết quả nghiên cứu chỉ ra rằng người dân đã tích lũy và kế thừa kiến thức bản địa từ xã hội của họ trong một thời gian dài. Mức độ kiến thức bản địa bị ảnh hưởng bởi giới tính, nghề nghiệp và vị trí nhà ở. Vai trò xã hội và những tương tác hàng ngày của người dân với môi trường tự nhiên đã nuôi dưỡng và tích lũy kiến thức bản địa. Thông tin khoa học được cung cấp bởi Ủy ban Phòng chống lụt bão Quốc gia và Trung tâm Dự báo Khí tượng Thủy văn Quốc gia. Các thông tin về loại thiên tai, cường độ, mức độ rủi ro và hướng chỉ dẫn được thông báo. Thông tin này được chuyển đến người dân thông qua các phương tiện thông tin đại chúng, mạng xã hội và các văn bản chính thức. Tuy nhiên, người dân địa phương chủ quan trước những thông tin khoa học do cơ quan nhà nước đưa ra. Nhiều người dân không tuân theo các hướng dẫn chính thức của chính quyền địa phương, đặc biệt là những người có mức độ kiến thức bản địa được đánh giá cao.

This article traces the sukajan’s journey from military souvenir to fashion statement. Originally embroidered by the Japanese for American soldiers in Occupied Japan, the sukajan, or souvenir jacket, went on to commemorate further tours of duty, including the Vietnam War. In the second half of the twentieth century, it was worn as an act of defiance by members of subcultures both inside and outside Japan, developing connotations of rebellion. Its visibility in media culture further popularized this garment. The sukajan’s historic associations with military conflict and subculture style, as well as identification with Japanese craftsmanship, made it ideally suited for new vintage production, a growing trend in the fashion industry. The design, branding and marketing of new vintage sukajan drew on these associations to add gravitas to this mass-manufactured garment. Despite its ubiquity, it has received little critical investigation. This article brings the history of this neglected garment to light, and also contributes to debates around the commodification of youth subculture style and military chic. Through an examination of the materiality of the sukajan as it moves between cultures, through time and across space, it further demonstrates how such a study can disrupt the Eurocentrism that continues to plague fashion studies and can contribute to an enriched discussion of imitation, transformation and identity in moving between the global and local. Finally, this article asks: what are the implications of co-opting a garment originating in the brutal militaristic struggles between nations and cultures, sanitizing this history and selling it as fashion?

The current redenomination of the rupiah needs to be implemented in Indonesia. The declining value of the rupiah is one reason the government wants to increase the dignity of the rupiah and in Indonesia the largest denomination now is Rp 100,000.-. The rupiah is the second largest in the world after Vietnam's 500,000 Dong. This study aims to determine whether there is a difference of knowledge and perception between the actors of SMEs men with female SMEs actors. The sample in this study amounted to 100 respondents UMKM perpetrators. The data used in this study is the primary data. The method of analysis used in this study is the difference test two free sample average (Independent sample t-test). The result of the test analysis difference of two free samples indicate that, firstly, there is no difference of understanding between the SMEs of men and the female SMEs against the policy of redenominasi rupiah which means most of UMKM perpetrators understand redenominasi rupiah. Secondly, there is no difference of perception between male SMEs and female SMEs against rupiah redenomination policy which means that most of SMEs actors agree to redenominasi rupiah. The suggestion in this research is government to socialize about existence of policy redenominasi rupiah as soon as possible by conducting socialization directly and through mass media so that perpetrator of SMEs actors better understand and more understand about existence of policy redenominasi rupiah. Redenominasi rupiah saat ini perlu dilaksanakan di Indonesia. Nilai rupiah yang semakin melemah menjadi salah satu alasan pemerintah ingin meningkatkan martabat rupiah dan di Indonesia uang pecahan yang terbesar saat ini adalah Rp 100.000,-. Uang rupiah tersebut merupakan pecahan terbesar kedua di dunia setelah mata uang Vietnam yang mencetak 500.000 Dong. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya perbedaan pengetahuan dan persepsi antara pelaku UMKM laki-laki dengan pelaku UMKM perempuan. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 100 responden pelaku UMKM. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji beda dua rata-rata sampel bebas (Independent sample t-test). Hasil analisis uji beda dua rata-rata sampel bebas menunjukkan bahwa pertama tidak terdapat perbedaan pemahaman antara pelaku UMKM laki-laki dengan pelaku UMKM perempuan terhadap kebijakan redenominasi rupiah yang berarti pelaku UMKM sebagian besar paham redenominasi rupiah. Kedua, tidak terdapat perbedaan persepsi antara pelaku UMKM laki-laki dengan pelaku UMKM perempuan terhadap kebijakan redenominasi rupiah yang berarti pelaku UMKM sebagian besar menyetujui redenominasi rupiah. Adapun saran dalam penelitian ini yaitu pemerintah untuk mensosialisasikan tentang adanya kebijakan redenominasi rupiah secepatnya dengan cara mengadakan sosialisasi langsung dan melalui media massa agar pelaku UMKM lebih mengerti dan lebih paham tentang adanya kebijakan redenominasi rupiah.

Almost 1.81 million lives were officially lost by Covid-19 (WORLDOMETERS, 2020) until last 31thDecember 2020. It was one year with intense global battle against the pandemic, with most countries eagle to learn from benchmark nations able to save lives. A new methodology developed by Silva (2020b), with fifteen phases, showed that among 108 well-evaluated countries, the top six benchmark countries are from Asia with emphasis on Vietnam, Taiwan and Thailand. To complement Silva (2020b) study, this article aims to investigate the performance and the best management practices adopted in Taiwan to save lives, during the first 300 days facing the pandemic. The research is descriptive, uses an online questionnaire with bibliographic and documentary approaches. The Fatality Total Index (FTI) developed by Silva (2020b p. 563) was used to compare Taiwan performance against 43 finalist countries. Some results are: 1) Taiwan`s FTI300 is the lowest (0,0020), confirming that the National Government has learned from the past, and is able to integrate and support main actors of the nation to prevent, prepare and fight against the Covid-19; 2) for 109 respondents living in Taiwan, the ten main policy measures adopted by the National Government that saved lives against the virus are: international travel control (78%), effective public-private collaboration (61%), public information campaigns (52%), integration with mass media (51%), increase the medical and personal equipment capacity (49%), combat fake news (47%), public event cancellations (45%), improve intensive care unit structure (28%), support the expansion of the testing system (20%), and schools closures (16%). At the final, ten golden lessons are described, most of them from the 225 policies, measures, programs, projects, strategies, and innovative products or services identified in Taiwan, with the majority led by Public Sector (56%), Corporations (29%), followed by Others (6%), Start Up (4%) and Universities (4%).

Abstract BACKGROUND Reference intervals of high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-cTnT) and N-terminal pro-B–type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) have been determined from Western populations. No data are available regarding expected values in Asian populations. METHODS A total of 1157 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals (mean age, 41.2 years; 48.0% male) were prospectively enrolled from the US (n = 565) and Vietnam (n = 592). Blood samples were analyzed for hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP. Median values were determined for each country and compared in unadjusted analyses and in analyses adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, study site, race, and vital signs. RESULTS Median hs-cTnT concentrations were slightly higher for individuals from the US than for those from Vietnam, but both were below the limit of detection (3.7 vs 3.0 ng/L, respectively; P = 0.03). More US participants had an hs-cTnT concentration above the limit of detection (57.2% vs 47.3%; P = 0.001), but the 99th percentile concentration was slightly higher for Asians (US 15.1 vs Vietnam 19.0 ng/L). Concentrations for &gt;98% of both populations were below the standard hs-cTnT 99th percentile of 14.0 ng/L (P = 0.54). Median NT-proBNP concentrations were slightly higher for US participants compared with Vietnamese participants (28 vs 16 ng/L, respectively; P &lt; 0.001). Following adjustment, differences in concentrations of NT-proBNP between healthy US and Vietnamese populations remained significant, whereas for hs-cTnT the differences were no longer significant. Inclusion of hs-cTnT values down to the limit of blank did not change the result. CONCLUSIONS The differences in hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP between healthy individuals from the US and Vietnam are small. Previously derived reference intervals for both analytes may be applied in Asian populations.

Abstract Forest environmental services (FES) is a key solution to balance conservation and local development. For in-situ conservation, only a small number of Vietnam’s protected areas that have FES activities and revenue from their PFES has been low. Increasing awareness and sharing information and knowledge of protected areas’ PFES to promote PFES policy is needed. Among sharing information media, web map has recently been paid attention to. This study aims to develop a multi-scale web map of protected areas’ FES. Study areas include CatTien National Park (NP) (detailed scale), NPs of Southeast Vietnam, and social-economic zones (generalized scales). Input data include provincial reports on PFES projects, provincial PFES plans, and GIS data on provincial/NP’s forest resources and management and protection of the forest. Based on Law on Forestry 2017, Decree 156/NĐ-CP, and related regulations, GIS analysis was carried out to calculate K-Coefficient; supplied and paid FES areas; the amount of payment; and socio-economic and environmental impacts of PFES. The web map, which is developed and published via ArcGIS Platform, is a series of 53/79 expected multi-scale maps with interactive tools. The result shows that web mapping of protected areas’ FES is feasible. Although there is a limitation of data collection, the web map result is acceptable for the purpose of sharing information and raising people’s awareness.

Limited information about exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in primary schools in Vietnam is available. In this study, we aimed to characterize indoor VOCs in four primary schools situated in Ho Chi Minh City, a metropolis in the south of Vietnam and assess health risks linked to the students’ exposure to VOCs. Indoor and outdoor air samples were collected in the schools and analyzed for volatile composition using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Different classes of VOCs, including aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, aldehydes, esters, cyclic terpenes, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, were identified and quantified in classrooms of the schools. The results showed that the concentrations of the VOCs differed significantly among the schools and between ground-floor and first floor classrooms. In addition, VOC profiles differed considerably between air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned classrooms. Limonene, a compound associated with fragrance products, was the most abundant VOC, with the median (range) concentration of 26.12 (10.29, 50.08) μg/m3. The concentrations of the compounds examined in the study were in general found to be higher indoors compared with outdoors, signifying indoor emission sources. Potential harmful effects are expected as a result of exposure to benzene, ethylbenzene, naphthalene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene and tetrachloroethylene in the investigated schools. Further research is needed to fully assess the health risks to students, teachers, and staff in these educational environments.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been reported as a promising and reliable tool for arthropod identification, including the identification of alcohol-preserved ticks based on extracted leg protein spectra. In this study, the legs of 361 ticks collected in Vietnam, including 251 Rhiphicephalus sanguineus s.l, 99 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, two Amblyomma varanensis, seven Dermacentor auratus, one Dermacentor compactus and one Amblyomma sp. were submitted for MALDI-TOF MS analyses. Spectral analysis showed intra-species reproducibility and inter-species specificity and the spectra of 329 (91%) specimens were of excellent quality. The blind test of 310 spectra remaining after updating the database with 19 spectra revealed that all were correctly identified with log score values (LSV) ranging from 1.7 to 2.396 with a mean of 1.982 ± 0.142 and a median of 1.971. The DNA of several microorganisms including Anaplasma platys, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma marginale, Ehrlichia rustica, Babesia vogeli, Theileria sinensis, and Theileria orientalis were detected in 25 ticks. Co-infection by A. phagocytophilum and T. sinensis was found in one Rh. (B) microplus.

Abstract. Many urban areas experience both fluvial and pluvial floods, because locations next to rivers are preferred settlement areas, and the predominantly sealed urban surface prevents infiltration and facilitates surface inundation. The latter problem is enhanced in cities with insufficient or non-existent sewer systems. While there are a number of approaches to analyse either fluvial or pluvial flood hazard, studies of combined fluvial and pluvial flood hazard are hardly available. Thus this study aims at the analysis of fluvial and pluvial flood hazard individually, but also at developing a method for the analysis of combined pluvial and fluvial flood hazard. This combined fluvial-pluvial flood hazard analysis is performed taking Can Tho city, the largest city in the Vietnamese part of the Mekong Delta, as example. In this tropical environment the annual monsoon triggered floods of the Mekong River can coincide with heavy local convective precipitation events causing both fluvial and pluvial flooding at the same time. Fluvial flood hazard was estimated with a copula based bivariate extreme value statistic for the gauge Kratie at the upper boundary of the Mekong Delta and a large-scale hydrodynamic model of the Mekong Delta. This provided the boundaries for 2-dimensional hydrodynamic inundation simulation for Can Tho city. Pluvial hazard was estimated by a peak-over-threshold frequency estimation based on local rain gauge data, and a stochastic rain storm generator. Inundation was simulated by a 2-dimensional hydrodynamic model implemented on a Graphical Processor Unit (GPU) for time-efficient flood propagation modelling. All hazards – fluvial, pluvial and combined – were accompanied by an uncertainty estimation considering the natural variability of the flood events. This resulted in probabilistic flood hazard maps showing the maximum inundation depths for a selected set of probabilities of occurrence, with maps showing the expectation (median) and the uncertainty by percentile maps. The results are critically discussed and ways for their usage in flood risk management are outlined.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Today’s expectations for historical maps are widely different from what they were ten or even five years ago. Today, maps are expected to be freely available online and viewed in easy-to-use, interactive web apps. Collections of maps, such as maps in atlases or in a map series, are no different. While there have been great strides in developing methods for scanning and sharing smaller collections of maps online, less effort has been directed toward sharing larger and more varied collections of historical maps. Even less energy has been focused on the development of common workflows and off-the-shelf resources that could be used by many who want to digitize and share their own collections.</p><p>These deficiencies are complicated by the fact that different types of map collections require different solutions. There is wide variety in the types of map collections, including those with many maps of the same extent and map scale but varying themes (as in a thematic atlas), those with maps of varying scales and extents but a single theme (as in a topographic map series), and those with combinations of both. The workflows to convert the maps in these collections to digital format that can then be shred online must assure expediency and accuracy in the processing of the maps, despite their variations. For example, the workflow in figure 1 could be used for collections of maps with varying scales, extents, and themes.</p><p>Another requirement for sharing historical map collections online is the ability to add new images or replace faulty images in the collection. The workflow in figure 1 allows for this by first updating the metadata, then adding new images to the mosaic dataset, and finally updating the image service. The view of the collection in the web app is updated automatically so no edits need be made to the app code.</p><p>The web apps used to display the map collections must also vary in order to provide an optimal experience for viewers to interact with the collection. The app in figure 2 was developed to allow viewers to explore a very large set (over 186,000) of historical topographic maps of the United States. This collection includes maps of varying scales, dates, and sizes. The app allows viewers to find maps, compare maps using transparency sliders, download maps images that can be used in software applications such as ArcGIS, and share the current map view with others via social media or a hyperlink.</p><p>Variations of this app could be used for other types of collections. We have explored modifications to support viewing more than 500 maps compiled by the U.S. Department of Defence during the Vietnam conflict (figure 3). The Vietnam map collection requires a slightly different app solution because there is no significant variation in the dates of the maps, although there are two map scales (1:50,000 and 1:250,000). Additionally, the marginalia on the maps contains information critical to reading the maps, such as the legend and a glossary of Vietnamese names.</p><p>Our work to date provides solutions to sharing large collections of maps in a series or from atlases, even if the maps have different scales, dates, sizes, and themes. These collections can be shared via web apps that provide viewers with useful interactivity and functionality. We have also developed the means to update collections on a regular basis &amp;ndash; for example, the USGS topographic map collection is now being updated quarterly. To support developers of these collections, we provide documentation on the workflow, share example datasets to allow them to test the methodology, and allow access to the web app which can be configured to conform to users’ requirements. In this presentation, we detail the workflows and resources we have developed, and we demonstrate solutions for map collections of different types.</p>

Dengue is one of the most dangerous vector-borne diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. The use of mosquito repellents to protect human hosts and insecticides to reduce the mosquito population is a crucial strategy to prevent the disease. Here, we reported larvicidal and repellent activities of Mentha arvensis L. essential oil against Aedes aegypti, the main vector of the disease. The essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation from the aromatic plant grown in Vietnam. The yield was 0.67% based on the weight of fresh leaves. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main components were menthol (66.04%), menthyl acetate (22.19%), menthone (2.51%), and limonene (2.04%). Toxicity test on Aedes aegypti larvae showed that the median lethal concentrations, LC50 and LC90 were 78.1 ppm (part per million) and 125.7 ppm, respectively. Besides, the essential oil showed excellent repellency on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. At 25%, 50%, and 100% concentration, the respective complete protection times (CPTs) were 45 min, 90 min, and 165 min. When adding 5% vanillin to the essential oil (25%), the complete protection time of the essential oil increased up to 120 min. In conclusion, the EO from Mentha arvensis L. has been shown to be a promising natural larvicide and repellent against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

Abstract. Many urban areas experience both fluvial and pluvial floods, because locations next to rivers are preferred settlement areas and the predominantly sealed urban surface prevents infiltration and facilitates surface inundation. The latter problem is enhanced in cities with insufficient or non-existent sewer systems. While there are a number of approaches to analyse either a fluvial or pluvial flood hazard, studies of a combined fluvial and pluvial flood hazard are hardly available. Thus this study aims to analyse a fluvial and a pluvial flood hazard individually, but also to develop a method for the analysis of a combined pluvial and fluvial flood hazard. This combined fluvial–pluvial flood hazard analysis is performed taking Can Tho city, the largest city in the Vietnamese part of the Mekong Delta, as an example. In this tropical environment the annual monsoon triggered floods of the Mekong River, which can coincide with heavy local convective precipitation events, causing both fluvial and pluvial flooding at the same time. The fluvial flood hazard was estimated with a copula-based bivariate extreme value statistic for the gauge Kratie at the upper boundary of the Mekong Delta and a large-scale hydrodynamic model of the Mekong Delta. This provided the boundaries for 2-dimensional hydrodynamic inundation simulation for Can Tho city. The pluvial hazard was estimated by a peak-over-threshold frequency estimation based on local rain gauge data and a stochastic rainstorm generator. Inundation for all flood scenarios was simulated by a 2-dimensional hydrodynamic model implemented on a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) for time-efficient flood propagation modelling. The combined fluvial–pluvial flood scenarios were derived by adding rainstorms to the fluvial flood events during the highest fluvial water levels. The probabilities of occurrence of the combined events were determined assuming independence of the two flood types and taking the seasonality and probability of coincidence into account. All hazards – fluvial, pluvial and combined – were accompanied by an uncertainty estimation taking into account the natural variability of the flood events. This resulted in probabilistic flood hazard maps showing the maximum inundation depths for a selected set of probabilities of occurrence, with maps showing the expectation (median) and the uncertainty by percentile maps. The results are critically discussed and their usage in flood risk management are outlined.

<p class="emsd-body"><span lang="EN-GB">In this study we evaluated the responses of the tropical micro-crustacean, <em>Daphnia lumholtzi</em>, to zinc (Zn). For a more environmentally realistic assessment on the Zn toxicity, water sample collected from Saigon River was used as medium for the daphnids and Zn was spiked into field water for exposures. River water was physically and chemically measured and analyzed, and the sufficient water quality was confirmed prior to be used for the acute and chronic experiments. Metal concentrations in the test water were determined with an inductively coupled plasma/ mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). In the acute test implementation, Zn concentrations were from 67 – 360 µg/L. In the chronic experiments, the animals were incubated in control (filtered field water only) or filtered field water added with Zn (28, 46, and 75 µg/L) over the period of 14 days. The life history traits of daphnids including the survival, maturation, reproduction were daily observed. The results showed that the value of median lethal concentrations (48h-LC₅₀) was 136 µg Zn/L (95% CI = 107 – 165 µg Zn/L). Chronic exposures revealed that Zn caused the survival reduction, delayed maturity age and reproduction decrease. Our study suggested <em>D. lumholtzi</em> as a very good freshwater aquatic zooplankton for assessment on the toxicity of metals in tropics. Besides, the Vietnam guideline values regarding Zn should be re-considered and adjusted for the aquatic ecological protection.</span></p>

FR. Cet article examine la violence médiatique à l’égard de Đỗ Thị Thoan, l’auteure d’un master ès lettres intitulé « La position marginale : la performance poétique du groupe Ouvrir la bouche d’un point de vue culturel », soutenu avec succès en 2010 au sein de l’École normale supérieure de Hanoi. En 2013, son positionnement politique tombe dans le viseur des médias conservateurs qui ont orchestré une campagne de critique non seulement à l’encontre de l’auteure du mémoire et du groupe Ouvrir la bouche, mais aussi et surtout vis-à-vis des chercheurs universitaires, ceux qui ont soutenu le nouveau courant de la critique littéraire dont l’émergence est marquée par la mise en œuvre, depuis 1986, des réformes socioéconomiques connues sous l’appellation de Đổi Mới (le Renouveau). Ce traitement médiatique résulterait, d’une part, de la violence structurelle du régime autoritaire : les médias agissent comme le bras prolongé de l’État et du Parti communiste vietnamien en extériorisant leur état d’âme à travers des formes sensibles du discours. D’autre part, il révélerait la transformation du régime, consistant dans la redéfinition du rôle politique de la critique littéraire, la vulnérabilité du discours de censure et la gestion étatique de la presse dans le contexte de réforme. Cette transformation relèverait d’une fracture idéologique au sein du pouvoir mais aussi de sa volonté de dissimuler cette fracture. Dans une perspective performative et pragmatique, nous appliquerons la méthode de l’analyse du discours à examiner les effets structurels et le sens subjectif de la violence médiatique. En nous appuyant sur un corpus constitué de 16 articles issus de sept médias officiels qui ont couvert l’affaire entre 2013 et 2014, nous analyserons cette violence à travers les pratiques de l’information des médias, leurs pratiques discursives et les enjeux politiques qui en découlent. *** EN. This study will examine media violence against Đỗ Thị Thoan, the author of an MA thesis entitled “Marginal position: the Open Mouth group’s poetic experiments from a cultural perspective,” successfully defended in 2010 at the Hanoi National University of Education. In 2013, her political position came under attack by the conservative media, which orchestrated a critical campaign not only against her and the group Open Mouth, but above all against university scholars who supported the new current of literary criticism that emerged with the advent of socioeconomic reforms (Đổi Mới (the Renewal)) promoted by the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) since 1986. On the one hand, these media attacks were a manifestation of the authoritarian regime's structural violence: media act as an arm of the state and the CPV by externalizing their state of mind through responsive discourse. On the other hand, it exposed a shift in the regime and a redefinition of the political role of literary criticism, a vulnerability of the discourse on censorship and the state's management of the press in the context of the Đổi Mới reform. This shift reflected both an ideological divide within the party, and its desire to conceal this divide. From a performative and pragmatic perspective, we will use discourse analysis to examine the structural effects and subjective meaning of the media violence. Drawing on a corpus of 16 articles from 7 official media outlets that covered the case under study in 2013 and 2014, we will analyze this violence through the news practices of media, their discursive practices and the ensuing political issues. *** PT. Este artigo examina a violência na mídia contra Đỗ Thị Thoan, autora de um mestrado em Letras intitulado “A posição marginal: a performance poética do grupo Abra a boca de um ponto de vista cultural", defendido com sucesso em 2010 na Escola Normal Superior de Hanoi. Em 2013, sua posição política caiu na mira da mídia conservadora, que orquestrou uma campanha de críticas não só à autora do livro de memórias e ao grupo Boca Aberta, mas também e sobretudo aos pesquisadores acadêmicos que apoiaram a nova corrente de crítica literária cujo surgimento foi marcado pela implementação, desde 1986, das reformas socioeconômicas conhecidas como Đổi Mới (a Renovação). Esse tratamento midiático resultaria, por um lado, da violência estrutural do regime autoritário: os meios de comunicação atuam como o braço estendido do Estado e do Partido Comunista vietnamita, externalizando seu estado de espírito por meio de formas sensíveis de discurso. Por outro lado, revelaria a transformação do regime, consistindo na redefinição do papel político da crítica literária, a vulnerabilidade do discurso da censura e a gestão estatal da imprensa no contexto da reforma. Essa transformação resultaria de uma divisão ideológica no seio do poder, mas também de seu desejo de encobrir essa divisão. De uma perspectiva performativa e pragmática, aplicaremos o método da análise do discurso para examinar os efeitos estruturais e o significado subjetivo da violência midiática. A partir de um corpus formado por 16 reportagens de sete veículos oficiais que cobriram o caso entre 2013 e 2014, analisaremos essa violência por meio das práticas de informação midiática, suas práticas discursivas e as questões políticas resultantes disso. ***

FR. Cet article examine la violence médiatique à l’égard de Đỗ Thị Thoan, l’auteure d’un master ès lettres intitulé « La position marginale : la performance poétique du groupe Ouvrir la bouche d’un point de vue culturel », soutenu avec succès en 2010 au sein de l’École normale supérieure de Hanoi. En 2013, son positionnement politique tombe dans le viseur des médias conservateurs qui ont orchestré une campagne de critique non seulement à l’encontre de l’auteure du mémoire et du groupe Ouvrir la bouche, mais aussi et surtout vis-à-vis des chercheurs universitaires, ceux qui ont soutenu le nouveau courant de la critique littéraire dont l’émergence est marquée par la mise en œuvre, depuis 1986, des réformes socioéconomiques connues sous l’appellation de Đổi Mới (le Renouveau). Ce traitement médiatique résulterait, d’une part, de la violence structurelle du régime autoritaire : les médias agissent comme le bras prolongé de l’État et du Parti communiste vietnamien en extériorisant leur état d’âme à travers des formes sensibles du discours. D’autre part, il révélerait la transformation du régime, consistant dans la redéfinition du rôle politique de la critique littéraire, la vulnérabilité du discours de censure et la gestion étatique de la presse dans le contexte de réforme. Cette transformation relèverait d’une fracture idéologique au sein du pouvoir mais aussi de sa volonté de dissimuler cette fracture. Dans une perspective performative et pragmatique, nous appliquerons la méthode de l’analyse du discours à examiner les effets structurels et le sens subjectif de la violence médiatique. En nous appuyant sur un corpus constitué de 16 articles issus de sept médias officiels qui ont couvert l’affaire entre 2013 et 2014, nous analyserons cette violence à travers les pratiques de l’information des médias, leurs pratiques discursives et les enjeux politiques qui en découlent. *** EN. This study will examine media violence against Đỗ Thị Thoan, the author of an MA thesis entitled “Marginal position: the Open Mouth group’s poetic experiments from a cultural perspective,” successfully defended in 2010 at the Hanoi National University of Education. In 2013, her political position came under attack by the conservative media, which orchestrated a critical campaign not only against her and the group Open Mouth, but above all against university scholars who supported the new current of literary criticism that emerged with the advent of socioeconomic reforms (Đổi Mới (the Renewal)) promoted by the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) since 1986. On the one hand, these media attacks were a manifestation of the authoritarian regime's structural violence: media act as an arm of the state and the CPV by externalizing their state of mind through responsive discourse. On the other hand, it exposed a shift in the regime and a redefinition of the political role of literary criticism, a vulnerability of the discourse on censorship and the state's management of the press in the context of the Đổi Mới reform. This shift reflected both an ideological divide within the party, and its desire to conceal this divide. From a performative and pragmatic perspective, we will use discourse analysis to examine the structural effects and subjective meaning of the media violence. Drawing on a corpus of 16 articles from 7 official media outlets that covered the case under study in 2013 and 2014, we will analyze this violence through the news practices of media, their discursive practices and the ensuing political issues. *** PT. Este artigo examina a violência na mídia contra Đỗ Thị Thoan, autora de um mestrado em Letras intitulado “A posição marginal: a performance poética do grupo Abra a boca de um ponto de vista cultural", defendido com sucesso em 2010 na Escola Normal Superior de Hanoi. Em 2013, sua posição política caiu na mira da mídia conservadora, que orquestrou uma campanha de críticas não só à autora do livro de memórias e ao grupo Boca Aberta, mas também e sobretudo aos pesquisadores acadêmicos que apoiaram a nova corrente de crítica literária cujo surgimento foi marcado pela implementação, desde 1986, das reformas socioeconômicas conhecidas como Đổi Mới (a Renovação). Esse tratamento midiático resultaria, por um lado, da violência estrutural do regime autoritário: os meios de comunicação atuam como o braço estendido do Estado e do Partido Comunista vietnamita, externalizando seu estado de espírito por meio de formas sensíveis de discurso. Por outro lado, revelaria a transformação do regime, consistindo na redefinição do papel político da crítica literária, a vulnerabilidade do discurso da censura e a gestão estatal da imprensa no contexto da reforma. Essa transformação resultaria de uma divisão ideológica no seio do poder, mas também de seu desejo de encobrir essa divisão. De uma perspectiva performativa e pragmática, aplicaremos o método da análise do discurso para examinar os efeitos estruturais e o significado subjetivo da violência midiática. A partir de um corpus formado por 16 reportagens de sete veículos oficiais que cobriram o caso entre 2013 e 2014, analisaremos essa violência por meio das práticas de informação midiática, suas práticas discursivas e as questões políticas resultantes disso. ***

Straipsnyje analizuojama sovietinio laikotarpio Lietuvos televizija. Pateikiamas Vakarų ir Rytų Europos audiovizualinės masinės komunikacijos istorinės raidos kontekstas, visuomeninių ir valstybinių transliuotojų funkcijų lyginamoji analizė. Pasitelkus sovietmečio dokumentus, televizijos laidų tekstus, televizijos darbuotojų prisiminimus, atskleidžiama audiovizualinės masinės komunikacijos priemonių vieta sovietinėje sistemoje, pateikiamos svarbiausios ideologinės klišės, analizuojamas cenzūros ir asmeninės cenzūros veikimas, televizijos darbuotojų santykio su sistema problema.Reikšminiai žodžiai: audiovizualinė masinė komunikacija, televizija, sovietinės Lietuvos televizija, ideologinės klišės, cenzūra, pranešimo stilistika.Multiplicity of Soviet television discourse: formality and sincerity dramaŽygintas Pečiulis SummaryInformation dosage during the Soviet period was based on noble purposes. Closed borders and infor­mation control were the ways to keep the system and persuade society. Peculiarities of society, such as the official doc­trine and its treatment on the personal daily level or adaptation and rebellion dilemma determined the formation of multiple television discourses. The documents, memories, scripts of the time al­low to reveal the television discourse multiplicity in soviet Lithuania and the intentions of the originators of such discourses. Modern media fall into stagna­tion, in a strictly regulated environment. However, the pomp of communism coincides with the dyna­mism and innovation of television. Television was used to promote the principal ide­ological postulates: internationalism, socialism, the cult of the proletariat and communism, the failure of capitalism, depreciation of independent Lithuania, atheism. The language was pompous, characterized by a combination of belletristic and bureaucratic styles, at­tention to the correctness. There were plenty of phras­es reminiscent of fairy tale and myth phraseology. Key words: audio-visual mass communication, television, the soviet Lithuanian television, ideologi­cal clichés, censorship, communication style.

Francisco Gutierrez (1928-2016), o autor da obra Linguagem total: uma pedagogia dos meios de comunicação, é um dos pioneiros da associação entre educação e comunicação, que embasou a ciência da Pedagogia da Comunicação, ou dos meios de comunicação. No Brasil, esta Pedagogia foi denominada por alguns, como “Educomunicação”.Gutierrez nasceu na cidade espanhola de Burgos. Licenciado em Educação, dedicou-se, na pós-graduação, à pesquisa de temas como os meios de comunicação e a Pedagogia da Linguagem Total. Foi bolsista do governo francês e estudou na Universidade Complutense de Madri, onde concluiu o doutorado em Pedagogia (1977) para, depois, atravessar o Atlântico e viver a práxis de seu pensamento libertário na América Latina. O caráter contemporâneo de seus temas ganhou a esfera mundial com a publicação de obras como El lenguaje total (1972), que deu origem a essa versão brasileira Linguagem total: uma pedagogia dos meios de comunicação (1978) e publicada m outros idiomas Total language: a new approach to education (1973), El lenguaje total: vocabulário (1972). Dentre suas obras mais lidas no Brasil, encontra-se Educação como práxis política (1988), também publicada pela Summus. Dentre as mais recentes publicações brasileiras estão: A mediação pedagógica¨ (1994), pela Editora Papirus, e a Educação comunitária e economia popular (2021), que foi publicada pela Editora Cortez, após sua morte.Ao longo da vida, fez do binômio educação e comunicação um fio condutor de intervenções pedagógicas na Costa Rica, Colômbia, Panamá, Peru e no Brasil.Na Costa Rica, Francisco Gutierrez descobriu o amor por Cruz Prado Rojas, formada em Direito, mestre em Comunicação e doutora em Educação que, em 1970, teve a coragem de ser dirigente sindical nas plantações de banana da Confederação Geral dos Trabalhadores (CGT). Gutierrez e Cruz Prado, mantiveram um espaço aberto ao diálogo e à reflexão para soluções dos conflitos sociais, em um continente sufocado por golpes militares apoiados por governos dos Estados Unidos. Com livre acesso aos movimentos populares e atuantes na produção científica latino-americana, juntos escreveram teses extraordinárias, destacando-se dentre elas a obra Ecopedagogia e cidadania planetária (2013), publicada no Brasil, pela Cortez.Em 2003, Gutierrez criou o Doutorado em Educação com especialidade em Mediação Pedagógica, na Universidad de La Salle, em San José, Costa Rica. Durante sua saga pedagógica pelo continente americano, foi inevitável conhecer e compartilhar com Paulo Freire inúmeras investigações sobre a diversidade de percepções educacionais como prática libertária e sustentável. Por este motivo, Francisco Gutierrez foi um dos fundadores do Instituto Paulo Freire (IPF), no Brasil, a partir de uma exigência do próprio Freire aos formuladores do primeiro estatuto da instituição. Como diz um destes formuladores, “Francisco Gutierrez é cota de Paulo Freire na fundação do IPF”.Embora a edição brasileira do livro Linguagem total: uma pedagogia dos meios de comunicação seja do final da década de 70, do século XX, Gutierrez apresenta uma argumentação científica que é de vanguarda até os dias atuais, ao exemplificar os problemas que os mass media impõem à sociedade e, por consequência, ao ambiente escolar e à cultura dos estudantes e professores. Sobre essa influência midiática na educação, o autor desnuda a problemática com a mesma intensidade, firmeza e radicalidade que apresenta os caminhos estratégicos para que, a partir do domínio das múltiplas linguagens comunicacionais empregadas pelos mass media, professores e estudantes vivam a práxis educacional emancipadora.A edição brasileira da Summus foi traduzida por Walter Soares, do original em Língua Espanhola, publicado em 1978, pela Editorial Humanitas, na Argentina. Na edição argentina, muitos dos conteúdos dos três primeiros capítulos são transcrições da participação do autor na Mesa Redonda convocada pela Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO), sobre ¨Novas inter-relações educacionais¨, realizada na cidade do México, entre os dias 4 e 9 de dezembro de 1972. Vale observar que, na edição brasileira, o tradutor menciona o cenário da primeira abordagem sobre o tema no Simpósio ¨A Metodologia da Linguagem Total¨, ministrado por Gutierrez, em dezembro de 1970, em Bogotá, Colômbia. A obra é composta por 106 páginas e, logo no prefácio, as ¨Novas Buscas em Educação¨, Gutierrez postula os desafios do século XXI, com estudantes mais inquietos e protagonistas, professores sem medo de ter dúvidas, já que a escola ficou cada vez mais aberta e vulnerável à formação da opinião pública pela massificação feita pelos veículos de comunicação, como a imprensa escrita, sonora e audiovisual.A Editora Summus enalteceu o fato de que a obra de Gutierrez abriu a coleção “Novas Buscas em Educação”. Na dedicatória, o autor homenageia mentor intelectual dele e amigo de toda a vida, Antonie Vallet[1], o pioneiro do conceito ¨Linguagem Total¨, nos anos de 1970, na França. Nos tópicos subsequentes do livro –¨Sobre o Autor¨, a ¨Introdução¨ e nos quatro capítulos –, o autor analisa o quanto o advento da televisão gerou mudanças comportamentais e alterou padrões de referências dos alunos, no ambiente escolar e da sociedade em geral. Ao desenvolver a Pedagogia da Comunicação, responsável por uma abordagem pedagógica dos mass media, Gutierrez comprova que é possível dar sentido e significado para a vida escolar do aluno, a partir de propostas alternativas de aprendizagem, quando professores convertem a produção cultural de massa em relações educacionais que buscam propostas de ação. A escola e seus professores passam, assim, a promover processos que auxiliam o aluno a criar, a criticar, a correr riscos, a soltar a imaginação.O autor busca centrar-se na implementação de um processo pedagógico que possibilite a apropriação crítica e inteligente das mensagens que chegam ao aluno por meio das mais diversas linguagens, sobretudo das chamadas novas tecnologias da comunicação. No capítulo I, ¨Os meios de comunicação social fora da escola¨, o autor apresenta o cenário originário da alienação em massa, tendo em vista o tempo de exposição de um estudante latino-americano diante de uma tela de televisão se comparado ao tempo que este mesmo aluno passa em sala de aula. A civilização verbal se transmuta para a civilização audiovisual, ao consagrar a onipresença da imagem, carregada de sentidos objetivos, subjetivos e subliminares.Desde o surgimento da cultura de massa, é importante que educadores se apropriem desses meios comunicacionais para a formação criativa e crítica dos estudantes, dada a velocidade com que essa cultura passou a exercer influência, alterando a percepção e a reação humana diante dos estímulos provocados. O autor alerta, ainda neste primeiro capítulo, para o fato de que professores de práticas tradicionais não acompanham a velocidade com que a transformação midiática ocorre e, com isso, deixam a escola anacrônica, gerando novos desafios pedagógicos para cada etapa da aprendizagem. Ao ser submetido ao modelo escolar tradicional já ultrapassado, o aluno presencia, ao mesmo tempo, uma mudança cultural universal e, por isso, a escola não pode deixá-lo à margem de sua existência temporal, vivenciada fora do universo escolar.No capítulo II, “A comunicação e a educação¨, Gutierrez propõe que a escola seja um centro de comunicação dialógica, posto que, embora o século XX seja conhecido pela insurgência da comunicação de massa, isto não significa que haja comunicação dela para com as pessoas e das pessoas entre si. Para ele, a massificação opõe-se ao compromisso com a realidade e com a naturalidade necessária para a formação da pessoa e da coletividade. O autor fala de um grande paradoxo que concentra o trabalho atribuído aos educadores que, pela Pedagogia, devem promover o esclarecimento sobre as mudanças dos estudantes diante dos desafios do mundo em que vivem, sem com isso serem impositivos, mesmo que façam uso dos meios da cultura de massa. Para Gutierrez, a aprendizagem é duradoura, enquanto a comunicação de massa é efêmera. Neste sentido, a aula não pode se manter saturada de informação, sem que traga sentido para o aluno; a ele deve ser dada a capacidade de pensar, reagir, criar e exprimir novos olhares.Ao exemplificar o fato de que um jovem norte-americano passa a saber sobre a Guerra do Vietnã, graças à televisão – isto é, a transmissão da guerra não foi feita em estúdios de cinema e acontece em tempo real –, Francisco Gutierrez já posiciona uma metodologia de abordagem político-pedagógica para usufruto dos meios de comunicação, pois se, de um lado, os mass media promovem massificação, de outro podem conduzir à politização. Se o professor tem domínio sobre estes meios, pode educar a criança em um sistema educacional sem medo da liberdade de expressão.No capítulo III, a obra discorre, em sete tópicos, sobre “A comunicação total pede uma pedagogia diferente¨ e chama à atenção para o fato de como as diferentes formas e técnicas de comunicação empregadas pela humanidade, ao longo dos séculos, foram sintetizadas pela linguagem audiovisual. Para decifrar o labirinto dos diferentes meios de comunicação é preciso desenvolver uma Pedagogia desses meios e, consequentemente, é preciso identificar quais são essas linguagens dispostas entre não-verbal, oral e a comunicação escrita e icônica, seus signos e significados.A abordagem metodológica sobre a linguagem total de Gutierrez reintroduz a pessoa no seu universo de percepções sensoriais, dado que sua existência é individual, coletiva e global. A natureza do jovem atual é ¨sacudida¨ sensorialmente para trabalhar e se comunicar. Para conviver com os incessantes impactos gerados pelos mass media, a educação deve favorecer as aptidões dos estudantes, mesmo diante das incertezas futuras, porque quando eles têm acesso a uma leitura profunda e repleta de significados, são mais engajados em encontrar caminhos para a autorrealização.Para o autor, a educação deve libertar-se da prisão à qual foi submetida, quer seja por sua estrutura política, quer seja por seus processos cada vez mais burocráticos.Gutierrez relembra Piaget ao mencionar que a empatia e a afetividade são reguladoras do processo de aprendizagem e que, na prática educativa, é necessário que se rompa com a relação de dependência entre o professor-informador e o aluno-ouvinte. Para conduzir o leitor às novas fronteiras dessa comunicação dialética e dialógica entre professor e aluno, Gutierrez inova ao propor caminhos metodológicos por meio do seguinte esquema: Figura 1 - Esquema de Gutierrez Fonte: GUTIÉRREZ, 1997, p. 59. A partir deste esquema e, na sua sequência, o autor passa decodificar seu símbolo e significados para incorporação da comunicação no contexto pedagógico, a partir de quatro caminhos: 1.¨Educação da percepção da leitura denominativa do signo¨;2. ¨Educação da intuição ou leitura conotativa¨;3. Criticismo ou personalização¨ e4. A criatividade¨, em que Gutierrez menciona Burrou, Baber, Lewin, Rogers e Freire, ao dizer que, do nascimento à morte, o diálogo é a forma mais genuína de educação. Ainda no mesmo capítulo, o autor enfatiza a importância da dinâmica de grupo entre professores e alunos, associada ao domínio dos meios de comunicação. O autor resgata o conceito de Milhiot, visto em Lewin, ao observar uma reação dialógica entre comunicador e receptor, pela abertura de um canal entre os participantes desta comunicação, sem barreiras hierárquicas: toda mensagem é aceita e compartilhada porque é autêntica e gera empatia. Segundo Gutierrez, o trabalho em grupo, isto é, sem a centralidade hierárquica do professor, constitui um dos meios de “desmassificação” da pessoa, a fim de evitar estereótipos que o impeçam de um comprometimento social. E, por fim, no capítulo IV, ¨Pontos de apoio da nova metodologia¨, o autor dimensiona os meios de comunicação no contexto social escolar, onde a comunicação pode expressar-se sob todas as formas: cinema, pintura, escultura música, fotografia, com a mesma intensidade de um papel e lápis. É essencial que a escola conte com material pedagógico baseado em documentação, textos de autores, fatos históricos, problemas humanos, extraídos também da história atual, posto que a linguagem tradicional traduz o universo objetivo dos adultos, mas não tem igual valor para o mundo das crianças, onde o sonho e a realidade se entrelaçam.Ao conjugar os caminhos metodológicos para exercício de uma outra prática pedagógica, Gutierrez não faz apologia gratuita da Pedagogia da Linguagem Total. No entanto, alerta para a importância de domínio dessa linguagem por parte dos educadores, para sobrevivência da pessoa reflexiva que, independentemente de seu desejo, já é consumidor de informações massificadas.Dada a atualidade desta edição, infelizmente só disponível em sebos virtuais, mais do que recomendar, a leitura de Linguagem total: uma pedagogia dos meios de comunicação é obrigatória para todos os profissionais da Educação Básica: pedagogos, professores e gestores escolares, que não conhecem a Pedagogia da Linguagem Total.Esta contribuição científica fundamenta a formação intelectual para a urgência da atualização docente sobre esta verdadeira “Pedagogia dos Meios de Comunicação”, não somente por causa da influência crescente dos meios de comunicação de massa sobre a juventude, mas, também, por causa do domínio que os jovens têm dos instrumentos tecnológicos digitais, a comunicação por vídeo, a conectividade com o mundo por meio de “redes sociais” – e, por isso são considerados como integrantes da chamadas “gerações Y e Z” – que, na maioria das vezes, aprenderam tudo isso fora dos sistemas educacionais formais e que a escola não pode mais continuar desconhecendo olimpicamente esses avanços das novas gerações.Diante dos parcos recursos governamentais destinados à infraestrutura para o uso de tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TICs) nas escolas e da exclusão digital de professores sem falar que, somado a este cenário, ocorre a resistência de alguns educadores a querer dominar as mídias digitais e audiovisuais, a obra Linguagem total: uma pedagogia dos meios de comunicação é leitura atualíssima, por evidenciar caminhos pedagógicos mais atrativos, conscientes e críticos. Nesse contexto, a Linguagem Total de Gutierrez evidencia uma reflexão bem freiriana, ao libertar a escola do desvelamento opressor imposto pela cultura alienante dos mass media.[1] Foi mentor intelectual e amigo de toda a vida, com quem Gutierrez desenvolveu o pensamento da Linguagem Total e a Pedagogia da Comunicação.