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Journal articles on the topic 'MASCON'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Antoni, Markus. "A review of different mascon approaches for regional gravity field modelling since 1968." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 13, no. 2 (September 29, 2022): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-205-2022.

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Abstract. The geodetic and geophysical literature shows an abundance of mascon approaches for modelling the gravity field of the Moon or Earth on global or regional scales. This article illustrates the differences and similarities between the methods, which are labelled as mascon approaches by their authors. Point mass mascons and planar disc mascons were developed for modelling the lunar gravity field from Doppler tracking data. These early models had to consider restrictions in observation geometry, computational resources or geographical pre-knowledge, which influenced the implementation. Mascon approaches were later adapted and applied for the analysis of GRACE observations of the Earth's gravity field, with the most recent methods based on the simple layer potential. Differences among the methods relate to the geometry of the mascon patches and to the implementation of the gradient and potential for field analysis and synthesis. Most mascon approaches provide a direct link between observation and mascon parameters – usually the surface density or the mass of an element – while some methods serve as a post-processing tool of spherical harmonic solutions. This article provides a historical overview of the different mascon approaches and sketches their properties from a theoretical perspective.

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2

Wang, Pengfei, Song-Yun Wang, Jin Li, Jianli Chen, and Zhaoxiang Qi. "Comparison of GRACE/GRACE-FO Spherical Harmonic and Mascon Products in Interpreting GNSS Vertical Loading Deformations over the Amazon Basin." Remote Sensing 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010252.

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We compute the vertical displacements in the Amazon Basin using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) observations, including both the gravity spherical harmonic (SH) solutions from the Center for Space Research (CSR), GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and mascons from CSR, JPL and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The correlation coefficients, annual amplitude and root mean squares (RMS) reductions are calculated to assess the agreements between the GRACE/GRACE-FO and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) vertical displacements at 22 selected GNSS stations. For the six GRACE/GRACE-FO products (i.e., CSR SH, GFZ SH, JPL SH, CSR mascon, GSFC mascon and JPL mascon), the mean annual amplitude reductions are 77.6%, 76.4%, 76.3%, 78.6%, 78.5% and 76.6%, respectively, the corresponding mean RMS reductions are 63.2%, 61.7%, 62.3%, 64.9%, 65.3% and 63.8%, respectively, and the mean correlation coefficients are all over 0.93. On the whole, mascon solutions agree slightly better with GNSS solutions than SH solutions do. The CSR SH and the GSFC mascon solutions show the best agreements with the GNSS solution among the 3 SH and 3 mascon products, respectively. We estimate GRACE/GRACE-FO noises using the three-cornered hat (TCH) method and find that the CSR SH and GSFC mascons also have the smallest noise variances among the SH and mascon products, respectively. By analyzing the GNSS stations from the central and southern Amazon Basin, we find that: (1) the RMS reductions when the mascon solutions are removed from GNSS height series are slightly larger than those using the SH solutions in the center, while in south all the RMS reductions are fairly close; (2) for both SH solutions and mascon solutions, the correlation coefficients in the center are slightly larger than those in the south, but conversely, the mean annual amplitude reductions in the center are much smaller than those in the south.

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3

Mohajerani, Yara, David Shean, Anthony Arendt, and Tyler C. Sutterley. "Automated Dynamic Mascon Generation for GRACE and GRACE-FO Harmonic Processing." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (August 7, 2021): 3134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163134.

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Commonly used mass-concentration (mascon) solutions estimated from Level-1B Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On data, provided by processing centers such as the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) or the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), do not give users control over the placement of mascons or inversion assumptions, such as regularization. While a few studies have focused on regional or global mascon optimization from spherical harmonics data, a global optimization based on the geometry of geophysical signal as a standardized product with user-defined points has not been addressed. Finding the optimal configuration with enough coverage to account for far-field leakage is not a trivial task and is often approached in an ad-hoc manner, if at all. Here, we present an automated approach to defining non-uniform, global mascon solutions that focus on a region of interest specified by the user, while maintaining few global degrees of freedom to minimize noise and leakage. We showcase our approach in High Mountain Asia (HMA) and Alaska, and compare the results with global uniform mascon solutions from range-rate data. We show that the custom mascon solutions can lead to improved regional trends due to a more careful sampling of geophysically distinct regions. In addition, the custom mascon solutions exhibit different seasonal variation compared to the regularized solutions. Our open-source pipeline will allow the community to quickly and efficiently develop optimized global mascon solutions for an arbitrary point or polygon anywhere on the surface of the Earth.

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4

Melosh, H. J., Andrew M. Freed, Brandon C. Johnson, David M. Blair, Jeffrey C. Andrews-Hanna, Gregory A. Neumann, Roger J. Phillips, et al. "The Origin of Lunar Mascon Basins." Science 340, no. 6140 (May 30, 2013): 1552–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1235768.

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High-resolution gravity data from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory spacecraft have clarified the origin of lunar mass concentrations (mascons). Free-air gravity anomalies over lunar impact basins display bull’s-eye patterns consisting of a central positive (mascon) anomaly, a surrounding negative collar, and a positive outer annulus. We show that this pattern results from impact basin excavation and collapse followed by isostatic adjustment and cooling and contraction of a voluminous melt pool. We used a hydrocode to simulate the impact and a self-consistent finite-element model to simulate the subsequent viscoelastic relaxation and cooling. The primary parameters controlling the modeled gravity signatures of mascon basins are the impactor energy, the lunar thermal gradient at the time of impact, the crustal thickness, and the extent of volcanic fill.

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5

Crowley, John W., and Jianliang Huang. "A least-squares method for estimating the correlated error of GRACE models." Geophysical Journal International 221, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 1736–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa104.

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SUMMARY A new least-squares method is developed for estimating and removing the correlated errors (stripes) from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) mission data. This method is based on a joint parametric model of the correlated errors and temporal trends in the spherical harmonic coefficients of GRACE models. Three sets of simulation data are created from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS), the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model 2.3 (RACMO2.3) and GRACE models and used to test it. The results show that the new method improves the decorrelation method by Swenson & Wahr significantly. Its application to the release 5 (RL05) and new release 6 (RL06) spherical harmonic solutions from the Center for Space Research (CSR) at The University of Texas at Austin demonstrates its effectiveness and provides a relative assessment of the two releases. A comparison to the Swenson & Wahr and Kusche et al. methods highlights the deficiencies in past destriping methods and shows how the inclusion and decoupling of temporal trends helps to overcome them. A comparison to the CSR mascon and JPL mascon solutions demonstrates that the new method yields global trends that have greater amplitude than those produced by the CSR RL05 mascon solution and are of comparable quality to the JPL RL06 mascon solution. Furthermore, these results are obtained without the need for a priori information, scale factors or complex regularization methods and the solutions remain in the standard form of spherical harmonics rather than discrete mascons. The latter could introduce additional discretization error when converting to the spherical harmonic model, upon which many post-processing methods and applications are built.

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6

Montesi, Laurent G. J. "Solving the Mascon Mystery." Science 340, no. 6140 (May 30, 2013): 1535–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1238099.

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7

Arinchev, S. V. "Spacecraft Motion in an Ultra-Low Lunar Orbit under Lunar Gravitational Anomalies." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 2 (743) (February 2022): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2022-2-75-84.

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The study centers around the interdisciplinary problem: gravimetry and celestial mechanics. A spacecraft is aimed at a flight from one point of the Moon to another at an altitude of 1 km in a flat circular orbit. Under gravitational anomalies, the orbit deviates from a circular one, acquiring a spatial character. To account for gravitational anomalies, we introduce the mass concentration method, according to which the resulting gravitational field is a superposition of elementary fields of individual mass concentrations (mascons). The elementary field of an individual mascon has four parameters: latitude, longitude, depth, and positive or negative mass. Each parameter of the mascon is associated with a pseudo-random variable with a uniform distribution law in a given interval. The pseudo-random values ??are generated by the Wichmann-Hill PRNG. The problem under consideration is reduced to the Cauchy problem with initial conditions. Under gravitational anomalies, a few orbits after the launch, the spacecraft falls onto the lunar surface. The study shows that one orbit is enough for a safe flight. The spacecraft moves in the specified ultra-low orbit under gravity-anomaly noise. Anomalous gravitational overload is 0.1 m/sec2.

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8

Asami, Mitsufumi, Arata Kimura, and Hideyuki Oka. "Improvement of a Diagnostic Urban Wind Model for Flow Fields around a Single Rectangular Obstacle in Micrometeorology Simulation." Fluids 6, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070254.

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In general, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models incur high computational costs when dealing with realistic and complicated flows. In contrast, the mass-consistent flow (MASCON) field model provides a three-dimensional flow field at reasonable computational cost. Unfortunately, some weaknesses in simulating the flow of the wake zone exist because the momentum equations are not considered in the MASCON field model. In the present study, a new set of improved algebraic models to provide initial flow fields for the MASCON field model are proposed to overcome these weaknesses by considering the effect of momentum diffusion in the wake zone. Specifically, these models for the wake region are developed on the basis of the wake models used in well-recognized Gaussian plume models, ADMS-build and PRIME. The MASCON fields provided by the new set of wake zone models are evaluated against wind-tunnel experimental data on flow around a wall-mounted rectangular obstacle. Each MASCON field is compared with the experimental results, focusing on the positions of the vortex core and saddle points of the vortex formed in the near-wake zone and the vertical velocity distribution in the far-wake zone. The set of wake zone models developed in the present study better reproduce the experimental results in both the wake zones compared to the previously proposed models. In particular, the complicated recirculation flow which is formed by the union of the sidewall recirculation zone and the near-wake zone is reproduced by the present wake zone model using the PRIME model that includes the parameterization of the sidewall recirculation zones.

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9

Zhong, Bo, Qiong Li, Jianli Chen, Zhicai Luo, and Hao Zhou. "Improved Estimation of Regional Surface Mass Variations from GRACE Intersatellite Geopotential Differences Using a Priori Constraints." Remote Sensing 12, no. 16 (August 8, 2020): 2553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12162553.

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We presented an improved method for estimation of regional surface mass variations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)-derived precise intersatellite geopotential differences using a priori constraints. An alternative analytic formula was proposed to incorporate the K-band ranging (KBR) range rate into the improved energy balance equation, and precise geopotential differences were estimated from GRACE Level-1B data based on the remove-compute-restore (RCR) technique, which avoids the long-wavelength gravity signals being absorbed by empirical parameters. To reduce the ill condition for inversion of regional mass variations from geopotential differences, a priori information from hydrological models was used to construct the constraint equations, and the optimal regularization parameters were adaptively determined based on iterative least-squares estimation. To assess our improved method, a case study of regional mass variations’ inversion was carried out over South America on 2° × 2° grids at monthly intervals from January 2005 to December 2010. The results show that regional mascon solutions inverted from geopotential differences estimated by the RCR technique using hydrological models as a priori constraints can retain more signal energy and enhance regional mass variation inversion. The spatial distributions and annual amplitudes of geopotential difference-based regional mascon solutions agree well with the official GRACE mascon solutions, although notable differences exist in spatial patterns and trends, especially in small basins. In addition, our improved method can robustly estimate the mascon solutions, which are less affected by the a priori information. The results from the case study have clearly demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

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10

Luthcke, Scott B., Anthony A. Arendt, David D. Rowlands, John J. McCarthy, and Christopher F. Larsen. "Recent glacier mass changes in the Gulf of Alaska region from GRACE mascon solutions." Journal of Glaciology 54, no. 188 (2008): 767–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214308787779933.

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AbstractThe mass changes of the Gulf of Alaska (GoA) glaciers are computed from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) inter-satellite range-rate data for the period April 2003–September 2007. Through the application of unique processing techniques and a surface mass concentration (mascon) parameterization, the mass variations in the GoA glacier regions have been estimated at high temporal (10 day) and spatial (2 × 2 arc-degrees) resolution. The mascon solutions are directly estimated from a reduction of the GRACE K-band inter-satellite range-rate data and, unlike previous GRACE solutions for the GoA glaciers, do not exhibit contamination by leakage from mass change occurring outside the region of interest. The mascon solutions reveal considerable temporal and spatial variation within the GoA glacier region, with the largest negative mass balances observed in the St Elias Mountains including the Yakutat and Glacier Bay regions. The most rapid losses occurred during the 2004 melt season due to record temperatures in Alaska during that year. The total mass balance of the GoA glacier region was −84 ± 5 Gt a−1 contributing 0.23 ± 0.01 mm a−1 to global sea-level rise from April 2003 through March 2007. Highlighting the large seasonal and interannual variability of the GoA glaciers, the rate determined over the period April 2003–March 2006 is −102 ± 5 Gt a−1, which includes the anomalously high temperatures of 2004 and does not include the large 2007 winter balance-year snowfall. The mascon solutions agree well with regional patterns of glacier mass loss determined from aircraft altimetry and in situ measurements.

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11

McArdle, Sean, and Ryan P. Russell. "Point Mascon Global Lunar Gravity Models." Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 45, no. 5 (May 2022): 815–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.g006361.

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12

Luthcke, Scott B., T. J. Sabaka, B. D. Loomis, A. A. Arendt, J. J. McCarthy, and J. Camp. "Antarctica, Greenland and Gulf of Alaska land-ice evolution from an iterated GRACE global mascon solution." Journal of Glaciology 59, no. 216 (2013): 613–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013jog12j147.

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AbstractWe have determined the ice mass evolution of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets (AIS and GIS) and Gulf of Alaska (GOA) glaciers from a new GRACE global solution of equal-area surface mass concentration parcels (mascons) in equivalent height of water. The mascons were estimated directly from the reduction of the inter-satellite K-band range-rate (KBRR) observations, taking into account the full noise covariance, and formally iterating the solution. The new solution increases signal recovery while reducing the GRACE KBRR observation residuals. The mascons were estimated with 10 day and 1 arcdeg equal-area sampling, applying anisotropic constraints. An ensemble empirical mode decomposition adaptive filter was applied to the mascon time series to compute annual mass balances. The details and causes of the spatial and temporal variability of the land-ice regions studied are discussed. The estimated mass trend over the total GIS, AIS and GOA glaciers for the time period 1 December 2003 to 1 December 2010 is −380 ± 31 Gt a−1, equivalent to −1.05 ± 0.09 mm a−1 sea-level rise. Over the same time period we estimate the mass acceleration to be −41 ± 27 Gt a−2 , equivalent to a −0.11 ± 0.08 mm a−2 sea-level acceleration. The trends and accelerations are dependent on significant seasonal and annual balance anomalies.

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13

Śliwińska, Justyna, Małgorzata Wińska, and Jolanta Nastula. "Validation of GRACE and GRACE-FO Mascon Data for the Study of Polar Motion Excitation." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061152.

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In this study, we calculate the hydrological plus cryospheric excitation of polar motion (hydrological plus cryospheric angular momentum, HAM/CAM) using mascon solutions based on observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) missions. We compare and evaluate HAM/CAM computed from GRACE and GRACE-FO mascon data provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the Center for Space Research (CSR), and the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). A comparison with HAM obtained from the Land Surface Discharge Model is also provided. An analysis of HAM/CAM and HAM is performed for overall variability, trends, and seasonal and non-seasonal variations. The HAM/CAM and HAM estimates are validated using the geodetic residual time series (GAO), which is an estimation of the hydrological plus cryospheric signal in geodetically observed polar motion excitation. In general, all mascon datasets are found to be equally suitable for the determination of overall, seasonal, and non-seasonal HAM/CAM oscillations, but some differences in trends remain. The use of an ellipsoidal correction, implemented in the newest solution from CSR, does not noticeably affect the consistency between HAM/CAM and GAO. Analysis of the data from the first two years of the GRACE-FO mission indicates that the current accuracy of HAM/CAM from GRACE-FO mascon data meets expectations, and the root mean square deviation of HAM/CAM components are between 5 and 6 milliarcseconds. The findings from this study can be helpful in assessing the role of satellite gravimetry in polar motion studies and may contribute towards future improvements to GRACE-FO data processing.

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14

Li, Wang, Zhang, Wen, Zhong, Zhu, and Li. "Bridging Terrestrial Water Storage Anomaly During GRACE/GRACE-FO Gap Using SSA Method: A Case Study in China." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 24, 2019): 4144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194144.

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The terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) gap between the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and its follow-on mission (GRACE-FO) is now a significant issue for scientific research in high-resolution time-variable gravity fields. This paper proposes the use of singular spectrum analysis (SSA) to predict the TWSA derived from GRACE. We designed a case study in six regions in China (North China Plain (NCP), Southwest China (SWC), Three-River Headwaters Region (TRHR), Tianshan Mountains Region (TSMR), Heihe River Basin (HRB), and Lishui and Wenzhou area (LSWZ)) using GRACE RL06 data from January 2003 to August 2016 for inversion, which were compared with Center for Space Research (CSR), Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam-German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)’s Mascon (Mass Concentration) RL05, and JPL’s Mascon RL06. We evaluated the accuracy of SSA prediction on different temporal scales based on the correlation coefficient (R), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and root mean square error (RMSE), which were compared with that of an auto-regressive and moving average (ARMA) model. The TWSA from September 2016 to May 2019 were predicted using SSA, which was verified using Mascon RL06, the Global Land Data Assimilation System model, and GRACE-FO results. The results show that: (1) TWSA derived from GRACE agreed well with Mascon in most regions, with the highest consistency with Mascon RL06 and (2) prediction accuracy of GRACE in TRHR and SWC was higher. SSA reconstruction improved R, NSE, and RMSE compared with those of ARMA. The R values for predicting TWS in the six regions using the SSA method were 0.34–0.98, which was better than those for ARMA (0.26–0.97), and the RMSE values were 0.03–5.55 cm, which were better than the 2.29–5.11 cm RMSE for ARMA as a whole. (3) The SSA method produced better predictions for obvious periodic and trending characteristics in the TWSA in most regions, whereas the detailed signal could not be effectively predicted. (4) The predicted TWSA from September 2016 to May 2019 were basically consistent with Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) results, and the predicted TWSA during June 2018 to May 2019 agreed well with GRACE-FO results. The research method in this paper provides a reference for bridging the gap in the TWSA between GRACE and GRACE-FO.

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15

Chanut, T. G. G., S. Aljbaae, and V. Carruba. "Mascon gravitation model using a shaped polyhedral source." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 450, no. 4 (May 18, 2015): 3742–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv845.

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16

Xu, Xiaojian, Teng Hu, Zhizhong Kang, Xing Du, and Lin Zhao. "Study of the Buried Basin C-H, Based on the Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data." Remote Sensing 14, no. 21 (October 22, 2022): 5284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215284.

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We use multi-source remote sensing data to identify the details of a mascon south-east of the lunar Copernicus crater. Studies of the topography, gravity, geochronology and mineral are combined to prove that the mascon is a buried peak-ring basin with diameters of about 130 km and 260 km. The underground structure is covered by 890 m thick mare basalts, as determined by analyzing the spectral features of the impact crater, Copernicus H. The determination of the crater size–frequency distribution (CSFD) suggests that the impact that created the C-H basin occurred earlier than 3.9 Ga. Then, a Hawaiian-style eruption in the late Imbrian period formed the Sinus Aestuum-I dark mantling deposit (DMD). Soon, mare basalts covered the basin several times from 3.8 Ga. Finally, the ejecta from the Copernicus impact event at about 800 Ma, and the weathering processes caused the disappearance of the C-H basin rim from the lunar surface.

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17

Li, Zhen, Zizhan Zhang, and Hansheng Wang. "On Tide Aliasing in GRACE Time-Variable Gravity Observations." Remote Sensing 14, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 5403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215403.

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Aliasing error induced by tide-related high frequency mass variations is one of the most significant errors in the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). In the present work, we evaluated the 161.0-day S2, 171.2-day P1, and 322.1-day S1 ocean tide aliasing in GRACE latest RL06 data based on nearly 15 years of observation from 2002 to 2017. Tide aliasing was still obvious for current GRACE observations, especially for S2 and P1 aliasing. S2 aliasing was mostly evident over West Antarctica, and was a clearly eastward propagation that travelled around Antarctica in about 2 years, while P1 showed strongest aliasing over South Greenland. More seriously, we found that GRACE mascon data showed an extremely large aliasing error. The mascon data may have unintentionally amplified the aliasing error on land due to the regularization (or constraint) applied for reducing signal leakage. Enough attention must be paid to tide aliasing when using GRACE for assessing mass variations at high latitudes (e.g., glaciers in polar regions) which can cause potential obstacles to estimation of actual seasonality.

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18

Rathinam, Arunkumar, and Andrew G. Dempster. "Octree-Based Mascon Model for Small Body Gravity Fields." Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 42, no. 11 (November 2019): 2557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.g004008.

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19

俞, 瑶. "Recovery of Terrestrial Water Mass Redistributions Using Mascon Approach." Advances in Geosciences 08, no. 02 (2018): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ag.2018.82035.

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20

Xiang, Longwei, Hansheng Wang, Holger Steffen, Baojin Qiao, Wei Feng, Lulu Jia, and Peng Gao. "Determination of Weak Terrestrial Water Storage Changes from GRACE in the Interior of the Tibetan Plateau." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030544.

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Time series of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission have been successfully used to reveal changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS) in many parts of the world. This has been hindered in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau since the derived TWS changes there are very sensitive to the selections of different available GRACE solutions, and filters to remove north-south-oriented (N-S) stripe features in the observations. This has resulted in controversial distributions of the TWS changes in previous studies. In this paper, we produce aggregated hydrology signals (AHS) of TWS changes from 2003 to 2009 in the Tibetan Plateau and test a large set of GRACE solution-filter combinations and mascon models to identify the best combination or mascon model whose filtered results match our AHS. We find that the application of a destriping filter is indispensable to remove correlated errors shown as N-S stripes. Three best-performing destriping filters are identified and, combined with two best-performing solutions, they represent the most reliable solution-filter combinations for determination of weak terrestrial water storage changes in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau from GRACE. In turn, more than 100 other tested solution-filter combinations and mascon solutions lead to very different distributions of the TWS changes inside and outside the plateau that partly disagree largely with the AHS. This is mainly attributed to less effective suppression of N-S stripe noises. Our results also show that the most effective destriping is performed within a maximum degree and order of 60 for GRACE spherical harmonic solutions. The results inside the plateau show one single anomaly in the TWS trend when additional smoothing with a 340-km-radius Gaussian filter is applied. We suggest using our identified best solution-filter combinations for the determination of TWS changes in the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas during the whole GRACE operation time span from 2002 to 2017 as well as the succeeding GRACE-FO mission.

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21

Chen, Tianyi, Yunzhong Shen, and Qiujie Chen. "Mass Flux Solution in the Tibetan Plateau Using Mascon Modeling." Remote Sensing 8, no. 5 (May 23, 2016): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs8050439.

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22

Byrne, Paul K., Christian Klimczak, Patrick J. McGovern, Erwan Mazarico, Peter B. James, Gregory A. Neumann, Maria T. Zuber, and Sean C. Solomon. "Deep-seated thrust faults bound the Mare Crisium lunar mascon." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 427 (October 2015): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.022.

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23

Scanlon, Bridget R., Zizhan Zhang, Himanshu Save, David N. Wiese, Felix W. Landerer, Di Long, Laurent Longuevergne, and Jianli Chen. "Global evaluation of new GRACE mascon products for hydrologic applications." Water Resources Research 52, no. 12 (December 2016): 9412–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016wr019494.

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24

Bland, M. T., A. I. Ermakov, C. A. Raymond, D. A. Williams, T. J. Bowling, F. Preusker, R. S. Park, et al. "Morphological Indicators of a Mascon Beneath Ceres's Largest Crater, Kerwan." Geophysical Research Letters 45, no. 3 (February 12, 2018): 1297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl075526.

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25

Schlegel, Nicole-Jeanne, David N. Wiese, Eric Y. Larour, Michael M. Watkins, Jason E. Box, Xavier Fettweis, and Michiel R. van den Broeke. "Application of GRACE to the assessment of model-based estimates of monthly Greenland Ice Sheet mass balance (2003–2012)." Cryosphere 10, no. 5 (September 7, 2016): 1965–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1965-2016.

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Abstract. Quantifying the Greenland Ice Sheet's future contribution to sea level rise is a challenging task that requires accurate estimates of ice sheet sensitivity to climate change. Forward ice sheet models are promising tools for estimating future ice sheet behavior, yet confidence is low because evaluation of historical simulations is challenging due to the scarcity of continental-wide data for model evaluation. Recent advancements in processing of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data using Bayesian-constrained mass concentration ("mascon") functions have led to improvements in spatial resolution and noise reduction of monthly global gravity fields. Specifically, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's JPL RL05M GRACE mascon solution (GRACE_JPL) offers an opportunity for the assessment of model-based estimates of ice sheet mass balance (MB) at ∼ 300 km spatial scales. Here, we quantify the differences between Greenland monthly observed MB (GRACE_JPL) and that estimated by state-of-the-art, high-resolution models, with respect to GRACE_JPL and model uncertainties. To simulate the years 2003–2012, we force the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM) with anomalies from three different surface mass balance (SMB) products derived from regional climate models. Resulting MB is compared against GRACE_JPL within individual mascons. Overall, we find agreement in the northeast and southwest where MB is assumed to be primarily controlled by SMB. In the interior, we find a discrepancy in trend, which we presume to be related to millennial-scale dynamic thickening not considered by our model. In the northwest, seasonal amplitudes agree, but modeled mass trends are muted relative to GRACE_JPL. Here, discrepancies are likely controlled by temporal variability in ice discharge and other related processes not represented by our model simulations, i.e., hydrological processes and ice–ocean interaction. In the southeast, GRACE_JPL exhibits larger seasonal amplitude than predicted by the models while simultaneously having more pronounced trends; thus, discrepancies are likely controlled by a combination of missing processes and errors in both the SMB products and ISSM. At the margins, we find evidence of consistent intra-annual variations in regional MB that deviate distinctively from the SMB annual cycle. Ultimately, these monthly-scale variations, likely associated with hydrology or ice–ocean interaction, contribute to steeper negative mass trends observed by GRACE_JPL. Thus, models should consider such processes at relatively high (monthly-to-seasonal) temporal resolutions to achieve accurate estimates of Greenland MB.

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Arendt, Anthony A., Scott B. Luthcke, Christopher F. Larsen, Waleed Abdalati, William B. Krabill, and Matthew J. Beedle. "Validation of high-resolution GRACE mascon estimates of glacier mass changes in the St Elias Mountains, Alaska, USA, using aircraft laser altimetry." Journal of Glaciology 54, no. 188 (2008): 778–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214308787780067.

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AbstractWe acquired center-line surface elevations from glaciers in the St Elias Mountains of Alaska/northwestern Canada using aircraft laser altimetry during 2000–05, and compared these with repeat measurements acquired in 2007. The resulting elevation changes were used to estimate the mass balance of 32 900 km2 of glaciers in the St Elias Mountains during September 2003 to August 2007, yielding a value of −21.2 ± 3.8 Gt a−1, equivalent to an area-averaged mass balance of −0.64 ± 0.12 m a−1 water equivalent (w.e.). High-resolution (2 arc-degrees spatial and 10 day temporal) Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mass-balance estimates during this time period were scaled to glaciers of the St Elias Mountains, yielding a value of −20.6 ± 3.0 Gt a−1, or an area-averaged mass balance of −0.63 ± 0.09 m a−1 w.e. The difference in balance estimates (altimetry minus GRACE) was −0.6 ± 4.8 Gt a−1, well within the estimated errors. Differences likely resulted from uncertainties in subgrid sampling of the GRACE mass concentration (mascon) solutions, and from errors in assigning an appropriate near-surface density in the altimetry estimates. The good correspondence between GRACE and aircraft altimetry data suggests that high-resolution GRACE mascon solutions can be used to accurately assess mass-balance trends of mountain glacier regions that are undergoing large changes.

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Russell, Ryan P., and Nitin Arora. "Global Point Mascon Models for Simple, Accurate, and Parallel Geopotential Computation." Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 35, no. 5 (September 2012): 1568–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.54533.

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Dombard, Andrew J., Steven A. Hauck, and Jeffrey A. Balcerski. "On the origin of mascon basins on the Moon (and beyond)." Geophysical Research Letters 40, no. 1 (January 15, 2013): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012gl054310.

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Ran, Jiangjun, Pavel Ditmar, and Roland Klees. "Optimal mascon geometry in estimating mass anomalies within Greenland from GRACE." Geophysical Journal International 214, no. 3 (June 20, 2018): 2133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy242.

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Freed, Andrew M., H. Jay Melosh, and Sean C. Solomon. "Tectonics of mascon loading: Resolution of the strike-slip faulting paradox." Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 106, E9 (September 1, 2001): 20603–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000je001347.

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Trowbridge, Alexander J., Brandon C. Johnson, Andrew M. Freed, and H. Jay Melosh. "Why the lunar South Pole-Aitken Basin is not a mascon." Icarus 352 (December 2020): 113995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113995.

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Freed, Andrew M., Brandon C. Johnson, David M. Blair, H. J. Melosh, Gregory A. Neumann, Roger J. Phillips, Sean C. Solomon, Mark A. Wieczorek, and Maria T. Zuber. "The formation of lunar mascon basins from impact to contemporary form." Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 119, no. 11 (November 2014): 2378–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014je004657.

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Santos, L. B. T., L. O. Marchi, S. Aljbaae, P. A. Sousa-Silva, D. M. Sanchez, and A. F. B. A. Prado. "A particle-linkage model for elongated asteroids with three-dimensional mass distribution." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 502, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 4277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab198.

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ABSTRACT The goal of this paper is to develop a simplified model to describe the gravitational fields of elongated asteroids. The proposed model consists of representing an elongated asteroid using a triple-particle-linkage system distributed in the three-dimensional space and it is an extension of previous planar models. A nonlinear optimization method is used to determine the parameters of our model, minimizing the errors of all the external equilibrium points with respect to the solutions calculated with a more realistic approach, the Mascon model, which are assumed to give the real values of the system. The model considered in this paper is then applied to three real irregular asteroids: 1620 Geographos, 433 Eros, and 243 Ida. The results show that the current triple-particle-linkage three-dimensional model gives better accuracy when compared to the axisymmetric triple-particle-linkage model available in the literature, and provides an advantage in terms of accuracy over the mass point model, while keeping computational time low. This model is also used to carry out simulations to characterize regions with solutions that remain bounded or that escape from around each asteroid under analysis. We investigated initial inclinations of 0° (direct orbits) and 180° (retrograde orbits). We considered the gravitational field of the asteroid, the gravitational attraction of the Sun, and the SRP. Our results are then compared to the results obtained using the Mascon gravitational model, based on the polyhedral shape source. We found good agreement between the two models.

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Ferreira, Vagner G., Bin Yong, Kurt Seitz, Bernhard Heck, and Thomas Grombein. "Introducing an Improved GRACE Global Point-Mass Solution—A Case Study in Antarctica." Remote Sensing 12, no. 19 (September 30, 2020): 3197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12193197.

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In the so-called point-mass modeling, surface densities are represented by point masses, providing only an approximated solution of the surface integral for the gravitational potential. Here, we propose a refinement for the point-mass modeling based on Taylor series expansion in which the zeroth-order approximation is equivalent to the point-mass solution. Simulations show that adding higher-order terms neglected in the point-mass modeling reduces the error of inverted mass changes of up to 90% on global and Antarctica scales. The method provides an alternative to the processing of the Level-2 data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission. While the evaluation of the surface densities based on improved point-mass modeling using ITSG-Grace2018 Level-2 data as observations reveals noise level of approximately 5.77 mm, this figure is 5.02, 6.05, and 5.81 mm for Center for Space Research (CSR), Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) mascon solutions, respectively. Statistical tests demonstrate that the four solutions are not significant different (95% confidence) over Antarctica Ice Sheet (AIS), despite the slight differences seen in the noises. Therefore, the estimated noise level for the four solutions indicates the quality of GRACE mass changes over AIS. Overall, AIS shows a mass loss of −7.58 mm/year during 2003–2015 based on the improved point-mass solution, which agrees with the values derived from mascon solutions.

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Heta, Yurie. "An Analysis Scheme for Tropical Wind Fields by the Three-dimensional MASCON Model." Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II 70, no. 3 (1992): 783–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.70.3_783.

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Arendt, Anthony A., Scott B. Luthcke, and Regine Hock. "Glacier changes in Alaska: can mass-balance models explain GRACE mascon trends?" Annals of Glaciology 50, no. 50 (2009): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756409787769753.

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AbstractTemperature and precipitation data from three weather stations in the St Elias Mountains of Alaska and northwestern Canada were used to drive one-dimensional (1-D) (elevation-dependent) and 0-D degree-day mass-balance models. Model outputs were optimized against a 10 day resolution time series of mass variability during 2003–07 obtained from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mass concentration (mascon) solutions. The models explained 52–60% of the variance in the GRACE time series. Modelled mass variations matched the phase of the GRACE observations, and all optimized model parameters were within the range of values determined from conventional mass-balance and meteorological observations. We describe a framework for selecting appropriate weather stations and mass-balance models to represent glacier variations of large regions. There is potential for extending these calibrated mass-balance models forwards or backwards in time to construct mass-balance time series outside of the GRACE measurement window.

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Arendt, Anthony, Scott Luthcke, Alex Gardner, Shad O’Neel, David Hill, Geir Moholdt, and Waleed Abdalati. "Analysis of a GRACE global mascon solution for Gulf of Alaska glaciers." Journal of Glaciology 59, no. 217 (2013): 913–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013jog12j197.

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AbstractWe present a high-resolution Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mascon solution for Gulf of Alaska (GOA) glaciers and compare this with in situ glaciological, climate and other remote-sensing observations. Our GRACE solution yields a GOA glacier mass balance of −65 ± 11 Gt a−1 for the period December 2003 to December 2010, with summer balances driving the interannual variability. Between October/November 2003 and October 2009 we obtain a mass balance of −61 ± 11 Gt a−1 from GRACE, which compares well with −65 ± 12 Gt a−1 from ICESat based on hypsometric extrapolation of glacier elevation changes. We find that mean summer (June–August) air temperatures derived from both ground and lower-troposphere temperature records were good predictors of GRACE-derived summer mass balances, capturing 59% and 72% of the summer balance variability respectively. Large mass losses during 2009 were likely due to low early melt season surface albedos, measured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and likely associated with the 31 March 2009 eruption of Mount Redoubt, southwestern Alaska. GRACE data compared well with in situ measurements at Wolverine Glacier (maritime Alaska), but poorly with those at Gulkana Glacier (interior Alaska). We conclude that, although GOA mass estimates from GRACE are robust over the entire domain, further constraints on subregional and seasonal estimates are necessary to improve fidelity to ground observations.

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Andrews-Hanna, Jeffrey C. "The origin of the non-mare mascon gravity anomalies in lunar basins." Icarus 222, no. 1 (January 2013): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.10.031.

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Wiese, David N., Felix W. Landerer, and Michael M. Watkins. "Quantifying and reducing leakage errors in the JPL RL05M GRACE mascon solution." Water Resources Research 52, no. 9 (September 2016): 7490–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016wr019344.

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Huang, Zhiyong, Jiu Jimmy Jiao, Xin Luo, Yun Pan, and Chong Zhang. "Sensitivity Analysis of Leakage Correction of GRACE Data in Southwest China Using A-Priori Model Simulations: Inter-Comparison of Spherical Harmonics, Mass Concentration and In Situ Observations." Sensors 19, no. 14 (July 17, 2019): 3149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143149.

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The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) level-2 spherical harmonic (SH) solutions are noisy and thus require filtering. Filtering reduces noise but affects signal quality via signal leakage. Generally, a leakage correction is required for GRACE applications to remove leakage signal and recover the true signal. Forward modelling based on some a priori information is a widely used approach for leakage correction of GRACE data. The a priori information generally relies on global hydrological model simulations. There are many global hydrological models and therefore it is of interest to explore how different global hydrology model simulations influence leakage correction results. This study investigated the sensitivity of three leakage correction methods (additive method, scaling factor method and multiplicative method) to five global hydrology model simulations (four models from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) and the WaterGAP Global Hydrology Model (WGHM)). The sensitivity analysis was performed with observational data in Southwest China and one sub-region, Guangxi. Results show that although large differences were identified among the five global model simulations, the additive and scaling factor methods are less affected by the choice of a priori model in comparison to the multiplicative approach. For the additive and scaling factor methods, WGHM outperforms the other four GLDAS models in leakage correction of GRACE data. GRACE data corrected with the multiplicative method shows the highest amount of error, indicating this method is not applicable for leakage correction in the study area. This study also assessed the level-3 mascon (mass concentration) solutions of GRACE data. The mascon-based results are nearly as good as the leakage corrected results based on SH solutions.

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NOVÁK, Adam, Juraj JANÁK, and Barbora KOREKÁČOVÁ. "Joint analysis of selected GRACE monthly spherical harmonic solutions and monthly MASCON solutions." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 51, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31577/congeo.2021.51.1.3.

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Study presented in this paper is focused on comparison and statistical assessment of differences between the selected Level 2 products of the satellite mission Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). Global monthly gravity field models in terms of spherical harmonic coefficients produced by three institutes of GRACE Science Data System are compared with the partially independent MASCON global gravity field model. Detailed comparison and statistical analysis of differences is performed in 5 selected river basins: Amazon, Congo, Danube, Yenisei and Lena. For each spherical harmonic solution, 8 different filtrations available at International Center for Global Gravity Field Models (ICGEM) are tested over the time span from April 2002 to July 2016. Fischer test at two significance levels 10% and 5% has been performed in order to qualify the statistical significance between the particular solutions.

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Zhang, Lan, Shuang Yi, Qiuyu Wang, Le Chang, He Tang, and Wenke Sun. "Evaluation of GRACE mascon solutions for small spatial scales and localized mass sources." Geophysical Journal International 218, no. 2 (April 29, 2019): 1307–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz198.

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Mullis, Andrew Martin. "Depth of basalt fill and transient crater geometry for the Imbrium mascon basin." Geophysical Journal International 105, no. 3 (June 1991): 777–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1991.tb00812.x.

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Yang, Xinchun, Siyuan Tian, Wei Feng, Jiangjun Ran, Wei You, Zhongshan Jiang, and Xiaoying Gong. "Spatio-Temporal Evaluation of Water Storage Trends from Hydrological Models over Australia Using GRACE Mascon Solutions." Remote Sensing 12, no. 21 (October 31, 2020): 3578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12213578.

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The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data have been extensively used to evaluate the total terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSA) from hydrological models. However, which individual water storage components (i.e., soil moisture storage anomalies (SMSA) or groundwater water storage anomalies (GWSA)) cause the discrepancies in TWSA between GRACE and hydrological models have not been thoroughly investigated or quantified. In this study, we applied GRACE mass concentration block (mascon) solutions to evaluate the spatio-temporal TWSA trends (2003–2014) from seven prevailing hydrological models (i.e., Noah-3.6, Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM-F2.5), Variable Infiltration Capacity macroscale model (VIC-4.1.2), Water—Global Assessment and Prognosis (WaterGAP-2.2d), PCRaster Global Water Balance (PCR-GLOBWB-2), Community Land Model (CLM-4.5), and Australian Water Resources Assessment Landscape model (AWRA-L v6)) in Australia and, more importantly, identified which individual water storage components lead to the differences in TWSA trends between GRACE and hydrological models. The results showed that all of the hydrological models employed in this study, except for CLM-4.5 model, underestimated the GRACE-derived TWSA trends. These underestimations can be divided into three categories: (1) ignoring GWSA, e.g., Noah-3.6 and VIC-4.1.2 models; (2) underrating both SMSA and GWSA, e.g., CLSM-F2.5, WaterGAP-2.2d, and PCR-GLOBWB-2 models; (3) deficiently modeling GWSA, e.g., AWRA-L v6 model. In comparison, CLM-4.5 model yielded the best agreement with GRACE but overstated the GRACE-derived TWSA trends due to the overestimation of GWSA. Our results underscore that GRACE mascon solutions can be used as a valuable and efficient validation dataset to evaluate the spatio-temporal performance of hydrological models. Confirming which individual water storage components result in the discrepancies in TWSA between GRACE and hydrological models can better assist in further hydrological model development.

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Valantinas, A., and P. H. Schultz. "The origin of neotectonics on the lunar nearside." Geology 48, no. 7 (April 13, 2020): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47202.1.

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Abstract New observations of wrinkle ridges on the nearside maria of the Moon display signs of ongoing ridge modification. In association with the wrinkle ridges, we observed an absence of superposed craters, narrow (<30 m) lobate scarps and graben, and thermal anomalies related to exposures of meter-size blocks. Many of these active wrinkle ridge systems are well beyond the influence of mascon basins and unrelated to any global tectonic pattern. Nevertheless, they spatially correlate with ancient deep-seated dike intrusions on the lunar nearside revealed by gravity data analysis. We propose that this active nearside tectonic system (ANTS) reflects ongoing reactivation of an ancient system related to offset antipodal effects from the South Pole–Aitken basin.

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Melzer, Bryce A., and Bulusu Subrahmanyam. "Evaluation of GRACE Mascon Gravity Solution in Relation to Interannual Oceanic Water Mass Variations." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 55, no. 2 (February 2017): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2016.2616760.

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Voyatzis, G., D. Karydis, and K. Tsiganis. "Families of periodic orbits around asteroids: From shape symmetry to asymmetry." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 15, S364 (October 2021): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392132100123x.

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AbstractIn Karydis et al. (2021) we have introduced the method of shape continuation in order to obtain periodic orbits in the complex gravitational field of an irregularly-shaped asteroid starting from a symmetric simple model. What’s more, we map the families of periodic orbits of the simple model to families of the real asteroid model. The introduction of asymmetries in a gravitational potential may significantly affect the dynamical properties of the families. In this paper, we discuss the effect of the asymmetries in the neighborhood of vertically critical orbits, where, in the symmetric model, bifurcations of 3D periodic orbit families occur. When asymmetries are introduced, we demonstrate that two possible continuation schemes can take place in general. Numerical simulations, using an ellipsoid and a mascon model of 433-Eros, verify the existence of these schemes.

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Awange, J. L., K. M. Fleming, M. Kuhn, W. E. Featherstone, B. Heck, and I. Anjasmara. "On the suitability of the 4°×4° GRACE mascon solutions for remote sensing Australian hydrology." Remote Sensing of Environment 115, no. 3 (March 2011): 864–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.11.014.

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Parisi, Marzia, William M. Folkner, Eli Galanti, Yohai Kaspi, Dustin R. Buccino, Kamal Oudrhiri, and Scott J. Bolton. "A mascon approach to estimating the depth of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot with Juno gravity measurements." Planetary and Space Science 181 (February 2020): 104781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2019.104781.

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Sakumura, Carly, Srinivas Bettadpur, Himanshu Save, and Christopher McCullough. "High-frequency terrestrial water storage signal capture via a regularized sliding window mascon product from GRACE." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 121, no. 5 (May 2016): 4014–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016jb012843.

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