Relevant bibliographies by topics / Mass and energy balance analysis

Academic literature on the topic 'Mass and energy balance analysis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Mass and energy balance analysis"

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Hock, Regine, Valentina Radić, and Mattias De Woul. "Climate sensitivity of Storglaciären, Sweden: an intercomparison of mass-balance models using ERA-40 re-analysis and regional climate model data." Annals of Glaciology 46 (2007): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871503.

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AbstractEstimates of glacier contributions to future sea-level rise are often computed from mass-balance sensitivities derived for a set of representative glaciers. Our purpose is to investigate how mass-balance projections and sensitivities vary when using different approaches to compute the glacier mass balance. We choose Storglaciären, Sweden, as a test site and apply five different models including temperature-index and energy-balance approaches further varying in spatial discretization. The models are calibrated using daily European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts re-analysis (ERA-40) data. We compute static mass-balance sensitivities and cumulative mass balances until 2100 based on daily temperatures predicted by a regional climate model. Net mass-balance sensitivities to a +1 K perturbation and a 10% increase in precipitation spanned from –0.41 to –0.61 and from 0.19 to 0.22ma–1, respectively. The cumulative mass balance for the period 2002–2100 in response to the climate-model predicted temperature changes varied between –81 and –92m for four models, but was –121m for the fully distributed detailed energy-balance model. This indicates that mass losses may be underestimated if temperature-index methods are used instead of detailed energy-balance approaches that account for the effects of temperature changes on all energy-balance components individually. Our results suggest that future glacier predictions are sensitive to the choice of the mass-balance model broadening the spectrum in uncertainties.
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Sukhov, Vitalіy, and Yaroslav Kozei. "Analysis of mass-energy balance of unmanned aircraft fueled by solar energy." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 9 (87) (June 15, 2017): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2017.101974.

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Pan, Jae Gu, and Joon Shick Rhee. "Mass and energy balance for analysis of oleaginous yeast growth." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 2, no. 1 (March 1985): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02697554.

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Clark, W. D., W. R. Seeker, and C. C. Lee. "Engineering analysis of hazardous waste incineration energy and mass balance." Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management 7, no. 1 (1987): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-815x(87)90038-6.

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Oǧkuztöreli, M. N., A. Chambers, and B. Özüm. "Analysis of mass and energy balance equations in gas-solid reactions." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 66, no. 5 (October 1988): 767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450660510.

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Machguth, Horst, Wilfried Haeberli, and Frank Paul. "Mass-balance parameters derived from a synthetic network of mass-balance glaciers." Journal of Glaciology 58, no. 211 (2012): 965–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012jog11j223.

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AbstractGlacier mass-balance parameters such as the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) play an important role when working with large glacier samples. While the number of observational mass-balance series to derive such parameters is limited, more and more modeled data are becoming available.Here we explore the possibilities of analyzing such 'synthetic' mass-balance data with respect to mass-balance parameters. A simplified energy-balance model is driven by bias-corrected regional climate model output to model mass-balance distributions for 94 glaciers in the Swiss Alps over 15 years. The modeling results in realistic interannual variability and mean cumulative mass balance. Subsequently model output is analyzed with respect to 18 topographic and mass-balance parameters and a correlation analysis is performed. Well-known correlations such as for ELA and median elevation are confirmed from the synthetic data. Furthermore, previously unreported parameter relationships are found such as a correlation of the balance rate at the tongue with the accumulation-area ratio (AAR) and of the glacier elevation range with the AAR. Analyzing modeled data complements in situ observations and highlights their importance: the small number of accurate mass-balance observations available for validation is a major challenge for the presented approach.
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Chern, S. M., Walter P. Walawender, and L. T. Fan. "Mass and energy balance analyses of a downdraft gasifier." Biomass 18, no. 2 (January 1989): 127–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-4565(89)90089-9.

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Medica-Viola, Vedran, Sandi Baressi Šegota, Vedran Mrzljak, and Daniel Štifanić. "Comparison of conventional and heat balance based energy analyses of steam turbine." Pomorstvo 34, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.34.1.9.

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This paper presents a comparison of conventional and heat balance based energy analyses of steam turbine. Both analyses are compared by using measured operating parameters from low power steam turbine exploitation. The major disadvantage of conventional steam turbine energy analysis is that extracted energy flow streams are not equal in real (polytropic) and ideal (isentropic) expansion processes, while the heat balance based energy analysis successfully resolved mentioned problem. Heat balance based energy analysis require an increase of steam mass flow rates extracted from the turbine in ideal (isentropic) expansion process to ensure always the same energy flow streams to all steam consumers. Increase in steam mass flow rate extracted through each turbine extraction (heat balance based energy analysis) result with a decrease in energy power losses and with an increase in energy efficiency of whole turbine and all of its cylinders (when compared to conventional analysis). All of the obtained conclusions in this research are valid not only for the analyzed low power steam turbine, but also for any other steam turbine with steam extractions.
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Bradley, David P., Roger Kulstad, Natalie Racine, Yoram Shenker, Melissa Meredith, and Dale A. Schoeller. "Alterations in energy balance following exenatide administration." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 37, no. 5 (October 2012): 893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h2012-068.

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Exenatide is a medication similar in structure and effect to native glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin hormone with glucose-lowering properties. The aim of the study was to measure the change in total energy expenditure (TEE) and body composition during exenatide administration and by deduction the relative contributions of energy expenditure and energy intake to exenatide-induced weight loss. Forty-five obese (body mass index, 30–40 kg·m–2) subjects were identified. After exclusion criteria application, 28 subjects entered into the study and 18 subjects (12 female, 6 male) completed the study, which consisted of 6 visits over 14 weeks and injection of exenatide for an average of 84 ± 5 days. Respiratory gas analysis and doubly labeled water measurements were performed before initiation of exenatide and after approximately 3 months of exenatide administration. The average weight loss from the beginning of injection period to the end of the study in completed subjects was 2.0 ± 2.8 kg (p = 0.01). Fat mass declined by 1.3 ± 1.8 kg (p = 0.01) while the fat-free mass trended downward but was not significant (0.8 ± 2.2 kg, p = 0.14). There was no change in weight-adjusted TEE (p = 0.20), resting metabolic rate (p = 0.51), or physical activity energy expenditure (p = 0.38) and no change in the unadjusted thermic effect of a meal (p = 0.37). The significant weight loss because of exenatide administration was thus the result of decreasing energy intake. In obese nondiabetic subjects, exenatide administration did not increase TEE and by deduction the significant weight loss and loss of fat mass was due to decreased energy intake.
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Huintjes, Eva, Niklas Neckel, Volker Hochschild, and Christoph Schneider. "Surface energy and mass balance at Purogangri ice cap, central Tibetan Plateau, 2001–2011." Journal of Glaciology 61, no. 230 (2015): 1048–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015jog15j056.

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AbstractMost glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau are difficult to assess as they are located in remote regions at high altitude. This study focuses on the surface energy-balance (SEB) and mass-balance (MB) characteristics of Purogangri ice cap (PIC). A ‘COupled Snowpack and Ice surface energy and MAss balance model’ (COSIMA) is applied without observational data from the ground. The model is forced by a meteorological dataset from the High Asia Refined analysis. Model results for annual surface-elevation changes and MB agree well with the results of a previous remote-sensing estimate. Low surface velocities of 0.026 ± 0.012 m d−1 were measured by repeat-pass InSAR. This finding supports the validation of the steady-state COSIMA against satellite-derived surface changes. Overall MB of PIC for the period 2001–11 is nearly balanced (−44 kg m−2 a−1). Analysis of the model-derived SEB/MB components reveals that a significant amount of snowfall in spring is responsible for high surface albedo throughout the year. Thus, the average surface energy loss through net longwave radiation is larger than the energy gain through net shortwave radiation. The dry continental climate favours mass loss through sublimation, which accounts for 66% of the total mass loss.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mass and energy balance analysis"

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Migliavacca, Alencar. "Balanço de massa, energia e exergia na produção intensiva de frangos de corte." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3150/tde-06122017-090731/.

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A produção brasileira de frangos de corte evidenciou-se com o sistema de produção integrada, ao elevar a eficiência e a qualidade na conversão de proteína animal. Contudo, devido à rápida evolução tecnológica com crescente demanda energética e a diversificação dos sistemas de produção em diferentes microclimas, elucidar os processos de conversão de massa e energia tornou-se uma tarefa desafiadora neste sistema de produção. Constantemente, pesquisadores, produtores e agroindústria buscam processos mais rentáveis, reduzindo a demanda em mão de obra e o impacto ambiental. No entanto, nunca foi feita uma avaliação integrada do sistema produtivo de frangos de corte, considerando-se os aspectos quantitativos, energéticos e ambientais. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho é promover um detalhado balanço de massa e energia, além de avaliar por meio da análise exergética, a qualidade das conversões de energia no processo produtivo de frangos de corte. Com o levantamento de insumos, produtos e rejeitos diretos, vinculados ao ciclo de produção, foram quantificadas as vazões mássicas para os diferentes processos do ciclo e, aplicando-se a avaliação exergética, obteve-se um diagnóstico completo da quantidade e qualidade energética envolvidas. Considerando o cenário adotado, em termos mássicos, as maiores demandas identificadas para os insumos foram a água (69,2%) e a ração (24,9%). Na saída do processo, os Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE)/particulados extraídos através da ventilação (39,4%), os gases de combustão da lenha (25,6%) e a cama (14,2%) formam os principais rejeitos. A massa de frangos representa 20% das saídas. Foi identificado que a relação entre o consumo de água e ração é função da temperatura. Em termos energéticos, as maiores contribuições identificadas para os insumos foram a ração (77,7%) acompanhada do material absorvente (9,7%) e da lenha (9,6%). Na saída do processo lideram as energias associadas aos frangos (33,2%) e da cama gerada (32,1%). O rendimento energético obtido para galpões convencionais foi de 27%. Os processos que mais destroem exergia dentro do ciclo produtivo são a formação da cama de frangos a partir das excretas (51,5% em convencionais e 48,2% em climatizados) e a combustão da lenha para aquecimento (21,9% em convencionais e 20,5% em climatizados). Além disso, foi estimado o rendimento de Segunda Lei para o ciclo próximo de 26%. Foram introduzidos os índices energético e exergético de produção permitindo a comparação entre diferentes sistemas. Como principal resíduo, a cama de frangos gerada no ciclo, quando reutilizada como insumo para aquecimento do próprio aviário na forma de briquetes, pode elevar as eficiências. Comparando-se as demandas médias para as duas formas de aquecimento, foi constatado que o uso do GLP é mais favorável ao ambiente se comparado à lenha, devido à forma direta de transferência de calor aos frangos. É aconselhável, em dias quentes, elevar a velocidade do ar, utilizando o resfriamento evaporativo somente em casos de elevada temperatura ambiente, pois a introdução de água eleva a exergia dissipada no ciclo.
Brazilian production of broilers has been highlighted with the implantation of the integrated production system, which improved the efficiency and quality in animal protein conversion. However, due to the rapid technological evolution with the increasing energy demand and the diversification of production systems in different microclimates, elucidating mass and energy conversion processes has become a challenging task regarding this production system. Constantly, researchers, producers and agribusiness look for more profitable processes, reducing the labour demand and environmental impact. However, an integrated evaluation of the productive system of broilers, considering the quantitative, energy and environmental aspects has never been carried out. Thus, this study aims at promoting a detailed mass and energy balance and to evaluate the quality of the energy conversions in the productive process of broilers by means of exergy analysis. With the survey of inputs, products and direct wastes, linked to the production cycle, the mass flow rates for the different processes of the cycle were quantified and a complete diagnosis of the quantity and quality energetic involved was obtained applying the exergy evaluation. Considering the scenario adopted, in mass terms, the greatest demands identified for the inputs were water (69.2%) and feed (24.9%). At the exit of the process, the greenhouse gases/dust extracted through ventilation (39.4%), the firewood combustion gases (25.6%) and the litter poultry generated (14.2%) are the main outputs. The broilers mass was quantified in 20%. The relation between water and feed consumption has shown to be the temperature. Regarding energy, the largest contribution identified for the inputs was feed (77.7%) followed by the absorbent (9.7%) and firewood (9.6%). At the exit of the process lead the energy associated with the broilers (33.2%) and the poultry litter generated (32.1%). The energy performance obtained for conventional shed was 27%. The processes of the largest exergy destroyed within the productive cycle are the litter poultry converted from excreta (51.5% in conventional and 48.2% in air conditioning) and the combustion of wood for heating (21.9% in conventional and 20.5% in air conditioning). In addition, the second law performance for the cycle was estimated in about 26%. The energy and exergy production index was introduced allowing for the comparison among different systems. As the main residue, the litter poultry generated in the cycle when reused as an input for heating the aviary itself in the form of briquettes, can increase these efficiencies. The use of LPG is more environmentally friendly compared to wood, considering the average demands for the too forms of heating, due to the direct form of heat transfer to the broilers. It is advisable, on hot days, to raise the air speed using the evaporative cooling only in cases of high ambient temperature, as the introduction of water raises the exergy dissipated in the cycle.
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Phuthi, Thabisani Nigel. "Steelmaking with the ESS furnace : a model-based metallurgical analysis." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/75934.

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This research project investigated the option of steelmaking with the ESS furnace by using computational modelling to estimate steady state decarburisation rates. It focused on understanding metallurgical phenomena that would dictate refining rates of molten pig iron with iron ore. The results obtained are aimed at designers and potential users of the furnace technology to improve their understanding of the expected steady-state process behaviour. A mass-and-energy-balance model with a decarburisation sub-model was developed to estimate feed material requirements for steady state operation. Modelling and simulation results suggest that it may not be possible to produce steel under the conditions proposed. However, the furnace still holds potential if ideal operational conditions are understood and applied. Modelling also gave insight into which areas areas of concern, such as bubble formation in the furnace’s channel induction heaters, and necessity for a well designed refractory lining to contain heat and allow the process to operate at a stable condition under the conditions proposed. Keywords: ESS furnace, steelmaking, metallurgical analysis, modelling, mass and energy balance, decarburisation kinetics
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted
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Rafiee, Nima. "Process design and energy efficiency analysis of an oil and gas processing plant." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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Abstract The objective of this thesis is process design to prepare a heat and mass balance and associated equipment list that will process untreated reservoir fluids to allow export of saleable gas and oil in an oil and gas processing plant. Gas will be exported to an existing pipeline, oil to a nearby shuttle tanker. By energy efficiency analysis, some energy saving opportunities has been found such as heat integration, replacing control valves with expanders and improving pumps and compressors adiabatic efficiency and then the amount of power recovered through these opportunities have been calculated. After that by considering water added to the feed stream, gas dehydration unit is needed for gas drying. In this reason, a design of TEG dehydration unit has been done and compared with the energy consumption by molecular sieve dehydration unit. Comparison shows that molecular sieve dehydration unit consumes energy about two times more than TEG dehydration unit does. Furthermore, by designing fractionation unit and introducing dividing wall column, consumption of energy decreased about 33% in comparison with conventional columns. In the final part, some energy efficiency opportunities of pumps and compressors, which are the most energy consuming equipment in the oil and gas industries have been introduced. Moreover, the means of power generation for oil and gas plants have been studied. Most plants use gas turbine for power generation and introduce means of increasing gas turbine efficiency and its performance. In the final part some methods for recovery the low-grade heat, variable speed drive which shows significant energy saving, power recovery turbines and reducing friction losses through pipes have been defined.
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Grimaldi, David Andres. "Dissolved Gases and a Carbon Dioxide Balance from the San Vicente Geothermal Fieldin El Salvador, Central America." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1615276127141058.

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Claverie, Etienne. "Modélisation de la température du sol avec un bilan d’énergie, application à la prédiction de l’émergence du maïs (Zea mais)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC028/document.

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La croissance en début de cycle des grandes cultures est principalement influencée par la température et la teneur en eau du sol. Nous avons développé un modèle capable de prédire ces variables grâce à l’utilisation de données climatiques largement disponibles. Des analyses de la sensibilité du modèle nous ont permis d’identifier les composants qui contribuent à son incertitude. Après calibration, une erreur moyenne relative de moins de 10 % est constatée pour la température et la teneur en eau à 30 cm de profondeur.Dans des conditions de semis standard en Suisse, l’émergence du maïs a été mieux prédite en utilisant notre température de sol simulée plutôt que la température de l’air, plus couramment utilisée. Ce travail est une application d’un modèle biophysique complexe à un problème agronomique. Les résultats participeront à l’optimisation de l’effort de sélection des variétés tolérantes au froid. Deux pistes de recherche peuvent être considérées pour des futurs travaux: une meilleure modélisation de l’évaporation et une décomposition de l’émergence
The beginning of crop growth is influenced by soil temperature and water content near the surface. We have developed a model that predicts the local temperature and water content surrounding the seed using easily available meteorological data. Our global sensitivity analysis helped us identify the components of the model with the largest contribution to the output uncertainty. After calibration, the model showed less than 10 % relative error for temperature and water content at 30 cm. In standard sowing conditions in north-western Switzerland, the emergence was better predicted when using our simulated seed bed temperature than air temperature, the classical proxy variable. Combining the emergence model with soil temperature simulation, an accurate prediction of emergence was achieved. This work is an example of applying complex biophysics model for understanding an agronomic problem. The results of this work will participate in optimising breeding efforts for cold-tolerant crop varieties. Future investigations should consider a finer modelling of processes for evaporation and emergence
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Ranasinghe, Milinda A. "Modelling the mass and energy balance in a compost biofilter." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemical and Process Engineering, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7492.

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A biofilter model was developed using the mass and energy balances in the gas, liquid and solid phases, which related the biofilter performance to the water content in the packing material. A key simplification of the model was that the concentration gradients in the biofilm were neglected by treating the biofilm/water layer as well mixed and in instantaneous equilibrium with the gas phase. Thus, the biofilm geometry and density parameters were lumped into the overall degradation term. The solid phase was treated as a separate well-mixed layer but solid phase dynamics were accounted for by using the Linear Driving Force (LDF) mass transfer model. The mixed form of Richard's equation together with experimentally obtained unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention curves for compost were used in the continuity equation for the liquid water phase. This approach produced a model where all parameters could be potentially independently determined. The model was used to test suitable irrigation strategies for a biofilter system degrading toluene subject to different operational conditions. Under this approach both unidirectional and directionally switched biofilter configurations were tested for a 1 m long column. The unidirectional schemes incorporated both open and closed loop irrigation schemes, where the latter was based on commonly used on-line moisture measurement techniques. All schemes were evaluated based on the removal efficiency achieved and the leachate produced. Simulations under a constant irrigation rate of 5.46x 10⁻²g/m²s for a mass loading range of 13-60 g/m³h yielded removals ranging from 88%-26%. An order of magnitude drop in leachate under the high loading indicated severe drying in the system. For a high mass loading of 60 g/m³h, directional switching with a one-day frequency yielded a removal of 33% Vs 26% in an up flow scheme with similar leachate rates. Feedback control on water content provided an improved removal of 84% as compared to 73% under constant irrigation, when both schemes were subjected to load and inlet air step disturbances from 13 g/m³h to 62 g/m³h and from 298 K to 283 K respectively. A sensitivity analysis indicated that the model was most sensitive to the relationship between moisture content and degradation, which was also reflected by the high sensitivity of the model to the kinetic parameters in the degradation term. A novel batch recycle reactor was thus developed to investigate the effect of water content changes on the degradation rate in low water content systems such as biofilters. The reactor tightly controlled the water content of the unsaturated packing material by using the principle of a suction cell. Experimental runs were performed with toluene as the contaminant using unamended compost at a constant temperature of 30°C. Matric potential in the compost was maintained at values between -6 and -36 cm H₂O and the gas phase was monitored by sampling/gas chromatography. A soil water retention curve relating matric potential to gravimetric water content was generated for the compost. Periodic dry weight analyses of reactor samples together with the water retention curve verified moisture content control. Degradation results demonstrated a biologically limited region followed by a non-linear region at lower concentrations. Elimination capacities were obtained along the wetting and drying curves and changes in the water content affected the removal rates in the linear region ranging from 155 g/m³h to 24 g/m³h over the matric potential range investigated. Repeatability studies indicated that moisture content was the most likely parameter that influenced the changes in performance. Batch scale experiments were also performed using microbially inhibited compost, which provided linear sorption isotherms for toluene on compost at concentrations between 0-1000 ppmv and temperature values of 25°C and 35°C. The simulation model developed here provides a useful tool to implement and evaluate various operational schemes under different irrigation strategies. This is achieved by way of greater flexibility in incorporating the various schemes into the base model and the comparatively low simulation time to obtain the relevant results.
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Fang, Yuan-Hao, Xingnan Zhang, Chiara Corbari, Marco Mancini, Guo-Yue Niu, and Wenzhi Zeng. "Improving the Xin'anjiang hydrological model based on mass–energy balance." COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625180.

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Conceptual hydrological models are preferable for real-time flood forecasting, among which the Xin'anjiang (XAJ) model has been widely applied in humid and semi-humid regions of China. Although the relatively simple mass balance scheme ensures a good performance of runoff simulation during flood events, the model still has some defects. Previous studies have confirmed the importance of evapotranspiration (ET) and soil moisture content (SMC) in runoff simulation. In order to add more constraints to the original XAJ model, an energy balance scheme suitable for the XAJ model was developed and coupled with the original mass balance scheme of the XAJ model. The detailed parameterizations of the improved model, XAJ-EB, are presented in the first part of this paper. XAJ-EB employs various meteorological forcing and remote sensing data as input, simulating ET and runoff yield using a more physically based mass–energy balance scheme. In particular, the energy balance is solved by determining the representative equilibrium temperature (RET), which is comparable to land surface temperature (LST). The XAJ-EB was evaluated in the Lushui catchment situated in the middle reach of the Yangtze River basin for the period between 2004 and 2007. Validation using ground-measured runoff data proves that the XAJ-EB is capable of reproducing runoff comparable to the original XAJ model. Additionally, RET simulated by XAJ-EB agreed well with moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS)-retrieved LST, which further confirms that the model is able to simulate the mass–energy balance since LST reflects the interactions among various processes. The validation results prove that the XAJ-EB model has superior performance compared with the XAJ model and also extends its applicability.
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Surowiec, Roman. "Mass energy analysis of processing plasmas." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321132.

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Rodríguez, Sánchez Jonay. "Energy Analysis of an Historical Church, Sjömanskyrkan : Energy balance and efficiency measures." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17174.

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The main topic of this project is to do an energy study of the Mariners’ Church, ‘Sjömanskyrkan’, placed in the Centralplan of Gävle, Sweden. This is an old building built in the late 1800’s by the evangelic-lutheran missionaries and nowadays is used to realize different cultural activities such as concerts, meetings, workshops…   Energy is one of the most important points in the actual society. The fact that common energy sources are being depleted and the use of these resources produces a lot of contaminants have brought some many international crisis and conflicts. A big use of oil fuels can influence the government behavior and condition its laws and regulations. Nowadays, the majority of the countries want to reduce their fossil energy sources dependency, e. g. Sweden designed an energy commission in 2005 to make a report on how these uses of petroleum, natural gas and ‘fossil raw materials’ can be reduced until 2020. This project wants to follow this direction, providing some energy savings through the investment and renewal of old public buildings.   The aim of this project is to know how much and in which way this building uses the energy, locating its strong and weak points, and point out some different energy efficiency measures to improve the situation.   First of all, an energy balance has been realized. In the part of the heat gains the total energy use is 274 MWh / year. On the other hand the energy losses give a quantity of 273 MWh / year. The differences between both are the losses by infiltration, 1MWh / year. Most of this energy is lost because of the transmission, about a 95% of the energy losses. The age of the building and its old materials are the main reason for this out of proportion percentage. That’s why the main efficiency measures are referred to this part.   After this first analysis, some efficiency measures have been carried out. The most important are referred to the structural elements like walls, windows, roof and floor. All of these procedures can save 45% of the energy losses. This is evidence that old buildings and this in particular, are really bad insulated and have a lot of heat leakages. Also some behavior recommendations are given, like maintenance works and lightning improvements.
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Huintjes, Eva [Verfasser]. "Energy and mass balance modelling for glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau : extension, validation and application of a coupled snow and energy balance model / Eva Huintjes." Aachen : Hochschulbibliothek der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1065848064/34.

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Books on the topic "Mass and energy balance analysis"

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A, Wenzel Leonard, ed. Chemical process analysis: Mass and energy balances. Englewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice-Hall International, 1988.

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1923-, Wenzel Leonard A., ed. Chemical process analysis: Mass and energy balances. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1988.

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Kang, Ersi. Energy, water, mass balance, and hydrological discharge. Zürich: Geologisches Institut ETH, 1994.

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Zhi neng jun heng: Mass and energy balance. Xin bei shi: Xin wen jing kai fa chu ban gu fen you xian gong si, 2011.

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Dyurgerov, Mark. Glacier mass balance and regime: Data of measurements and analysis. Edited by Meier Mark, Armstrong Richard L. 1941-, and University of Colorado, Boulder. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. Boulder, Colo: Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, 2002.

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Vedanayagam, Samuel. Mass balance analysis of suspended solids in the Tualatin River. [Corvallis]: Oregon Water Resources Research Institute, 1995.

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DeGeorge, Barry. Interpreting crisis: A retrospective analysis. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1987.

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Giovinetto, Mario B. Summary and analysis of surface mass balance compilations for Antarctica, 1960-1985. Columbus: Ohio State University Research Foundation, 1987.

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Tarmohamed, Yasmin. Ontario municipal sewage treatment plants mass balance project: Report-- metals. [S.l.]: MISA Advisory Committee, 1990.

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Gilberto Francisco Martha de Souza. Thermal Power Plant Performance Analysis. London: Springer London, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mass and energy balance analysis"

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Ashrafizadeh, Seyed Ali, and Zhongchao Tan. "Mass Balance." In Mass and Energy Balances, 53–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72290-0_3.

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Ashrafizadeh, Seyed Ali, and Zhongchao Tan. "Energy Balance." In Mass and Energy Balances, 127–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72290-0_5.

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Jung, Joey, and Jiujun Zhang. "Analysis of Mass Balance, Energy Consumption, and Economics of the Closed-Loop Hydrometallurgical Recycling Waste/Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Active Materials." In Hydrometallurgical Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Materials, 147–66. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/97810032692050-5.

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Hurst, Tony, Takeshi Hashimoto, and Akihiko Terada. "Crater Lake Energy and Mass Balance." In Advances in Volcanology, 307–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36833-2_13.

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Hagg, Wilfried. "Mass and Energy Balance of Glaciers." In Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology, 43–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64714-1_4.

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Geiger, Rudolf, Robert H. Aron, and Paul Todhunter. "Further Analysis of the Energy Balance." In The Climate Near the Ground, 197–221. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-86582-3_5.

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Burnier, Julia V., Shun Li, and Pnina Brodt. "The Role of the IGF Axis in Human Malignancy: Evidence from Epidemiological Studies and Tissue Analysis." In Energy Balance and Cancer, 213–42. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9911-5_10.

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Cahen, D., B. Büchner, H. Flaisher, and M. Wolf. "Photothermal Energy Balance Analysis of Photvoltaic Cells." In Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena II, 389–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-46972-8_99.

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Stepanov, Vladimir S. "Efficiency of Technological Processes Based on Energy Balance." In Analysis of Energy Efficiency of Industrial Processes, 19–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77148-4_3.

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Zanker, Cathy, and Karen Hind. "The Effect of Energy Balance on Endocrine Function and Bone Health in Youth." In Optimizing Bone Mass and Strength, 81–101. Basel: KARGER, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000103006.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mass and energy balance analysis"

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Osgood-Jacobs, Logan, Akwasi A. Boateng, Peregrine Carlson, Charles A. Mullen, and Nelson Macken. "Mass Balance and Exergy Analysis of a Fast Pyrolysis System." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62319.

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Mass balance closure and exergetic efficiency is evaluated for a bench scale fast pyrolysis system. The USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) has developed this system for processing energy crops and agricultural residues for bio-oil (pyrolysis oil or pyrolysis liquids) production. Mass balance closure cannot be achieved due to the system size and complexity of inputs and outputs. A linear programming optimization model is developed to use the experimental data to achieve improved closure of elemental balances without losing the overall representation of the pyrolysis products. Having improved the mass balance, it is then possible to evaluate the exergy of the system. Exergy flows are computed using statistical relationships and other standard techniques. Computational details and results are discussed for switchgrass, a typical candidate biomass. Solutions for the minimum and maximum bio-oil outputs were generated. These particular results indicated that bio-oil accounted for approximately 10% of the loss mass. Considering all products as useful, the exergy destruction is approximately 20%. If the bio-oil alone is considered useful, the exergy destruction is about 40%. Further exercise of the model can be useful in evaluating mass losses and exergy for other feedstock and experimental runs.
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Khan, M. M., G. Zatzman, and M. R. Islam. "The Formulation of a Comprehensive Mass and Energy Balance Equation." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-69171.

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Nanotechnologies are considered to be the driver of the Information-Age engineering. Recent discoveries in practically all aspects of engineering developments indicate that properties at nano-levels are starkly different from properties at bulk levels. These discoveries signal great potentials for nanotechnologies that can revolutionize all technologies, ranging from medicine to energy. However, the same discoveries also point to the fact that conventional laws and theories that have enjoyed long-standing confidence of the scientific community do not apply to nanotechnologies. In absence of such laws that describe nano-scale phenomena, it is difficult if not impossible to predict long-term impacts of nanotechnologies. This paper presents a comprehensive formulation of mass and energy balance equations. This formulation gives rise to a unique set of equations that apply to both nano- and bulk scale natural phenomena. The formulation is based on momentum balance, which is preserved at all scales, ranging from cosmic to nano- and even the inter-atomic level. Although Newton posited gravitation as a universally acting force, we now know that electromagnetic forces predominate in matter at the nano or inter-atomic level. Electromagnetic forces, like frictional forces, however, can exist and persist without ever having been externally applied. Reasoning thus “by exhaustion”, Newton’s Three Laws of Motion plus the principle of universal gravitation are actually special cases of “something else”. That “something else” is far more general, viz., the universal preservation of mass-energy balance and conservation of momentum. The connecting element of this universal balance is that motion is the mode of existence of all matter. This renders time a characteristic of matter itself within the overall context of mass-energy-momentum conservation. In other words, time ceases to be mainly or only a derivative of some spatial displacement of matter. In this way, it becomes possible at last to treat time, consistently, as a true fourth dimension — and no longer as merely the independent variable. This description is consistent with Einstein’s revolutionary relativity theory, but does not rely on Maxwell’s equations as the starting point. The resulting equation is shown to be continuous in time, thereby allowing transition from mass to energy. As a result a single governing equation emerges. This equation is solved for a number of cases and is shown to be successful in discerning between various natural and artificial sources of mass and energy. With this equation, the difference between chemical and organic fertilizers, microwave and wood stove heating, and sunlight and fluorescent light can be made with unprecedented clarity. By applying this equation, a complete pathway analysis of nanomaterials is made and it is shown that engineering at nano-scale will have long-term impacts. This analysis would not be possible with conventional techniques. Finally, analysis results are shown for a number of energy- and material-related prospects.
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Chen Li, Bing Han, Zheng-Kun Li, and Qing He. "Uncertainty analysis and evaluation of magnetic system of energy balance substituting for mass standard." In 2009 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics (ICMLC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmlc.2009.5212139.

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Teixeira, José, Luis S. B. Martins, Manuel Lopes, Senhorinha F. Teixeira, and Manuel E. Ferreira. "Two Stage Atmospheric Burners: Development and Verification of a New Mass-Energy Balance Model." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38820.

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Nitrogen oxides (NOx) from combustion devices are responsible for the formation of acid rain and photochemical smog. This led to a growing environmental concern resulting in the creation of rigorous legislation for harmful emissions. For domestic hot water production appliances, particularly water heaters, there are already some solutions in the market able to achieve low pollutant emissions. However, the complexity of the solutions makes the price tag significantly higher, hampering its mass adoption. It is therefore essential to design and develop simpler and low cost solutions that meet the limits imposed by legislation. This work reports the analysis and validation of the air-gas fuel mixture in a water heater low NOx gas burner element. This is based on a pre-mixed flame made of two separate fuel systems. One is a lean mixture that provides the bulk of the heat load. The other is a rich pilot flame, used to stabilize the flame. For that, a mathematical model was developed and applied, which, upon initial settings, allows for the prediction of the amount of primary air drafted. To validate the theoretical results, experimental tests were performed using a Laser Doppler Anemometer to evaluate the influence of the throat length in the amount of entrained air, as well as, the air induced in the burner element under study. Furthermore, a parametric analysis was performed which evaluated the influence of some variables (geometry, physical properties of fluids, etc.) in the amount of entrained air. The numerical results for the air-fuel equivalence ratio of a conventional burner element (between 0.645 and 0.794) proved to be reasonably close to the value announced by the manufacturer (0.7). Numerical analysis of the burner element with pilot stabilization resulted in values that verify the difference between the richness of the two mixtures. By adjusting the throat-diffuser geometry one may tune the air-fuel ratio of each mixture.
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Sunder Raj, Komandur S. "Analysis of Turbine Cycle Performance Losses Using Entropy Balance Techniques." In ASME 2005 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pwr2005-50004.

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The first and second laws of thermodynamics find universal application in steady-state modeling and performance analysis of power plant cycles. While the first law deals with mass and energy balances and the use of enthalpy, the second law deals with the effectiveness of energy utilization and the concept of entropy in analyzing and evaluating losses occurring in power plant cycles. Performance losses are accompanied by increases in entropy. This paper examines the application of entropy balance in evaluating and quantifying losses occurring in a sample turbine cycle. While there are many sources of losses in a power plant cycle, the sources examined in this paper include the boiler, turbine, feedwater heaters, piping and, boiler feed pump. The methodology may be used to analyze and evaluate performance losses occurring in any power plant cycle.
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Sunder Raj, Komandur S. "Analysis of Turbine Cycle Performance, Operation and Reliability Issues Using Heat Balance Techniques." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98282.

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The first law of thermodynamics is universally used in steady-state modeling and performance analysis of power plant cycles. Mass and energy balances may be effectively utilized in analyzing and evaluating turbine cycle performance issues and associated heat rate and capacity losses. Utilizing a case study for a fleet of coal-fired power plants and different examples, this paper examines applications of heat balance techniques in evaluating and quantifying performance losses. The focus of the paper will be in analyzing, diagnosing and quantifying performance, operation and reliability issues for the turbine cycle and major equipment.
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Lee, Tae Seok, Jacob N. Chung, and Yen-Cho Chen. "Pre-Reformer Design and Optimization for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54207.

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We have conducted optimization for a flow process consisting typical direct internal reforming Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) utilizing syngas with anode off gas recycling. The mass and energy balance analysis for the whole system has been carried out. Mass balance (or molar balance) analysis includes optimization for minimum fuel and oxygen consumption rates corresponding to the temperatures of pre-reformer and SOFC, the steam to carbon ratio inside the pre-reformer, recirculation ratio, and rate of CO2 capture. Studies on the reforming chemical reactions and chemical equilibria are presented. The results include CO2 adsorption in the adsorbent bed as well as recirculation. For the molar balance study, we provided methane consumption rate and overall molar balance. With the energy balance analysis, the temperature distributions in the system are calculated. We have also investigated the total system efficiency based on the first law of thermodynamics. The overall efficiency is defined as the total net power output divided by the lower heating value rate of fuel input. We also provided optimal case design parameters. Thermodynamic efficiency is mainly affected by CO2 adsorption percentage under low steam to carbon ratio region, while efficiency is mainly affected by recirculation rate under high temperature operation. In accordance with our simulation, it is recommended high SOFC temperature, moderate SC ratio, moderate CO2 adsorption and high recirculation operation.
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Loughrin, Casey, Hyunjae Park, and Robert Weber. "Development of Analysis Algorithm and Computational Methodology for the Evaluation of Non-Uniform Energy Conversion System Performance: Part II — System Connectivity." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14965.

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It has been proposed to develop a component analysis module for each energy and heat exchanging component in a system. A system connectivity matrix has been developed to evaluate the mass and energy flow characteristics between components and the system performance. The developed component analysis modules, in conjunction with the system connectivity matrix, are exclusively used to calculate the overall and local system thermal performance. In this work, two sample energy conversion systems were selected; a vaporcompression refrigeration system and a boiler heating system. This paper examines the development of the system connectivity matrices and the corresponding iterative and/or non-iterative analysis algorithm and computational methodology. Proper mass and energy balances are formed based on the structure of the system connectivity matrix along with appropriate thermodynamic property models. The balance equations are then solved iteratively by using the developed component analysis modules until the residuals meet the convergence criteria. It was found that for the selected two systems the variations in thermal effectiveness of the two-phase heat and energy exchanging components, such as the evaporator, condenser and boiler in this work, were the main contributor of non-uniform system thermal performance.
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Warren, David L., and Paul O. Hedman. "Differential Mass and Energy Balances in the Flame Zone From a Practical Fuel Injector in a Technology Combustor." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-112.

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This paper presents further analysis of experimental results from an Air Force program conducted by researchers at Brigham Young University (BYU) Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), and Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Co. (P&W) (Hedman, et al., 1994a and 1994b). These earlier investigations of the combustion of propane in a practical burner installed in a technology combustor used: 1) digitized images from video and still film photographs to document observed flame behavior as fuel equivalence ratio was varied, 2) sets of LDA data to quantify the velocity flow fields existing in the burner, 3) CARS measurements of gas temperature to determine the temperature field in the combustion zone, and to evaluate the magnitude of peak temperature, and 4) two-dimensional PLIF images of OH radical concentrations to document the instantaneous location of the flame reaction zones. This study has used the in situ velocity and temperature measurements from the earlier study, suitably interpolated, to determine local mass and energy balances on differential volume elements throughout the flame zone. The differential mass balance was generally within about ± 10% with some notable exceptions near regions of very high shear and mixing. The local differential energy balance has qualitatively identified the regions of the flame where the major heat release is occurring, and has provided quantitative values on the rate of energy release (up to −400 kJ/m3s). The velocity field data have also been used to determine Lagrangian pathlines through the flame zone. The local velocity and temperature along selected pathlines have allowed temperature timelines to be determined. The temperature generally achieves its peak value, often near the adiabatic flame temperature, within about 10 ms. These temperature timelines, along with the quantitative heat release data may provide a basis for evaluating kinetic combustion models.
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Cotul, Ugur, and Shripad T. Revankar. "Analysis of Passive Tube Condensation With Non-Condensable Gas Using Heat and Mass Analogy Model." In 2021 28th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone28-65829.

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Abstract In this study, we used the heat and mass analogy model to be able to predict the heat transfer properties of a condenser tube operating in passive mode. The most important advantage of analogy model comparing boundary layer model is simplicity and fast computation, that’s why it can be applied to various engineering problems for many cases. The heat and mass analogy model is based on the heat transfer balance between liquid film and gas mixture area. The main problem for the liquid film region is the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) which is affected negatively in the presence of non-condensable gas. Therefore, our main goal is to increase the HTC and condensation heat transfer rate by updating the analogy code. In the gas-vapor mixture region, heat transfer mainly occurred as latent condensation and sensible heat transfer. In order to maintain this balance between the mixture and liquid film, the interface temperature is iterated. After defining a specified tolerance value of the heat and mass analogy model codes, this iteration process was started to be used at the entrance of a condenser tube. The gas and vapor mixture is considered to be saturated at the liquid/gas interface in the heat and mass transfer analogy model. Via boundary layer study of species concentration and energy balance, the non-condensable gas effect on condensation is added into the equation. For the condensation heat transfer coefficient of turbulent vapor flow associated with laminar condensate, numerical predictions were made and they were satisfactory. The predictions were compared with the experimental data from the literature to be able to test the model. Non-condensable gas mass fraction and vapor-non-condensable mixture temperature were presented in the form of radial and axial profiles.
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Reports on the topic "Mass and energy balance analysis"

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Fletcher, D. THERMODYNAMIC AND MASS BALANCE ANALYSIS OF EXPANSIVE PHASE PRECIPITATION IN SALTSTONE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/929104.

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Denham, M. THERMODYNAMIC AND MASS BALANCE ANALYSIS OF EXPANSIVE PHASE PRECIPITATION IN SALTSTONE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/935435.

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Smith, M. W. Analysis of the Thermal Performance of Tierra I--A Low-Energy High-Mass Residence. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/783392.

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Billi, M., A. Urquiza Gómez, and C. Feres Klenner. Environmental communication and non-conventional renewable energy projects. Content analysis of Chilean mass media. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2017-1216en.

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Trimble, D. J. DATA ANALYSIS K-WEST BASIN CANISTER LIQUID AND GAS SAMPLES AND GAMMA ENERGY ANALYSIS AND MASS SPECTROMETRY DATA. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/16098.

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de la Rue du Can, Stephane, Ali Hasanbeigi, and Jayant Sathaye. Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program. Final Project Report. California Energy Balance Update and Decomposition Analysis for the Industry and Building Sectors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1184386.

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Tong, Li, Shi Xiaoshuang, Teng Rufeng, Liang Fengxia, Chen Rui, Jing Xianghong, Su Yangshuai, Wang Hua, Huang Qi, and Song Yanjuan. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of sleep duration on adiposity and components of energy balance. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.7.0073.

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Lacerda Silva, P., G. R. Chalmers, A. M. M. Bustin, and R. M. Bustin. Gas geochemistry and the origins of H2S in the Montney Formation. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329794.

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The geology of the Montney Formation and the geochemistry of its produced fluids, including nonhydrocarbon gases such as hydrogen sulfide were investigated for both Alberta and BC play areas. Key parameters for understanding a complex petroleum system like the Montney play include changes in thickness, depth of burial, mass balance calculations, timing and magnitudes of paleotemperature exposure, as well as kerogen concentration and types to determine the distribution of hydrocarbon composition, H2S concentrations and CO2 concentrations. Results show that there is first-, second- and third- order variations in the maturation patterns that impact the hydrocarbon composition. Isomer ratio calculations for butane and propane, in combination with excess methane estimation from produced fluids, are powerful tools to highlight effects of migration in the hydrocarbon distribution. The present-day distribution of hydrocarbons is a result of fluid mixing between hydrocarbons generated in-situ with shorter-chained hydrocarbons (i.e., methane) migrated from deeper, more mature areas proximal to the deformation front, along structural elements like the Fort St. John Graben, as well as through areas of lithology with higher permeability. The BC Montney play appears to have hydrocarbon composition that reflects a larger contribution from in-situ generation, while the Montney play in Alberta has a higher proportion of its hydrocarbon volumes from migrated hydrocarbons. Hydrogen sulphide is observed to be laterally discontinuous and found in discrete zones or pockets. The locations of higher concentrations of hydrogen sulphide do not align with the sulphate-rich facies of the Charlie Lake Formation but can be seen to underlie areas of higher sulphate ion concentrations in the formation water. There is some alignment between CO2 and H2S, particularly south of Dawson Creek; however, the cross-plot of CO2 and H2S illustrates some deviation away from any correlation and there must be other processes at play (i.e., decomposition of kerogen or carbonate dissolution). The sources of sulphur in the produced H2S were investigated through isotopic analyses coupled with scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and mineralogy by X-ray diffraction. The Montney Formation in BC can contain small discrete amounts of sulphur in the form of anhydrite as shown by XRD and SEM-EDX results. Sulphur isotopic analyses indicate that the most likely source of sulphur is from Triassic rocks, in particular, the Charlie Lake Formation, due to its close proximity, its high concentration of anhydrite (18-42%), and the evidence that dissolved sulphate ions migrated within the groundwater in fractures and transported anhydrite into the Halfway Formation and into the Montney Formation. The isotopic signature shows the sulphur isotopic ratio of the anhydrite in the Montney Formation is in the same range as the sulphur within the H2S gas and is a lighter ratio than what is found in Devonian anhydrite and H2S gas. This integrated study contributes to a better understanding of the hydrocarbon system for enhancing the efficiency of and optimizing the planning of drilling and production operations. Operators in BC should include mapping of the Charlie Lake evaporites and structural elements, three-dimensional seismic and sulphate ion concentrations in the connate water, when planning wells, in order to reduce the risk of encountering unexpected souring.
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Schlossnagle, Trevor H., Janae Wallace,, and Nathan Payne. Analysis of Septic-Tank Density for Four Communities in Iron County, Utah - Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah. Utah Geological Survey, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ri-284.

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Iron County is a semi-rural area in southwestern Utah that is experiencing an increase in residential development. Although much of the development is on community sewer systems, many subdivisions use septic tank soil-absorption systems for wastewater disposal. Many of these septic-tank systems overlie the basin-fill deposits that compose the principal aquifer for the area. The purpose of our study is to provide tools for waterresource management and land-use planning. In this study we (1) characterize the water quality of four areas in Iron County (Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah) with emphasis on nutrients, and (2) provide a mass-balance analysis based on numbers of septic-tank systems, groundwater flow available for mixing, and baseline nitrate concentrations, and thereby recommend appropriate septic-system density requirements to limit water-quality degradation. We collected 57 groundwater samples and three surface water samples across the four study areas to establish baseline nitrate concentrations. The baseline nitrate concentrations for Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 1.51 mg/L, 1.42 mg/L, 2.2 mg/L, and 1.76 mg/L, respectively. We employed a mass-balance approach to determine septic-tank densities using existing septic systems and baseline nitrate concentrations for each region. Nitrogen in the form of nitrate is one of the principal indicators of pollution from septic tank soil-absorption systems. To provide recommended septic-system densities, we used a mass-balance approach in which the nitrogen mass from projected additional septic tanks is added to the current nitrogen mass and then diluted with groundwater flow available for mixing plus the water added by the septic-tank systems themselves. We used an allowable degradation of 1 mg/L with respect to nitrate. Groundwater flow volume available for mixing was calculated from existing hydrogeologic data. We used data from aquifer tests compiled from drinking water source protection documents to derive hydraulic conductivity from reported transmissivities. Potentiometric surface maps from existing publications and datasets were used to determine groundwater flow directions and hydraulic gradients. Our results using the mass balance approach indicate that the most appropriate recommended maximum septic-tank densities in Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 23 acres per system, 7 acres per system, 5 acres per system, and 11 acres per system, respectively. These recommendations are based on hydrogeologic parameters used to estimate groundwater flow volume. Public valley-wide sewer systems may be a better alternative to septic-tank systems where feasible.
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Selph, Shelly S., Andrea C. Skelly, Ngoc Wasson, Joseph R. Dettori, Erika D. Brodt, Erik Ensrud, Diane Elliot, et al. Physical Activity and the Health of Wheelchair Users: A Systematic Review in Multiple Sclerosis, Cerebral Palsy, and Spinal Cord Injury. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer241.

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Objectives. Although the health benefits of physical activity are well described for the general population, less is known about the benefits and harms of physical activity in people dependent upon, partially dependent upon, or at risk for needing a wheelchair. This systematic review summarizes the evidence for physical activity in people with multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injury regardless of current use or nonuse of a wheelchair. Data sources. We searched MEDLINE®, CINAHL®, PsycINFO®, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase®, and Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Source from 2008 through November 2020, reference lists, and clinical trial registries. Review methods. Predefined criteria were used to select randomized controlled trials, quasiexperimental nonrandomized trials, and cohort studies that addressed the benefits and harms of observed physical activity (at least 10 sessions on 10 different days of movement using more energy than rest) in participants with multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injury. Individual study quality (risk of bias) and the strength of bodies of evidence for key outcomes were assessed using prespecified methods. Dual review procedures were used. Effects were analyzed by etiology of impairment and physical activity modality, such as treadmill, aquatic exercises, and yoga, using qualitative, and when appropriate, quantitative synthesis using random effects meta-analyses. Results. We included 146 randomized controlled trials, 15 quasiexperimental nonrandomized trials, and 7 cohort studies (168 studies in 197 publications). More studies enrolled participants with multiple sclerosis (44%) than other conditions, followed by cerebral palsy (38%) and spinal cord injury (18%). Most studies were rated fair quality (moderate risk of bias). The majority of the evidence was rated low strength. • In participants with multiple sclerosis, walking ability may be improved with treadmill training and multimodal exercise regimens that include strength training; function may be improved with treadmill training, balance exercises, and motion gaming; balance is likely improved with postural control exercises (which may also reduce risk of falls) and may be improved with aquatic exercises, robot-assisted gait training, treadmill training, motion gaming, and multimodal exercises; activities of daily living may be improved with aquatic therapy; sleep may be improved with aerobic exercises; aerobic fitness may be improved with multimodal exercises; and female sexual function may be improved with aquatic exercise. • In participants with cerebral palsy, balance may be improved with hippotherapy and motion gaming, and function may be improved with cycling, treadmill training, and hippotherapy. • In participants with spinal cord injury, evidence suggested that activities of daily living may be improved with robot-assisted gait training. • When randomized controlled trials were pooled across types of exercise, physical activity interventions were found to improve walking in multiple sclerosis and likely improve balance and depression in multiple sclerosis. Physical activity may improve function and aerobic fitness in people with cerebral palsy or spinal cord injury. When studies of populations with multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy were combined, evidence indicated dance may improve function. • Evidence on long-term health outcomes was not found for any analysis groups. For intermediate outcomes such as blood pressure, lipid profile, and blood glucose, there was insufficient evidence from which to draw conclusions. There was inadequate reporting of adverse events in many trials. Conclusions. Physical activity was associated with improvements in walking ability, general function, balance (including fall risk), depression, sleep, activities of daily living, female sexual function, and aerobic capacity, depending on population enrolled and type of exercise utilized. No studies reported long-term cardiovascular or metabolic disease health outcomes. Future trials could alter these findings; further research is needed to examine health outcomes, and to understand the magnitude and clinical importance of benefits seen in intermediate outcomes.
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