Journal articles: 'Masonry buildings in aggregate'

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Pokorný, Jaroslav, Radek Ševčík, Jiří Šál, Lucie Zárybnická, and Jaroslav Žák. "Lightweight Concretes with Improved Water and Water Vapor Transport for Remediation of Damp Induced Buildings." Materials 14, no. 19 (October 8, 2021): 5902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195902.

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Most of the historical and old building stock in Europe are constructed from masonry, when brick, stones, or their combination are bound with traditional mortars. Rising damp, due to accompanying effects, is the main factor influencing the quality of indoor climate as well as having an important impact on the durability of masonry structures. In this study, new types of lightweight concrete with waste aggregate content as a suitable material for remediation of damp damaged masonries were designed and tested. Alternative aggregate served as silica sand substitution in the range of 0–100 vol.%. Basic structural properties, mechanical resistance, water, and water vapor transport properties were measured after 28 days of water curing and were compared with dense reference concrete and with traditional masonry materials as well. Moreover, the porous structure of produced concretes and changes caused by usage of alternative aggregate usage were evaluated with the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) technique. Obtained experimental data showed the suitability of modified concretes with 25–50 vol.% of waste aggregate content to ensure acceptable strength and hydric properties, and these properties were found to be comparable with masonry structures and materials used in the past.

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Cima, Valentina, Chiara Bartolomeo, Ernesto Grande, and Maura Imbimbo. "Natural Fibers for Out-of-Plane Strengthening Interventions of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings in Aggregate Configuration." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 9967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14169967.

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Most of the Italian historical centers are composed of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings arranged in aggregate configurations. Past and recent seismic events have underlined the high vulnerability of these buildings especially towards out-of-plane mechanisms. In order to reduce their vulnerability, the use of strengthening interventions based on fiber reinforced composite materials has become widespread in the last years. More recently, strengthening systems using natural fibers have been the object of experimental tests since they represent an innovative environmentally sustainable solution. The aim of this paper is to numerically analyze the feasibility of strengthening systems made of natural fibers embedded into cementitious matrices to prevent the out-of-plane mechanisms of perimeter façades belonging to masonry buildings in aggregate configurations. For this purpose, numerical analyses based on a macro-modeling approach for out-of-plane mechanisms are performed by considering the influence of adjacent structural units and the presence of strengthening systems made of natural fibers. Both aspects have been analyzed in detail and taken into account by introducing in the equation governing the problem both the friction acting between adjacent walls of building units, when in aggregate, and the contribution of the strengthening system. A building case study forming part of an aggregate of an Italian historical center has been considered for the development of the numerical analyses.

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Angiolilli, Michele, Sergio Lagomarsino, Serena Cattari, and Stefania Degli Abbati. "Seismic fragility assessment of existing masonry buildings in aggregate." Engineering Structures 247 (November 2021): 113218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113218.

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Rico, Saul, Roshanak Farshidpour, and Fariborz M. Tehrani. "State-of-the-Art Report on Fiber-Reinforced Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Masonry." Advances in Civil Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8078346.

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Masonry construction is the most widely used building method in the world. Concrete masonry is relatively low in cost due to the vast availability of aggregates used within the production process. These aggregate materials are not always reliable for structural use. One of the principal issues associated with masonry is the brittleness of the unit. When subject to seismic loads, the brittleness of the masonry magnifies. In regions with high seismic activity and unspecified building codes or standards, masonry housing has developed into a death trap for countless individuals. A common approach concerning the issue associated with the brittle characteristic of masonry is addition of steel reinforcement. However, this can be expensive, highly dependent on skillfulness of labor, and particularly dependent on the quality of available steel. A proposed solution presented in this investigation consists of introducing steel fibers to the lightweight aggregate concrete masonry mix. Previous investigations in the field of lightweight aggregate fiber-reinforced concrete have shown an increase in flexural strength, toughness, and ductility. The outcome of this research project provides invaluable data for the production of a ductile masonry unit capable of withstanding seismic loads for prolonged periods.

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Dilena, Michele, Marta Fedele Dell’Oste, Alessandra Gubana, Antonino Morassi, and Eric Puntel. "Dynamic Testing in Support of the Seismic Assessment of a Century Old Masonry Building Complex." Buildings 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2022): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060805.

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The vulnerability assessment of existing masonry buildings is a largely investigated research topic with some aspects still to be faced. In historic towns, masonry buildings are aggregated and together confined, and their final appearance is derived from interventions and additions during their lives in different times and with different masonry textures or different construction materials. Demolitions and reconstructions of some parts were frequent, with the difficulty of now understanding the effectiveness of the mutual constraints. The seismic assessment of a case study of a 175-year-old building complex in Udine (Italy) provides an opportunity to use the results of ambient vibration tests to face the problem of modelling aggregate buildings for their seismic assessment. The “Padiglione Lodi” building complex was built in 1847 and extended and renovated several times afterwards. It was built mostly using URM with limited use of reinforced concrete. It consists of a main building and three wings (western, central and eastern). The inspections, experimental survey and analysis of the available documentation are used to suitably calibrate a Finite Element Model of the whole complex. Moreover, this allows the singling out of the central wing, as the unit needs more careful investigation. Non-destructive dynamic testing is then applied to the central wing in order to further validate the model and improve the knowledge of the interaction of the unit with the rest of the building. General remarks on the effective application of non-destructive dynamic analysis in conjunction with other methods to the seismic assessment of large URM building complexes are drawn.

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Ariyaratne, Indunil Erandi, Anthony Ariyanayagam, and Mahen Mahendran. "Bushfire-Resistant Lightweight Masonry Blocks with Expanded Perlite Aggregate." Fire 5, no. 5 (August 30, 2022): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5050132.

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During bushfires, one of the building elements that is directly exposed to embers, radiant heat and direct flames is the “wall” element. This study investigated the feasibility of using expanded perlite aggregate in masonry (i.e., cement) blocks to enhance their bushfire resistant characteristics. The chemical, physical, and thermal properties of expanded perlite aggregate were determined first and then masonry block cement mixes were developed by replacing sand in the conventional mix with expanded perlite aggregate by volume at different percentages (100, 80, 60, and 40%). The properties of fresh and hardened cement mixes (slump, density, compressive strength, and water absorption) were measured. The developed masonry blocks were exposed to Bushfire Flame Zone conditions (i.e., 20–842 °C) and the standard fire curve for three hours (i.e., 20–1110 °C) to assess their resistance to bushfires and building fires, respectively. The properties of Cement–Expanded Perlite mixes were compared with those of the standard Cement–Sand mix. The test results showed that the use of perlite aggregate reduced the workability, density, and compressive strength of the cement mix while increasing the water absorption and fire resistance level. All the developed perlite blocks were lightweight and had three hours of fire resistance level (-/180/180). When exposed to bushfire flame zone conditions, the blocks made with 100, 80, and 60% perlite satisfied the maximum ambient surface temperature limit. Of these, masonry blocks made with 60% perlite aggregate are the most suitable for use in external walls of bushfire shelters and residential and commercial buildings in bushfire-prone areas.

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Greco, A., G. Lombardo, B. Pantò, and A. Famà. "Seismic Vulnerability of Historical Masonry Aggregate Buildings in Oriental Sicily." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 14, no. 4 (December 26, 2018): 517–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1553075.

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Angiolilli, Michele, Silvia Pinasco, Serena Cattari, and Sergio Lagomarsino. "On the vulnerability features of historical masonry buildings in aggregate." Procedia Structural Integrity 44 (2023): 2074–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2023.01.265.

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M. Selman, Saad, and Zena K. Abbas. "Producing Load Bearing Block Using LECA as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate." Journal of Engineering 29, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2023.03.05.

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The ability to produce load-bearing masonry units adopting ACI 211.1 mix design using (1:3.2:2.5) as (cement: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate) with slump range (25-50mm) which can conform (dimension, absorption, and compressive strength) within IQS 1077/1987 requirements type A was our main goal of the study. The ability to use low cement content (300 kg/m3) to handle our market price products since the most consumption in wall construction for low-cost buildings was encouraging. The use of (10 and 20%) of LECA as partial volume replacement of coarse aggregate to reduce the huge weight of masonry blocks can also be recommended. The types of production of the load-bearing masonry units were A and B for (10 and 20%), respectively. Finally, the use of the spray curing method was the more suitable simulation of reality and easier for factory producers, taking into consideration that the increasing curing time from 14 days (recommended in IQS 1077/1987) to 28 days may be led to conversation masonry type from B to A as in R20%-300.

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Li, Dan, Jun Lin Tao, and Jiang Yu. "Research on the Thermal Property of Lightweight-Aggregate-Concrete Hollow-Block Wall." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2970–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2970.

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The Theoretical calculation and the finite element method (FEM) are used for studying the thermal property of hollow-block and hollow-masonry. The method of appendix in the standard for Thermal Design of Civil Buildings is adopted to calculate the thermal resistance and the average thermal conductivity of hollow-block and hollow-masonry. ANSYS is used for simulating temperature distribution and heat flux law under connective loads. The conduction and convection phenomena are taking into account in this study for four different values of the mortar conductivity and four different values for the bricks. The thermal resistance and the average thermal conductivity of hollow-block and hollow-masonry is the key factor for reference.

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Formisano, Antonio, Nicola Chieffo, and Marius Mosoarca. "Seismic Vulnerability and Damage Speedy Estimation of an Urban Sector within the Municipality of San Potito Sannitico (Caserta, Italy)." Open Civil Engineering Journal 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2017): 1106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501711011106.

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Introduction: The preservation of masonry buildings typical of Italian historical centres represents a very pressing dilemma founded on recovery need of the urban fabric original character. Methods: In the paper, based on a speedy methodology developed by some of the authors on building aggregates, the seismic vulnerability quick estimation of some masonry compounds in the heart of the town of San Potito Sannitico (Caserta, Italy) is presented and compared to the results achieved from applying the basic literature method for isolated constructions. Results and Conclusion: Finally, the damage scenario of inspected buildings has been shown by highlighting clearly the influence of different positions of structural units on the damages that masonry aggregates should suffer under different grade earthquakes, leading to individuate the most vulnerable buildings.

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Carocci, Caterina F., and Chiara Circo. "Buildings Behavior in the Urban Fabric: The Knowledge Issue in the Post-Earthquake Reconstruction Plans." Key Engineering Materials 628 (August 2014): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.628.90.

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This paper - the first of two companion papers [1] - focuses on some considerations about the issue of the knowledge of masonry buildings in aggregate, which aims at evaluating the safety and, at the same time, the preservation inquiry of this built heritage.

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Formisano, Antonio, Nicola Chieffo, and Generoso Vaiano. "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment and Strengthening Interventions of Structural Units of a Typical Clustered Masonry Building in the Campania Region of Italy." GeoHazards 2, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geohazards2020006.

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The present paper aims at inspecting the structural behaviour of a typical masonry aggregate located in the historical centre of Cercola, a municipality in the province of Naples. The clustered building under study consists of four structural units mutually connected to each other made of tuff stone and deformable floors. Two distinct structural units, namely in heading and intermediate places, in both isolated and aggregate conditions, are examined to estimate the influence of structural positions on the global seismic response of the examined case study buildings. For this purpose, non-linear static analyses are performed using the 3MURI software. Pushover analyses are conducted to both evaluate the seismic behaviour of examined structural units and improve their earthquake performances while considering proper retrofit interventions on vertical and horizontal structures. The analysis results are plotted in terms of risk factor, stiffness, and ductility. Finally, a set of fragility functions are derived to point out the structural response of the case study buildings before and after retrofit interventions. From the achieved results, it is highlighted that retrofit interventions improve the structural performances of the buildings, especially those of structural units in aggregate conditions.

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Cavalline, Tara L., and David C. Weggel. "Recycled brick masonry aggregate concrete." Structural Survey 31, no. 3 (July 5, 2013): 160–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ss-09-2012-0029.

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Vicente, Romeu, Hugo Rodrigues, Humberto Varum, and J. A. R. Mendes da Silva. "Evaluation of Strengthening Techniques of Traditional Masonry Buildings: Case Study of a Four-Building Aggregate." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 25, no. 3 (June 2011): 202–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0000164.

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Wang, Chang Qing. "Investigation on Seismic Behavior of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Structures under Dynamic Loadings." Advanced Materials Research 772 (September 2013): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.149.

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Based on the ever finished investigations of physical and mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC), and a series of experimental studies on the durability, the fatigue behavior, mechanical behavior and the seismic behavior of RAC components. A full scale model of a one-storey block masonry structure with tie column + ring beam + cast-in-place slab system and a one fourth scaled model of a 6-storey frame structure, which are made of reinforced recycled aggregate concrete, are tested on a shaking table by subjecting it to a series of simulated seismic ground motions, and the seismic behaviors of the RAC structures were experimentally investigated. The dynamic characteristics and the seismic response were analyzed and discussed. The overall seismic performance of RCA structures are evaluated, the analysis results show that the recycled aggregate concrete structures with proper design exhibits good seismic behavior and can resist the earthquake attacks under different earthquake levels in this study. It is feasible to apply and popularize the RAC block masonry buildings less than 2 stories and the RAC frame buildings less than 6 stories in the region where the seismic fortification intensity is 8.

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Su, Hui, Jian Wang, Xinpei Jiang, and Yang Tan. "Shaking table test on building in masonry structure with construction waste recycled brick." World Journal of Engineering 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1708-5284.11.4.357.

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Based on the shake table test on "tie column-ring beam-cast-in-place slab" construction waste recycled brick masonry structure, a 1/3 scaled model of 4 stories is tested to analyze the seismic behavior of the multi-storey masonry structure. The test is conducted with EL-Centro seismic wave, Taft wave and artificial wave to simulate the damages observed and the seismic response under different earthquake levels. On the basis of test results, the seismic performance of the model is good and the overall structure could satisfy seismic fortification requirements in the region of intensity 8. At the same time, there was no obvious difference between this masonry structure and recycled aggregate concrete block masonry structure. The lintel of the door and window damage seriously. The base damages more easily than the superstructure. Masonry structure with construction waste recycled brick can satisfy the requirement of the masonry structure buildings in eight degree of aseismatic design area.

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Pavlu, Tereza, Jiří Pazderka, Kristina Fořtová, Jakub Řepka, Diana Mariaková, and Tomáš Vlach. "The Structural Use of Recycled Aggregate Concrete for Renovation of Massive External Walls of Czech Fortification." Buildings 12, no. 5 (May 18, 2022): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050671.

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The use of recycled aggregate concrete is mainly negatively affected by its poorer mechanical and long-term properties. However, there are few structural applications for which recycled aggregates can be used. In this case study, the possibility of use as massive external reinforcement wall is verified. For this structural application, the most important characteristics are freeze–thaw resistance, and carbonation resistance and then the mechanical properties such as compressive strength. Durability characteristics of the materials have been tested and improved in the study. The mechanical properties and durability of recycled aggregated concrete have been verified and crystalline mixture has been used to improve durability. The specific structural application of the massive external reinforcement wall is for the renovation of the Czech WW2 concrete fortification, which is one of the most important cultural heritages of the Czech Republic of the 20th century. However, these buildings have not yet been professionally rebuilt, but this research project aims to change this trend. The thickness of the bunker wall is between 0.5 and 3.5 m (depending on the type of bunker) which leads to a huge amount of concrete and primary resources consumption; however, the security function is not necessary today, so the reconstruction could be provided by recycled aggregate concrete. The results showed a positive effect of the crystalline mixture on the essential properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Recycled aggregate concrete with a complete replacement of aggregate by recycled concrete or masonry aggregate is possible to use for the reconstruction of the Czech WW2 concrete fortification and save natural aggregate as a primary resource.

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Tomanović, Dušan, Ljubo Marković, Nebojša Gadžić, Irena Rajković, Julija Aleksić, and Tijana Tomanović. "Seismic Evaluation and Methods of Rehabilitation of Old Masonry Buildings in the Bay of Kotor (Montenegro)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 3544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083544.

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Old load-bearing masonry buildings exist all around the world. The cultural and architectural heritage value of these buildings and the consciousness of public opinion have led to a need for safeguarding and preservation policies for these architecturally valued buildings and urban aggregates. This paper provides the information on the constructive and structural details of the old buildings dating from the 12th to 19th century in the Bay of Kotor and discusses their seismic and dynamic behaviour, identifying structural fragilities and consequently their vulnerability. One factor that significantly influences the seismic vulnerability is the quality of workmanship, which has, in conjunction with the lack of maintenance of the buildings, increased the seismic vulnerability of heritage masonry buildings in general. Masonry constructions represent an important part of Montenegrin Architectural Heritage. The existing heritage masonry buildings in the Bay of Kotor suffered major earthquakes with repairs ranging from minor repairs to partial rebuilding. No degree of seismic resistance to any potentially severe shaking levels has been determined for the surviving buildings. The lack of strategies, policies and actions by the institutions responsible for this domain in the course of the second half of the 20th century drove these buildings to the state of serious degradation. The adoption of intrusive and inadequate rehabilitation and conservation practices, using new materials and construction techniques on structural and nonstructural elements, has strayed away from traditional knowledge and practices. The main objective of this research is understanding the whole building process that underpins a historical construction, and building techniques and other methods applied in building the architectural and engineering structures constituting the present Historical Heritage in Montenegro.

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Solak, Adem. "Properties of the bearing construction materials used in a historical masonry structure of Haci Hasan Feyzi mosque." Cement Wapno Beton 26, no. 6 (2021): 515–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32047/cwb.2021.26.6.6.

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It is inevitable to determine the earthquake performance of historical structures and to take the necessary precautions to protect historical masonry structures, located in an active earthquake zone. The first stage of evaluating the earthquake performance of historical masonry buildings is a detailed information about such buildings. Therefore, this study aims to investigate material properties of a historical building by means of acid loss, pH, electrical conductivity, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry [XRF], thermal analysis [TG/DTG], petrographic analysis, X-ray diffraction [XRD], density, mass water absorption, volume water absorption, specific mass, porosity and uniaxial loading tests. It has been determined that stones are quartzite, which is a metamorphic rock with high compressive strength, composed of quartz minerals. Examined masonry mortar does not show hydraulic properties, the aggregates are not pozzolanic aggregates and the binder material used in mortars is pure lime.

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Corinaldesi, Valeria. "Recycled-Aggregate Bedding Mortars for Repair of Historical Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 1481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.1481.

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In this work, the possibility of using environmentally-friendly mortars (with crushed bricks replacing sand) as bedding mortars for repair of historical building was studied. When bedding mortars are used for intervention on historical building a compatibility issue can emerge. Indeed, if masonry containing sulphate salts is restored by using mortars based on hydraulic binders the risk of failure is high. For this reason, as binders alternatively a blended cement and a hydraulic lime were used, both proving to be unsensitive to sulphates. Two crushed brick aggregates were alternatively added to the mortars by fully replacing virgin sand, they showed different grain size distributions and, consequently, a different content of very fine materials. All the environmentally-friendly mortars were characterized from a mechanical point of view. Then their physical behaviour was studied trough microstructure characterization, as well as through the evaluation of both their resistance to the vapor permeability and their capillary water absorption. Results obtained showed that the use of recycled bricks instead of virgin sand, particularly if roughly ground, could allow to achieve a good compromise between vapour permeability and capillary absorption of mortar.

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Suescum-Morales, David, José Ramón Jiménez, and José María Fernández-Rodríguez. "Use of Carbonated Water as Kneading in Mortars Made with Recycled Aggregates." Materials 15, no. 14 (July 13, 2022): 4876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15144876.

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The increased concern about climate change is revolutionising the building materials sector, making sustainability and environmental friendliness increasingly important. This study evaluates the feasibility of incorporating recycled masonry aggregate (construction and demolition waste) in porous cement-based materials using carbonated water in mixing followed (or not) by curing in a CO2 atmosphere. The use of carbonated water can be very revolutionary in cement-based materials, as it allows hydration and carbonation to occur simultaneously. Calcite and portlandite in the recycled masonry aggregate and act as a buffer for the low-pH carbonated water. Carbonated water produced better mechanical properties and increased accessible water porosity and dry bulk density. The same behaviour was observed with natural aggregates. Carbonated water results in an interlaced shape of carbonate ettringite (needles) and fills the microcracks in the recycled masonry aggregate. Curing in CO2 together with the use of carbonated water (concomitantly) is not beneficial. This study provides innovative solutions for a circular economy in the construction sector using carbonated water in mixing (adsorbing CO2), which is very revolutionary as it allows carbonation to be applied to in-situ products.

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Fagundes, Camila, Rita Bento, and Serena Cattari. "On the seismic response of buildings in aggregate: Analysis of a typical masonry building from Azores." Structures 10 (May 2017): 184–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2016.09.010.

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Fumo, Marina, Antonio Formisano, Giulia Sibilio, and Antonella Violano. "Energy and Seismic Recovering of Ancient Hamlets: the Case of Baia e Latina." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 2831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082831.

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This research proposes the development of a diagnostic tool to separately inspect the energetic and seismic behaviour of buildings in the small hamlet of Baia e Latina (district of Caserta) in order to evaluate and implement retrofitting interventions from seismic, energetic, and functional points of view. Methods, approaches, and tools relating to the minimisation of seismic vulnerability and energy consumption have been increasingly used and tested in order to ensure both sustainability and safety, with a connection that may improve the performances of both cultural and environmental heritage. The diagnosis method, stemming from the energy audit and the energy imprint evaluations of the buildings system (and the envelope above all), aims to redesign the whole construction or some of its parts within an energetic framework. With reference to the seismic behaviour of building aggregates, the basic methodology that has been conceived for isolated masonry buildings through a survey form has represented the starting tool for the application of an appropriate quick evaluation form considered for the aggregated structural units of historical centres. Finally, the methodology employed is aimed at obtaining an Energy Performance Certificate for the structural units of examined masonry aggregates without neglecting their seismic behaviour, which has been assessed in terms of vulnerability and damage.

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Formisano, Antonio, Nicola Chieffo, Francesco Clementi, and Marius Mosoarca. "Influence of Local Site Effects on the Typological Fragility Curves for Class-Oriented Masonry Buildings in Aggregate Condition." Open Civil Engineering Journal 15, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149502115010149.

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Background: The Municipality of Baranello, located in the province of Campobasso, is considered as a reference case study for implementing a systematic procedure for the assessment of local site effects. The territory is characterised by a heterogeneous soil, made of a basal interval formed in large part by outcrops found along with the middle-basal bands of the local slopes, which is particularly sensitive to geo-hazard effects. Aims: The present work aims to investigate the influence of local site effects on the seismic vulnerability of an oriented- class of masonry building compounds. The historical buildings surveyed are mainly made up of rough stone masonry, particularly vulnerable to seismic phenomena. The buildings are appropriately grouped in typological classes based on the CARTIS form and then subdivided into different categories according to the EMS-98 scale based on their geometrical and structural characteristics. Methods: The performed vulnerability analysis is based on a vulnerability-index method conceived for buildings grouped in aggregate condition. Moreover, the expected damage scenario is properly evaluated based on a specific attenuation law to take into consideration the effect produced by a reference scenario event. Furthermore, the local site conditions have been evaluated based on a 1D half space approach in order to predict the possible increment of the expected damage due to the soil stratigraphy. Results: The local site conditions provide a global increment of the expected vulnerability of 33% with respect to the case in which the geo-hazard effects are neglected. In this activity framework, typological fragility curves are derived for comparing the exceeding probability thresholds for the examined building classes. Conclusion: The proposed research represents an important starting point for large-scale vulnerability assessment since it provides a simplified and comprehensive method for predicting seismic damage scenarios of historic center considering local site effects.

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Cavalline, Tara L., Jorge Gallegos, Reid W. Castrodale, Charles Freeman, Jerry Liner, and Jody Wall. "Influence of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Materials on Building Energy Performance." Buildings 11, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11030094.

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Due to their porous nature, lightweight aggregates have been shown to exhibit thermal properties that are advantageous when used in building materials such as lightweight concrete, grout, mortar, and concrete masonry units. Limited data exist on the thermal properties of materials that incorporate lightweight aggregate where the pore system has not been altered, and very few studies have been performed to quantify the building energy performance of structures constructed using lightweight building materials in commonly utilized structural and building envelope components. In this study, several lightweight concrete and masonry building materials were tested to determine the thermal properties of the bulk materials, providing more accurate inputs to building energy simulation than have previously been used. These properties were used in EnergyPlus building energy simulation models for several types of commercial structures for which materials containing lightweight aggregates are an alternative commonly considered for economic and aesthetic reasons. In a simple model, use of sand lightweight concrete resulted in prediction of 15–17% heating energy savings and 10% cooling energy savings, while use of all lightweight concrete resulted in prediction of approximately 35–40% heating energy savings and 30% cooling energy savings. In more complex EnergyPlus reference models, results indicated superior thermal performance of lightweight aggregate building materials in 48 of 50 building energy simulations. Predicted energy savings for the five models ranged from 0.2% to 6.4%.

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Abaas, Tahseen, and Dr Zena K Abbas. "Production Load–bearing Concrete Masonry Units by Using Recycled Waste Crushed Clay Bricks; A Review." Journal of Engineering 28, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2022.10.02.

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There are serious environmental problems in all countries of the world, due to the waste material such as crushed clay bricks (CCB) and in huge quantities resulting from the demolition of buildings. In order to reduce the effects of this problem as well as to preserve natural resources, it is possible to work on recycling (CCB) and to use it in the manufacture of environmentally friendly loaded building units by replacing percentages in coarse aggregate by volume. It can be used as a powder and replacing of percentages in cement by weight and study the effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the concrete and the masonry unit. Evaluation of its performance through workability, dry density, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and absorption test, and the experimental results obtained confirmed the possibility of using the recycling of clay bricks waste as aggregates instead of natural aggregates and reducing the weight, as well as recycling clay bricks waste and using it as a powder. It contains suitable pozzolanic that can be used as a supplementary cement material that reduces the cement content in concrete used to produce load-bearing units.

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Pavlík, Zbyšek, Jaroslav Pokorný, Milena Pavlíková, Lucie Zemanová, Martina Záleská, Martina Vyšvařil, and Tomáš Žižlavský. "Mortars with Crushed Lava Granulate for Repair of Damp Historical Buildings." Materials 12, no. 21 (October 30, 2019): 3557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213557.

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In this paper, crushed lava granulate was used as full silica sand replacement in composition of repair mortars based on hydrated lime, natural hydraulic lime, or cement-lime binder. Lava granules were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Particle size distribution of both silica and lava aggregates was assessed using standard sieve analysis. Hygrothermal function of the developed lightweight materials was characterized by the measurement of complete set of hygric, thermal, and structural parameters of the hardened mortar samples that were tested for both 28 days and 90 days cured specimens. As the repair mortars must also meet requirements on mechanical performance, their compressive strength, flexural strength, and dynamic Young’s modulus were tested. The newly developed mortars composed of lava aggregate and hydrated lime or natural hydraulic lime met technical, functional, compatibility, and performance criteria on masonry and rendering materials, and were found well applicable for repair of historically valuable buildings.

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Tomar, Anshu, Dilip Kumar Paul, and Pankaj Agarwal. "Compression and Cyclic Shear Behavior of Lime Mortar Brick Masonry." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 11, no. 05 (December 2017): 1750015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431117500154.

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Most of the British regime engineered heritage brick masonry in northern India is either purely in lime mortar or in lime-surkhi (crushed brick aggregate) mortar. Lime mortar constituting majorly of historical brick masonry stock and influences substantially the dynamic characteristics was investigated. The heritage buildings are highly vulnerable against seismic actions especially in the highly active tectonic regions of Himalayan foothills. Material properties of Historic Unreinforced Brick Masonry (HUBM) in lime mortar are critical to be evaluated for assessment but it is difficult to test the in-situ constituents due to intervention constraints governed by civic bodies on such heritage structures and hence exhaustive testing has been carried out on contemporary lime masonry. Compression tests have revealed the design, yield, ultimate strength and feasible inelastic material properties suitable enough to characterize the cyclic behavior of historical brick masonry in India. Elastic modulus, shear modulus and Poisson ratio have been evaluated to be on the lower side as compared to contemporary mortars constituted masonry. Parameters such as damping, hysteresis behavior, energy dissipation and stiffness degradation characterizing the seismic behavior in elastic and inelastic range suggested the improved performance of brick masonry with increase in compressive strength of lime mortar.

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Avila-Haro, Jorge Arturo, Jose Ramon González-Drigo, Yeudy Felipe Vargas, L. G. Pujades, and A. H. Barbat. "Deterministic and Probabilistic Earthquake Scenarios for the Seismic Risk Analysis of URM Buildings." Key Engineering Materials 525-526 (November 2012): 537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.525-526.537.

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Barcelona, as well as a large number of cities in the Mediterranean basin, has a housing stock composed of a large number of unreinforced brick masonry buildings. Motivated by different factors, the enlargement of the city (Eixample in Catalan) was held from the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, a period in which a large number of buildings of this type were built, many of which are still used as dwellings. Although the buildings were built individually, some of them are linked to adjacent buildings by the side walls. This feature leads to the analysis of the buildings as isolated structures and also as an aggregate. Barcelona is located in a seismic region of low to moderate hazard, with macroseismic intensity between the grades VI and VII of the European macroseismic scale EMS'98. Based on the deterministic and probabilistic response spectra for the different types of soils present in Barcelona obtained in the work of Irizarry (2004), the seismic risk of four individual buildings and an aggregate is evaluated. The buildings are modeled and analyzed using the TREMURI program and MATLAB routines under the guidance of RISK-UE project.

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Stahl, Douglas C., Gregg Skoraczewski, Phil Arena, and Bryant Stempski. "Lightweight Concrete Masonry with Recycled Wood Aggregate." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 14, no. 2 (April 2002): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2002)14:2(116).

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Chieffo, Nicola, Antonio Formisano, Giovanni Mochi, and Marius Mosoarca. "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment and Simplified Empirical Formulation for Predicting the Vibration Periods of Structural Units in Aggregate Configuration." Geosciences 11, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11070287.

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The present research aims at investigating the vibration period of structural units (SUs) of a typical masonry aggregate located in the historical center of Mirandola, a municipality in the province of Modena. The clustered building consists of eighteen SUs mutually interconnected to each other, which are characterized by solid brick walls and deformable floors. First of all, non-linear static analyses are performed by adopting the 3Muri software focusing on two distinct modelling techniques concerning the analyzed SUs in isolated and clustered configurations. Congruently to the procedure adopted, in order to evaluate a reliable seismic structural response of the SUs arranged in aggregate conditions, the contribution in terms of stiffness and mass derived from adjacent buildings is considered. The analysis results are represented in terms of risk factor, stiffness, and ductility. Secondly, the eigenvalue analysis is faithfully developed to identify the main vibration modes of the investigated SUs by proposing an empirical formulation, that allows for predicting the vibration period of structural units placed in aggregate configuration starting from the corresponding isolated ones. Finally, fragility functions are derived for both the heading and intermediate SUs to point out the expected damages under earthquakes with different intensities.

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Beppaev, Z. U., L. H. Astvatsaturova, S. A. Kolodyazhny, S. A. Vernygora, and V. V. Lopatinsky. "Determination of standard characteristics of recycled crushed aggregate from crushed sand-lime brick and prospects of its application." Bulletin of Science and Research Center of Construction 33, no. 2 (July 8, 2022): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37538/2224-9494-2022-2(33)-63-73.

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Introduction. Construction enterprises can adversely affect the environment during the extraction of natural raw materials, as well as during the reconstruction, overhaul, and demolition of buildings. The manufacturing of construction materials, the actual erection, and maintenance of various buildings and structures comprise highly material- and energy-intensive processes characterized by waste generation, which need to be disposed. In developed countries, recycling wastes as a commercial commodity represents the preferable way of recovering concrete, reinforced concrete, and masonry (brick) waste. In this regard, the disposal of construction waste (including waste from sand-lime brick and brickwork) is becoming increasingly important.Aim. In this work, the grain-size distribution, strength, and bulk density of recycled crushed aggregate from crushed sand-lime bricks (open stone mix) and brickwork (containing mortar) were determined and compared, and the prospects of its use as aggregates in the production of general-purpose concrete were identified.Materials and methods. Recycled crushed aggregate from crushed sand-lime bricks (open stone mix) and brickwork (containing mortar) was used for the studies. The recycled crushed aggregate was tested as per GOST 8269.0-97, its characteristics were evaluated as per GOST 8267-93.Results. This work shows the correlation between the bulk density, grain-size distribution, and crushing capacity of recycled crushed aggregate produced by crushing fragments of brickwork (containing mortar) and sand-lime bricks (open stone mix).Conclusions. It is shown that recycled crushed aggregate obtained by crushing fragments of brickwork (containing mortar) and sand-lime bricks (open stone mix) are suitable (along with crushed stone from sedimentary and metamorphic rocks) for use as a coarse aggregate in the production of general-purpose concrete. It is shown that it is necessary to carry out comprehensive experimental work in order to develop a new GOST, which will improve the recycling of sand-lime bricks, as well as structures and products based on them following the end of their operation lifetime, and allow high-quality ready-to-use construction material to be obtained.

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., M. Muthulakshmi, and M. Vinod Kumar . "Experimental Studies on Fibre Integrated Lightweight Concrete Frames Under Lateral Forces: A Review." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 7, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2018.7.1.874.

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Reinforced Concrete (RC) framed structure with masonry infill is the most common type of building in which, RC frames participate in resisting lateral forces. The poor performance of RC frame buildings under lateral forces is due to its heavy mass and rigid construction. Use of Lightweight concrete (LWC) is preferred since the dead load of concrete is enormous. A low density of the LWC, decreases the weight of the building thus reducing the effect of lateral forces. However, LWC having a lower modulus of elasticity, has a faster rate of crack development in RC members. So, fibres are employed as an additive to increase the energy absorption capacity and to control the crack development. Pumice is a natural material of volcanic origin, has low density, which makes it ideal for production of LWC. Based on these ideas, Pumice aggregate is used as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate to its volume with addition of steel fibres to the volume of concrete. This paper summarizes the collected literatures related to RC frames, LWC, Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC) and thereby attempts to predict the lateral load response of RC portal frame with the use of LWC and Steel fibres.

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Pešta, Jan, Tereza Pavlů, Kristina Fořtová, and Vladimír Kočí. "Sustainable Masonry Made from Recycled Aggregates: LCA Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041581.

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For a sustainable building industry, reusable construction with a low demand for primary resources is needed. Moreover, if we want to reduce the amount of construction and demolition waste, construction with recycled aggregate should be considered. To investigate the environmental impacts of such concrete construction, life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to compare the following types of concrete construction: Reusable blocks with recycled brick aggregate, reusable blocks with recycled concrete, reusable blocks with natural aggregate, and regular concrete wall. Firstly, the properties of new concrete with recycled aggregate were measured, such as physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Then, different constructions were designed and assessed using the method of Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML2001) and the method of National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (ReCiPe 2016) as characterization methods. Unsurprisingly, the regular concrete wall had a higher impact on most of the impact categories, e.g., 113 kg CO2 eq. (in the first scenario, using CML2001). In accordance with the circular principles, the reusability of blocks and recycling of aggregate are the main factors that affect the environmental impact of the constructions. Thus, the global warming potential (GWP) of construction with reusable recycled concrete blocks was only 53 kg CO2 eq. (in the second scenario). Moreover, we show differences in the results of CML2001 and ReCiPe 2016, e.g., in the Photochemical Oxidant Creation category.

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Rucińska, Teresa, Anna Głowacka, and Robert Sidełko. "The Influence of Incinerated Sewage Sludge as an Aggregate on the Selected Properties of Cement Mortars." Materials 14, no. 19 (October 6, 2021): 5846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195846.

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In line with the trend of using waste raw materials in the technology of building materials, experimental studies of cement mortars containing various amounts of fine-grained waste aggregate were carried out. The waste aggregate was based on an incinerated municipal sewage sludge which was mechanically crushed to an appropriate grading. Chemical and physical properties of the waste aggregate are presented. Mortars with varying amounts of waste aggregate as a replacement for natural sand were prepared. Study determines compressive strength and flexural strength up to 56 days. Properties such as capillary action, air content and thermal conductivity were determined. The results of the tests has shown that the incinerated waste sludge can be used as a partial or total replacement for natural aggregate. In mortars with waste aggregate, a favorable relation between flexural and compressive strengths was observed, which translates into increased strength of the interfacial transition zone. A significant increase in water absorption was observed for mortars containing high amounts of waste aggregate, which is directly related to its porous structure. Conducted studied prove that the aggregate obtained from incineration of the municipal sewage sludge can a feasible alternative for natural aggregates in production of masonry and rendering mortars for construction purposes.

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Morón, Alberto, Daniel Ferrández, Pablo Saiz, Gabriela Vega, and Carlos Morón. "Influence of Recycled Aggregates on the Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Fibers-Reinforced Masonry Mortars." Infrastructures 6, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6060084.

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The construction sector is one of the main consumers of raw materials and generates a high volume of waste within the European Union. The search for new materials that are more sustainable and respectful of the environment has become a challenge for countries with a high degree of industrialization. In this work, a study of the most relevant properties of masonry mortars made with recycled aggregates and reinforced with synthetic fibers was carried out. Three types of aggregates were used—natural, concrete recycling and ceramic recycling—and two types of reinforcing fibers: polypropylene and polyolefin. In this way, various tests of physical-mechanical characterization and a statistical analysis of the results were carried out. It has been shown that the mortars made from aggregate recycled concrete and reinforced with polypropylene fiber are the ones with the best properties for application in the construction sector, although without improving the properties of traditional mortars made from natural aggregate and without fibers.

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Cortina, Mariano González, Pablo Saiz Martínez, and Francisco Fernández Martínez. "Environmental Improvement in Use of Fine Fraction Recycled Aggregates as a Raw Material in Masonry Mortar Fabrication." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 11, no. 1 (November 30, 2017): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801711010371.

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Background: Great use of raw material and natural resources as well as generation of huge amount of waste make the construction and building sector one of the less sustainable human activities. Objective: The main aim of this research is to study both technical feasibility and environmental sustainability of fine fraction recycled aggregates (RA) use in masonry mortar fabrication. Method. The tests were developed using the binder CEM IV/B (V) 32.5 N and two types of RA: ceramic RA and concrete RA. The substitution percentages were 50%, 75% and 100% and cement-to-aggregate by dry weight proportions were 1:3 and 1:4. Results: Performed tests show that cement-based mortars fabricated with CEM IV/B (V) 32. 5 N can incorporate concrete and ceramic recycled aggregates, using both cement-to-aggregate proportions, complying with the limits established by the Spanish standards. On the other hand, carbon footprint calculation of one of the RA used in the research and a comparative study with natural aggregate (NA) carbon footprint were carried out to analyze environmental sustainability of fine fraction RA. Conclusion. The results show that the amount of kgCo2eq released into the atmosphere as a result of RA fabrication is significantly lower compared with the emissions from NA fabrication, and therefore the use of this type of waste reduces greenhouse gas emissions.

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Rzhevutskaya, V. A., and Yu G. Moskalkova. "Analysis of the functional efficiency of enclosing structures made of expanded clay concrete." Vesnik of Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno. Series 6. Engineering Science 12, no. 2 (November 24, 2022): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52275/2223-5396-2022-12-2-78-90.

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The introduction discusses the main advantages and disadvantages of the use of structural and structural insulated lightweight concrete in the manufacture of load-bearing structures of buildings based on an analytical review of the work of various researchers. It is demonstrated that in the Republic of Belarus there is a sufficient production base for the mass production of expanded clay and expanded clay concrete products. For the special case of designing load-bearing walls made of expanded clay concrete blocks considered in the article, the features of their design are given (for example, reinforced concrete belt, reinforcement of masonry with grids). In the main part, on the example of the design of load-bearing external walls of a warehouse building, the achieved economic effect is demonstrated by the calculation method based on variant design. The results of the practical calculation performed within the framework of the variant design of the enclosing load-bearing walls of the building are presented. Two options are considered: the traditional solution is a masonry of silicate bricks with a thickness of 380 mm, an alternative option is a masonry of expanded clay concrete blocks with a thickness of 300 mm. It is established that the economic effect of the use of expanded clay concrete blocks is 9.3 % per 1 cubic meter. walls compared to the masonry of silicate bricks without taking into account the positive effect in the selection of foundation blocks and slabs, which is achieved as a result of reducing the own weight of the walls. The ways to improve the physical and mechanical characteristics of expanded clay concrete are proposed: the use of expanded clay gravel as a coarse aggregate, increase the strength of expanded clay gravel at the stage of its production, the use of expanded clay fraction up to 10 mm, and fiber reinforcement by polypropylene fiber. In conclusion, it is stated that the use of expanded clay concrete products made of structural and heat-insulating concrete can improve the indicators of the functional efficiency of building structures.

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Senaldi, Ilaria E., Gabriele Guerrini, Paolo Comini, Francesco Graziotti, Andrea Penna, Katrin Beyer, and Guido Magenes. "Experimental seismic performance of a half-scale stone masonry building aggregate." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 2 (May 17, 2019): 609–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00631-2.

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Ariyaratne, Indunil Erandi, Anthony Ariyanayagam, and Mahen Mahendran. "Diatomaceous earth aggregates based composite masonry blocks for bushfire resistance." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 13, no. 1 (October 5, 2021): 118–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-07-2021-0047.

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PurposeThis paper presents the details of a research study on developing composite masonry blocks using two types of mixes, conventional and lightweight mix, to enhance their fire/bushfire resistance and residual compressive strength.Design/methodology/approachComposite masonry blocks (390 × 190 × 90 mm) were fabricated using conventional cement–sand mix as the outer layer and lightweight cement–sand–diatomite mix as the inner layer. Material properties were determined, and all the mixes were proportioned by the absolute volume method. After 28 days of curing, density tests, compression tests before and after fire exposure and fire resistance tests of the developed blocks were conducted, and the results were compared with those of conventional cement–sand and cement–sand–diatomite blocks.FindingsDeveloped composite blocks satisfy density and compressive strength requirements for loadbearing lightweight solid masonry units. Fire resistance of the composite block is –/120/120, and no cracks appeared on the ambient side surface of the block after 3 h of fire exposure. Residual strength of the composite block is higher compared to cement–sand and cement–sand–diatomite blocks and satisfies the loadbearing solid masonry unit strength requirements.Practical implicationsComposite block developed in this research can be suggested as a suitable loadbearing lightweight solid masonry block for several applications in buildings in bushfire prone areas.Originality/valueLimited studies are available for composite masonry blocks in relation to their fire resistance and residual strength.

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Rashid, Rosmadi Abdul, and Gregory C. Frantz. "MSW Incinerator Ash as Aggregate in Concrete and Masonry." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 4, no. 4 (November 1992): 353–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(1992)4:4(353).

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Lagomarsino, Sergio, Serena Cattari, Daria Ottonelli, and Michela Rossi. "Buildings Behaviour in Urban Fabric: The Safety Assessment Issue in the Post Earthquake Reconstruction Plans." Key Engineering Materials 628 (August 2014): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.628.96.

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This paper is the second one of two companion papers [1] that deal with the experience carried out in the post-seismic reconstruction plans activity in the Abruzzo region done by the research groups of the University of Catania (Coord. C.F.Carocci) and University of Genoa (S. Lagomarsino). In particular, this paper focuses on the issues related to the choice and use of the most suitable modeling strategies and analysis methods to perform the seismic assessment at scale of buildings in aggregate. Both recurring seismic responses of masonry, that is the global one and the local mechanisms, are considered. The strong complementarity with the knowledge phase, faced in detail in [1], is discussed by illustrating an application based on the use of an analytical mechanical model for the in-plane response and that of Macro Block model for the out-of-plane response.

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Santos, Marina H. S., Albéria C. Albuquerque, and Juzélia S. Costa. "Cement Artifact Produced with the Construction and Demolition Waste-CDW." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 638–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.638.

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The project aims to use waste generated in the building construction industry as aggregate for use in artificial artifact of cement, replacing natural aggregate. We investigated the development of mechanical strength of bricks made from construction waste, compared to a reference sample without residue. In this investigation were used mechanical, physical and chemical tests contained in current technical standards. The results demonstrated the viability of this product for masonry sealing. The feasibility of the product, reducing the cost and environmental impact justifies the relevance of the project.

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Predari, G., C. Bartolomei, C. Morganti, G. Mochi, and R. Gulli. "EXPEDITIOUS METHODS OF URBAN SURVEY FOR SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W17 (November 29, 2019): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w17-271-2019.

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Abstract. The aim of the proposal is to illustrate how expeditious procedures of urban survey carried out through photomodeling can be the most suitable representation tool in combination with an expeditious procedure for assessing the seismic vulnerability of the historic building heritage in Italian city centres. For some years, in fact, the research group is developing a protocol for the rapid assessment of the seismic vulnerability of masonry aggregate buildings in Italian historic centres.The protocol is based on the determination of synthetic indicators providing a preventive quantification of the possible earthquake damage. This evaluation procedure is oriented to prevent and reduce the current vulnerability, aiming at the conservation and preservation of the historic building heritage. The synthetic indicators are defined by identifying expeditious evaluation procedures based on the typical evolutionary processes suffered by each aggregate in its planimetric and height development, on the construction techniques and on the design concepts used in the local area; these aspects are directly correlated to failure modes.The application of the entire process (starting from the rapid survey phases up to the final restitution of the seismic vulnerability assessment results) is illustrated for the historic centre of Imola. The ancient nucleus of this city constitutes an excellent example, as it is clearly representative of the Emilian historical architecture both for the processes of formation and transformation of the inhabited area, both for what concerns the constructive characterization deriving from the local building traditions.

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Ali, Hassan M. Hassan, Koh Heng Boon, Rasheed Altouhami, Ng Wei Shen, Ashraf Radwan, and Mundr Mansur. "Analysis of the Effect of Adding Sandy Clay into Cement Mortar on the Bending Strength of Built-Up Masonry Prisms." Advanced Engineering Forum 31 (February 2019): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.31.26.

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Mortar is a workable paste essential in civil and building construction. Mortar works as binding material extensively use for masonry unit in construction. The global consumption of natural sand is very high, due to the extensive use of concrete or mortar. Natural sand deposits are being depleted and causing a serious threat to the environment as well as the society. Sandy clay has been widely use in preparing the mortar for masonry work. The aim of this research was to study the bending strength of built-up masonry prism using sandy clay mortar. There were two series of mortar containing 0% and 100% of sandy clay had been prepared. The sandy clay was used to replace natural fine aggregate. Mortar with 0% sandy clay was the control mix containing 100% natural fine aggregate. Three types of masonry unit consist of clay brick, cement brick and lightweight brick were used in this study. The masonry units were combined together using the mortar joints to form the masonry prisms. 100% natural fine sand and 100% sandy clay mortar were prepared and used for the joints. Built-up masonry prisms with single and double joints of mortar. Also, the masonry prisms contained from a length ranging from 390 mm to 610 mm were prepared using the mortar joints. The thickness of the mortar joint which was used in this study was 10 mm, 20 mm and 30 mm. the prisms had been tested for the determination of bending strength at 28 days. The experimental results were analyzed to investigate the effect of sandy clay and thickness of mortar on the bending strength of built-up masonry prism. Results had shown that masonry prism built with sandy clay mortar has higher bending strength compare to the fine sand mortar. Clay brick exhibited highest bending strength with sandy clay mortar which was 38.28 N/mm2and cement brick had the lowest bending strength which was 18.8 N/mm2, while cement brick achieved optimum bending strength. In addition, the highest collapse and deflection achieved by clay brick and cement brick whereas the lowest value of collapse and deflection was by lightweight brick. The highest percentage of increment in terms of collapse load was determined to be 13.73% for sandy clay mortar prism. Hence, 100% sandy clay mortar is suitable to be used in masonry works.

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Kancheva, Yana D., and Roumiana A. Zaharieva. "End-of-life options for ceramic masonry units – environmental and performance-based perspective." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1276, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1276/1/012002.

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Abstract Ceramic bricks are among the most used building material throughout human history for their excellent technical properties, abundance of raw materials and easy production. Huge quantity of brick waste is generated from demolition works at the end-of-life stage of buildings. Several scenarios within waste management hierarchy can be considered: a) preparing for reuse of bricks into masonry units for similar purposes; b) mechanical recycling (crushing, screening) to crushed stone for various applications -in backfilling, pavement, drainage works, which are examples of down-cycling or as concrete aggregate and as a component in blended binders which are examples of upcycling; c) disposal at inert waste landfills or used as a separation layer at municipal waste landfills. This study performs a life cycle assessment (LCA) of these three possible routes for ceramic waste and takes into account the relevant processes. The LCA results are calculated for the compulsory environmental indicators according to the methodology of EN 15804 along with the additional indicators assessing toxicity. The outcome of the LCA confirms that the most environmentally beneficial scenario is the reuse of bricks as it requires minimal activities for preparing. Technical feasibility issues and costs impact, associated to the three scenarios are also analysed. The conclusion is that an optimised and sustainable approach of bricks end-of-life shall be applied in order to boost the circularity in construction sector.

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Cole, Raymond J., David Rousseau, and Stephen Taylor. "Environmental audits of alternate structural systems for warehouse buildings." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 5 (October 1, 1992): 886–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-100.

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This paper presents example environmental audits for four alternate structural systems used in typical warehouse buildings: concrete masonry, tilt-up wall, steel system, and wood. An environmental audit as defined in this work is an evaluation of the "debit side" impacts, in terms of energy consumption and environmental emissions, incurred in the extraction and processing of materials for building products to the point where they are ready to install in a building.Though comprehensive auditing methods will eventually become available, the work reported in this paper incorporates energy and air pollution audits as the most currently accessible and quantifiable indicators based on available data.The analysis shows that massive structural systems are inherently more energy intensive than lightweight ones by virtue of the mass of material in the walls which dominates the relatively lightweight horizontal structures common to all. Moreover, their CO2 and other air pollution indices are also significantly higher. The long span members are the dominant single energy and pollution component in the environmental audit of a structural system, accounting for between 74% and 79% of the total energy required for production of materials, and contributing from 59% to 79% of the aggregate air pollution from manufacturing industries. Of the lightweight examples, the steel frame building was the least energy intensive by a small margin, while the wood frame contributed least to CO2 emission by a substantial margin. Key words: audit, energy, environment, pollution, structure, warehouse.

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K, Anitha, and Senthilselvan S. "Agricultural Waste Materials Applications in Building Industry – An Overview." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 2371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.2371ecst.

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Agricultural wastes have become a growing concern in recent years as the world's population has grown. Agricultural solid wastes are irresponsibly dumped or burned in public areas in several countries worldwide, resulting in air pollution, soil contamination, and smoke. The residue could end up in a water supply, polluting the water and aquatic ecology. Agricultural waste is crushed and turned into fine and coarse aggregates, or it is burned into ash, which is used in the making of concrete. Agricultural solid waste is a lightweight aggregate used in the production of masonry blocks [1]. Green concrete's thermal insulation, sound absorption, water stability, fire resistance, and mechanical properties will all be improved as a result [2]. The present paper explores the various structural components prepared by using agricultural waste materials, such as bio-bricks, natural fiber components, lightweight concrete, green concrete, concrete roofing, and tile components.

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Peterková, Jitka, Jiri Zach, and Martin Sedlmajer. "Development of Thermal Insulation, Capillary Active Plasters Suitable for Historical Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 1122 (August 2015): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1122.35.

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The paper describes the results of research in the field of thermal insulation plasters suitable for thermal insulation and rehabilitation of historical buildings. The aim was to develop energy-efficient, lightweight plasters, using both common and alternative binders. These were mainly materials based on lime slurry and light porous aggregates that are compatible with the original plaster and masonry materials. These materials are, given their high porosity, capillary active materials and can therefore be used in the restoration of historical buildings, which are often burdened with higher moisture.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Masonry buildings in aggregate'

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