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Academic literature on the topic 'Mass balance'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 September 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Mass balance"

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Thuy, Pham Thi, Pham Thanh Tuan, and Nguyen Manh Khai. "Industrial Water Mass Balance Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 7, no. 3 (2016): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2016.v7.771.

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Huss, M. "Mass balance of Pizolgletscher." Geographica Helvetica 65, no. 2 (June 30, 2010): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-65-80-2010.

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Abstract. Half of the glaciers in the Swiss Alps are smaller than 0.1 km2. Despite this, the mass budget of small glaciers and their response to ongoing climate change is rarely studied. A new mass balance monitoring programme on Pizolgletscher (0.08 km2) in north-eastern Switzerland was started in 2006. This paper presents first results and describes a new approach to determining the mass balance of glaciers. Seasonal field observations are interpreted using a distributed mass balance model in daily resolution that allows spatial inter- and extrapolation of sparse data points and the calculation of mass balance over arbitrary time periods. Evaluation of aerial photographs acquired in subdecadal intervals since 1968 allows inclusion of data on changes in glacier area and ice volume, contributing towards a long-term reconstruction of Pizolgletscher's mass balance. The analysis revealed fast mass loss over the last three years with annual balances of -1.61 m w.e. in 2006/2007, -0.71 m w.e. in 2007/2008, and -1.46 m w.e. in 2008/2009 and high spatial variability of mass balance on Pizolgletscher.

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Huss, Matthias, Regine Hock, Andreas Bauder, and Martin Funk. "Conventional versus reference-surface mass balance." Journal of Glaciology 58, no. 208 (2012): 278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012jog11j216.

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AbstractGlacier surface mass balance evaluated over the actual glacier geometry depends not only on climatic variations, but also on the dynamic adjustment of glacier geometry. Therefore, it has been proposed that reference-surface balances calculated over a constant glacier hypsometry are better suited for climatic interpretation. Here we present a comparison of 82 year modelled time series (1926-2008) of conventional and reference-surface balance for 36 Swiss glaciers. Over this time period the investigated glaciers have lost 22% of their area, and ice surface elevation close to the current glacier terminus has decreased by 78 m on average. Conventional balance in the last decade, at −0.91 mw.e.a-1, is 0.14 m w.e. a-1 less negative than the reference-surface balance. About half of the negative (stabilizing) feedback on mass balance due to glacier terminus retreat is compensated by more negative mass balances due to surface lowering. Short-term climatic variability is clearly reflected in the conventional mass-balance series; however, the magnitude of the long-term negative trend is underestimated compared to that found in the reference-surface balance series. Both conventional and reference-surface specific balances show large spatial variability among the 36 glaciers.

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Pelto, M. S. "Mass Balance of South-East Alaska and North-West British Columbia Glaciers from 1976 to 1984: Methods and Results." Annals of Glaciology 9 (1987): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500000598.

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The annual surface mass balance for 1983 and 1984 and the 10 year cumulative mass balances for 1975–85 were calculated for 60 south-east Alaskan and north-west British Columbia glaciers. At present, the mass balance is positive on nine, at equilibrium on nine, and negative on 42 glaciers. The ratio of glaciers with positive and equilibrium mass balance to glaciers with negative mass-balance has not changed significantly since 1946; however, the magnitude of negative balances has declined on 39 of the 42 glaciers. The annual mass balance of south-east Alaska and north-west British Columbia glaciers cannot be measured on more than a few glaciers. This paper presents the methods and results for a mass-balance model using as input local weather records, Juneau Icefield field studies, and satellite imagery. The primary variable in mass balance from one glacier to another is the budget gradient. The budget gradient varies predictably according to three parameters: ocean proximity, surface slope, and valley width-valley height. The annual fluctuation of the budget gradient can be determined by examination of local weather records, determination of activity indexes, and delineation of the equilibrium-line gradient from the maritime to the continental part of each icefield. The latter two variables are determined using largely satellite imagery, keyed to topographic maps. This procedure, where applicable, yielded mass-balance errors of ±0.16–0.22 m and 10 year cumulative mass-balance errors of ±0.08–0.15 m.

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Bricker, Owen P., and Margaret M. Kennedy. "Geochemical mass balance." Hydrological Processes 11, no. 7 (June 1997): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(199706)11:7<643::aid-hyp543>3.0.co;2-f.

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Rasmussen, L. A., and L. M. Andreassen. "Seasonal mass-balance gradients in Norway." Journal of Glaciology 51, no. 175 (2005): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756505781828990.

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AbstractPreviously discovered regularity in vertical profiles of net balance, bn(z), on ten glaciers in Norway also exists in profiles of both winter, bw(z), and summer, bs(z), seasonal balances. All three profiles, unlike those of many glaciers elsewhere in the world, are remarkably linear. Variations of gradients, dbw/dz and dbs/dz, from year to year are small and correlate poorly with glacier-total balances bw and bs. Glacier-to-glacier correlation is weak for both gradients but is strongly positive for bw and bs. There are two direct consequences of these properties of the gradients that apply to both seasonal balances bw and bs. First, because db/dz varies so little from year to year, the difference in balance, ∆b, from year to year is nearly the same over the entire glacier, except near the top and bottom of its altitude range. Therefore, balance at a site near the middle of the altitude range of the glacier correlates very well with glacier-total balance. Second, this correlation, combined with the strong positive correlation of balance from glacier to glacier, is the reason balance at one altitude on one glacier correlates well with glacier-total balance at other nearby glaciers.

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Rabus, B. T., and K. A. Echelmeyer. "The mass balance of McCall Glacier, Brooks Range, Alaska, U.S.A.; its regional relevance and implications for climate change in the Arctic." Journal of Glaciology 44, no. 147 (1998): 333–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000002665.

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AbstractMcCall Glacier has the only long-term mass-balance record in Arctic-Alaska. Average annual balances over the periods 1958–72 and 1972–93 were –15 and –33cm, respectively; recent annual balances (1993–96) are about –60 cm, and the mass-balance gradient has increased. For an Arctic glacier, with its low mass-exchange rate, this marks a significant negative trend.Recently acquired elevation profiles of McCall Glacier and ten other glaciers within a 30 km radius were compared with topographic maps made in 1956 or 1973. Most of these glaciers had average annual mass balances between –25 and –33 cm, while McCall Glacier averaged –28 cm for 1956–93, indicating that it is representative of the region. In contrast, changes in terminus position for the different glaciers vary markedly. Thus, mass-balance trends in this region cannot be estimated from fractional length changes at time-scales of a few decades.We developed a simple degree-day/accumulation mass-balance model for McCall Glacier. The model was tested using precipitation and radiosonde temperatures from weather stations at Inuvik, Canada, and Barrow, Kaktovik and Fairbanks, Alaska, and was calibrated with the measured balances. The Inuvik data reproduce all measured mass balances of McCall Glacier well and also reproduce the long-term trend towards more negative balances. Data from the other stations do not produce satisfactory model results. We speculate that the Arctic Front, oriented east–west in this region, causes the differences in model results.

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Rabus, B. T., and K. A. Echelmeyer. "The mass balance of McCall Glacier, Brooks Range, Alaska, U.S.A.; its regional relevance and implications for climate change in the Arctic." Journal of Glaciology 44, no. 147 (1998): 333–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000002665.

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AbstractMcCall Glacier has the only long-term mass-balance record in Arctic-Alaska. Average annual balances over the periods 1958–72 and 1972–93 were –15 and –33cm, respectively; recent annual balances (1993–96) are about –60 cm, and the mass-balance gradient has increased. For an Arctic glacier, with its low mass-exchange rate, this marks a significant negative trend.Recently acquired elevation profiles of McCall Glacier and ten other glaciers within a 30 km radius were compared with topographic maps made in 1956 or 1973. Most of these glaciers had average annual mass balances between –25 and –33 cm, while McCall Glacier averaged –28 cm for 1956–93, indicating that it is representative of the region. In contrast, changes in terminus position for the different glaciers vary markedly. Thus, mass-balance trends in this region cannot be estimated from fractional length changes at time-scales of a few decades.We developed a simple degree-day/accumulation mass-balance model for McCall Glacier. The model was tested using precipitation and radiosonde temperatures from weather stations at Inuvik, Canada, and Barrow, Kaktovik and Fairbanks, Alaska, and was calibrated with the measured balances. The Inuvik data reproduce all measured mass balances of McCall Glacier well and also reproduce the long-term trend towards more negative balances. Data from the other stations do not produce satisfactory model results. We speculate that the Arctic Front, oriented east–west in this region, causes the differences in model results.

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AZAM, MOHD FAROOQ, PATRICK WAGNON, ETIENNE BERTHIER, CHRISTIAN VINCENT, KOJI FUJITA, and JEFFREY S. KARGEL. "Review of the status and mass changes of Himalayan-Karakoram glaciers." Journal of Glaciology 64, no. 243 (January 9, 2018): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2017.86.

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ABSTRACTWe present a comprehensive review of the status and changes in glacier length (since the 1850s), area and mass (since the 1960s) along the Himalayan-Karakoram (HK) region and their climate-change context. A quantitative reliability classification of the field-based mass-balance series is developed. Glaciological mass balances agree better with remotely sensed balances when we make an objective, systematic exclusion of likely flawed mass-balance series. The Himalayan mean glaciological mass budget was similar to the global average until 2000, and likely less negative after 2000. Mass wastage in the Himalaya resulted in increasing debris cover, the growth of glacial lakes and possibly decreasing ice velocities. Geodetic measurements indicate nearly balanced mass budgets for Karakoram glaciers since the 1970s, consistent with the unchanged extent of supraglacial debris-cover. Himalayan glaciers seem to be sensitive to precipitation partly through the albedo feedback on the short-wave radiation balance. Melt contributions from HK glaciers should increase until 2050 and then decrease, though a wide range of present-day area and volume estimates propagates large uncertainties in the future runoff. This review reflects an increasing understanding of HK glaciers and highlights the remaining challenges.

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Watson, Emma, and Brian H. Luckman. "Tree-ring-based mass-balance estimates for the past 300 years at Peyto Glacier, Alberta, Canada." Quaternary Research 62, no. 1 (July 2004): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2004.04.007.

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Tree rings were used to reconstruct mass balance for Peyto Glacier in the Canadian Rocky Mountains from A.D. 1673 to 1994. Summer balance was reconstructed from tree-ring estimates of summer temperature and precipitation in the Canadian Rockies. Winter balance was derived from tree-ring data from sites bordering the Gulf of Alaska and in western British Columbia. The models for winter and summer balance each explain over 40% of the variance in the appropriate mass-balance series. Over the period 1966–1994 the correlation between the reconstructed and measured net balances is 0.71. Strong positive mass balances are reconstructed for 1695–1720 and 1810–1825, when higher winter precipitation coincided with reduced ablation. Periods of reconstructed positive mass balance precede construction of terminal moraines throughout the Canadian Rockies ca. 1700–1725 and 1825–1850. Positive mass balances in the period 1845–1880 also correspond to intervals of glacier readvance. Mass balances were generally negative between 1760 and 1805. From 1673 to 1883 the mean annual net balance was +70 mm water equivalent per year (w.e./yr.), but it averaged −317 mm w.e./yr from 1884 to 1994. This reconstructed mass balance history provides a continuous record of glacier change that appears regionally representative and consistent with moraine and other proxy climate records.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mass balance"

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Gedye, Sharon Jane. "Mass balance in recent peats." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266139.

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Andersson, Emil. "Online Metallurgical Mass Balance and Reconciliation." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185252.

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In mineral processing, one of the most important and versatile separation methods is flotation. Flotation utilizes the different surface properties of the valuable minerals in the ore to separate them from the less valuable gangue material in the ore. Crushed and ground ore is mixed with water and fed into flotation tanks. In the flotation tanks, the particles of valuable mineral are made hydrophobic. That way, they can be floated by attaching to air bubbles and gather on top of the flotation tank as froth. This froth, containing higher concentrations of valuable mineral, is recovered and then processed further. The flotation circuit is controlled and maintained using measurements on the mass flows and grades of different materials. Due to economical, practical, and technological limitations, these measurements are performed at a chosen number of points in the circuit and at discrete points in time. Poor measurement data can have devastating consequences if the operators are left with limited information and errors in the circuit remain undetected. The accuracy of the acquired measurements is improved by performing mass balance and reconciliation. Traditionally, mass balance uses the sum of the total mass flows and the average grades over long times to avoid including the internal mass of the circuit in the calculations. It is desirable to perform mass balance directly to allow for faster intervention if any failures occur in the circuit during the on-line process. This report describes an on-line dynamic approach towards mass balancing and reconciliation of the mass flows and grades in a flotation circuit. Here, physical models of the flotation circuit are used to construct mass balance constraints using interpolation and test functions and the mass balance problem is posed as an optimization problem. The optimization problem is to adjust the assay such that the residual, the difference between the measured and the adjusted assay, is minimized while maintaining mass balance. An implementation in MATLAB and tests on synthetic data show that the dynamic formulation of mass balance does adjust 'erroneous' measurements such that mass balance is fulfilled. Given this result, there are still important aspects of the implementation that have to be addressed. The model uses the unknown and cell specific parameters flotation rate and recovery. Thus, these must be found or properly modeled. This report proposes a possible model for flotation rate as well as a strategy to find the recovery. The requirements of accuracy and speed of the implementation are also discussed. Possible next steps of this project is to further confirm a time effective implementation using synthetic data. Consequently, the implementation can be adapted for natural data in order to verify correctness of models.
I malmanrikning, är flotation en av de viktigaste och mest mångsidiga metoderna. Flotation utnyttjar de fysikaliska ytegenskaperna som partiklar av värdemineral har för att separera dessa från det mindre värdefulla gråberget i malmen. Krossad och mald malm blandas med vatten och matas in i flotationstankar. I flotationstankarna görs partiklarna av värdemineral hydrofobiska. På så vis kan de fästa sig vid luftbubblor och flyta till ytan och bilda ett skum. Detta skum samlas sedan ihop och behandlas vidare eftersom det innehåller en högre koncentration av värdemineral. Flotationskretsen styrs och underhålls med hjälp av mätningar av massflödena och halterna av de olika ämnena som finns i kretsen. På grund av ekonomiska, praktiska, och teknologiska hinder kan dessa mätningar bara göras på ett utvalt antal punkter i kretsen samt bara vid diskreta tillfällen. Felaktigt data kan ha förödande konsekvenser om operatörerna lämnas med begränsad information och processen fortlöper med oupptäckta fel. Mätsäkerheten kan förbättras med hjälp av massbalansering och haltjustering. Traditionellt görs massbalansering genom att summera den totala massan som löpt genom kretsen samt medelvärden av halterna över lång tid för att undvika att räkna in den interna massan i systemet. Det är önskvärt att utföra massbalansering direkt för att möjliggöra snabbare ingrepp ifall fel uppstår i kretsen under den fortlöpande processen. Denna rapport beskriver en dynamisk lösning för massbalansering och justering av massflöden och halter i en flotationskrets. Här används fysikaliska modeller av kretsen för att konstruera bivillkor för massbalans med hjälp utav interpolation och testfunktioner och massbalanseringsproblemet ställs upp som ett optimeringsproblem. Optimeringen sker genom att justera mätserien så att residualen, skillnaden mellan det uppmätta värdet och det justerade värdet, minimeras under uppfyllande av mass balans. En implementation i MATLAB och tester på syntetisk data visar att den dynamiska formuleringen av massbalans justerar de felaktiga mätvärdena så att massbalans uppfylls. Med det resultatet i åtanke, finns det fortfarande viktiga aspekter av implementationen som bör tas hänsyn till. Modellen använder de okända och cellspecifika parametrarna flotationshastighet och utbytet och dessa måste kunna bestämmas för att denna modell ska kunna användas. Ett förslag på modellering av flotationshastigheten föreslås i rapporten. Dessutom ges förslag på strategier att hitta utbytet. Kraven på noggrannhet och snabbhet diskuteras också. Möjliga nästa steg för projektet är att vidareutveckla en tidseffektiv implementation genom att använda syntetiska data. Därefter kan en implementation för naturligt data verifiera modellerna.

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au, taiga@westnet com, and John Rich. "Integrated Mass, Solute, Isotopic and Thermal Balances of a Coastal Wetland." Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040520.130717.

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Mass, solute (chloride), isotope (deuterium) and thermal balances were completed at Perry Lakes, two semi-permanent 'water table' lakes near Perth, Western Australia. All balance components except groundwater discharge/recharge were measured independently. These difficult to measure groundwater components of lake-aquifer interaction were estimated by integrating mass, solute and chloride data in sequential 4 day balances spanning two years. Before urbanisation, such wetlands functioned predominantly as flow-through lakes. Now, large winter storm water inputs (and summer artificial level maintenance pumped locally from groundwater) dominate. In East Lake these inputs together comprise 42% of the annual water budget; groundwater discharge is reduced to just 2%. Even under flow-through conditions, these 'non natural' inputs are so large East Lake always tends towards a recharge state and commonly becomes a local groundwater mound. Flow-through is established in both lakes over winter. Initially each lake functions separately however as winter progresses shared capture and release zones are established. Maintenance of lake levels in early summer forces East Lake back to recharge status. Sediment heat flux (Qse) is significant in these very shallow lakes. Over summer Qse was negative, with a net movement of heat from the water into the sediments which act as a seasonal heat sink. In winter Qse was positive and stored summer heat was returned to the water column. This flux at times exceeded 40 W m-2. Evaporation was determined independently by floating pan, leaving Qse as the thermal balance residual. Ignoring Qse, annual evaporation determined by thermal balance was over estimated by 7%. Over and under estimates of individual 12 day balance period evaporation exceeded 50%. Monthly Class A (Perth airport) pan coefficients varied from 0.54 (January) to 0.86 (September). Ten empirical equations for evaporation were calibrated and compared with the East Lake floating pan. Best performer was the Makkink which tracked the floating pan closely throughout all seasons. Poorest were the Penman, DeBruin-Keijman, Priestly-Taylor and Brutsaert-Stricker which grossly over estimated late winter evaporation. Transpiration from Typha orientalis, estimated using hydrograph techniques was 43% of open water evaporation in summer and 28% annually. Temperature controlled evaporation pans (tracking lake temperature) experimentally determined the local deuterium content of lake evaporate ÔE, required for isotopic balances. Techniques employing pans evaporated to dryness and pans evaporated at constant volume were run in tandem continuously for two years. This study singularly integrates mass, solute and isotope balances thereby allowing groundwater components to be accurately quantified. The isotope balances are unique, being the only such balances incorporating experimentally derived local deuterium values of lake evaporate. This study represents the only thermal balance, the only accurate determination of pan-lake coefficients and the first calibration of commonly used empirical evaporation equations for Swan Coastal Plain wetlands. Groundwater levels in the western suburbs of Perth have declined over 40 years and a disproportionate larger decline now seriously threatens Perry Lakes. Modelling suggests regional groundwater extraction exceeds recharge. Wetland managers can no longer maintain East Lake via local groundwater extraction. Artificial recharge using imported surface and waste water are possible future management options.

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Huss, Matthias. "Past and future changes in glacier mass balance /." Zürich : ETH, 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000256345.

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Wiklund, Sara. "Long-term glacier mass balance of Nordenskiöldbreen, Svalbard." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295789.

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The global warming that’s taking place have an impact over the Earth and the glaciers on Svalbard are undergoing rapid changes as a result. The annual air temperature has been rising on Svalbard since the early 1900’s and in a climate projection expected temperatures continue to rise. The glacial mass balance is important for monitoring glacier response to climate change. In this study the mass balance of Nordenskiöldbreen from 1957 to 2016 is modelled with a temperature-index model. The meteorological data used in the model, precipitation and air temperature, has been measured at a weather station located in Longyearbyen since 1957. The long simulation run makes trends in mass balance, precipitation and air temperature apparent. The mass balance can also be correlated to the temperature and precipitation, which provide important information on how these affect the behavior of glaciers. The results obtained can be used to predict how glaciers change in the future with climate change. In the simulation Nordenskiöldbreen’s mass balance has a negative trend, precipitation doesn’t have any trend and air temperature has a positive trend. The long-term mass balance is controlled by air temperature and the short-term interannual mass balance is caused by precipitation fluctuations.
Den globala uppvärmningen som sker just nu har en påverkan över hela jorden och glaciärer på Svalbard genomgår snabba förändringar som följd. På Svalbard har den årliga medeltemperaturen stigit sedan början av 1900-talet och i en klimatprojicering förväntas temperaturen att fortsätta stiga. Den glaciala massbalansen är viktig för att övervaka glaciärers respons till klimatförändringar. I detta arbete modelleras Nordenskiöldbreens massbalans från 1957 till 2016 med hjälp av en temperaturindex modell. Den meteorologiska data som används i modellen, nederbörd och temperatur, har mätts vid en väderstation i Longyearbyen sedan 1957. Med den långa tidsperioden i modellen blir långsiktiga trender i massbalans, nederbörd och temperatur tydliga. Massbalansen kan även korreleras mot temperatur och nederbörd, vilket ger viktig information om hur dessa påverkar glaciärers beteenden. De resultat som framkommer kan användas för att förutspå hur glaciärer förändras i framtiden med en klimatändring. I simuleringen har Nordenskiöldbreens massbalans en negativ trend, nederbörd har ingen trend och temperatur har en positiv trend. Det är temperatur som styr den långsiktiga massbalansen och den kortsiktiga mellanårs-massbalansen styrs av nederbörds fluktuationer.

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Lauvdal, Anders. "Mass balance model for Hammerfest LNG plant Snøhvit." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23363.

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The goal of the task is to develop and test a mass balance model for the entire Snøhvit facility which makes it possible to balance all streams inn and out. The model is implemented in an excel sheet. Also production rate calculations for LNG, LPG and condensate are made based on updated well and field data.

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Schwartz, Vegar. "Greenland ice mass balance using GRACE gravity data." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-24543.

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The mass balance of Greenland has been assessed with data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission. Monthly data has been used through the time span of the study; January 2003 - December 2012. Level 2 data from three providers has been used. These are the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) , GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) and the Center for Space Research (CSR). The linear trend in this study points to -181±11 Gt/yr, -172±10 Gt/yr and -183±11 Gt/yr for the three data providers respectively. Notable corrections applied to improve the accuracy of this study are gravity leakage correction, adjustment for post-glacial rebound and non-isotropic smoothing filtering.This master thesis also gives an insight some of the mathematical background of physical geodesy and how this can be applied to use GRACE data to track changes in the gravity field. The methodology of applying this theory is explained in-depth with explanations of some natural assumptions along the way. Results are presented from correction calculations, important secular trend graphs and different time series plots of data from the three data providers. These results are compared to the works of other mentionable authors in the field of polar mass redistribution. Lastly, the thesis enlists some noteworthy strengths and weaknesses of the conducted study. To the author's knowledge, this is the first ice mass loss estimation of Greenland using GRACE level 2 Release 05 data decorrelated by non-isotropic filtering.

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Depoorter, Mathieu A. "Mass balance investigation of Antarctica from budget methods." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.702166.

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During the last 20 years, West Antarctica has experienced enhanced ice discharge to the ocean due to loss of buttressing from melting and collapsing ice shelves. On the other hand, increases in precipitation have been reported in East Antarctica in line with an expected wetter atmosphere in a warming climate. The big questions that still lie ahead are therefore: (i) Will the enhanced precipitations in East Antarctica compensate the dynamic mass losses observed in West Antarctica in the future? (ii) And what will be the resulting contribution to sea level rise (SLR)? To answer those questions we need to have a firm grip on the present day mass balance (MB) of Antarctica and on the mechanisms that govern both the surface mass balance (SMB) and the ice discharge (D) into the ocean. This thesis investigates the MB of Antarctica using the input-output method (10M) allowing for a direct diagnoses of local, regional and global MB in Antarctica. It does this for both the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) and the ice shelves. Because the mass imbalance of AIS is of the order of 5-10% of both accumulation and attrition terms of the mass budget (~2000 Gt yr-1), all glaciers around Antarctica as well as each assumption made require precise attention. This thesis starts with a chapter exploring the grounding zone (Chapter 2), and then goes on to the actual mass balance calculations of the AIS in Chapter 3 and of the Antarctica ice shelves in Chapter 4. The Grounding lines (GL) of Antarctica have been widely studied using various techniques at a local and regional scale. In recent years GL datasets aiming for circumpolar coverage have been published using different approaches. However these datasets still bear unexplained discrepancies of up to tens of kilometres in numerous places around Antarctica. In Chapter 2 four recent datasets are compared which track either the surface break of slope (h) or the inward limit of tidal flexure (F) as proxies for the grounding point (G). From visual examination and from a particle tracking scheme (PTS), it is found that all GL datasets agree within 1-2 km on slow moving ice and on the sides of fast flowing features (FFFs). However it is confirmed that h, obtained from photogrametry or photo clinometry, is not a reliable proxy in central parts of FFFs because of multiple breaks-in-slope and artefacts. It is further confirmed that the most reliable methods to map G in such places are those tracking F. In addition, a gravitational driving stress (td) is computed from a 1 km Antarctic digital model elevation (DEM) and leads to the finding that driving stress mapping (DSM) supports dynamic approaches in grounding line location. This reconciles static and dynamic grounding line methods by showing that they map the same features providing that altimetry is used rather than imagery for static methods. Guided by these analyses a new, up-to-date, and complete grounding line of Antarctica is compiled. The potential of DSM is successfully tested on a grounding line migration case study in West Antarctica. To investigate the grounding zone around Antarctica and its ice dynamics, DSM is further used. DSM allows to map sharp transitions across G for slow moving ice, as well as complicated transitions on fast flowing features (FFFs). Complicated transitions on FFFs contradict the idea of there being an ideal transition occurring at G, whereby the ice flow regime switches from basal drag-dominated to lateral drag-dominated. Rather, it is found that acceleration occurs upstream of G and that deceleration occurs downstream of G. This changes the understanding of the grounding zone ice dynamics, where ice was believed to accelerate at G due to loss of basal drag. Using DSM in combination with ice penetrating radar (lPR), reported and new ice plains (i .e. lightly grounded areas) are detected and mapped. They extents cover ~55,000 km2 around the Ross, the Filchner-Ronne, and the Larsen C ice shelves. These findings have implications for our understanding of ice sheet stability since ice plains are particularly prone to grounding line migration and can stretch up to ~300 km inland of G. In Chapter 3 the MB of the AIS is assessed using the input-output method (lOM). The grounding line fluxes (GLF) and 5MB are estimated for 110 drainage basins covering the whole AIS. The GLF is computed using up to date grounding lines and additional radar ice thicknesses data compared to previous 10M studies. 5MB values are re-evaluated in light of new drainage basins defined from an ice velocity field rather than from topography. 5MB is taken as the 30 years mean of three regional climate models. Due to a number of improvements in the GLF methodology, an unprecedented 94% of the ice sheet area is surveyed, i.e. an increase of + 13% from the latest 10M study. Un-surveyed areas are accounted for using mass trends (MT) from a Bayesian hierarchical modelling solution from the RATES (Resolving Antarctic ice mass TrEndS) project. The integrated AIS mass balance is -63 ± 83 Gt yr- I and divides into -22 ± 28, -62 ± 45, and 22 ± 64 Gt yr- I for the Antarctic Peninsula (AP), the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS), and the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), respectively. The integrated MB is therefore a lower 10M estimate compared to previous 10M studies and reconciles the 10M with the other MB methods of satellite gravimetry and altimetry. Because the stability of the AIS is intimately linked to the stability of ice shelves, Chapter 4 finally focuses on the mass balance of ice shelves around Antarctica, giving the partition between calving fluxes (CF) and basal mass balance (BMB), the main processes by which Antarctic ice is lost. Before this study, iceberg calving had been assumed the dominant cause of mass loss for the Antarctic ice sheet, with previous estimates of the calving flux exceeding 2,000 Gt yr- I . More recently, the importance of melting by the ocean had been demonstrated close to the grounding line and near the calving front. So far, however, no study had reliably quantified the calving flux and the BMB (the balance between accretion and ablation at the ice-shelf base) for the whole of Antarctica. The distribution of fresh water in the Southern Ocean and its partitioning between the liquid and solid phases was therefore poorly constrained. Here, a first estimate of the mass balance components for all ice shelves in Antarctica is produced using calving flux and grounding-line flux from satellite and airborne observations, modelled ice-shelf snow accumulation rates, and a regional scaling that accounts for un-surveyed areas. The total CF is 1321 ± 144 Gt yr- I and the total BMB is -1454 ± 174 Gt yr-1 . These numbers mean that about half of the ice-sheet surface mass gain is lost through oceanic erosion before reaching the ice front, and that the calving flux is about 34% less than previous estimates derived from iceberg tracking. In addition, the fraction of mass loss due to basal processes varies from about 10 to 90 % between ice shelves. A significant positive correlation between BMB and surface elevation change is found for ice shelves experiencing surface lowering and enhanced discharge. It is therefore suggested that basal mass loss is a valuable metric for predicting future ice-shelf vulnerability to oceanic forcing.

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Huss, Matthias Boes Robert. "Past and future changes in glacier mass balance /." Zürich : Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie, ETH Zürich, 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000263371.

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Greenfield, David W. J. "A local authority waste management mass balance model." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2010. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/2f7bca16-407c-44d0-a102-d03e3875e542.

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The pressure at the turn of the 21st century for Waste Disposal Authorities to change their waste disposal systems was both urgent and comprehensive, with emphasis being placed on moving towards the 3Rs; Reducing, Recycling and Recovering value from Municipal Wastes. This thesis explores how a mass balance model was created for the Brighton & Hove City and East Sussex County council Private Finance Initiative (PFI) contract, in response to the pressures for change and need for investment up to 2002. An identification and evaluation of the drivers for change at the time has been undertaken; with it being demonstrated that legislation, lack of landfill space and underlying public pressure were the stimulus for change.

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Books on the topic "Mass balance"

1

Mann, Kim Bong, Pace Thompson G, and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards., eds. Chemical mass balance receptor model diagnostics. Research Triangle Park, N.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988.

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E, Peters Norman, Bricker Owen P. 1936-, and Kennedy M. M, eds. Water quality trends and geochemical mass balance. Chichester: Wiley, 1997.

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Kang, Ersi. Energy, water, mass balance, and hydrological discharge. Zürich: Geologisches Institut ETH, 1994.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Mass balance, meteorological, and runoff measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1992 balance year. Tacoma, Wash: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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M, Krimmel Robert. Mass balance, meteorological, and runoff measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1992 balance year. Tacoma, Wash: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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M, Krimmel Robert. Mass balance, meteorological, and runoff measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1992 balance year. Tacoma, Wash: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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Bundy, Alida. A mass balance model of the Newfoundland-Labrador shelf. St. John's, Nfld: Science, Oceans and Environment Branch, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, 2000.

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F, Toranzo Roca Carlos, Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales., and Periodistas Asociados Televisión, eds. Balance de las elecciones municipales. [La Paz]: ILDIS, 1992.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Runoff, precipitation, mass balance, and ice velocity measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1993 balance year. Tacoma, Wash: U.S. Geological Survey, 1994.

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March, Rod. Mass balance, meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1992 balance year. Fairbanks, Alaska: Dept. of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mass balance"

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Krishnan, Subramaniam, and Jeenu Raghavan. "Mass Balance." In Chemical Rockets, 39–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26965-4_3.

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Ashrafizadeh, Seyed Ali, and Zhongchao Tan. "Mass Balance." In Mass and Energy Balances, 53–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72290-0_3.

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van den Broeke, Michiel, and Rianne Giesen. "Mass Balance." In Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment, 161–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42584-5_7.

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Nikbakht, Ali M., Ahmad Piri, and Azharul Karim. "Mass Balance." In Applied Thermodynamics in Unit Operations, 24–32. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003424680-2.

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Ashrafizadeh, Seyed Ali, and Zhongchao Tan. "Energy Balance." In Mass and Energy Balances, 127–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72290-0_5.

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Ragot, José, Mohamed Darouach, and Didier Maquin. "Mass Balance Equilibration." In Mineral Processing Design, 221–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3549-5_9.

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Pacyna, Jozef M., and Eva Selin Lindgren. "Chemical Mass Balance." In Airborne Particulate Matter, 125–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49145-3_5.

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Haeberli, Wilfried. "Glacier Mass Balance." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 399–408. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_341.

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Pelto, Mauri. "Glacier Mass Balance." In Climate Driven Retreat of Mount Baker Glaciers and Changing Water Resources, 25–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22605-7_3.

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Beumer, Jan H., Julie L. Eiseman, and Merrill J. Egorin. "Mass Balance Studies." In Preclinical Development Handbook, 1103–31. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470249031.ch33.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mass balance"

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Bai, Y., R. Zhong, Z. Li, Y. Wang, Q. Zhang, J. Zhao, Z. Zhang, and J. Wang. "Research on Mass Measurement Difference Between Joule Balance and Primary Mass Standard." In 2024 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM), 1–2. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cpem61406.2024.10646038.

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Shaw, Gordon A., Sven Schulze, and René Theska. "Tabletop Electrostatic Force Balance for Liquid Mass Measurement." In 2024 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM), 1–2. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cpem61406.2024.10646058.

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Thompson, James K. "Ion Balance Mass Spectrometry." In ATOMIC PHYSICS 19: XIX International Conference on Atomic Physics; ICAP 2004. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1928840.

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Elmore, Andrew Curtis. "A Mass Balance-Based 1D Mass Transport Model." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40976(316)74.

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Aas, N., B. Knudsen, J. O. Sæten, and E. Nordstad. "Mass Balance of Production Chemicals." In SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/74083-ms.

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Masoud Salyani, Muhammad Farooq, and Roy D Sweeb. "Mass Balance of Citrus Spray Applications." In 2007 Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 17-20, 2007. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.23360.

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Olliges, Jordan, Miles Killingsworth, Taylor Lilly, and Andrew Ketsdever. "Thrust Stand Mass Balance Measurements of Hybrid Motor Mass Flow." In 43rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-5364.

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Wilson, Eric. "ISRU Optimized Mass Balance for Martian Colony." In ASCEND 2020. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2020-4076.

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Webster, E., I. A. Robinson, H. Chong, and S. Davidson. "KIBBLE BALANCE FOR GRAM LEVEL MASS MEASUREMENTS." In Joint IMEKO TC3, T5, TC16 and TC22 International Conference. Budapest: IMEKO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/tc3-2022.092.

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Gentile, A., L. Pierce, G. Ciraolo, G. Zhang, G. La Loggia, and R. Nemani. "Comparison between energy balance and mass balance models for actual evapotranspiration assessment." In SPIE Europe Remote Sensing, edited by Christopher M. U. Neale and Antonino Maltese. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.830229.

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Reports on the topic "Mass balance"

1

Russell, V. K. MBA, mass balance area user guide. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10104896.

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Sutter, S. L., J. W. Johnston, J. A. Glissmeyer, and G. F. Athey. BTD building uranium mass balance study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6358904.

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Stempien, John D., Paul A. Demkowicz, Jason M. Harp, and Philip L. Winston. AGR-3/4 Experiment Preliminary Mass Balance. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1558760.

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Olliges, J. D., M. D. Killingsworth, T. C. Lilly, and A. D. Ketsdever. Thrust Stand Mass Balance Measurements of Hybrid Motor Mass Flow (Preprint). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada471112.

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Zeller, Lucas, Daniel McGrath, Louis Sass, Shad O’Neel, Christopher McNeil, and Emily Baker. Beyond glacier-wide mass balances : parsing seasonal elevation change into spatially resolved patterns of accumulation and ablation at Wolverine Glacier, Alaska. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48497.

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We present spatially distributed seasonal and annual surface mass balances of Wolverine Glacier, Alaska, from 2016 to 2020. Our approach accounts for the effects of ice emergence and firn compaction on surface elevation changes to resolve the spatial patterns in mass balance at 10 m scale. We present and compare three methods for estimating emergence velocities. Firn compaction was constrained by optimizing a firn model to fit three firn cores. Distributed mass balances showed good agreement with mass-balance stakes (RMSE = 0.67 m w.e., r = 0.99, n = 41) and ground-penetrating radar surveys (RMSE = 0.36 m w.e., r = 0.85, n = 9024). Fundamental differences in the distributions of seasonal balances highlight the importance of disparate physical processes, with anomalously high ablation rates observed in icefalls. Winter balances were found to be positively skewed when controlling for elevation, while summer and annual balances were negatively skewed. We show that only a small percent of the glacier surface represents ideal locations for mass-balance stake placement. Importantly, no suitable areas are found near the terminus or in elevation bands dominated by icefalls. These findings offer explanations for the often needed geodetic calibrations of glaciological time series.

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Poirier, M., and S. Fink. Oxalate Mass Balance During Chemical Cleaning in Tank 5F. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1021332.

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Li, Hong, Hongwei Xin, and Robert T. Burns. The Uncertainty of Nitrogen Mass Balance for Turkey Housing. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-160.

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Lee, Vincent J. Technical documentation for the mass calibration laboratory balance automation. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6283.

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Poirier, M., and S. Fink. OXALATE MASS BALANCE DURING CHEMICAL CLEANING IN TANK 6F. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1025572.

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B.D. Kreutzberg, R.L. Ames, and K.M. Hansel. Evaporation and NARS Nitric Acid Mass Balance Summary: 2000--2005. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/876502.

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