Journal articles on the topic 'Masks Japan'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Masks Japan.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Masks Japan.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Machida, Masaki, Itaru Nakamura, Reiko Saito, Tomoki Nakaya, Tomoya Hanibuchi, Tomoko Takamiya, Yuko Odagiri, et al. "Incorrect Use of Face Masks during the Current COVID-19 Pandemic among the General Public in Japan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 6, 2020): 6484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186484.
Full textAbstract:
Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of face masks by healthy individuals for prevention has been attracting public attention. However, efficacy depends on proper usage. We set out to determine the prevalence of wearing masks to prevent COVID-19 and compliance with appropriate measures for the correct use of face masks among the general public in Japan where wearing medical masks is a “cultural” normality. This cross-sectional study was based on an internet-based survey completed by 2141 people (50.8% men, aged 20–79 years) who were selected among registrants of an Internet research company between 1 April and 6 April 2020. Participants were asked to indicate how often they wore masks for prevention and to what extent they practiced appropriate measures suggested by the World Health Organization. The prevalence of wearing masks was 80.9% and compliance rates with appropriate measures ranged from 38.3% to 83.5%. Only 23.1% complied with all recommendations. Compliance rates were overall low in men and persons with low household incomes. Our results, hence show that many citizens implement inaccurate measures when using face masks. Therefore, providing guidance on correct usage is essential when encouraging the use of face masks to prevent COVID-19.
2
Nyahongo, Julius W., Upendo Richard, and Donald G. Mpanduji. "Microbe Penetration Levels on Facial Masks Fabricated at the University of Dodoma versus the Surgical Ones." Tanzania Journal of Health Research 23, no. 2 (August 10, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v23i2.6.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 is a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The outbreak was first identified in the city of Wuhan, Hubei, China in December 2019, and was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020. The virus primarily spreads among people via respiratory droplets from coughing, breathing, or sneezing. To reduce virus transmission, close contact between people is discouraged. In response to advice by health practitioners, individuals are advised to wear face masks, regularly wash their hands, and apply sanitisers. However, the effectiveness of locally manufactured masks against COVID 19 and other microbes has not been investigated.
Aims and methods: The current study aimed to experimentally determine and compare the effectiveness of two approved surgical masks and two face masks fabricated at the University of Dodoma (UDOM).
Results: The effectiveness of the UDOM-made mask was similar when compared to surgical masks (Mann- Whitney, U = 390.000, p > 0.05; Mean ranks: Japan fabric = 32.5; N95 surgical mask = 28.50). However, the Japan fabric mask made at UDOM was more effective than BBL surgical mask made in China (Mann-Whitney, U = 270.000, p < 0.05; Mean ranks: Japan fabric = 24.50; BBL surgical mask = 36.50). Whereas the handkerchief mask made at UDOM and BBL surgical mask had similar levels of effectiveness (Mann-Whitney, U = 369.500, p > 0.05; Mean Ranks: Handkerchief = 27.82; BBL surgical mask = 33.18). The results obtained suggest that the two UDOM types were as effective as the N95 and BBL masks in reducing virus spread.
Conclusion: The study recommends the determination of pore sizes of the materials used to make the mask to explain the effectiveness of the single layer, double layers, and double layers with cotton blends in the prevention of different microbes inhalable.
3
Tsang, Po Man, and Audrey Prost. "Boundaries of solidarity: a meta-ethnography of mask use during past epidemics to inform SARS-CoV-2 suppression." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 1 (January 2021): e004068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004068.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundMany countries aiming to suppress SARS-CoV-2 recommend the use of face masks by the general public. The social meanings attached to masks may influence their use, but remain underinvestigated.MethodsWe systematically searched eight databases for studies containing qualitative data on public mask use during past epidemics, and used meta-ethnography to explore their social meanings. We compared key concepts within and across studies, then jointly wrote a critical synthesis.ResultsWe found nine studies from China (n=5), Japan (n=1), Mexico (n=1), South Africa (n=1) and the USA (n=1). All studies describing routine mask use during epidemics were from East Asia. Participants identified masks as symbols of solidarity, civic responsibility and an allegiance to science. This effect was amplified by heightened risk perception (eg, during SARS in 2003), and by seeing masks on political leaders and in outdoor public spaces. Masks also acted as containment devices to manage threats to identity at personal and collective levels. In China and Japan, public and corporate campaigns framed routine mask use as individual responsibility for disease prevention in return for state- or corporate-sponsored healthcare access. In most studies, mask use waned as risk perception fell. In contexts where masks were mostly worn by patients with specific diseases (eg, for patients with tuberculosis in South Africa), or when trust in government was low (eg, during H1N1 in Mexico), participants described masks as stigmatising, uncomfortable or oppressive.ConclusionFace masks can take on positive social meanings linked to solidarity and altruism during epidemics. Unfortunately, these positive meanings can fail to take hold when risk perception falls, rules are seen as complex or unfair, and trust in government is low. At such times, ensuring continued use is likely to require additional efforts to promote locally appropriate positive social meanings, simplifying rules for use and ensuring fair enforcement.
4
Leone, Massimo. "The Semiotics of the Medical Face Mask: East and West." Signs and Media 1, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 40–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25900323-12340004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract After a concise survey of the state of the art on the semiotics of the mask and on studies in humanities and social sciences about medical face masks, the essay provides anecdotic evidence about differences in the semiotics of medical face masks in Europe and in the ‘Far East’, especially Japan, China, and Korea; it proposes a semiotic grid for decoding the phenomenology and meaning of the medical face mask; it concludes with some general observations on the change of the meaning of the face during the current pandemic.
5
Morishima, Mika, Koya Kishida, Takashi Uozumi, and Masayoshi Kamijo. "Experiences and problems with hygiene masks reported by Japanese hay fever sufferers." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 26, no. 4 (July 29, 2014): 262–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-08-2013-0093.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – In Japan, one of the countermeasures used to avoid the symptoms of hay fever (HF) is a hygiene mask; however, a mask can cause discomfort. The authors believe that co-occurrence analysis, which has been widely in the sciences, will be valuable to this issue. The purpose of this paper is to identify problems associated with the use of hygiene masks and recommend improvements in their function and comfort. The goal of this study was to obtain information for the development of effective hygiene masks for HF sufferers and therefore, improve their quality of life. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted a survey of university students with HF (n=1,519) to identify problems with hygiene masks. Students completed self-report questionnaires and co-occurrence analyses were used to examine the data from a holistic perspective. Moreover, technical data, relative to the problems of wearing a mask were acquired experimentally using thermal, hygroscopic, and airflow properties. Findings – Among Japanese university students, hygiene masks were the most popular countermeasure against HF symptoms. In addition, it was found that wearing a mask was not influenced of the type of symptoms. Most problems were related to the masks’ thermal, hygroscopic, and airflow properties. Originality/value – The paper proposed the use of co-occurrence analysis to analyze problems with hygiene masks. Most problems appear to be related to the thermal, hygroscopic, and airflow properties of the masks. Moreover, such phenomena have been experimentally demonstrated.
6
Yasuda, Yuto, Satoru Mutsuo, Motoaki Hamada, Kazuo Murai, Yutaka Hirayama, Kiyoshi Uemasu, Soichi Arasawa, Daisuke Iwashima, and Ken-ichi Takahashi. "Aluminium Gauze Reduces SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Non-Woven Masks Worn by Patients with COVID-19." Infectious Disease Reports 14, no. 2 (April 6, 2022): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/idr14020030.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Aluminium reduces severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) survival in experimental settings. It is unknown whether adding an aluminium gauze to a mask reduces the SARS-CoV-2 RNA load in the mask and whether SARS-CoV-2 is detectable in the breath that permeates through such a mask in clinical settings. Methods: Patients admitted to Kishiwada City Hospital, Osaka, Japan, between July 2021 and September 2021 were enrolled in the study. Non-woven masks comprising filters with 99% viral filtration efficacy and aluminium and cotton gauzes attached to plastic collection cases were developed. All participants wore the experimental mask models for three hours. Results: Twenty-nine patients who wore the final model masks were analysed in this study. The Ct values of the nucleocapsid gene and envelope gene of SARS-CoV-2 were significantly higher in the aluminium gauze than in the cotton gauze. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the masks of 8 out of 12 vaccinated patients (66.7%). Although breath condensates were collected behind both aluminium and cotton gauzes, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in these condensates. Conclusions: Our study indicated that non-woven masks with an aluminium gauze may obstruct SARS-CoV-2 transmission in clinical settings better than non-woven masks with cotton gauzes.
7
Tărăboanță, Ionuț, Simona Stoleriu, Gianina Iovan, Angela Cristina Ghiorghe, Irina Nica, Andra Claudia Tărăboanță-Gamen, and Sorin Andrian. "Evaluation of the salivary parameters in facial mask wearers during Covid-19 pandemic." STOMATOLOGY EDU JOURNAL 8, no. 4 (2021): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25241/stomaeduj.2021.8(4).art.1.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic situation forced governments to impose various measures to reduce the spread of the virus. The most used method is to wear facial masks, which can be found under several commercial forms. Wearing facial masks has caused a lot of controversy and rumors. Among them, many patients and practitioners have complained of a dry mouth after wearing different types of facial masks for a variable period of time. The aim of this study was to analyze the quantitative (un-/stimulated salivary flow rate) and qualitative (pH and buffer capacity) changes in saliva in mask wearers. Methodology Forty subjects were selected for this study. All of them wore alternatively no mask, a surgical mask for 2 hours, and FFP2 mask for 2 hours (groups 1, 2, and 3). Saliva samples were collected from all the subjects in the groups and analyzed to determine the values of un-/stimulated salivary flow rate, the pH, and buffer capacity using GC Saliva-Check Buffer (GC Corporation, Japan). Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed using ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results For unstimulated saliva samples, between groups 1 and 3, statistically significant differences were recorded, with a significance level of 0,02<p=0,05. For stimulated saliva, salivary pH or buffer samples, no significant differences were found between groups. Conclusion Wearing FFP2 masks for two hours showed a reduction in salivary flow rate compared to subjects who did not wear facial masks. Wearing surgical masks did not produce changes in salivary flow rates, pH or buffer capacity.
8
Shimasaki, Noriko, and Hideaki Morikawa. "Prevention of COVID-19 Infection with Personal Protective Equipment." Journal of Disaster Research 16, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2021.p0061.
Full textAbstract:
A new infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has spread rapidly worldwide in 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic in Japan can be viewed as an urban disaster because transmission of this respiratory disease tends to occur in densely populated areas. A scientific understanding of the pathogen itself, the cause of the disaster (infectious disease), as well as infection control measures, are important to implement robust and appropriate countermeasures. This review discribes the features, especially the modes of transmission, of COVID-19 and the principles by which infection control is possible using one of the most effective infection control measures – personal protective equipment (PPE). Because COVID-19 is often transmitted to others by asymptomatic individuals through droplets, even those who are unaware of their infection should wear masks to prevent the spread of droplets that may contain the virus and effectively control the spread of disease. However, given the worldwide competition for masks and the urgent requirement of effective controls, it is necessary to conduct further research to establish a system that can supply adequate numbers of masks to regions where many people are infected in the country, with no shortage of masks, in order to make the country more resilient to disasters caused by infectious diseases in the future.
9
Sugimura, Mana, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Yui Yumiya, Hiroki Ohge, Nobuaki Shime, Takemasa Sakaguchi, Junko Tanaka, et al. "The Association between Wearing a Mask and COVID-19." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 9131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179131.
Full textAbstract:
With the widespread and increasing number of cases of Coronavirus Disease (2019) globally, countries have been taking preventive measures against this pandemic. However, there is no universal agreement across cultures on whether wearing face masks are an effective physical intervention against disease transmission. We investigated the relationship between mask wearing and COVID-19 among close contacts of COVID-19 patients in the Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. In the Hiroshima Prefecture, a COVID-19 form adapted from the reporting form, “Japanese Surveillance in Post-Extreme Emergencies and Disasters”, was developed to collect data from COVID-19 patients’ close contacts under active epidemiological surveillance at Public Health Centers. The relative risk of COVID-19 for mask users versus non-mask users was calculated. A total of 820 interviewees were included in the analysis and 53.3% of them responded that they wore masks. Non-mask users were infected at a rate of 16.4%, while mask users were infected at a rate of 7.1%. Those who wore masks were infected at a rate of 0.4 times that of those who did not wear masks. (RR = 0.4, 95%CI = 0.3–0.6; Adjusted RR = 0.6, 95%CI = 0.3–0.9). These findings implied that COVID-19 could be avoided to a certain degree by wearing a mask.
10
Firmalasari, Benita Kristi, and Resa Rasyidah. "The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Environment." WIMAYA 1, no. 02 (December 11, 2020): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/wimaya.v1i02.33.
Full textAbstract:
The Covid-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the environment. The enormous need for personal protective equipment (PPE) masks (both medical and non-medical masks), protective clothing, face shields, gloves to hand sanitizers and disinfectants has resulted in the accumulation of medical waste in some regions in Indonesia. This paper aims to describe the environmental diplomacy and international cooperation efforts undertaken by the Indonesian government to address these problems. The author finds that Indonesia's environmental diplomacy was carried out before the pandemic occurred, but not much has focused on medical waste management. International cooperation to overcome the problem of medical waste accumulation has been carried out with some countries such as Japan, ASEAN and also WHO. Of course, considering that this pandemic is still ongoing, it is hoped that this paper can be the start of research and can be used as a stepping stone for further research.
11
Sakamoto, Naoya, Masay Ota, Tomoko Takeda, Atsushi Kosaka, Takuya Washino, Sentaro Iwabuchi, Minako Beppu, et al. "Nosocomial outbreak of coronavirus disease in two general wards during the initial wave of the pandemic in 2020, Tokyo, Japan." Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2022.13.1.906.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first reported in China and subsequently spread worldwide. In Japan, many clusters occurred during the first wave in 2020. We describe the investigation of an early outbreak in a Tokyo hospital. Methods: A COVID-19 outbreak occurred in two wards of the hospital from April to early May 2020. Confirmed cases were individuals with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection linked to Wards A and B, and contacts were patients or workers in Wards A or B 2 weeks before the index cases developed symptoms. All contacts were tested, and cases were interviewed to determine the likely route of infection and inform the development of countermeasures to curb transmission. Results: There were 518 contacts, comprising 472 health-care workers (HCWs) and 46 patients, of whom 517 were tested. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed in 42 individuals (30 HCWs and 12 patients). The proportions of SARS-CoV-2 infections in HCWs were highest among surgeons, nurses, nursing assistants and medical assistants. Several HCWs in these groups reported being in close proximity to one another while not wearing medical masks. Among HCWs, infection was thought to be associated with the use of a small break room and conference room. Discussion: Nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred in two wards of a Tokyo hospital, affecting HCWs and patients. Not wearing masks was considered a key risk factor for infection during this outbreak; masks are now a mandated countermeasure to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospital settings.
12
Sugimura, Mana, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Yui Yumiya, Akihiro Taji, Eisaku Kishita, Yoko Tsurugi, Koji Kiwaki, et al. "Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections during Disasters in the Absence and Presence of COVID-19 Pandemic." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 37, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x22000085.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIntroduction:Japan recently experienced two major heavy rain disasters: the West Japan heavy rain disaster in July 2018 and the Kumamoto heavy rain disaster in July 2020. Between the occurrences of these two disasters, Japan began experiencing the wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, providing a unique opportunity to compare the incidence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) between the two disaster responses under distinct conditions.Sources for Information:The data were collected by using the standard disaster medical reporting system used in Japan, so-called the Japan-Surveillance in Post-Extreme Emergencies and Disasters (J-SPEED), which reports number and types of patients treated by Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs). Data for ARI were extracted from daily aggregated data on the J-SPEED form and the frequency of ARI in two disasters was compared.Observation:Acute respiratory infection in the West Japan heavy rain that occurred in the absence of COVID-19 and in the Kumamoto heavy rain that occurred in the presence of COVID-19 were responsible for 5.4% and 1.2% of the total consultation, respectively (P <.001).Analysis of Observation and Conclusion:Between the occurrence of these two disasters, Japan implemented COVID-19 preventive measures on a personal and organizational level, such as wearing masks, disinfecting hands, maintaining social distance, improving room ventilation, and screening people who entered evacuation centers by using hygiene management checklists. By following the basic prevention measures stated above, ARI can be significantly reduced during a disaster.
13
Braxton, Mycah. "“A Weapon to Change Modern Reality”: Action and Agitation in On Kawara's Thanatophanies, 1955–1956." October 163 (March 2018): 102–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00319.
Full textAbstract:
In the context of 1950s Japanese aesthetic theory, On Kawara's Death Masks can be seen a tool of agitation and provocation. Through these drawings, Kawara resisted the destruction of individual thought and action in the harsh social conditions of postwar Japan, seeking to return agency to the viewer in two ways. First, by warping his human figures in a metaphor of “material” objectification, Kawara aimed to provoke anxiety and thus spur the audience to social action. Second, by creating “imaginary objects” in the process of drafting the Death Masks, Kawara refused the guide of historical reference and prompted viewers to invent associations between his figures and social conditions. This series can be seen as providing a prototype for a new form of art, the “Printed Paintings.” Kawara, critical of the institutional form of art museums and galleries, sought to create a system of art that would directly invite creative responses to the original work and thereby achieve a new actualization of individual subjects and of society at large.
14
Abe, Tsuneyuki, and Alexander E. Raevskiy. "Psychological characteristics of Japanese attitude toward COVID-19: Sanitary masks and “jishuku” (self-restriction)." National Psychological Journal 39, no. 3 (2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11621/npj.2020.0302.
Full textAbstract:
Relevance of the article. COVID-19 is a serious global problem, that humanity is facing today. Different countries provide various measures to confront the epidemic. But not only measures differ from country to country, but people’s attitude to this problem is also quite different. In Japan the number of victims is relatively low, and it can be suggested that several socio-psychological factors of the Japanese society underlie this phenomenon. Aim of the current research is to describe psychological measures of confronting COVID-19 in Japan, and to analyze religious, cultural and psychological features of the Japanese people, that could predeterminate the effectiveness of measures conducted by the Japanese government to confront the epidemic. Course of the research. Current article is devoted to the two main features of Japanese policy confronting COVID-19: sanitary masks and self-restriction policy (jishuku). The attitude of the Japanese people to the epidemic, and the measures conducted by the government are analyzed from psychological point of view. Also, basic social and psychological factors that supposedly helped to control the epidemic and the features of governmental policy in confronting COVID-19 are described. Results. Important feature of the Japan’s anti-COVID-19 policy was an absence of strict measures suppressing individual freedom. But in spite of that, government’s appeal for the mask use and social distance was carefully followed by the people. It can be probably explained by a historically based tendency of the Japanese people to conduct themselves in accordance with the social rules, a daily habit of sanitary masks usage, and also a special attitude to cleanliness and hygiene. Conclusion. Fight against COVID-19 requires systematic, coordinated and constructive approach, use of several scientific disciplines, human resources and technological solutions. Probably the Japanese experience in this problem would help international community to confront epidemic.
15
Ganchimeg, Bat Erdene, Jae Eun Lee, and Keiko Kitagawa. "Comparative Analysis of COVID-19 Pandemic Response." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 12, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/jscm.2022.2.31.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the responses to the COVID-19 among Korea, USA, Japan, Germany, and France. To compare responses to COVID-19, five criteria were adopted: disaster relief funds, social distancing and wearing masks, overseas arrivals, vaccination, and school and student quarantine. The results was summarized and presented as follows.
First, most countries provided disaster relief funds and extended national and local tax payment deadlines. Second, most countries have guidelines for a safe distance to be 1~2m, and wearing a mask is mandatory. Third, the complete vaccination rates of each country shows that USA is 58.7%, Korea 77.2%, Japan 75.2%, France 68.7%, and Germany 67.4%. Fourth, all countries imposed entry bans from China, and the behavioral restrictions were relaxed to allow entry with confirmation of vaccination. Fifth, most countries had "online platforms", "take-home packages", "televisions", "cell phones" and "radios" during school closures.”
16
Tikhotskaya, Irina S. "Japan: Innovations in society under the influence of COVID-19." Asia and Africa Today, no. 5 (2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750020168-6.
Full textAbstract:
Japan's model of anti-COVID strategy, rated as the most "toothless" in the world, has been shown to be highly effective, and through the use of innovative infection control measures the Tokyo Olympics was also successful. After a brief assessment of the country's course of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2021, the authors analyze the characteristics of innovations in Japan created under its influence and show that the pandemic, which itself is essentially an innovation, has inspired the Japanese to create original innovative products and solutions that are in demand in society. The world is well aware of Japan's achievements in the high-tech consumer electronics sector, in which, despite the increased competition, it strives to maintain its high position, using artificial intelligence as one of the main technologies. During pandemic, it has created not only applications for the medical industry, but also, as presented in the article, for humanoids already in use in the service industry. It is important for Japan to accelerate digitalization, an area in which it lags behind both because of traditional decision-making practices requiring approvals at every stage and the tradition of using hankoseals instead of personal signatures; and telework, which lies in the key to creating a sustainable society. Around the world, the contribution of start-ups in providing services and solutions unavailable to large corporations and governments has increased markedly, and Japan, a country that tends to rely more on familiar and verified action schemes, is no exception. Characterized by its rapid incorporation of the latest scientific and technological advances into everyday life, Japan has already offered a number of innovative solutions for safe living in the new reality created by the pandemic. The article considers the environment in which innovations are implemented gives examples of original startups: innovative protective masks, devices, and new ways to protect against the virus in the catering industry.
17
Yoshitomi, M., O. Wild, and H. Akimoto. "Contributions of regional and intercontinental transport to surface ozone in Tokyo." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 10403–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-10403-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Japan lies downwind of the Asian continent and for much of the year air quality is directly influenced by emissions of ozone precursors over these heavily-populated and rapidly-industrializing regions. This study examines the extent to which oxidant transport from regional and distant anthropogenic sources influences air quality in Japan in springtime, when these contributions are largest. We find that European and North American contributions to surface ozone over Japan in spring are persistent, averaging 3.5±1.1 ppb and 2.8±0.5 ppb respectively, and are greatest in cold continental outflow conditions following the passage of cold fronts. Contributions from China are larger, 4.0±2.8 ppb, and more variable, as expected for a closer source region, and are generally highest near cold fronts preceding the influence of more distant sources. The stratosphere provides a varying but ever-present background of ozone of about 11.2±2.5 ppb during spring. Local sources over Japan and Korea have a relatively small impact on mean ozone, 2.4±7.6 ppb, but this masks a strong diurnal signal, and local sources clearly dominate during episodes of high daytime ozone. By examining the meteorological mechanisms that favour transport from different source regions, we demonstrate that while maximum foreign influence generally does not occur at the same time as the greatest buildup of oxidants from local sources, it retains a significant influence under these conditions. It is thus clear that while meteorological boundaries provide some protection from foreign influence during oxidant outbreaks in Tokyo, these distant sources still make a substantial contribution to exceedance of the Japanese ozone air quality standard in springtime.
18
Yoshitomi, M., O. Wild, and H. Akimoto. "Contributions of regional and intercontinental transport to surface ozone in the Tokyo area." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 15 (August 1, 2011): 7583–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7583-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Japan lies downwind of the Asian continent and for much of the year air quality is directly influenced by emissions of ozone precursors over these heavily-populated and rapidly-industrializing regions. This study examines the extent to which oxidant transport from regional and distant anthropogenic sources influences air quality in Japan in springtime, when these contributions are largest. We find that European and North American contributions to surface ozone over Japan in spring are persistent, averaging 3.5±1.1 ppb and 2.8±0.5 ppb respectively, and are greatest in cold continental outflow conditions following the passage of cold fronts. Contributions from China are larger, 4.0±2.8 ppb, and more variable, as expected for a closer source region, and are generally highest near cold fronts preceding the influence of more distant sources. The stratosphere provides a varying but ever-present background of ozone of about 11.2±2.5 ppb during spring. Local sources over Japan and Korea have a relatively small impact on mean ozone, 2.4±7.6 ppb, but this masks a strong diurnal signal, and local sources clearly dominate during episodes of high daytime ozone. By examining the meteorological mechanisms that favour transport from different source regions, we demonstrate that while maximum foreign influence generally does not occur at the same time as the greatest buildup of oxidants from local sources, it retains a significant influence under these conditions. It is thus clear that while meteorological boundaries provide some protection from foreign influence during oxidant outbreaks in Tokyo, these distant sources still make a substantial contribution to exceedance of the Japanese ozone air quality standard in springtime.
19
Bhandari, Divya, Akihiko Ozaki, Tomoya Suzuki, Yasuhiro Kotera, Sunil Shrestha, Sayaka Horiuchi, Takashi Miyachi, and Takahiro Tabuchi. "Physical and verbal abuse amid COVID-19: a nationwide cross-sectional survey in Japan." BMJ Open 12, no. 2 (February 2022): e054915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054915.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesThe detrimental impacts of abuse on victims’ well-being are well documented globally, including Japan. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may increase the incidence of abuse in the community, creating an additional burden amid the crisis. However, the incidence of abuse in Japan during COVID-19 remains to be evaluated. Accordingly, our study aimed to assess the incidence of physical and verbal abuse among the general population in Japan and to identify the associated factors of abuse during COVID-19.Design and settingWe used the data obtained from a nationwide, cross-sectional internet survey conducted in Japan between August and September 2020. Sampling weights were used to calculate national estimates, and multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify the associated factors for physical and verbal abuse.ResultsOut of the total 25 482 participants, 965 (3.8 %) reported experiencing physical abuse and 1941 (7.6%) verbal abuse from April 2020 to September 2020. The incidence of physical and verbal abuse was higher among female participants. Participants who lived in areas where the ‘state of emergency’ was enforced were more likely to suffer from physical abuse. Similarly, vulnerable participants such as those below age 18, with low income, bad family relationships, and disabled people were more likely to experience both physical and verbal abuse. Participants suffering from COVID-19-related symptoms, who had poor health status and widows/divorcees were more likely to be verbally abused. Furthermore, those who did not follow preventive behaviours such as wearing masks in public places, abusing drugs and drinking alcohol in high amounts were also more likely to experience abuse.ConclusionThe impact of abuse was found disproportionately greater in more vulnerable groups of the population. Pandemic has reinforced the existing social inequalities, which need to be addressed timely to prevent precarious repercussions.
20
Evdokimov, V. I. "Personal respiratory protective equipment: development of patenting and structure of inventions in the world (2000–2019)." Medicо-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2021-0-1-66-81.
Full textAbstract:
Relevance. When working in hazardous conditions, eliminating accidents, fires and emergencies, personal respiratory protective equipment (RPE) helps optimize working capacity and preserve the health of workers and the population. The use of RPE is especially important in epidemics spreading by airborne droplets, i.e. in the pandemic of the coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2. Intention. To analyze the development of patenting and types of inventions in the field of RPE in the world over 20 years from 2000 to 2019.Methodology. The object of the research was patents for inventions, in which headings included the types of respirators and gas masks according to the International Patent Classification (IPC). It should be noted that this classification is somewhat different from that adopted in Russia. Clarivate Analytics’ Derwent Innovations patent database was searched.Results and Discussion. The created search mode made it possible to find 5006 responses to patents for inventions, in which IPC headings were presented by types of respirators and gas masks. Annually, (250 ± 11) inventions with IPC headings by RPE type were paternted worldwide. The dynamics of patenting inventions resembles an inverted U-curve with maximum rates in 2014–2015 and some decrease in the last observation period. The largest contribution to the total array of inventions by RPE type was made by patent families affiliated with the United States (43.9 %), South Korea (22 %), Japan (21.2 %), China (19 %) and the European Patent Office (18.7 %). The structure of the analyzed inventions in the world included RPEs with compressed oxygen or air (7.5 %), with breathing-controlled valves dosing the supply of oxygen or air (4.4 %), with liquid oxygen (0.9 %), with oxygen-releasing chemicals (11.3 %), with filtering elements (20.6 %), hose (2.4 %), for high-altitude aircrafts (4.8%). RPE masks and RPE helmets accounted for 44.1 % and 4 %, respectively. There were regional differences in the patenting of inventions by RPE types.Conclusion. There were quite many domestic inventions on RPE with oxygen-releasing chemicals and with filter elements; the overall contribution of patented inventions in Russia for all RPE types was 6% of the total array.
21
Park, Eun-A. "Why the networks can’t beat Netflix: speculations on the US OTT Services Market." Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 19, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dprg-08-2016-0041.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This paper aims to examine the dramatically different markets for over-the-top (OTT) TV services that have emerged in the USA, and other leading markets such as Japan and Korea. Whereas OTT TV services emerged as extensions of mainstream audiovisual providers in Korea and Japan, further entrenching their dominance, they emerged in the USA as market-disrupting newcomers such as Netflix. This paper seeks to explain why, putting forward four explanations: lower resistance to disruptive innovation in public TV dominant systems; higher production costs; lower penetration of broadband-capable devices; and more expensive mobile pricing plans. Design/methodology/approach This comparative case study examines news and trade press articles, industry surveys and government reports to identify the reasons behind these contrasting experiences of Japan, South Korea and the USA in the deployment of OTT TV services. Findings To explain why events in the three countries took such dramatically different paths, four explanations were put forward, all complementing one another: lower resistance to disruptive innovation in public TV dominant systems; higher audiovisual production costs in the USA making market-disruptive moves to new technological platforms more risky; lower penetration of broadband-capable devices reducing the profit potential of new OTT-based platforms; and more expensive mobile pricing plans, making it harder for users to access OTT content. Originality/value The global trend in the growth of OTT TV services masks significant differences in growth trends and business initiatives at the national level. This paper aims to examine and understand why OTT TV services have shown such different patterns across countries.
22
Omura, M., T. E. Stone, M. A. Petrini, and R. Cao. "Nurses’ health beliefs about paper face masks in Japan, Australia and China: a qualitative descriptive study." International Nursing Review 67, no. 3 (July 19, 2020): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/inr.12607.
Full text
23
Hibiya, Kenji, Hiroyoshi Iwata, Takeshi Kinjo, Akira Shinzato, Masao Tateyama, Shinichiro Ueda, and Jiro Fujita. "Incidence of common infectious diseases in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): e0261332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261332.
Full textAbstract:
Recent reports indicate that respiratory infectious diseases were suppressed during the novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. COVID-19 led to behavioral changes aimed to control droplet transmission or contact transmission. In this study, we examined the incidence of common infectious diseases in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 data were extracted from the national data based on the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases (NESID). Common infectious diseases were selected from notifiable infectious diseases under the NESID. The epidemic activity of the diseases during 2015–2020 was evaluated based on the Infectious Disease Weekly Reports published by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases. Each disease was then categorized according to the route of transmission. Many Japanese people had adopted hygienic activities, such as wearing masks and hand washing, even before the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined the correlation between the time-series of disease counts of common infectious diseases and COVID-19 over time using cross-correlation analysis. The weekly number of cases of measles, rotavirus, and several infections transmitted by droplet spread, was negatively correlated with the weekly number of cases of COVID-19 for up to 20 weeks in the past. According to the difference-in-differences analysis, the activity of influenza and rubella was significantly lower starting from the second week in 2020 than that in 2015–2019. Only legionellosis was more frequent throughout the year than in 2015–2019. Lower activity was also observed in some contact transmitted, airborne-transmitted, and fecal-oral transmitted diseases. However, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, exanthema subitum, showed the same trend as that over the previous 5 years. In conclusion, our study shows that public health interventions for the COVID-19 pandemic may have effectively prevented the transmission of most droplet-transmitted diseases and those transmitted through other routes.
24
Otani, Koji, Toshio Watanabe, Akira Higashimori, Hidekazu Suzuki, Takeshi Kamiya, Akiko Shiotani, Mitsushige Sugimoto, et al. "A Questionnaire-Based Survey on the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Asia." Digestion 103, no. 1 (November 10, 2021): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000520287.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: The COVID-19 outbreak abruptly restricted gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy services during the first wave of the pandemic. We aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the practice of GI endoscopy in Asian countries. Methods: This was an International Questionnaire-based Internet Survey conducted at multiple facilities by the International Gastrointestinal Consensus Symposium. A total of 166 respondents in Japan, China, Hong Kong, South Korea, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, and Singapore participated in this study. Results: The volume of endoscopic screening or follow-up endoscopies and therapeutic endoscopies were markedly reduced during the first wave of the pandemic, which was mainly attributed to the decreased number of outpatients, cancellations by patients, and adherence to the guidelines of academic societies. The most common indications for GI endoscopy during the first wave were GI bleeding, cholangitis or obstructive jaundice, and a highly suspicious case of neoplasia. The most common GI symptoms of COVID-19 patients during the infected period included diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. The pandemic exacerbated some GI diseases, such as functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome. There were cases with delayed diagnosis of cancers due to postponed endoscopic procedures, and the prescription of proton pump inhibitors/potassium-competitive acid blockers, steroids, immunosuppressive agents, and biologics was delayed or canceled. The personal protective equipment used during endoscopic procedures for high-risk patients were disposable gloves, disposable gowns, N95 or equivalent masks, and face shields. However, the devices on the patient side during endoscopic procedures included modified surgical masks, mouthpieces with filters, and disposable vinyl boxes or aerosol boxes covering the head. Furthermore, the time for education, basic research, clinical research, and daily clinical practice decreased during the first wave. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the COVID-19 pandemic profoundly affected the method of performing GI endoscopy and medical treatment for patients with GI diseases in Asian countries.
25
Okamoto, Shohei, Kazuki Kamimura, and Kohei Komamura. "COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and vaccine passports: a cross-sectional conjoint experiment in Japan." BMJ Open 12, no. 6 (June 2022): e060829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-060829.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesWhile the development of vaccines against the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) brought hope of establishing herd immunity and ending the global pandemic, vaccine hesitancy can hinder the progress towards herd immunity. In this study, by analysing the data collected when citizens undergo public health restrictions due to the pandemic, we assess the determinants of vaccine hesitancy, reasons for hesitation and potential effectiveness of vaccine passports used to relax public health restrictions on mitigating vaccine hesitancy.DesignCross-sectional study, longitudinal study and conjoint experimental design.SettingAn online survey conducted in Japan in July 2021.ParticipantsA demographically representative sample of 5000 Japanese adults aged 20–74.Primary outcome measuresCOVID-19 vaccination intentionResultsWe found that about 30% of respondents did not intend to get vaccinated or had not yet decided, with major reasons for vaccine hesitancy relating to concerns about the safety and side effects of the vaccine. In line with previous findings, younger age, lower socioeconomic status, and psychological and behavioural factors such as weaker COVID-19 fear were associated with vaccine hesitancy. Easing of public health restrictions such as travel, wearing face masks and dining out at night was associated with an increase in vaccine acceptance by 4%–10%. Moreover, we found that more than 90% of respondents who intended to get vaccinated actually received it while smaller proportions among those undecided and unwilling to get vaccinated did so.ConclusionWith a major concern about vaccine safety and side effects, interventions to mitigate against these may help to reduce vaccine hesitancy. Moreover, when citizens are imposed with restrictions, vaccine passports that increase their freedom may be helpful to increase vaccination rates.
26
Sumida, Tomohisa. "Plague Masks in Japan: Reflecting on the 1899 German Debates and the Suffering of Patients/Doctors in Osaka." East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal 16, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2021.2015121.
Full text
27
Parantika, Asep. "ANALYSIS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR OF MILLENNIALS AND Z GENERATION TRAVELING IN JAPAN DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC." JELAJAH: Journal of Tourism and Hospitality 3, no. 2 (January 5, 2022): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33830/jelajah.v3i2.2230.
Full textAbstract:
The study aims to analyze the consumer behavior of domestic travelers in Japan, especially the Millennial and Z generation groups during the Covid-19 pandemic. Fears of exposure and the imposition of a state of emergency, making tourists both domestic and foreign cancel their trips. Economic downturn amid the threat of the spread of a pandemic that is not yet known when it will end, it becomes a challenge for Japanese society to adjust to existing conditions. The Japanese government issued the "Go to Travel Campaign" program, a campaign aimed at stimulating the travel of domestic tourists who are down due to the spread of Covid-19. However, strict health protocols are in place to prevent and control the spread of the virus.
This research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach by sharing questions and conducting interviews to analyze consumer behavior, especially millennials and Z groups, identifying behaviors that can change the tourism industry to understand its needs. Through an analysis of consumer behavior of millennial and Z generation groups in Japan during the Covid-19 pandemic, it was obtained that they were highly motivated and dared to travel in the pandemic and were not afraid of Covid-19, although in the pandemic the Millennial and Z groups always use masks and all their activities are in the crowd because their style always follows and adheres to health protocols that are followed by the Japanese government. By having an understanding and sensitivity or adjustment of the behavior of consumer travelers, it will make it easier for manufacturers to identify the needs of travelers indicated by purchasing decisions as a mirror of the behavior of travelers.
28
Hatabu, Asuka, Xinhua Mao, Yi Zhou, Norihito Kawashita, Zheng Wen, Mikiko Ueda, Tatsuya Takagi, and Yu-Shi Tian. "Knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19 among university students in Japan and associated factors: An online cross-sectional survey." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): e0244350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244350.
Full textAbstract:
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has greatly altered peoples’ daily lives, and it continues spreading as a crucial concern globally. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19 are related to individuals’ adherence to government measures. This study evaluated KAP toward COVID-19 among university students in Japan between May 22 and July 16, 2020, via an online questionnaire, and it further investigated the associated determining KAP factors. Among the eligible respondents (n = 362), 52.8% were female, 79.0% were undergraduate students, 32.9% were students whose major university subjects were biology-related, 35.4% were from the capital region, and 83.7% were Japanese. The overall KAP of university students in Japan was high. All respondents (100%) showed they possessed knowledge on avoiding enclosed spaces, crowded areas, and close situations. Most respondents showed a moderate or higher frequency of washing their hands or wearing masks (both at 96.4%). In addition, 68.5% of respondents showed a positive attitude toward early drug administration. In the logistic regressions, gender, major subjects, education level, nationality, residence, and psychological factors (private self-consciousness and extroversion) were associated with knowledge or attitudes toward COVD-19 (p < 0.05). In the logistic and multiple linear regressions, capital regions, high basic knowledge, high information acquisition, correct information explanations contributed positively to preventative action (p < 0.05). Non-capital regions, male gender, non-bio-backgrounds, high public self-consciousness, high advanced knowledge, incorrect information explanations, and high extroversion contributed negatively to self-restraint (p < 0.05). Moreover, self-restraint was decreasing over time. These findings clarify the Japanese university students’ KAP and the related factors in the early period of the COVID-19 pandemic, and they may help university managers, experts, and policymakers control the future spread of COVID-19 and other emerging infections.
29
Liu, Xin, Gaël Dur, Syuhei Ban, Yoichiro Sakai, Shinsuke Ohmae, and Takashi Morita. "Planktivorous fish predation masks anthropogenic disturbances on decadal trends in zooplankton biomass and body size structure in Lake Biwa, Japan." Limnology and Oceanography 65, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 667–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lno.11336.
Full text
30
Miyawaki, Atsushi, Takahiro Tabuchi, Yasutake Tomata, and Yusuke Tsugawa. "Association between participation in the government subsidy programme for domestic travel and symptoms indicative of COVID-19 infection in Japan: cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (April 2021): e049069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049069.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the association between participation in government subsidies for domestic travel (subsidise up to 50% of all travel expenses) introduced nationally in Japan on 22 July 2020 and the incidence of symptoms indicative of COVID-19 infections.DesignCross-sectional analysis of nationally representative survey data.SettingInternet survey conducted between 25 August and 30 September 2020 in Japan. Sampling weights were used to calculate national estimates.Participants25 482 survey respondents (50.3% (12 809) women; mean (SD) age, 48.8 (17.4) years).Main outcome measuresIncidence rate of five symptoms indicative of the COVID-19 infection (high fever, sore throat, cough, headache, and smell and taste disorder) within the past month of the survey, after adjustment for characteristics of individuals and prefecture fixed effects (effectively comparing individuals living in the same prefecture).ResultsAt the time of the survey, 3289 (12.9%) participated in the subsidy programme. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that participants in the subsidy programme exhibited higher incidence of high fever (adjusted rate, 4.7% for participants vs 3.7% for non-participants; adjusted OR (aOR) 1.83; 95% CI 1.34 to 2.48; p<0.001), sore throat (19.8% vs 11.3%; aOR 2.09; 95% CI 1.37 to 3.19; p=0.002), cough (19.0% vs 11.3%; aOR 1.96; 95% CI 1.26 to 3.01; p=0.008), headache (29.2% vs 25.5%; aOR 1.24; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.44; p=0.006) and smell and taste disorder (2.6% vs 1.8%; aOR 1.98; 95% CI 1.15 to 3.40; p=0.01) compared with non-participants. These findings remained qualitatively unaffected by additional adjustment for the use of 17 preventative measures (eg, social distancing, wearing masks and handwashing) and fear against the COVID-19 infection.ConclusionsThe participation of the government subsidy programme for domestic travel was associated with a higher probability of exhibiting symptoms indicative of the COVID-19 infection.
31
Tsugawa, Akito, Shu Sakurai, Yuta Inagawa, Daisuke Hirose, Yoshitsugu Kaneko, Yusuke Ogawa, Shuntaro Serisawa, et al. "Awareness of the COVID-19 Outbreak and Resultant Depressive Tendencies in Patients with Severe Alzheimer’s Disease." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 77, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 539–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-200832.
Full textAbstract:
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has substantially affected patients with dementia and their caregivers. However, we found not all Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients were afraid of COVID-19 infection. Therefore, we investigated the association between rate of awareness of COVID-19 and depressive tendency in AD. 126 consecutive outpatients with AD were enrolled in this study from May 25, on the day when the declaration of emergency was lifted in Japan, through June 30, 2020. In addition to routine psychological tests, the participants were asked the following two questions: “Do you know COVID-19?” and “Why are you wearing a face mask?”. Moderate to severe AD patients were found to have a low COVID-19 recognition rate and did not fully understand why they were wearing face masks. In addition, because they did not understand the seriousness of the COVID-19 outbreak, their Geriatric Depression Scale scores were also substantially lower. These results may appear to simply indicate that people with severe dementia are unaware of current events. However, these results provide insights into how to care for patients with dementia and how to allocate the time and support of our limited staff during the COVID-19 outbreak.
32
Oka, Yumiko, Takao Kodera, Miki Takeshita, Yuko Shirota, Tomoki Takeda, Tomomi Tsutsumi, and Junichi Kameoka. "Decrease of infectious complications in outpatients with autoimmune diseases from 2019 to 2020 under the COVID-19 pandemic: A single-centre, retrospective cohort study in Japan." Modern Rheumatology 32, no. 2 (September 10, 2021): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mr/roab080.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Objectives To examine how the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has changed infectious complications in outpatients with autoimmune diseases. Methods We performed a retrospective, record-linked cohort study and questionnaire about lifestyle changes in patients who visited our department in 2019 and 2020. Results We surveyed 1316 outpatients in 2019 and 1284 in 2020. The most common underlying diseases were rheumatoid arthritis (842 vs. 814) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (126 vs. 127). No significant difference in median age (66 vs. 67 years), respiratory comorbidities (30.4% vs. 32.0%), or corticosteroid use (42.2% vs. 44.3%) was found between the years. Immunomodulating agents were used more in 2020 (33.1% vs. 39.7%, p < .001). Total number of infections (28.0/100 vs. 19.4/100 person-years), pneumonia (3.6 vs. 1.6), influenza (2.1 vs. 0.1), and nonviral dermatological infections (3.8 vs. 2.1) were significantly lower in 2020. No significant difference was found for herpes zoster (2.2 vs. 1.8), urinary tract infections (3.3 vs. 3.8), or gastrointestinal infections (2.9 vs. 3.0). According to the questionnaire, 75% of the respondents became more conscious about wearing masks and 81% began to use hand sanitizer during the pandemic. Conclusion Under the COVID-19 pandemic, some infectious complications have decreased in outpatients with autoimmune diseases.
33
Fukuda, Yasue, Shuji Ando, and Koji Fukuda. "Knowledge and preventive actions toward COVID-19, vaccination intent, and health literacy among educators in Japan: An online survey." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): e0257552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257552.
Full textAbstract:
Countermeasures against the spread of COVID-19 have become an urgent issue in educational settings, where many group activities are necessary. Educators are key to preventing the spread of COVID-19 in educational settings. Infection prevention behavior requires comprehensive and complex measures such as self-restraint. disinfection care, hand washing, wearing masks and recommendation and implementation of vaccination. Improvement in the knowledge, skills, and preventive actions of educators vis-à-vis COVID-19 could allow for the continued provision of educational services while ensuring safety in educational settings. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the knowledge and preventive actions of educators regarding COVID-19 and vaccination awareness to provide appropriate support for educators. The study used data collected from 1,000 Japanese educators in January 2021 when the third wave of viral infections spread. Online surveys and multivariate linear regression analysis were used to determine age and whether respondents were being cared for by a doctor. We investigated the effects of factors on educators’ willingness to be vaccinated and changes in their behavior. This study found that factors such as age, gender, whether a respondent was under a physician’s care, and health literacy, affected the willingness of educators to receive vaccinations and engage in preventive actions. The study also suggests that the reliability of national government public relations efforts is lower than the reliability of local government public relations and that of information from family physicians, pharmacies, and mass media. It is therefore necessary to reexamine how information is disseminated by the national government and to increase the degree of trust in that information among the public. The findings of the study also revealed the importance of improving the provision of appropriate information and health literacy for the behavior of educators, not only during the initial outbreak, but also during the subsequent period of pandemic life.
34
Salnikova, Anastasija N. "Lafcadio Hearn: Between Literature and Journalism." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 27, no. 2 (July 6, 2022): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2022-27-2-371-379.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the early period of the work of the Anglo-American writer Lafcadio Hearn (1850-1904). It mainly includes American articles in periodicals. The topic is poorly studied in the domestic research field, as well as Hearn’s works in general, which leads to scientific novelty. The study was carried out with the help of intertextual and motive analysis of newspaper articles in identifying common plots of the writer’s work and references to other authors. It is noted that although Hearn became famous thanks to his stories and legends collected in Japan, he was formed as a writer in America. The article examines the features of Hearn’s style as a journalist: author’s masks (detective, comical narrator, whistleblower), playful communications with the reader, the presence of Gothic elements, references to literary works of favorite authors, common vocabulary, and combination of real facts with fiction. Hearn’s role as a forerunner of whistle-blowing journalism and new journalism is noted, and a series of articles on the tannery murder are examined. There is a movement from sensational and shocking articles to more calm meditative observations, from external to internal. Journalistic experience, as the study showed, significantly influenced Hearn’s literary activity (brevity of form, mixing documentary and fiction, elements of a detective story, subjective position of the narrator).
35
Ningrum, Prehatin Trirahayu, Khoiron Khoiron, and Rahayu Sri Pujiati. "Perilaku Pekerja dan Dampak Penambangan Batu Piring Terhadap Lingkungan dan Kesehatan Masyarakat." Jurnal Kesehatan 5, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/j-kes.v5i1.27.
Full textAbstract:
A plate stone mining is one of the mining activities in the district of Jember.This mining is becoming a major commodity for competing in foreign markets (exports). A plate stone that has been processed then utilized to furniture, tables, chairs, decorate walls, and fences. plate Stone is widely used in Japan for house building because it is considered strong and safe from earthquake. The purpose of this study was to determine how the impact of plate stone mining on the environment and public health. This research was a quantitatif descriptive and the population of this study were all stone miners for sample of 33 respondents. Sampling was carried out by using a purposive sampling technique. Variabel studied are the Characteristics of respondents, the Habit ofusing of Personal Protective Equipment, the continuity of the use of masks, working period, work duration, plate stone processing and on an environment impact. The Results of this study was the number of sex workers male 51.5% and female of 48.5%. As for the age of majority aged between 31-40 years, working period <5 years of 57% with work duration <8 hours /days of the 93%. The process of manually plate stone processing and the impact of mining is changing the of nature. Suggestion of this research is the need for a supervision of government agencies that deal with health and safety.
36
Xu, Yiming, Mingyang Wu, Wei Chen, Siyi Ge, and Yi Liang. "Analysis on the registration and review system of emergency medical devices in China and abroad in the context of COVID-19." International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 10, no. 2 (June 19, 2022): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v10i2.522.
Full textAbstract:
Objective
In the context of COVID-19, the domestic and foreign demand for emergency medical devices, such as medical masks and protective suits, is surging, and it is urgent to complete the registration and review of emergency medical devices with high efficiency and quality, which requires a mature and perfect registration and review system as the support. This paper aims to compare and analyze the domestic and foreign registration and review system of emergency medical device, summarize the good experience, and provide feasible suggestions for improving China's emergency medical device registration and review system.
Method
USA, Canada, Japan and the European Union were selected to make a comparative analysis with China from the aspects of legal system and emergency registration and review procedure by literature research, comparative analysis and other theoretical methods.
Results
The legal system and review mechanism of emergency medical device registration in China have been relatively perfect, but the safety and risk balance mechanism and the comprehensiveness of emergency management measures need to be further improved.
Conclusion
On the basis of maintaining its own institutional advantages, China should learn from foreign experience to further optimize the registration and review system of emergency medical devices, so as to improve the ability of response and implementation of China in public health emergencies.
37
Manandhar Shrestha, Rachana, Yosuke Inoue, Ami Fukunaga, Dong Van Hoang, Shohei Yamamoto, Takako Miki, Maki Konishi, Norio Ohmagari, and Tetsuya Mizoue. "Infection prevention practices and its associated factors among hospital workers in a national medical center designated for COVID-19 in Tokyo, Japan." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 11, 2022): e0272856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272856.
Full textAbstract:
Background While healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection, the virus transmission involving them might be exceeding in the non-occupational settings. This study examined the extent of adherence to infection prevention practices (IPPs) against COVID-19 in their daily life and its associated factors among staff members in a national medical center designated for COVID-19 treatment in Tokyo, Japan. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in July 2020 among 1,228 staff of National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM). We asked participants about their adherence on six IPPs recommended by the WHO in their daily lives, which included wearing masks, maintaining hand and respiratory hygiene, avoiding 3Cs and social distancing. We defined 100% adherence (6 points) to IPPs as good adherence and run logistic regression model to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of IPPs. Results Nearly 100% of NCGM staff members adhered to four out of six IPPs assessed in this study: washing or sanitizing hands (99.6%), good cough etiquette (99.6%), wearing mask (98.9%), and avoiding 3Cs (98.3%). Doctors (AOR = 2.18, CI: 1.36–3.49) and female staff members (AOR = 1.95, CI: 1.36–3.49) were more likely to adhere to IPPs compared with non-clinical staffs and male counterparts. Good adherence to IPPs tended to increase with older age, with highest adherence among those who were 50 years or above (AOR = 2.53, CI: 1.49–4.29). Conclusion This study revealed that the IPPs among NCGM staff was remarkably good. Older and female staff members, and doctors showed a higher adhere to IPPs compared with their counterparts. Additional effort to improve adherence to IPPs among the younger and male staff members could contribute to reduce infection risk in their daily life, which can eventually prevent nosocomial infection.
38
Khardori, N. M. "Use of surgical face masks to reduce the incidence of the common cold among health care workers in Japan: A randomized controlled trial." Yearbook of Medicine 2009 (January 2009): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0084-3873(09)79632-4.
Full text
39
Jacobs, Joshua L., Sachiko Ohde, Osamu Takahashi, Yasuharu Tokuda, Fumio Omata, and Tsuguya Fukui. "Use of surgical face masks to reduce the incidence of the common cold among health care workers in Japan: A randomized controlled trial." American Journal of Infection Control 37, no. 5 (June 2009): 417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2008.11.002.
Full text
40
Inaoka, Tsukasa, Megumi Nagano, Takao Kitano, Kayo Ushijima, Keiko Minamoto, Ryuji Tasaki, and Atsuko Koyanagi. "Biological Monitoring of Styrene in FRP‐Making Small Industries in Kumamoto, Japan—Winter‐Summer Difference and Effect of Protective Masks in Practical Working Conditions—." Journal of Occupational Health 44, no. 2 (March 2002): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/joh.44.83.
Full text
41
Prajapati, Bhumika, Kranti Suresh Vora, Zareena Fathah, Ranjit Sah, Ruchi Tiwari, Yashpal Singh Malik, Kuldeep Dhama, Isha Rajendiran, and Senthilkumar Natesan. "EMERGENCE OF SECOND WAVE OF SARS-COV-2 INFECTIONS DURING THE ONGOING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A MINI REVIEW." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 8, Spl-1-SARS-CoV-2 (October 30, 2020): S57—S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2020.8(spl-1-sars-cov-2).s57.s65.
Full textAbstract:
The COVID-19 outbreak originated from Wuhan, China has spread over the world, causing a “Global Pandemic”. We analyzed daily confirmed cases and deaths from different countries to understand the progression of the ongoing pandemic in different parts around the world. The data indicated that the pandemic is in different stages in different countries, where they are either at the end of the second wave or middle or early phase of it or still in the middle of the first wave of infection, and they can be divided into four groups. Type 1 countries such as UK, France, Spain, and the Netherlands are currently witnessing the second wave of infection with an exponential increase in daily cases. Countries such as Australia, United States, Japan, and Poland are currently in the declining stage of second-wave, grouped as Type 2 countries. Type 3 countries such as Germany, Italy, Belgium, and Russia are recently seeing the second wave with slowly rising of confirmed cases. Type 4 countries including India, Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico are currently fighting against the first wave of COVID-19. These countries have a chance to learn from the countries which have overcome the second wave successfully. To be ahead of the epidemic curve and preventing it, countries need to make future plans on family, hospital, and community levels. Isolation of the highly vulnerable elderly people and young children, preventing social or public gathering, following the guidelines of COVID-19 prevention including wearing face masks regularly can save countries from devastating effects of the second wave of pandemic COVID-19.
42
Vardavas, Constantine, Katerina Nikitara, Konstantinos Zisis, Konstantinos Athanasakis, Revati Phalkey, Jo Leonardi-Bee, Helen Johnson, Svetla Tsolova, Massimo Ciotti, and Jonathan E. Suk. "Cost-effectiveness of emergency preparedness measures in response to infectious respiratory disease outbreaks: a systematic review and econometric analysis." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (April 2021): e045113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045113.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesRespiratory infectious disease outbreaks pose a threat for loss of life, economic instability and social disruption. We conducted a systematic review of published econometric analyses to assess the direct and indirect costs of infectious respiratory disease outbreaks that occurred between 2003 and 2019.SettingRespiratory infectious disease outbreaks or public health preparedness measures or interventions responding to respiratory outbreaks in OECD countries (excluding South Korea and Japan) so as to assess studies relevant to the European context. The cost-effectiveness of interventions was assessed through a dominance ranking matrix approach. All cost data were adjusted to the 2017 Euro, with interventions compared with the null. We included data from 17 econometric studies.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDirect and indirect costs for disease and preparedness and/or response or cost-benefit and cost-utility were measured.ResultsOverall, the economic burden of infectious respiratory disease outbreaks was found to be significant to healthcare systems and society. Indirect costs were greater than direct costs mainly due to losses of productivity. With regard to non-pharmaceutical strategies, prehospitalisation screening and the use of protective masks were identified as both an effective strategy and cost-saving. Community contact reduction was effective but had ambiguous results for cost saving. School closure was an effective measure, but not cost-saving in the long term. Targeted antiviral prophylaxis was the most cost-saving and effective pharmaceutical intervention.ConclusionsOur cost analysis results provide evidence to policymakers on the cost-effectiveness of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies which may be applied to mitigate or respond to infectious respiratory disease outbreaks.
43
Tang, Yuchao, Yijie Liu, Kang Luo, Leifeng Xu, Panpan Yang, and Jun Ming. "Potential Applications of Lilium Plants in Cosmetics: A Comprehensive Review Based on Research Papers and Patents." Antioxidants 11, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081458.
Full textAbstract:
The application of cosmetics is indispensable in our current society. In recent years, with an increasing awareness of the long-term health benefits of naturally sourced ingredients, plant-based cosmetic products have gained increasing attention. Lilium belongs to the Liliaceae family, which is one of the main plant families used in cosmetics for skin care treatment. A large number of studies have shown that Lilium plants are rich in components such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, with high potential for cosmetic applications. However, the application of lilies in cosmetics has not been systematically reported. This knowledge gap can easily lead to the neglect of its application in cosmetics because lilies are most familiar as ornamental plants. Integrating academic papers and patent publications, we analyzed the potential cosmetic application ingredients in lily, as well as their applications in cosmetics and related efficacy. Patent analysis showed that applications for lily-related cosmetic patents are mainly concentrated in East Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan. The application of lilies involves all aspects of cosmetics, such as sunscreens, facial cleansers, facial masks, conditioners, and so on. Its functions are also rich and diverse, including antiaging, radiation protective, whitening, moisturizing, freckle removal, acne treatment, and hair regeneration promotion. In addition, lilies are compatible with the application of other herbs. Moreover, with a change in people’s consumption concepts and the consideration of long-term health benefits, lily-based food and medicine innovation with health care and beautification effects may be a promising direction.
44
Mori, Taro, Taisei Akamatsu, Kouhei Kuwabara, and Motoya Hayashi. "Comparison of Indoor Environment and Energy Consumption before and after Spread of COVID-19 in Schools in Japanese Cold-Climate Region." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 1781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051781.
Full textAbstract:
A report released by the WHO indicates that aerosols from infected people are one of the major sources of the spread of COVID-19. Therefore, as the COVID-19 infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads, it has become necessary to reconsider the design and operation of buildings. Inside school buildings in cold regions, not only is it not easy to increase ventilation during the winter, but it may also be difficult for students to attend classes while wearing masks during the summer because such buildings are not equipped with air-conditioning systems. In short, school buildings in cold climates have more problems than those in warm climates. We report on the results of indoor environmental measurement using our developed CO2-concentration meters, a questionnaire survey on students’ feeling of being hot or cold (i.e., ‘thermal sensation’), and a comparison of energy consumption before and after the spread of COVID-19 infection in schools in Sapporo, Japan, a cold-climate area. The results indicate that (1) more than 70% of the students participated in window ventilation by the CO2 meter, and (2) a relatively good indoor environment was maintained through the efforts of teachers and students. However, we also found that (1) 90% of the students felt hot in summer and (2) 40% felt cold in winter, (3) energy efficiency worsened by 7% due to increased ventilation, and (4) air quality was not as clean as desired during the coldest months of the year. Therefore, investment in insulation and air conditioning systems for school buildings is needed.
45
Murakami, Michio, Tsukasa Fujita, Pinqi Li, Seiya Imoto, and Tetsuo Yasutaka. "Development of a COVID-19 risk assessment model for participants at outdoor music festivals: evaluation of the validity and control measure effectiveness based on two actual events in Japan and Spain." PeerJ 10 (August 8, 2022): e13846. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13846.
Full textAbstract:
We developed an environmental exposure model to estimate the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risk among participants at outdoor music festivals and validated the model using two real events—one in Japan (Event 1) and one in Spain (Event 2). Furthermore, we considered a hypothetical situation in which Event 1 was held but enhanced measures were implemented to evaluate the extent to which the risk could be reduced by additional infection control measures, such as negative antigen tests on the day of the event, wearing of masks, disinfection of environmental surfaces, and vaccination. Among 7,392 participants, the total number of already- and newly-infected individuals who participated in Event 1 according to the new model was 47.0 (95% uncertainty interval: 12.5–185.5), which is in good agreement with the reported value (45). The risk of infection at Event 2 (1.98 × 10−2; 95% uncertainty interval: 0.55 × 10−2–6.39 × 10−2), calculated by the model in this study, was also similar to the estimated value in the previous epidemiological study (1.25 × 10−2). These results for the two events in different countries highlighted the validity of the model. Among the additional control measures in the hypothetical Event 1, vaccination, mask-wearing, and disinfection of surfaces were determined to be effective. Based on the combination of all measures, a 94% risk reduction could be achieved. In addition to setting a benchmark for an acceptable number of newly-infected individuals at the time of an event, the application of this model will enable us to determine whether it is necessary to implement additional measures, limit the number of participants, or refrain from holding an event.
46
Uchida, Mitsuo, Minoru Kaneko, Yoshihiko Hidaka, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Takayuki Honda, Shouhei Takeuchi, Masaya Saito, and Shigeyuki Kawa. "Effectiveness of vaccination and wearing masks on seasonal influenza in Matsumoto City, Japan, in the 2014/2015 season: An observational study among all elementary schoolchildren." Preventive Medicine Reports 5 (March 2017): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.12.002.
Full text
47
Lim, Tai Wei. "The Global Fight Against COVID-19: Sino-ASEAN Cooperation in Mitigating the Coronavirus Pandemic Along With Other Global Actors." China and the World 03, no. 03 (September 2020): 2050011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s259172932050011x.
Full textAbstract:
The thematic treatment of the COVID19 coronavirus mitigation efforts often focuses on epidemiological topics, medical issues, politics, coping mechanisms/technologies or economics but this writing seeks to integrate the economic, political, and international dimensions of the response into an area studies framework, utilizing multidisciplinary eclecticism found in East Asian Studies to analyse the topic. It does not pretend to be comprehensive in its analyses but seeks to summarize, survey and curate regionally the measures taken to date to combat and contain the pandemic. Interpretive work is carried out on newest updated developments as they are reported in the international media. These articles show a functionalist and constructivist framework and trends in inter-regional cooperation between China and ASEAN. Out of the global efforts, two countries/region stand out and contribute to the common humankind fight as well and they are the subject of this paper. China and ASEAN were two outstanding contributors to the global pandemic-mitigation efforts, along with the US, EU and Japan as well as the rest of the world. ASEAN featured high in Beijing’s narratives in that the Southeast Asian states were supportive of China’s COVID-19 mitigation measures. It is worthwhile to note that China and ASEAN countries had some of the best sterling performers in the world’s fight against COVID-19. The functional and constructivist cooperation takes the form of vital supply provision (the most commonly cited items are masks, hazmat suits and disinfectants). Intensification of utilitarian exchanges in COVID-19 mitigation can encourage inter-dependence between regional nations, increasing sharing of resources to deal with common challenges while reducing tensions and conflicts between neighbours. A policy recommendation concluding section based on incremental extrapolation of what can be achieved in the technological field through possible cooperation between the two entities (ASEAN and China) is added at the end of the writing.
48
Day, Jesse A., Inez Fung, and Camille Risi. "Coupling of South and East Asian Monsoon Precipitation in July–August*." Journal of Climate 28, no. 11 (May 27, 2015): 4330–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00393.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The concept of the “Asian monsoon” masks the existence of two separate summer rainfall régimes: convective storms over India, Bangladesh, and Nepal (the South Asian monsoon) and frontal rainfall over China, Japan, and the Korean Peninsula (the East Asian monsoon). In addition, the Himalayas and other orography, including the Arakan Mountains, Ghats, and Yunnan Plateau, create smaller precipitation domains with abrupt boundaries. A mode of continental precipitation variability is identified that spans both South and East Asia during July and August. Point-to-point correlations and EOF analysis with Asian Precipitation–Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Toward Evaluation of the Water Resources (APHRODITE), a 57-yr rain gauge record, show that a dipole between the Himalayan foothills (+) and the “monsoon zone” (central India, −) dominates July–August interannual variability in South Asia, and is also associated in East Asia with a tripole between the Yangtze corridor (+) and northern and southern China (−). July–August storm tracks, as shown by lag–lead correlation of rainfall, remain mostly constant between years and do not explain this mode. Instead, it is proposed that interannual change in the strength of moisture transport from the Bay of Bengal to the Yangtze corridor across the northern Yunnan Plateau induces widespread precipitation anomalies. Abundant moisture transport along this route requires both cyclonic monsoon circulation over India and a sufficiently warm Bay of Bengal, which coincide only in July and August. Preliminary results from the LMDZ version 5 (LMDZ5) model, run with a zoomed grid over Asia and circulation nudged toward the ECMWF reanalysis, support this hypothesis. Improved understanding of this coupling may help to project twenty-first-century precipitation changes in East and South Asia, home to over three billion people.
49
Kasahara, M. "B201 Important factors in preparing guiderine for mental health support system in the workplace (1) : Depression state masks SAS(Oral Presentation,Occupational Health in the Age of Decentralization Reform in Japan,The 79th Annual Meeting of Japan Society for Occupational Health)." SANGYO EISEIGAKU ZASSHI 48, Special (2006): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/sangyoeisei.kj00004429544.
Full text
50
Zweig, Sophia Alison, Alexander John Zapf, Hanmeng Xu, Qingfeng Li, Smisha Agarwal, Alain Bernard Labrique, and David H. Peters. "Impact of Public Health and Social Measures on the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States and Other Countries: Descriptive Analysis." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): e27917. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/27917.
Full textAbstract:
Background The United States of America has the highest global number of COVID-19 cases and deaths, which may be due in part to delays and inconsistencies in implementing public health and social measures (PHSMs). Objective In this descriptive analysis, we analyzed the epidemiological evidence for the impact of PHSMs on COVID-19 transmission in the United States and compared these data to those for 10 other countries of varying income levels, population sizes, and geographies. Methods We compared PHSM implementation timing and stringency against COVID-19 daily case counts in the United States and against those in Canada, China, Ethiopia, Japan, Kazakhstan, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, Vietnam, and Zimbabwe from January 1 to November 25, 2020. We descriptively analyzed the impact of border closures, contact tracing, household confinement, mandated face masks, quarantine and isolation, school closures, limited gatherings, and states of emergency on COVID-19 case counts. We also compared the relationship between global socioeconomic indicators and national pandemic trajectories across the 11 countries. PHSMs and case count data were derived from various surveillance systems, including the Health Intervention Tracking for COVID-19 database, the World Health Organization PHSM database, and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Results Implementing a specific package of 4 PHSMs (quarantine and isolation, school closures, household confinement, and the limiting of social gatherings) early and stringently was observed to coincide with lower case counts and transmission durations in Vietnam, Zimbabwe, New Zealand, South Korea, Ethiopia, and Kazakhstan. In contrast, the United States implemented few PHSMs stringently or early and did not use this successful package. Across the 11 countries, national income positively correlated (r=0.624) with cumulative COVID-19 incidence. Conclusions Our findings suggest that early implementation, consistent execution, adequate duration, and high adherence to PHSMs represent key factors of reducing the spread of COVID-19. Although national income may be related to COVID-19 progression, a country’s wealth appears to be less important in controlling the pandemic and more important in taking rapid, centralized, and consistent public health action.