Journal articles on the topic 'Mass media and women'
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1
Yong-Sang, Park. "Women in the Mass Media." Media Asia 14, no. 4 (January 1987): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01296612.1987.11726266.
2
Subhash, Surekha, and Dr N. H. Patil Dr. N. H. Patil. "Impact of Mass Media on Women : A Sociological Study of Gulbarga." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 7 (October 1, 2011): 509–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/july2014/160.
3
Sari, Mungky Diana, Gayes Mahestu, and Kiky Soraya. "VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN MASS MEDIA FRAMEWORK." Social Economics and Ecology International Journal (SEEIJ) 1, no. 1 (February 6, 2018): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31397/seeij.v1i1.8.
Abstract:
This study aims to see how far media positioned women, especially in their news frames. The focus of this research will be more about seeing how are violence against women cases in the mass media framework, especially online media. The selection of online media in this research is because the access of information provided by online media is much wider and easier in comparison with other media, especially mainstream mass media like newspaper. The focus of this study is on violence against women which occurred on a high school student in Bengkulu that resulted on her die. The method used in this study is the framing method of Robert Entman, by looking at the articles on Detik.com and Tribunews.com in May 2016. The results of this study indicate that Detik.com put women as objects, while Tribunews.com a little more put women as subjects, though not yet fully in the entity as a woman.
4
Johnson, J. David, and Hendrika Meishcke. "Mass Media Channels." Newspaper Research Journal 13, no. 1-2 (January 1992): 146–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073953299201300113.
Abstract:
Women perceive television, magazines and newspapers as equally good at disseminating timely and understandable cancer-related information. But of the three media channels, newspapers are perceived as least credible, least accurate and least clear, raising some serious questions about how newspapers cozier health issues.
5
Lund, Sissel. "Mass Media Fail to Inform Women." MedieKultur: Journal of media and communication research 2, no. 4 (August 25, 1986): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v2i4.726.
6
Begum, Hasna. "Mass media and women in Bangladesh." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 9, no. 1 (June 1986): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856408608723077.
7
Lekshmi, P. S. Swathi, K. Chandrakandan, and N. Balasubramani. "Mass media utilization behaviour of farm women." Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal 35, no. 1 (2015): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-0547.2015.00010.5.
8
Mahfiana, Layyin. "Media Sebagai Pelestari Budaya Patriarkhi." Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender dan Islam 5, no. 4 (October 29, 2007): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2007.54.483-495.
Abstract:
There are two main arguments advanced in this article. Firstly, regarding the image of women perpetuated lry mass media, and secondly why media is not showing gender sensitivity when developing women images. In general mass media portray women in one amongst these five images: women image as a frame, as a column, as an available 'bed', as a saucer and an image of friendship. These images are developed and became popular within a patriarchal culture because men define women as such, and women have no power to disagree. The author proposes that today's women readers must apply more critical view in reading and analyzing the content of mass media, especially with regard to women's images.
9
Waid, Abdul. "Dekonstruksi Media Massa Atas Peran Perempuan: Upaya Pemberitaan Sensitif Gender." Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender dan Islam 5, no. 4 (October 29, 2007): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2007.54.517-539.
Abstract:
Most people don't realize that recently mass media has been discrediting women. News about women by media displays them purely on physical appearance as though it had been an "image" for a woman. The most tragic fact is that the language used in mass media merely focuses on physical appearance. This fact is indicated by a huge "show" by mass media that only display women as a commodity. Indirectly, mass media have exploited women for their own interests; namely increase their ratings (for TV) and tiras (for printed press). Displaying women merely as an object can be regarded as a crime, but it happens both in the news and infotainment."Psikologi perempuan juga psikologi massa, hendaknya dipahami oleh para bapak yang kebanyakan menjadi penentu kebijakan. Bila rncsszr ada yang diperlakukan kurang adil, lebih-lebih itu mengenai perempuan, tanpa dimintapun bangkit perasaannya". Titie Said (Psikolog), 1999.
10
Teubal, Ruth. "Women and elderly women in the mass media: Some preliminary notes." Ageing International 25, no. 4 (December 2000): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12126-000-1015-9.
11
Susiyanah, Yuli. "CITRA PEREMPUAN DALAM IKLAN KECAP DI MEDIA MASSA." Islamic Communication Journal 4, no. 1 (July 7, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/icj.2019.4.1.3525.
Abstract:
<p>This article examines the image of women in soy sauce advertisements in the mass media. In general, the image of them in the mass media is depicted by stereotypes and patriarchal cultures inherent in them. They are generally described as agents of domestic roles and sex objects, who must be discriminated and subordinated. The theory used in this paper is gender relationship and mass media with qualitative content analysis. The theory is applied to analyze the positions between men and women in order to realize gender equality. Using qualitative content analysis, ABC soy sauce ads “true husbands want to cook” shows that there is a reconstruction concept of the relationship between men and women from a stereotypical and patriarchal culture to be a culture of gender equality. In this advertisement, the domestic job that is identified with the duty and responsibility of woman being able to be reconstructed into a role that can be performed by all people including men. It can shape public opinion about the image of women who must not be discriminated in the mass media.</p>
12
Saudah, Saudah, and Dodot Sapto Adi. "Women's Silence Imaginative-Proximity in Media." Jurnal Nomosleca 8, no. 2 (November 15, 2022): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/nomosleca.v8i2.8858.
Abstract:
The condition of society is equal to the need for information presented in the mass media. This uniqueness places women in an important position in finding the existence of the media. Women have a dual position as creators and connoisseurs of mass media, because there is sufficient time to utilize the media as a solution. The growing phenomenon lies in the reality that can be formed from the conditions created between women, and conventional mass media as well as renewable media. By conducting in-depth interviews, the results show that the media has the ability to form and strengthen identities, and get closer to the media, so that they can carry out the process of adapting to the patterns presented by the media. This situation causes the emergence of women's closeness to the mass media which is shrouded in a distinctive imagination. Each will mean the information presented, and provide a process of knowing, imitating, and forming identity on the mass media.Keywords: Women, Mass Media, Medium Wise
13
Zaheer, Lubna, and Amber Mubeen. "Role Of Mass Media And Interpersonal Communication In Promoting Awareness About Woman Rights In Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 13, no. 1 (September 8, 2016): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v13i1.188.
Abstract:
Women rights have always been a debatable issue in almost every society. Being a watchdog, media is expected to give voice to all members of the society regardless of their gender, background and ethnicity. Media can play a vigorous role to educating people about women-rights by addressing their concerns and anxieties. This study aims to investigate the role of mass media (i.e. television, newspapers and social media) and interpersonal communication in promoting awareness about woman rights in Pakistan. Using quantitative survey method with a sample of N=358, results of One-way ANOVA show comparison among various types of media. The study figured out that mass media in Pakistan especially print media, play a positive role in promoting awareness about women rights. However, the role of interpersonal communication has been found more effective as compared to new and old media. The study also expresses that demographics play significant role to attaining the awareness about women rights.
14
Prathap, D. Puthira, and K. A. Ponnusamy. "Mass Media and Symbolic Adoption Behavior of Rural Women." SIMILE: Studies In Media & Information Literacy Education 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/sim.6.4.002.
15
Johnson, Carolyn, and Lynne Gross. "Mass Media Use by Women in Decision-Making Positions." Journalism Quarterly 62, no. 4 (December 1985): 850–950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769908506200421.
16
Nur, Iffatin. "Perempuan dan Media Massa." Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender dan Islam 5, no. 4 (October 29, 2007): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2007.54.559-577.
Abstract:
The role of mass media is not only providing information to the public to fulfill their 'right to know' and 'right to expression', but also leading the creation of societies' images, myths, behavior, knowledge, even ideologies. Mass media produce new realities through texts, define facts or reality which amongst the semiotics such process is called creating the second reality from the first reality by the media. The media have created new realities in which men are portrayed as superior and engaging in all public spheres, whereas women are visualized as the weak. The production of mass media is also closely related to capitalist system of economy, which sometimes requires certain to become the victims; and women have been the victims in this capitalist system.
17
Clarke, Juanne. "Heart disease and gender in mass print media." Menopause International 14, no. 1 (March 2008): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/mi.2007.007035.
Abstract:
Heart disease is a major cause of death, disease and disability in the developed world for both men and women. Nevertheless, the evidence suggests that women are under-diagnosed both because they fail to visit the doctor with relevant symptoms and because doctors tend to dismiss the seriousness of women's symptoms of heart disease. This study examines the way that popular mass print media present the possible links between gender and heart disease. The findings suggest that the ‘usual candidates’ for heart disease are considered to be high achieving and active men for whom the ‘heart attack’ is sometimes seen as a ‘badge of honour’ and a symbol of their success. In contrast, women are less often seen as likely to succumb, but they are portrayed as if they are and ought to be worried about their husbands. Women's own bodies are described as so problematic as to be perhaps useless to diagnose, because they are so difficult to understand and treat.
18
Kumar, Ashwani, and Parul Lahaik. "IMPACT OF MASS MEDIA ON RURAL WOMEN: A STUDY OF SHIMLA DISTRICT." SOCIETY AND CULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA 2, no. 2 (2022): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/scdi.2022.v02i02.03.
Abstract:
Media is considered as the fourth estate of democracy. It has become an essential part of our lives and serves in various forms like television, radio, books, magazines, newspapers, mobile phones, internet, etc. These different forms of media help to educate, inform and entertain our society. Mass media has been affecting the social lives of rural women. It plays a vital role in changing the personality of rural women as it influences their thinking and understanding level, thus, widening their mental horizons. The primary role of mass media is to inform and educate rural women. It also recognises the problems of rural women which they confront in their daily life. The present paper has made an effort to know the impact of mass media on rural women. In this paper, an attempt has been made to know the level of media exposure of rural women of Jubbal-Kotkhai Block of Shimla district and to understand how mass media is bringing the changes in their socio-cultural life.
19
Tamrin, M. "KONSTRUKSI REALITAS PEREMPUAN DI MEDIA SUARA NTB." KOMUNIKE 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/jurkom.v10i1.556.
Abstract:
This paper aims to fnd out how the construction of the reality of women in the mass media is formed in the reporting and traffcking of people with female victims in the Mass Media. This study focused on the text of the news of rape and traffcking in women in May 2016 in the NTB Suara daily. This paper is a qualitative study using the Teun Van Dijk model discourse analysis method. With this method, the committee will see how women’s discourse is constructed and shaped by mass media through text analysis, social cognition and social contexts. The conclusion is that Suara NTB daily constructs women as victims, not as objects of exploitation, because women are placed as the subject of the narrator and given space to tell themselves or the events experienced.
20
Barman, Arpana. "Mass Media Support to Rural Women for Maternal Health Development - A Study in Dhubri District of Assam." Journal of Advanced Research in Journalism & Mass Communication 06, no. 02 (November 1, 2019): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2395.3810.201902.
21
Parveen, Abida. "Violence Against Women: Analysis Of Some Works Related To Media." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 11, no. 1 (September 8, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v11i1.208.
Abstract:
The mass media have important role in modern society as the main channel of communication. The population relies on the media as the main source of information and the basis on which they form their opinions. Any selection of messages in the mass media will therefore have a profound effect on the entire society. A society cannot progress unless if women are given due recognition and respect. Mass media can play a significant role in reflecting social realities and in profiting the positive role of women, as envisaged in Islam. This article has examined the prevalence of violent assault against women in Pakistani society. Some works related to media and women have been stressed.
22
Bankole, A., G. Rodríguez, and C. F. Westoff. "Mass media messages and reproductive behaviour in Nigeria." Journal of Biosocial Science 28, no. 2 (April 1996): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000022264.
Abstract:
SummaryThis paper examines the effects of exposure to mass media messages promoting family planning on the reproductive behaviour of married women in Nigeria using cross-sectional data. Longitudinal data are also used to ensure that exposure to media messages pre-dates the indicators of reproductive behaviour. Cross-sectional analysis suggests that: (1) contraceptive use and intention are positively associated with exposure to mass media messages, and (2) women who are exposed to media messages are more likely to desire fewer children than those who are not exposed to such messages. Similarly, analysis of the longitudinal data shows that exposure to mass media messages is a significant predictor of contraceptive use. Thus, exposure to mass media messages about family planning may be a powerful tool for influencing reproductive behaviour in Nigeria.
23
Oluwaseun S. Osadola, Foluso O. Oyewumi, and Ifedapo O. Osadola. "Women and Mass Media Development in the 21st Century: Viz A Viz." SIASAT 7, no. 3 (July 13, 2022): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/siasat.v7i3.125.
Abstract:
Women have employed the various channels of communication that covers broadcasting, newspapers, television, radio, internet for creating awareness, to express opinions, to educate the general public and enlighten women themselves on their rights and privileges. The current state of the media as against what existed in the pre-colonial and colonial era has triggered participation of women in the development of the sector. While there are bourgeoning literatures on women generally, their role in education, home, economy, governance, agriculture, food security, child bearing and rearing, a narrower study focuses on the role of women in the development of mass media from a historical perspective, thus creating a gap in literature. To this end, this study delves into a historical appraisal of women and mass media development in the 21st century. The paper reviews existing debates on women and mass media development and goes further to assess their contributions to one another.
24
Sazali, Hasan, and Lutfi Basit. "Meta Analysis of Women Politician Portrait in Mass Media Frames." Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication 36, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 320–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2020-3602-19.
25
Rahman, Bushra H., and Fakiha Rizvi. "VOICES OF POLITICAL WOMEN ON WOMEN ISSUES IN THE MEDIA: A CASE OF PAKISTAN’S 2013 ELECTIONS." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 54, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v54i2.65.
Abstract:
The study examines if women politicians of Pakistan in the media are portrayed as effective decision-makers who demonstrate their leadership abilities and dynamism in advocating women issues. It aims to study whether media was used as an organized effort to use political women to bring social and economic improvement in the status of women by examining the Pakistani media on the issues of women during Pakistan’s 2013 general elections. It explores the assumption put forward by the ‘critical mass theory’, that if women form the critical mass in the political power structure, they have a major effect on becoming a voice in the media for women issues. It is a content analysis of articles, editorials and features of four major dailies and talk shows of three major television channels during the Pakistan’s election year 2013. Findings show that women issues were just not sidelined but also women politicians were marginalized in the media to talk on women issues. The discourses on women by ‘empowered’ women were almost non-existent in the media.
26
Syafrini, Delmira. "PEREMPUAN DALAM JERATAN EKSPLOITASI MEDIA MASSA." Humanus 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jh.v13i1.4093.
Abstract:
Exploitation of women now comes in new faces; through the mass media. Media currently has a dual role, like two sides of a coin, on one side the media serves as a mediator for the improvement and progress of the nation, on the other side contributes to the suppression of media for the benefit of market capitalism toward consumer culture women once again being the subject of image construction. Expansion of the market and the mass media can not be separated from the flow of consumerism, because the mass media (particularly advertising on television) is an extension of the market to boost sales of industrial products in the form of imagery that originates from the "mode of production". Through the process of meaning people are affected by the image created by the market and advertisement that increase their consumptive behavior. Here begins the role of advertising in blurring the identity as the supporting tool of consumerism, therefore those who identify themselves as modern men are no longer themselves but apparently no more than "Robot Man" impersonator without original identity, the principle of life pawned in the name of modernity. Women are vying to look beautiful, to buy up all whitening products, hair straightener tools, body slimming drugs, making them "Paranoid" who are restless because being haunted by old age. Actually they are aware of the exploitation, but enjoy it on the pretext of style and fashion.Key words: women, exploitation, mass media
27
Nazar, Nazar Naamy. "KONSTRUKSI REALITAS DAN POLITISASI PEREMPUAN DI MEDIA SUARA NTB." Politea : Jurnal Politik Islam 5, no. 1 (June 18, 2022): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/politea.v5i1.5310.
Abstract:
This paper aims to find out how the construction of the reality of women in the mass media is formed in the reporting and trafficking of people with female victims in the Mass Media. This study focused on the text of the news of rape and trafficking in women in May 2016 in the NTB Suara daily. This paper is a qualitative study using the Teun Van Dijk model discourse analysis method. With this method, the committee will see how women's discourse is constructed, politicization and shaped by mass media through text analysis, social cognition and social contexts. The conclusion is that Suara NTB daily constructs women as victims, not as objects of exploitation, because women are placed as the subject of the narrator and given space to tell themselves or the events experienced.
28
Sheikh, Muhammad Ramzan, Hadees Akhtar, and Irfan Hussain. "Socio-Economic Factors of Differences in Public Health-Related Variables among Women: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Economic Sciences, no. 1.1 (June 30, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55603/jes.v1i1.a1.
Abstract:
This study examines the association of living areas (slum and non-slum) with the selected public health-related variables in the presence of socioeconomic variables among married women and also having a child. A total of 150 women aged 18 to 49 are selected of which 50 women from slums and 100 women are from non-slum areas of Multan by applying the cluster and random sampling techniques. The cross-tabulation method is used to find the results. The dependent variable is Body Mass Index (BMI) and it is analyzed with the socio-economic variables such as mass media index, household characteristics and education. The findings exhibit that the BMI of the women living in the slum areas is low due to a low level of education, lack of mass media access, bad household structures, and poor or ignorant area. The women of the slum area have fewer mass media access, poor status of household characteristics and less education as compared to the women living in the non-slum areas. BMI is significantly affected by area, women's education and household characteristics except for physical work, job status, mass media access and husband education. The findings of this study suggest that to provide health facilities or to reduce the gap in public health, education, mass media access and households characteristics might be considered while making any decision related to the slum and non-slum areas.
29
Sweinstani, Mouliza K. D. "Women’s News Coverage in Local Mass Media: A Case of Regional Head Election 2018." Politika: Jurnal Ilmu Politik 13, no. 1 (March 6, 2022): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/politika.13.1.2022.59-74.
Abstract:
The mass media can play a crucial role in election campaigns because it can influence people's points of view of a candidate, including how they responded to women candidates. This paper aims to analyze how the local media portrayed women candidates in the Local Executive Election (Pilkada) 2018 and the factors that drive it. Unlike most previous studies, which focused on women in legislative candidacy and analyzed the national mass media, this study focuses on women's candidacy in the local executive election by observing the local mass media. The author believes that the differences in the electoral system between the legislative election and the local executive one and the differences of the media scop will produce different findings. Using the explanatory sequential mixed method, the author combined the quantitative method followed up with the qualitative one to interpret this study's data. The author took a sample of 140 pieces of news from local mass media during March-23 June 2018, which was chosen by a non-probability sampling method with a quota technique. This study did not reveal any biased coverage toward women candidates due to four factors: the type of election that women participate in; the social-political capital of women candidates; the condition that women's active political participation is not a novelty; and the alignment of media to the more extensive political agenda. Therefore, it can be concluded that the neutrality of the media does not necessarily cause unbiased coverage, yet by the logic of the media, which makes the media are not passive conduits.
30
Aleksandrova, Olga A., Zoya A. Khotkina, Yulia V. Burdastova, and Yulia S. Nenakhova. "Gender aspects of employment in Russian mass media: impact of socio-political context and information technologies." POPULATION 23, no. 2 (2020): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.13.
Abstract:
The article presents the results of a study of employment in the Russian media. Given the global trend of feminization of the media, the issues of professional self-realization, salary and career growth were analyzed through the prism of gender. The research tools included, firstly, a mass questionnaire of media workers holding both creative and administrative positions; secondly, a series of in-depth structured interviews with experts experienced in working as journalists and editors-in-chief; heads of journalistic associations; owners and founders of publications; heads of HR services of media structures; and thirdly, analysis of statistics relating to the editorial corps of editions at the municipal, regional and national levels — in the latter case the data on leading news agencies and Internet resources were analyzed. The study confirmed the trend of feminization, which is based on the socio-political (reducing the influence of the media and, consequently, lower salaries) and technological aspects (spread of information technology, forcing traditional media to compete with social media, saving on staff and reducing the quality of materials). Dissatisfied with the decline in income and in the prestige of the profession men were replaced by women, that was facilitated by a marked increase in the accessibility of journalistic education. The size of salaries depends on decisiveness of the media, on region, and also on the topics that a journalist is engaged in; in general, the willingness of women to work for a lower salary is forced. Precarious employment that is widespread in the industry deprives workers of social protection, while most of them are young women. The article examines the so-called “glass ceilings”: the more influential the media, the less often it is led by a woman. At the same time, only a quarter of the respondents acknowledge the presence of gender discrimination in their industry, and most of them are women. This is partly due to the prevalence among journalists of both sexes of traditional ideas about the distribution of the social roles of men and women in family and in society.
31
Parajuli, Pradip. "Women's attitude towards mass media advertisement." Patan Pragya 5, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v5i1.30456.
Abstract:
Advertising and society both are inter-related and affect each other in many ways. Sometimes the content of advertisements is guided by society and sometimes advertisements have dominance over society. Even though an advertisement is not meant to be a moral guide, it is also true that it has certain responsibilities towards the society simply because it reaches millions of homes and influences people, directly or indirectly. The mass media are essential not only in promotion and propagation of innovative ideas but also in transformation of the society. Advertisement affects and changes the behaviour, thinking, perception and ideas of people often. As an effective audio-visual media, advertising has tremendous impact on rural Nepalese society where majority of population is illiterate. Advertisements have numerous social, cultural and economic impacts upon the viewers. Advertising is a very effective tool of communication to sensitize the people in a developing country like Nepal. It has the responsibility to play an important role in the empowerment of the women particularly regarding their rights, privileges and other facilities. In this paper attempt has been done to understand the women's attitude towards mass media advertisement particularly comprehensive, useful, influence and change in behaviour.
32
Ghosh, Ranjita, Arupendra Mozumdar, Aparajita Chattopadhyay, and Rajib Acharya. "Mass media exposure and use of reversible modern contraceptives among married women in India: An analysis of the NFHS 2015–16 data." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): e0254400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254400.
Abstract:
Since the inception of the National Programme for Family Planning, messages on family planning (FP) have been promoted across India using different mass media platforms. Mass media plays an important role in disseminating important information among the masses, such as how reversible modern methods give women more reproductive choices than opting for permanent methods that limit their child-bearing capacity. Mass media can provide a continuous flow of information and motivation to deter women from discontinuing the methods they have opted for. However, very few studies have been conducted on this issue, especially using recently available data. This study particularly focuses on exposure to mass media and the use of reversible modern methods of family planning among married women in India. The data for this study was obtained from the National Family Health Survey (2015–16) on currently married women aged 15–49 years. The association of reversible modern method use with media exposure variables was examined, controlling for a set of independent variables from multiple levels—individual, district, state, and region. The findings from this study showed that television was the most important medium for disseminating information on FP among married women in India. Spatial analysis revealed that some districts in the north, parts of the northeast, and Kerala in South India lacked any television exposure. The results from the decomposition analysis showed that mass media exposure was associated with a 14% increase in the use of reversible modern methods. Results from the multilevel analyses showed that exposure to TV along with other media (AOR 1.57 95% CI 1.49–1.65) and exposure to FP messages through different media (AOR 1.22 95% CI 1.12–1.32) had a significant positive effect on the use of reversible modern methods even when various individual, district, state, and regional-level factors were controlled. The findings of this paper provide evidence supporting the use of mass media to promote and increase awareness of voluntary contraceptive use in India. An increase in mass media exposure coupled with improvement in coverage and services of the FP program can significantly increase the use of reversible modern methods in a cost-effective yet efficient manner among women in need of FP services.
33
Carter, J. A., Erynn Casanova, and David J. Maume. "Gendering Olympians: Olympic Media Guide Profiles of Men and Women Athletes." Sociology of Sport Journal 32, no. 3 (September 2015): 312–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2013-0123.
Abstract:
Media guides are constructed by sports organizations as a means for providing information about their organization to mass media professionals. Research on sports-themed mass media has already shown that women are covered less than men, and that the focus on women athletes is disproportionately on their personal lives and physical appearance, but is this true of materials provided to and used by mass media professionals, or more specifically, media guides? This research examines the textual content of 637 athlete profiles in the 2008 U.S. Olympic Media Guide using quantitative content analyses. Findings show significant differences in the size and content of the athlete profiles of women and men, with women athletes’ profiles being longer and containing more personal information than those of men.Les guides des médias sont élaborés par les organisations sportives afin de fournir de l’information à propos de leur organisation aux professionnels des médias. Les recherches sur les médias ayant pour thème le sport ont déjà montré que les femmes sont moins présentes que les hommes et que le focus sur les athlètes femmes est de façon disproportionnée sur leur vie personnelle et leur apparence physique, mais est-ce vrai du matériel fourni et utilisé par les professionnels des médias, ou plus spécifiquement, des guides des médias ? Cette étude examine le contenu textuel des profils de 637 athlètes dans le guide des médias de l’équipe américaine olympique de 2008 et utilise des analyses de contenu quantitatives. Les résultats révèlent des différences significatives dans la taille et le contenu des profils d’athlètes des femmes et des hommes, les profils des athlètes femmes étant plus longs et contenant plus d’information personnelle que ceux des hommes.
34
Everbach, Tracy, and Jenny Mumah. "“They Never Do This to Men”: College Women Athlet’ Responses to Sexualized Images of Professional Women Athletes." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 22, no. 2 (October 2014): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2014-0020.
Abstract:
This study analyzed the reactions of college women athletes to mass media images of nude and scantily clad professional female athletes. The study focused on interviews of 18- to 22-year-old female athletes about the pressure on women to pose for sexualized photographs. Using a feminist framework, the study found that some of the college athletes rejected socially constructed concepts of femininity, others criticized the professional athletes for posing, and others accepted socially constructed standards of beauty. This research suggests that young women athletes are conflicted by the images of femininity presented by mass media and react in complex ways to them.
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Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Collins Adu, John Elvis Hagan, Hubert Amu, and Sanni Yaya. "Mass Media Exposure and Safer Sex Negotiation among Women in Sexual Unions in Sub-Saharan Africa: Analysis of Demographic and Health Survey Data." Behavioral Sciences 11, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs11050063.
Abstract:
(1) Background: Improving sexual autonomy among women in sexual unions comes with various benefits, including the reduction of sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections. We examined the relationship between mass media exposure and safer sex negotiation among women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). (2) Methods: The study involved a cross-sectional analysis of Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data of 29 sub-Saharan African countries. A total of 224,647 women aged 15–49 were included in our analyses. We examined the association between mass media exposure and safer sex negotiation using binary logistic regression analysis. The results are presented using a crude odds ratio (cOR) and adjusted odds ratio (aOR), with their respective confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. (3) Results: The overall prevalence of safer sex negotiation among women in sexual unions in SSA was 71.6% (71.4–71.8). Women exposed to mass media had higher odds of negotiating for safer sex compared with those who had no exposure (aOR = 1.94; 95% CI = 1.86–2.02), and this persisted after controlling for covariates (maternal age, wealth index, maternal educational level, partner’s age, partner’s educational level, sex of household head, religion, place of residence, and marital status) (aOR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.35–1.46). The disaggregated results showed higher odds of safer sex negotiation among women exposed to mass media in all the individual countries, except Ghana, Comoros, Rwanda, and Namibia. (4) Conclusions: The findings could inform policies (e.g., transformative mass media educational seminars) and interventions (e.g., face-to-face counselling; small group sensitization sessions) in SSA on the crucial role of mass media in increasing safer sex practice among women in sexual unions. To accelerate progress towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal five’s targets on empowering all women and safeguarding their reproductive rights, the study recommends that countries such as Ghana, Comoros, Rwanda, and Namibia need to intensify their efforts (e.g., regular sensitization campaigns) in increasing safer sex negotiation among women to counter power imbalances in sexual behaviour.
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Dhakal, Krishna, Sudha Ghimire, and Ramesh Adhikari. "Effect of Mass Media on Awareness of Abortion Law among Women in Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 37, no. 1 (September 20, 2022): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v37i1.48210.
Abstract:
The government of Nepal has committed to the equitable access of family planning devices/services free of cost; however, nearly a fifth of births are unintended, which ends in abortion. Since 2002, abortion has been legalised in Nepal, but many women are unaware of it. Different studies have shown positive relation between mass media and health related behaviour, its relation with abortion is yet to know. This study aims to investigate the effects of mass media for rising awareness of abortion law among women in Nepal. The study was conducted among 12,862 females of reproductive age group using the secondary data of Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), 2016. The finding shows that women reading a newspaper at least once a week were more than two times aware of abortion law than those who did not read [COR = 2.31, CI = 2.01–2.67]. Similarly, regarding the age, women aged 35 or above and exposed to mass media [aOR = 1.26, CI = 1.11–1.43] were more likely to have been aware of abortion law compared to those aged less than 25 years. The study showed a significant role of mass media for rising awareness of abortion law, so, reproductive health program planners and policymakers should emphasise the role of mass media to increase awareness on legal aspects of abortion among women of Nepal
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Chang, Chingching, and Jacqueline Hitchon. "Mass Media Impact on Voter Response to Women Candidates: Theoretical Development." Communication Theory 7, no. 1 (February 1997): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1997.tb00141.x.
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Perveen, Abida, and Muhammad Shazad. "Women And Media: An Ethical Analysis." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 14, no. 1 (March 8, 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v14i1.137.
Abstract:
Media is the collective communication outlets or tools that are used to store and deliver information or data. Media means technology that is intended to reach a mass audience. Ethics is the branch of knowledge that tests with moral principles. Ethics is a system of the ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also described as moral philosophy. Media ethics are a complex topic because they deal with an institution that must do things that generally people in ordinary circumstances would not do, those communication ethics focuses on moral characters, social values related to the women protection the significant segment of the society. Women play on important role in reforming the society. The media has a critical role to play in shaping people’s opinion and perceptions through the way it reports the news of women issues. There are some important ethical considerations which the media should take into account before reporting on women’s problems. The media also needs to focus on different aspects of the society at large to gradually bring awareness regarding the status of women and change orthodox mindsets which are based against women. This article discusses ethical consideration of media regarding women issues.
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Tedtoeva, Zinaida, and Madina Tsalikova. "Reflection of the Gender Problems of Society in Russian Journalism at the Turn of the 20th and 21st Centuries." Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism 7, no. 4 (October 15, 2018): 672–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-6203.2018.7(4).672-690.
Abstract:
The aim of the research was to analyze the stylistic tonality of the texts of mass media devoted to gender issues at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. The article reveals the results of the research, which testify to the peculiarities of images of men and women in Russian mass media, and the data obtained during the analysis of journalistic texts published between 1990 and 2010 became indicators of the sample of the material. Some existing and emerging gender stereotypes are being established, namely cultural and socially conditioned ideas, opinions on the qualities, attributes and norms of behavior of men and women issued in journalistic texts. The linguistic means of expressing gender stereotypes in the mass media are analyzed. The article analyzes the linguistic tools used in the mass media to evaluate men and women. An attempt is made to compare the linguistic means used in the formation of images of women in the men's magazines. The research methodology is based on understanding the mass media mission as an effective means of forming public opinion; depending on the tasks to be solved, a set of methods used: synchronous-descriptive, synchronous-comparative, content-analysis. The method of textual and discursive analysis with the use of cognitive-pragmatic methodology and functional-stylistic analysis of the text are also used. Today it is the media that become a special agent of gender socialization, actively promoting gender stereotypes formed in society, exploiting them endlessly, often with their modification, which also contributes to the creation of new stereotypes. For modern mass media research, it is becoming increasingly important to take into account concepts, stereotypes as the basis for creating ideology in the modern media space. The latter ones presuppose a targeted influence on the recipient's consciousness from the addressee's side with the help of a pre-defined idea that has a generalized character that orient mass consciousness in the given direction through stereotyped nominations. The conclusions, which were made with the help of this research, are reduced to the statement of the tendentiousness of presenting gender issues in modern Russian mass media. The publications are mainly conducted in a key, far from respectful for both men and women. Moreover, in the mass media, stereotypes of men and women that do not correspond to the true state of affairs in Russia and are not capable of creating tolerant relations between the sexes that are not capable of asserting the idea of equal rights and equal responsibility to the society of all Russian citizens outside the public are exploited, generated and replicated in the mass media depending on their gender. A well-thought-out media policy in covering gender issues is needed, aimed at the formation of healthy humane relations in the society.
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Karim, Lubna Naz. "Portrayal Of Violence Against Women On Media." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 3, no. 1 (March 8, 2010): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v3i1.368.
Abstract:
This study will review the role of media in portraying women and prevalence of violence in various forms like verbal, psychological, physical and symbolic against them. Technology has made media a powerful tool of communication, as well as a motivating force. Media directly or indirectly affects the minds of masses. The role of media in a society is incredible and unmatchable because the society depends on media for various reasons. This dependence on media is not only personal but social as well and it plays an important role in political, social, educational, religious and family institution at societal level. It is very much responsible for the transference of moral and social heritage from generation to generation, imposing even greater effects on the lives of ordinary citizens. Media claims to provide the masses with knowledge and information through entertainment programs. However, portrayal of violence against women on media in the form of different characters is contrary to ethical policies. Woman is an integral part of human society. She is a source of peace and contentment not only the whole family but for society on the whole. This study will explore that through entertainment; the negative feelings are induced into audience regarding violence against women, and where as mass media can play a significant role in reflecting social realities.
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Abdelmogeth, A., and H. Mossad. "Arabic Mass Media and Women Gender Stereotype: Stability versus Change “The Dream of Women Empowerment”." KnE Social Sciences 3, no. 10 (October 15, 2018): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i10.3108.
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Winarti, W. "Objektifikasi Perempuan dalam Cerpen Lipstik Karya Seno Gumira Ajidarma." BUANA GENDER : Jurnal Studi Gender dan Anak 5, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/bg.v5i1.2666.
Abstract:
The objectification of women has been perpetuated from time to time, generation to generation, in various forms, even in a very subtle form so that women do not feel that their bodies have been reduced into something passive, no more than a gender object, dwelling to sexual desire and exploitation of women’s bodies. In Indonesia, the writings presented by mass media have been conditioned into “male patternsâ€. Besides mass media, the world of literature also recognizes women as a magnet of a story, in a short story or novel. This thing perpetuates women’s position as objects in literary works. The narrations about women in short stories and novels are constructed to fulfill the standards set by patriarchy through narrations about women. It is undeniable that male domination seems to have penetrated into women’s lives, even to the smallest things. Consciously or not, women always walk on the paths that have been set by men. In modern era like today, many women still stand under male domination as if they do not have the rights of themselves and their bodies. The narrations about objectification of women are found in Lipstik short story by Seno Gumira Ajidarma. In this short story, women are constructed to be passive objects, they are narrated as objects of oppression and body exploitation conducted by men.
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Lang, Rainhart, and Irma Rybnikova. "Discursive constructions of women managers in German mass media in the gender quota debate 2011-2013." Gender in Management: An International Journal 31, no. 5/6 (July 4, 2016): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-02-2016-0017.
Abstract:
Purpose This study aims to explore the main discursive images of women managers as reproduced by selected German newspapers at the time of the political debate surrounding gender quota on management boards between 2011 and 2013. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on critical discourse analysis according to Wodak (2001), an empirical analysis of media articles on women managers in two German newspapers, Welt and Bild, has been conducted. Findings The results of the study show that despite the diversity of images fabricated by the media in reference to women managers, the debate surrounding the issue of establishing a gender quota in management boards is dominated by dualistic categories and reductionist identity ascriptions, like women managers as being “over-feminine” or “over-masculine”, “exclusive” or “outsiders”. Research limitations/implications As the empirical focus of the study lays on two right-wing newspapers in Germany, the results do not allow for generalizations regarding the German media landscape. Social implications Public dispute surrounding gender quota in German companies tends to reproduce stereotypical discursive figures regarding women managers instead of challenging them. A fundamental change in the media reports on women managers is needed. Originality/value The research contributes to the analysis of media representations of women managers, by providing context-sensitive results from the current political debate in Germany. The findings reveal the stability of discursive structures over time, particularly gendered bias in the case of media representations of women managers, notwithstanding political aspirations to change established practices.
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Adegboye, Oyelola A., Henry C. Ezechukwu, Hannah Woodall, Megan Brough, Jodie Robertson-Smith, Rosella Paba, Geraint Czech, and Theophilus I. Emeto. "Media Exposure, Behavioural Risk Factors and HIV Testing among Women of Reproductive Age in Papua New Guinea: A Cross-Sectional Study." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7020030.
Abstract:
Background: Reproductive health remains a major health concern in developing countries such as Papua New Guinea (PNG). The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in PNG is the highest in the Southern Pacific region, with women having a higher risk of contracting the infection. Hence, there have been several policies aimed at mitigating the spread of the disease. One of these policies include the use of mass media as a health promotion tool to educate the population on the risk of the disease. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the association of mass media to HIV testing among women. Methods: Data were obtained from the PNG Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) of 2019. A total of 15,005 reproductive-age women was included in this analysis. Results: The results showed that women with low (aOR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.39, 1.90) and high (aOR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.36, 1.72) media exposure were more likely to undertake HIV testing compared to those with no media exposure. Compared to no education, women with incomplete primary (aOR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.40), complete primary (aOR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.30, 1.87), incomplete secondary (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.85, 2.58), complete secondary (aOR= 2.33, 95% CI: 1.77, 3.09) and higher (aOR = 3.38, 95% CI: 2.57, 4.46) education were more likely to undertake HIV testing. Compared to women with the poorest wealth index, women with richer indexes were more likely to undertake HIV testing. Women living in rural areas were less likely to undertake HIV testing (aOR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.82). However, marital status, knowledge of transmission and religion were not associated with HIV testing. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study provides strong evidence that mass media exposure increases the likelihood of HIV testing in women of reproductive age in PNG. Mass media campaigns would serve as a cost-effective health promotion tool against the spread of disease.
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Ahmed, Arif, and Mohammad S. Zahangir. "The Independent Effects of Educational Attainment and Mass Media Exposure on Overweight and Obesity Among Bangladeshi Women: A Rural-Urban Comparison." Journal of Population and Social Studies 31 (February 23, 2023): 553–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25133/jpssv312023.031.
Abstract:
Problems regarding obesity and being overweight are growing, not only in industrialized countries but also in developing countries. This study aimed to examine the effects of education and mass media on urban and rural women suffering from weight issues and obesity in Bangladesh, a developing country. The data were from the 2017 Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Bangladesh among women aged 15–49. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression (MLR). The prevalence of obesity and being overweight was higher among urban women (23.4% and 36.7%, respectively) than among rural women (12.5% and 32.7%, respectively). Model 1 provides unadjusted odds ratios (ORs), while Models 2, 3, and 4 provide adjusted ORs obtained by MLR for overweight and obesity. According to Model 4, the ORs for obesity and being overweight among women with higher education were higher in urban areas (OR = 3.65 and 1.93, respectively) than in rural areas (OR = 2.14 and 1.58, respectively). The corresponding ORs for women exposed to mass media were 1.78 and 1.17 in urban areas and 1.65 and 1.30 in rural areas. Women with higher education levels and exposure to mass media have a higher risk of being overweight and obese. Appropriate health promotion interventions based on education and mass media should work to reduce this problem.
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Nurhasanah, Iceu Siti, and Aos Sogiri. "SARA MILLS’ CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES ABOUT VIOLENCE CASES AGAINST WOMEN." JLER (Journal of Language Education Research) 5, no. 2 (May 21, 2022): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/jler.v5i2.9978.
Abstract:
This study focused on discussing violence among women in online media news. Good media can convey balanced information. Some news related to violence against women can be represented in a different discourse. Currently, the exploitation of women is carried out through more intellectual and well-packaged ways, one of which is through discourses published in the mass media, especially online media. Women in the mass media are positioned to stand out visually but are very marginalized in meaning. Suppose things like this continue to be left unchecked. In that case, it will emphasize the existence of gender inequality between women and men which has implications for increased violence and gender oppression with women who are always the victims. The problem discussed in this study is critical discourse analysis using the Sara Mills model. Sara Mills' discussion of feminist discourse theory is the center of her study. In addition, it also discusses women's issues, such as how women are represented in texts, pictures, photos, and in the news. This research examines how the text becomes biased in presenting women and how the marginalization of women is formed in weakening the position of women.
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Drajat, Aldrie Alman, and Lilawati Kurnia. "Representation of Muslim Women in Manga Satoko & Nada." Urban: Jurnal Seni Urban 2, no. 1 (April 7, 2018): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52969/jsu.v2i1.1.
Abstract:
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the mass media has been inclined towards constructing a negative image of Islam, which is internalized by the societies in countries where Moslems are in the minority, including Japan. Modern Japanese society is very dependent on the mass media for quick and concise information. The image of Islam internalized by the Japanese society is the one associated with terrorism and backwardness. This paper presents a different representation of Islam as reflected in a Japanese manga Satoko & Nada which focuses on the friendship between a Japanese girl Satoko and an Arab girl Nada in the United States. Visual and verbal analysis on the manga reveals an uncommon image of Moslem women which is not inclined towards excessive self-limitation. The manga shows that Moslem women really have a degree of freedom to express themselves, albeit with some limitation. Besides that, it also features open-minded Moslem women who are not hesitant to welcome modernization. Those characteristics are very different from the popular beliefs about Moslem women as constructed by mainstream mass media. As one of Japanese popular media, manga Satoko & Nada serves as a counter narrative by offering a different image of Moslem women as never shown in common mass media. Mulai dari dekade 2000-an, Media massa mengonstruksi citra Islam yang cenderung negatif dan telah terinternalisasi pada masyarakat di negara-negara non-mayoritas Islam, termasuk Jepang. Masyarakat Jepang modern sangat tergantung pada media massa untuk mendapatkan informasi dengan ringkas dan cepat. Imaji Islam yang terinternalisasi di dalam masyarakat Jepang pun terasosiasi pada terorisme dan keterbelakangan. Dalam makalah ini akan dipaparkan representasi muslim yang berbeda dalam manga Jepang berjudul Satoko&Nada yang menceritakan persahabatan Satoko, gadis yang berasal dari Jepang dan Nada, gadis yang berasal dari Arab di Amerika Serikat. Dari analisis visual dan verbal terlihat konstruksi identitas wanita muslim yang tidak sepenuhnya tertutup. Diperlihatkan bahwa wanita muslim di dalam Satoko&Nada memiliki kebebasan untuk mengekspresikan dirinya walaupun terbatas. Selain itu diperlihatkan pula wanita muslim yang memiliki pemikiran terbuka dan mengikuti arus modernisasi. Karakteristik-karakteristik tersebut sangat berlawanan dengan popular belief mengenai wanita muslim yang telah dikonstruksi dalam media massa. Manga Satoko&Nada sebagai salah satu dari media populer Jepang menyampaikan wacana tandingan mengenai wanita muslim yang tidak pernah terlihat di dalam media massa.
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BALCZYŃSKA-KOSMAN, Alina. "Udział kobiet w mediach a problematyka stereotypów płci." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 2 (November 2, 2018): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2011.16.2.11.
Abstract:
The role women play in the media can be analyzed in terms of their activity – women as creators of messages, or passivity – women as the recipients of mass messages. The latter aspect causes most controversy and frequently leads to the creation of sexual stereotypes. The range of male and female images in the mass media is highly diversified and not necessarily objective. While women tend to be increasingly present in the media, and the number of programs they prepare increases, men continue to prevail in the media sector. They hold a definite majority of managerial posts and more frequently act as experts and commentators on social and political events. The Communication of the European Commission for 2006–2010 stresses the role of the media and information campaigns in the elimination of sexual stereo- types. In 2010, the Commission adopted a new five-year strategy to facilitate better use of female potential. It should be the superior objective of a policy of gender equality in the media to broadcast balanced messages free from stereotypes. It is also significant to ensure women a greater participation in decision-making with respect to the mass media, increasing their opportunities to utilize the media to voice their opinions and facilitating women’s professional promotion in media institutions. These objectives were already embraced in the National Program in Aid of Women’s Rights that was implemented in Poland from 2003 through 2005. In 2010, the Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights and the „Feminoteka” Foundation stressed the issue of women’s discrimination in the Polish mass media. Monitoring of programs demonstrated that the principle of gender equality was not observed. The so-called female press is a significant element of the media market. The issues discussed in this sector usually concentrate on stereotypical female roles in society. Recently, however, a clear diversification of topics handled by the press can be noted and the efforts some periodicals are making in order to break gender stereotypes. Such attempts have been made by two new periodicals addressed mainly at women: „Bluszcz” and „Zadra”. An analysis of the content of „Bluszcz” did not evidence the abandonment of the traditional image of women though. A perusal of „Zadra” led to completely different conclusions. This is a feminist periodical that mainly discusses the issues of the social and political activity of women. The paper also emphasizes the increasing participation of women in the internet and in the social media.
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Lad, A. S., P. R. Deshmukh, and R. P. Kadam. "Scale to measure utility perception of mass media by the farm women." AGRICULTURE UPDATE 15, no. 3 (August 15, 2020): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/au/15.3/170-180.
Abstract:
Due to non-availability of proper scale to measure utility perception of mass media by the farm women, it was thought necessary to construct a scale for this purpose. Keeping this in view an attempt has been made to develop a scale for measuring utility perception of mass media by the farm women. Normalized rank approach recommended by Guilford (1978) was used in this study for scale construction.
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Shaw, Donald L., and Shannon E. Martin. "The Function of Mass Media Agenda Setting." Journalism Quarterly 69, no. 4 (December 1992): 902–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909206900410.
Abstract:
This study, a statewide follow-up to the original 1968 Chapel Hill, N.C., agenda-setting study published in 1972 in Public Opinion Quarterly, used poll and content analysis data to compare media use and agenda agreement for different types of reference groups: men vs. women, non-whites vs. whites, young vs. old, higher- vs. lower-formally educated and rich vs. poor. When individuals increase their newspaper reading, then agreement on important public issues within the gender, racial and age groups to which they belong increases to a point of near consensus. Those of higher vs. lower education also come close to sharing issues, although the sharing is less dramatic between rich and poor. Increased television news viewing also results in higher reference group consensus on key public issues. The study concludes: one major function of mass media is to enhance group consensus within the larger social system by providing issue agenda options more attractive than just those historically learned and expressed as an aspect of one's gender, race, age, level of education, or — to a lesser extent — level of wealth. Media public issue agendas compete with unique historical agendas of readers/viewers and often win, to the benefit of the social system if the system can agree on workable solutions to the important problems.