Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Marx, Karl (1818-1883) – Droit – Philosophie'
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Rocca, Facundo Carlos. "El joven Marx (1835-1844) y el derecho moderno : de la filosofía política al pensamiento de lo social." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA080088.
Full textThe following dissertation deals with the problem of the legal form in the early writings of Karl Marx (1835-1844). Through an analysis of the development of Marx’s politico-philosophical reflections I seek to show the centrality of the discussion of the law in the early periods of his thought. This work is organized as follows: 1) an introduction based on the problem of law in his first works (his letters as a student and his doctoral thesis); 2) a first chapter that deals with the relation between philosophy, politics, law and the public sphere in the journalistic articles published in the Rheinische Zeitung (1842-43); 3) a second chapter about the Kreuznacher Manuskript (1843) that introduces Marx’s critiques to Hegel and the modern state as condition for a ‘true democracy’ that would make of the Law and the Constitution social and expressive functions of the demos; 4) a third chapter about the texts in the Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher (1844), where, under the influence of French socialist thought and the horizon of a future radical revolution of the proletariat, Marx synthesizes his critique of modern political emancipation, the rights of men and their abstract form of society. Following this path I seek to inscribe the politico-theoretical problem of the law within Marx’s general diagnostic of the political modernity, its pathologies and the different possible solutions proposed by Marx to solve them. Overall, this dissertation aims to show the movement of Young Marx’s thought from modern political philosophy towards a new form of thinking the social
La siguiente tesis aborda el problema de la forma jurídica en los textos del período juvenil de Marx (1835-1844). Analizando el desarrollo de sus reflexiones filosófico-políticas buscamos mostrar la centralidad de las discusiones sobre la ley en el temprano pensamiento marxiano. El trabajo consiste en: 1) una introducción al problema del derecho en Marx a partir de sus primeros escritos (sus cartas de estudiante y su tesis doctoral); 2) un primer capítulo sobre la relación entre filosofía, política, derecho y publicidad en los artículos periodísticos de la Rheinische Zeitung (1842-43); 3) un segundo capítulo sobre el Kreuznacher Manuskript (1843) que presenta las críticas de Marx a Hegel y al Estado moderno como condición de una "verdadera democracia" que haría de la Ley y la Constitución funciones sociales expresivas del demos; y 4) un tercer capítulo sobre los textos de los Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher (1844), donde, bajo el impacto del pensamiento socialista francés y en el horizonte de una futura revolución radical del proletariado, Marx condensa su crítica de la emancipación política moderna, sus derechos del hombre y su forma abstracta de sociedad. En este recorrido nos proponemos inscribir la problemática teórico-política del derecho dentro de un diagnóstico marxiano general de la modernidad política, de sus patologías y de las distintas soluciones propuestas de Marx para superarlas. En su conjunto, la tesis busca evidenciar el desplazamiento del pensamiento marxiano de juventud desde la filosofía política moderna hacia un nuevo pensamiento de lo social
Mercier-Josa, Solange. "De la thématique du conflit à l'exploration de l'entre Hegel et Marx." Paris 10, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA100058.
Full textMy initial aim, when writing the first volume of my thesis, the them of conflict in Western thought, was to read as closely as possible section A of chapter IV of the Phenomenology of Spirit, to understand precisely what Hegel meant by struggle for (or of) recognition, relation of lordship and bondage, and by universal self-consciousness. I have tried to make intelligible the hegelian thesis of an original conflict, constitutive of the formation of free self-consciousness. I did this via connecting the seven hegelian versions of the struggle for (of) recognition written between 1802 and 1830, initially by a determination of the discrepancy between Hegel's thematics on the one hand, and, on the other, the status of conflict in Plato and Aristotle (stasis and polemos) and of the "state of war" inherent within the state of nature in Hobbes and Rousseau. Subsequently, I tested the degree of resistance of the Hegelian text vis-à-vis Marx and Engel's criticism, Nietzsche's genealogy and Freud's metapsychology and psychoanalysis. In my two books, Hegel and Marx, and in volume III, I have shifted the focus of my problematic, attempting ti rethink what had been thought by Marx, unbalancing his text by the reading of Hegel, and what had been thought by Hegel via the reading of Marx. I have suggested to define Marx's "inversion" of Hegelas a metaphor of the act of demetaphorisation, that is as the endeavour to say litteraly what had been said figuratively. However, beyond the marxian criticism of the incoherence or the illusion of hegelian philosophizing on the relation between political right and abstract right, on history
Garo, Isabelle. "Reflet et représentation dans la pensée de Marx." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010582.
Full textThe theory of reflex has been for long debated granting marx with the argument that knowledge might be a relevant image of the objective reality. The analysis of this proposition, that started with engels and lenin is still going on till now, allows and requires a coming back to the proper use made by marx of reflex and image notions within the scope of a more general reflexion upon representation. This reflexion leads him from a controversy against the hegelian and neo-hegelian conceits to the elaboration of the ideology concept, pointing out social creation and function of representations within the range of class war in the way of capitalist production. Emphasizing the proper dynamism of these representations, marx has overcome the inherent tensions in his type of ideology, studying this objective representation : money, upon the original ground of criticism of political economy. Hence he gives an analogical role to the reflex notion allowing it to take into account singular and concrete representations, such as. So, this notion of a new kind bears the opportunity of a proceeding criticism of philosophy wich never builds up into a new theory of knowledge. The study of the marxism conceit of representation does give way to a proper style of investigation and conceptualism, that does not gather its conclusions in an ultimate synthesis but deal - in a way both open and precisily defined - with the most varied representations and in particular with the notions of theory and method within their relationship to a transforming application. Then, in a unique move, the problem of representation arises as worked out, implemented and reflected
Nogbou, Ebisseli Hyacinthe. "Le dépérissement de l'État dans la philosophie de Karl Marx." Paris 8, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA082551.
Full textNkodia, Sébastien. "Conflits entre production et information dans la pensée économique de Karl Marx." Besançon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BESA1010.
Full textGoing over the course of Karl Marx's thought through different successive points of view that specifically underline his thought, the aim is to grasp the time that Karks Marx's lasting and definite turning point towards the beginning of new problematics specific to the field of information in the analysis of the production-information couple. The analysis of the processing’s of capitalist production consequently throws light on the economic categories from which Marx realizes an intra-categorical, inter-categorical and extra-categorical analysis worthy of efforts, and depicts at the same time, the conflicts, the tensions and the paradox inherent and registered in the heart of the problematics like a thesaurus of a possible reading from the point of view of information. To be the companions of truth, of our experience in our days, these conflicts, these tensions and paradox in the heart of which the whole human existence is fighting still remains interest worthy, and, out of an intra and inter-structural analysis from which emerges this situation in the sense that it concerns us all even today, more than at the time of Marx
Sarr, Ousmane. "La critique de l’aliénation chez Marx." Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100066.
Full textOur work dealt with the evolution of the alienation concept in Marxist thought. The concept of alienation, probably inherited from Hegel and Feuerbach, has known its real philosophical elevation under Marx’s writing. From his earliest writings to his works called maturity, Marx has not stopped re-elaborating the famous concept of alienation. Through Marx’s philosophical and political works, the concept was part of a critical perspective that did not truly get rid of Hegel and Feuerbach’s influence completely. However, as we have shown throughout our work, as the economic discoveries get richer, Hegel and Feuerbach’s influences even though they often reappear in some parts of his analysis, Marx no longer seems to give much more importance to the concept but he tackles new and rich issues which allow him not only to expand its analysis but also to deepen it. On the whole and somehow, against any biased reading of Althusser and recently of Bensussan, the works of Marx show that the concept, truly considered philosophical for the first time from 1844, Marx in fact used the concept to study society in general, does not disappear as well as the focus it was supposed to bear. Thus, in our work, we have strongly shown that there is certainly a rewriting of a focus found in the works called maturity developed in 1844, but the rewriting is not so identical to the former. This has allowed us to see that the theme of alienation produced in 1844 can logically be reworked today; the issue of alienation, far from disappearing in the modern era, has drastically re-appeared and has given significant tasks to philosophy in particular and to thinking in general
Tremblay, Jean-Sylvain. "L'aliénation chez le jeune Marx : l'évolution d'une pensée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25375/25375.pdf.
Full textChalfoun, Nagi. "Marx, Engels et l'Etat." Lyon 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO31009.
Full textEven though marx has not dealt with the problem of the state as extensively as with economic matters, this problem remains present thoughout his work. Starting from hegel and his own critique of hegel, marx asserts himself as an author who ascribes the prominent part to the civil society. The state must die out, and the instrument of this extinction is the dictatorship of the proletariat, which foretells the separation between state and civil society. In the marxian utopia, the dictatorship of the proletariat, the growing of democracy and the dying out of the state are three aspects of one movement, which is the dialectical process of the revolution
Dellaï, Sameh. "Marx critique de Feuerbach." Paris 8, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA083290.
Full textIn Marx the democrat, Manuscript of 1843, Franck FISCHBACH shows that: “the greatness of a thought is not to be assessed in comparison with its capacity to anticipate what would follow it but rather in comparison with its capacity to break free from what preceded it. ” From this standpoint, I have attempted, in this work of research, to examine the relation of Marx with Feuerbach. The result that I reached at this stage is that the moments of influence and rupture of Marx with Feuerbach are not separated but rather intertwined. If most of the previous readings consider Feuerbach as a mere passage in the education of Marx, my thesis is to show that this passage does not depend on a linear and unilateral logic. Moreover, Marx is not a “direct heir” of Feuerbach, but rather an opponent that has never ceased to argue with him. Therefore, the feuerbachism of Marx does not express its loyalty to the conception of Feuerbach as such, but rather its transformation on the inside. Marx is Feuerbachian to the extent that he actually attempted to go beyond Feuerbach. He is in a way his alter ego or, at least, he attempted to be so to the extent that the spectre of Feuerbach has followed, according to some readings, Marx until the Capital. A thesis that I did not examine in the frame of this work to the extent that I stopped to study this relation at the stage of the German Ideology where I show that the criticism of ideology, with Marx, finds its condition of possibility in the criticism of Feuerbach
Cailleba, Patrice. "L'individu chez Marx." Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040063.
Full textInterested by the conceptions of the individual in Marx's Philosophy, we distinguished three different types belonging to three distinct political philosophies. The first individual, best represented by the Greek citizen, is defined by reason and freedom. We usually talk about "rationalist-liberal humanism". The second individual is the "generic being", heir of Feuerbach's and Hegel's philosophy. This "dialectical Naturalism" deprives the individual of his own liberty and lets the Gender, i. E. Nature, be the only will who decides. The last individual is the class. The human being is considered as a social and economical determinated person belonging to a definite social class (the working class or the bourgeoisie). History, but not Man, reigns over the world. This philosophy is named "historical Materialism". The development of those three philosophies corresponds to the 1841-1846 years. After 1846, when Marx is convinced that he found the good definition of the individual and that his last philosophy is right - because he "understood" the direction of History -, he plans to apply it to his new research field: political economy. Thus, Marx's work following 1846 must be considered through the individual definition he gave in "The German ideology", written when he was 28. Nevertheless, Marx's political philosophy ends in failure. First, his philosophies are undermined by dialectic, inspired by Plato and Hegel, which ruins all Marx's work. Then, because he does not acknowledge the possibility of a free act, Marx does not include liberty within his political philosophy. Finally the German philosopher turns out to be an anti-political thinker
De, Lima Gomes Nogueira Maria Alice. "Education, savoir, production chez Marx et Engels." Paris 5, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA05H089.
Full textThis study aims to understand Marx’s and Engels’ views on education such as they were conceived and have developed throughout their writings and at that time. The first part studies the historical context in which these views have formed, and shows how much can be ascribed to the then intensive exploitation of children's work by mechanized industry. A survey of the way in which capitalism used to resort to children's work in the nineteenth century has been made. It is based on Marx’s and Engels’ relevant writings. The second part provides a special account of these authors' opinions as far as teaching is concerned. Marx’s main thesis on the connexion between education and production work has been given detailed analysis. We have tried to assess where it stems from, how it proceeds throughout his work, which factors are underlying. This study concludes with an analysis of Marx’s and Engels’ stance towards the topical mottoes of their time such as universal, free, public education, compulsory and undenominational school
Dimi, Charles-Robert. "Nationalisme et internationalisme chez Karl Marx et Friedrich Engels." Rouen, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ROUEL008.
Full textLee, Chong-Young. "Critique et reconstruction des concepts marxien et althusserien de "tout organique"." Paris 8, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA080758.
Full textIn "capital" of karl marx, the union between understructure and superstructure is exposed as a mecanical totality, louis althusser's concept of the organic totality is without the concrete contents. The articulation between understructure and superstructure take place minly through the determination of labor force's ideological price in the "small circulation", the dynamic of organic totality is formed on the base of the dual structure of labor force's property
Mannker, Nathan Michel. "Questions à propos de Marx : apparence et réalité." Paris 8, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA081259.
Full text" any surplus value, in whatever form - profit, interest, income, etc. - is, in substance, the materialisation of " unpaid work ", as marx declares in " das kapital ". The whole capitalist system is thus built on the plunder of the strength of physical or intellectual work. In other words, its very existence implies this primary manifestation of a self-perpetuating class struggle which i have called the one-way class struggle. Material conditions have a decisive impact on conceptual conditions but there is no automatic link between them as subjectivity intervenes in the rational or irrational interpretation of material conditions. In his critique of hegel, marx tends to minimise the autonomy of the idea. The role of human behaviour is insufficiently considered. Undeniably, some processes and trends occur outside human will but they are subject both to their own contradictions liable to hamper their evolution and to the action of humans who are more or less capable of identifying essential necessities since self-interest and passion guide us in random situations. Thus, necessity, self-interest, passion and chance constitute what i have called a sort of quartet which is the prime mover of all different human societies and the relations that govern them. The human incapacity to know everything, to understand everything, to achieve everything is a reference to what i have called the platonic vestige of " timee ". This human inability is insufficiently considered by marx and is completely ignored by the stalinian interpretation of marxism-leninism, known as the " infaillible doctrine "
Faes, Hubert. "La condition du savoir : Hegel et Marx pour nous." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010502.
Full textRegarding a theory that examines the conditions of the possibility of knowledge, Hegel and Marx introduce a contemporary problematic of the historical conditions of the existence of knowledge within the framework of an onto-anthropology that they have profoundly transformed. They question an abstract metaphysics of universal history based on the idea of human nature because there can only be essence and hence knowledge within defined conditions of existence. But their disegreement centers on the manner in which to understand the relationship of the subject and his knowledge to their conditions of existence. The following principal questions are examined also through a comparison Hegel Marx: 1. Life and history. The complex structure of the relationship of living beings and their conditions of existence is at the base of the historicity of man and his knowledge. 2. History and development, history and production, time and logik. The relationship of the subject and of his development to history. 3. Conditions and end of historical activity. The relation of knowledge in relation to activity. Outline of a new conception of historical action and a new form of teleology
Delmas, Bernard. "François Quesnay et la naissance de l'économie politique." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2000/50374-2000-43.pdf.
Full textFausto, Ruy. "Recherches sur la formation et la portée de la dialectique dans l'oeuvre de Marx." Paris 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA010551.
Full textBoussougou-Houénou, Sosthène. "Le libéralisme économique : entre présomption scientifique et négation des libertés (Essai d'épistémologie critique et d'exigence éthique : Marx, Rawls et Sen)." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT5013.
Full textRadonjic, Tatjana. "Marxisme et théorie de la connaissance : le travail de Marx, Engels et Lénine." Paris 10, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA100047.
Full textThis work traces the formation of a Marxist theory of knowledge through the works of Marx, Engels and Lenin. One of its principal themes is the comparison between the materialist theory of knowledge and the traditional epistemology (Kant, Hegel, the empiriciss). The first chapter ("first signs: idealism and materialism") analyses the work of young Marx - his critique of Hegel’s objective idealism and Feuerbach’s subjective materialism. In the second chapter we explain the specificity of the materialist dialectical method of Marx through its differences with that of Hegel (the text of the introduction of 1857 to the contribution), the dialectics of form in the capital which represents its contribution to epistemology, and the dialectic of Engels. Together these ideas clarify the fundamental and unsurmountable differences between Marxism and empiricism. A theory that has dominated the philosophy of science since the 18th century. Hence the title of the chapter: "materialism and empiricism". We conclude this work with an analysis of Lenin’s philosophical works ("gnoseology of reflection"). In its scientific and political context. By means of his work on the theory of knowledge Lenin creates a theoretical support for Marxism as well as a new way of philosophizing. In that last chapter, then, we witness a constitution of a theory of knowledge that is Marxist and materialist. Known under the name of the theory of reflection it allows us to understand historical materialism and dialectical materialism as a whole, and also to criticize all concepts from a materialist point of view, hence it permits Marxism to assimilate all materialist elements originating in any domain of knowledge. In order to accomplish its critical function Marxism necessitates a theory of knowledge
Paredes, Goicochea Diego Felipe. "L' action politique chez Karl Marx : une lecture à partir de Hannah Arendt et Maurice Merleau-Ponty." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC002.
Full textThis thesis proposes an interpretation of the problem of political action in Karl Marx based on Hannah Arendt's and Maurice Merleau-Ponty's readings. Against Arendt's critique, which considers that Marx denies politics by substituting the event character of action and the specificity of the political link for historical necessity, the administration of life and socialized humanity, in this thesis Marx is read from the viewpoint of "praxis" and in this manner from the perspective of contingence, coexistence, conflict and democratization. This interpretation is based to some extent on Merleau-Ponty's analysis but also in an understanding of Marx that takes into account Arendt's phenomenology of political action. As it is highlighted throughout this thesis, this approach demands addressing the internai tensions of Marxian thought and thus the equivocal character of his writings
Onorati, Tricoire Maria Gabriella. "La philosophie de l'histoire de Charles Fourier." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100031.
Full textThis present work proposes only a philosophical interpretation of Charles Fourier’s doctrine. This doctrine leans on a series of axiomatic argumentation around the problem of History. Fourier's reflections about History are developed especially in the manuscripts and appear in the margin of principal works. The three manuscripts which deal with the History and which are subject of remark of this work are "The three knots of the movement”; “Abstraction (distraction) of the reason” and “The dark limbs”. In these manuscripts Fourier portrays different pictures of historical evolution of humanity without reaching a final synthesis of his reflections about History. Fourier's philosophy of History leans on the principle according to the existence of unchanging human nature, congenital to every individual. Human being is an aggregate of passions which have suffered an ideological repression when a society founded on the reason has been formed. Indeed, his historical reason, instead of furthering blooming of human passions and the satisfaction of primary needs of modividuals, has reprimed them. So it is question of a lost reason, Fourier thinks that the social philosophy can overturn the cursus of History and reestablish the original natural social order and free repressed human passions. Marx and Engels found their philosophy of the History on a similar principle. This principle is, indeed, a paralogisme. The individual has not got an immutable nature, or even definable, since he imagines himself in accordance with some logical freely parameters chosen
Talbot, François. "Phénoménologie, ontologie et réalité : Hegel et Marx." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30720/30720.pdf.
Full textDoublet, Lucie. "« Sublime matérialisme » : Emmanuel Levinas et l’héritage de Karl Marx." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100049.
Full textExplicit references to Marx or to communism are rare in Levinas’ writing, especially in his major works. This is astonishing, considering the context in which he was writing. In the second half of the 20th century, human sciences were particularly influenced by the debate of Marxist paradigms. Levinas was truly impacted by the context of his era. He was a witness of the Russian revolution at Kharkov in 1917. Many members of his family were victims of the Shoah. This tragedy profoundly impacted him. His philosophical approach is lead by the necessity of re-thinking the « human community », whilst bearing in mind the lessons that the 20th century has left behind. Several critics have considered Levinas’ work to be “apolitical”, or have at least argued that the political undertones of his work are to be taken in consideration as a secondary factor. This thesis has, in contrary, focused upon and sustained the centrality of Levinas’ politically motivated thought. Communal and societal dilemmas are at the heart of Levinas’ ethical approach. The traditional socialist stance towards justice and universalism, in the line of Marx, constitutes a central focus of his reflexion. The suggestions made by Marx underpin Levinas’ conceptions of the individual, of pluralism, of justice and of the State. On one hand, they are a source of inspiration for Levinas, on the other, a source of critic. The thesis has aimed to reconstitute the intellectual dialogue that Levinas carried out with Marx between the lines. Whilst exploring the social and political leitmotivs of Levinas’ thought, the interminglement with Marx has been illuminating and innovative. It has enabled an original approach to questions revolving around justice, social struggle and political institutions. Considering the levinassian “Anarchy of Good”, the “Patience” and what Levinas calls the “Liberal state”, previously ignored positions emerge, which have been left on the side by the liberal tradition and by socialist thoughts both in Marxian and anarchist terms
Porter, Jean-Olivier. "Les fondements de la théorie marxienne de la valeur." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26551/26551.pdf.
Full textAlvaro, Candia Daniel Fernando. "El problema de la comunidad en la teoría sociológica clásica." Paris 8, 2012. http://octaviana.fr/document/181889137#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textL’intention de cette recherche est d’analyser les théories sociologiques classiques de la communauté, plus particulièrement celles qui ont fortement contribué à forger le sens de ce que nous appelons aujourd’hui « communauté » et dont l’influence continue d’être patente dans un grand nombre des divers discours actuels. Nous nous servons pour ce faire d’une série de textes emblématiques de trois auteurs classiques de la pensée sociologique : Karl Marx, Ferdinand Tönnies et Max Weber. Notre attention se porte fondamentalement sur les textes qui illustrent le mieux leurs positions sur le problème en question et dans lesquels nous essayons de lire une série, pas toujours reconnue, d’affinités et de correspondances entre leurs théories respectives. S’il est certain que la pensée de la communauté dans le sens large et général du terme a des racines profondes et éloignées dans le temps, nous nous intéressons ici au point d’inflexion à partir duquel la communauté a été redécouverte comme un problème par les nouvelles sciences sociales et a été, du même coup, proclamée comme un de leurs concepts fondamentaux par les théories sociologiques émergentes. Le trait commun entre les perspectives de Marx, Tönnies et Weber sur le problème que nous abordons ici –qui n’est ni le seul, ni le premier, mais simplement celui que nous privilégions- tient à ce que, chez les trois, la communauté (Gemeinschaft) est inséparable de, et par la même incompréhensible sans, son autre conceptuel : la société (Gesellschaft). L’hypothèse que nous soumettons à considération est la suivante : le concept de communauté se détermine par opposition au concept de société duquel il est structurellement solidaire. La structure binaire à laquelle se trouve subordonné ce couple conceptuel ne se limite pas à opposer deux termes formellement égaux : elle suppose et entraîne dans son sillage toute une série d’oppositions métaphysiques fortement hiérarchisées, logiquement et axiologiquement parlant (naturel / artificiel, originaire / dérivé, authentique / inauthentique, unité / séparation, intérieur / extérieur, fermé / ouvert, sentiment/raison, etc. ) dont on peut largement reconnaître l’empreinte dans les trois discours qui constituent l’objet de ce travail, qu’ils l’assument, en partie, ou qu’ils la rejettent. Cette prévalence de la communauté sur la société, basée sur une soi-disant proximité entre la communauté d’un côté, et la nature, l’origine et la vérité d’un autre, ce privilège donc, nous l’avons appelé « communocentrisme ». Privilège majeur d’une époque bourgeonnante dont les implications théoriques, souvent dissimulées stratégiquement par les auteurs eux-mêmes ou par leurs interprètes, se sont déployées et se déploient encore, parallèlement à leurs implications pratiques. Nous nous proposons, en somme, de lire dans une perspective déconstructrice ce privilège de la communauté dans le schéma oppositionnel qui domine les discours fondateurs de la tradition sociologique allemande, ce qui signifie, selon nous, d’en faire une lecture à la fois critique et affirmative : une lecture ou une interprétation qui soit capable de localiser dans les textes et de mettre en relief dans toute leur dimension problématique tant les aspects qui semblent indissociables de certains présupposés métaphysiques que ceux qui les dépassent, leur opposant par là même une résistance et favorisant de nouvelles formes de pensée de la sociabilité
The purpose of this investigation is to analyze the classical sociological theories of the community. In particular, those who have most contributed to establish the sense of what we currently call “community”, and whose influence is still evident in a variety of discourses from the present times. For this we have served from a series of emblematic texts belonging to three authors of the classical sociological thinking: Karl Marx, Ferdinand Tönnies and Max Weber. Our attention is mainly directed to those texts that best illustrate their approaches about the problem in question, and where in turn try to read a series of affinities and correspondences not always recognized between their respective theories. Although the thinking of the community, in the wide and general aspect of the word, has roots deep and remote in time, here we are interested in the turning point from which the community was rediscovered as a problem for the new social sciences and, in the same act, claimed by the emergent sociological theories as one of their main concepts. The common feature between the approaches of Marx, Tönnies and Weber to the problem we address –neither the only nor the first, but simply that which we privileged- is that in all of them the community (Gemeinschaft) is inseparable and otherwise incomprehensible without its conceptual other: the society (Gesellschaft). The hypothesis we put to consideration is that the concept of community is determined by opposition to the concept of society, from which it is structurally supportive. The binary structure to which this conceptual pair is subordinated does not limit to oppose two formally equal terms, but it implies and drags with itself a whole series of metaphysical oppositions, that are strongly hierarchical logically and axiologically (natural/artificial, originary/derivative, authentic/unauthentic, unity/separation, interior/exterior, closed/opened, feeling/reason, etc. ), whose imprint, partly assumed as their own or even rejected, is widely recognizable among the three discourses that are object of this work. The prevalence of the community over the society based on a supposed proximity between the community on one side, and nature, origin, and truth on the other, that privileged we have named it “communicentrism”. A major privilege from a time where its theoretical implications, strategically concealed many times by the same authors or their interpreters, were and are on par with their practical implications. In sum, what we proposed here is a reading in a deconstructive key of the privilege of the community in the oppositional scheme that dominates the foundational discourses of the german sociological tradition. For us, this means both a critic and affirmative reading: a reading or interpretation that can be capable of localize in the texts and put into account in its whole problematicity both what results inseparable from certain metaphysical presuppositions and what it exceeds them, resisting and encouraging new ways of thinking regarding sociability
Ota, Yusuke. "Philosophie des masses : étude sur la pensée politique d'Etienne Balibar." Thesis, Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080035.
Full textIs there Ariadne’s thread for understanding Étienne Balibar’s political thought (1942–), despite the apparent disparities of the themes treated ? This study aims to answer this question by reconstructing his philosophical and political trajectory from the 1960s until today with a problematic: the ‘masses’. The term ‘masses’ means an indeterminate community that exists prior to all political entities. The masses are in this sense the first material of politics. Balibar’s political thought attaches great importance to the masses understood in this way, which allows him to question the three main figures of political modernity: race, nation and proletariat. The concept of the masses begins to take shape in his philosophy after his removing from the central concept of Marxism: the proletariat (Part One). This change of perspective forces Balibar to rethink the political subjectivity of the masses without any normative judgements. His analysis of nationalism is the illustration of this approach in that it clarifies their ambiguous identities (Part Two). His interpretation of Spinoza leads to the discovery of an aporia that there is a radical difficulty in institutionalizing the politics of masses. In this Spinoza’s aporia, however, Balibar finds the possibility to design the politics of the masses as the continuous transformation of the State (Part Three). His distinctive attention to the political subjectivity of the masses is relayed by his recognition of the immigrant as a embodiment of the masses at the level of Europe since the 1990s. Return to the masses constitutes the mainspring of his thinking whatever the dimension of political body. As a result, Balibar’s political thought is first of all the philosophy of the masses
Sánchez, Osorio José Francisco. "La valeur économique comme modalité d'action chez Marx." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20072/document.
Full textThis work offers an interpretation of the category of economic value which is an alternative to the “economistic” reads of Marx. Instead of speaking of the “labor theory of value of Marx” and instead of questioning the veracity of this theory in terms of ability to predict commodity prices from what is stated in The Capital, we offer to focus on the form of economic value. We believe that it is possible to consider the form of economic value from the perspective of human action. Thus, the economic value would be the categorical reflection of a form of action characterized by the fact that men can’t behave vis-à-vis each other, vis-à-vis the natural world and vis-à vis the social world, without running a certain category of substance as a condition of possibility, as a mediator and as a principle of rationalization of their behavior. This understanding of the economic value involves taking into account the quantification of the substance in order to make operative most part of the interactions. This quantification can be seen as a social norm which is in the actions of men without it being, however, an intellectual act taking place “in their head”
Conil, Gilbert. "Lire l'expérience du travail : un essai de lecture marxienne d'un récit de vie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0279/document.
Full textThis thesis offers a comprehensive study of the life story of a union worker, social commentator and film director.A theorical investigation was necessary in order to expose the narrration to a dialectic and historical materialism. It allowed to identify the main contardictions to define key knowledge and apply the marxian approach. We identified eight categories allowing new thought processes and reflecting eight keywords. The first stems from the analysis of the narration, while the second is future-oriented.The workers’ writing of their own life and experience brings several epistemological obstacles and do not allow any considerable change of the working conditions.We advanced the hypothesis that current digital technologies allow to whitness these work experiences through a method using both photography (practical approach) and film – with the interaction of the peers and experts - (theorical approach.)We will conclude that workers’ roles are significantly different from what testimonies usually lead the public to believe. This thesis’ perspective aims at creating collective view points supporting democratic work conditions, where protagonists are able to identify their own intentions as well as other’s. To this end, we will emphasize the necessity of work cliniques. Our approach is in line with Ivar Oddone’s teachings, supporting a method allowing to collectively read the workplace experience via a movement from realistic to concrete, between two types of analysis
Kouvélakis, Efstathios. "Philosophie et révolution de Kant à Marx." Paris 8, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA08A007.
Full textBianchi, Barata Ribeiro Bernardo. "Le fil rouge de la transformation : Marx et Spinoza." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010507/document.
Full textLn recent decades, the relationship between Spinoza and Marx was discussed by authors such as Louis Althusser, Antonio Negri and Maximilien Rubel. However, although we can establish a link between the two in terms of theoretical affinities, it lacks an analysis of the relationship between these affinities and actual references From Marx to Spinoza. Until now, we do not know more about the specific way these references can articulate with the objectives inherent to Marx 's philosophical and political activism throughout his life. This study therefore seeks to browse the first writings from Marx in order to study the presence of Spinoza, and simultaneously demonstrate to which purposes this presence attended. At the same time, and just as importantly, we seek to show that, although these references explain how Marx moved away From Spinoza, they nevertheless reveal that in this distance, Marx finally find, not so much Spinoza, but Spinozism
García, Vivien. "Le sort de la philosophie : Michel Bakounine, Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx, Max Stirner : quatre itinéraires jeunes-hégéliens (1842-1843)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAP003.
Full textThe names of Bakunin, Engels, Marx, or Stirner are hardly ever associated withthe Young Hegelian movement. Bakunin and Stirner are generally associated withanarchism and Marx and Engels with marxism. Their lives and the fate of theirworks could do no more than obliterate the mutual and concomitant contributionsof these authors to what has sometimes been described as a philosophicalschool. This participation, in any case, occured thirty years before thecristallisation of the aforesaid political movements.This research proposes an immanent, and at the same time contextual, reading ofthe main texts written by these authors between 1842 and 1843. The theories ofeach of them are presented in accordance with their own questions and issues,focusing on the conceptual borrowings and innovations realised as aconsequence. They are expounded through a perpetual to and fro between theproblematic field related to the movement from which they were born and inwhich they participated.Nevertheless this study cannot be reduced to a mere contribution to the historyof ideas. One of the key interests of the analysed texts lies in what they tellus, from a post-hegelian perspective, about philosophy. When they describetheir epoch, they all conclude that there is no identity of the rational andthe real. There is still much to do for those who do not abandon the idea of therealisation of freedom in history. However, according to Hegel, philosophy canonly describe the process or the results of this realisation. Cannot philosophycontribute to the destiny it revealed? And if not, is it possible to renewphilosophy? How? Would an exit from philosophy be preferable? Other forms oftheoretical and practical intervention could be invented. But then, what aboutthe "philosophical" that remains?
Trevini, Bellini Alessandro. "Suspension du Capital-Monde par la production de la jouissance : Marx entre Aristote et la phénoménologie." Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100157/document.
Full textThe “suspension of the World–Capital by enjoyment production” announces something which belongs to the political order, and which fully concerns Marx’s thinking. As the subtitle indicates it aims to grasp the meaning of capital as “World Capital” thanks to the phenomenology, and to think about production as an “enjoyment production”, thanks to the praxis given by Aristotle. We therefore accept the challenge of a reading of Marx’s work, liberated both from Marxism and the modern philosophy horizon, in order to reveal the ontology at work since his early writings. In this respect, we will try to topicalise the issue of the domination of capital. Indeed, Marx did not finish to teach us how to analyse the essence of capitalism and to show us in which direction to take in order to produce differently i.e. to act freely and enjoy our works. Starting from the debate on the young Marx, we will indulge in a sort of genealogy of the constitution of his ontology. This road, full of deadlocks and blind-alleys, represents the main part of our work. In this context, our problem consists mainly in grasping the “logic device” of the 44 manuscripts in order to show that as an eidetic material it permits to understand the formality which will then found Das Kapital. Our duty will consist at the same time to seize the Marxian notion of activation in order to show that as a constitutive praxis, this notion makes possible the suspension of the totality of the functioning philosophical conditions of the World-Capital
Monferrand, Frédéric. "Marx, ontologie sociale et critique du capitalisme : une lecture des manuscrits économico-philosophiques de 1844." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100035.
Full textWhat type of ontology is mobilized when one asserts that capitalism is a form of social organization which is specific and can be historically overcome? In order to answer this question, we proceed in this study to a reading of the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. Starting with an analysis of their young-Hegelian context of elaboration as well as of the stakes of their reception within Marxism, I argue that Marx in these manuscripts builds upon a critical description of the experience of alienation to develop a processual ontology of society. This ontology combines a theory of the alienated forms that structure the social world (money, division of labour, private property) and a theory of the content alienated under these forms (essential forces and objects, nature and species-being). The critical model that emerges here – which can be described as a “critical ontology of capitalism” - has produced profound effects on the different attempts by theoreticians, from Herbert Marcuse to Louis Althusser and from Georg Lukács to Antonio Negri, to confer to the project of a radical transformation of society the ontology it deserves. And it is by the evaluation of its effects that it become possible to formulate anew the question of the ruptures and continuities between the Manuscripts of 1844 and Capital
Belden, David. "Deux paradigmes de l'activité humaine : travail et jeu." Besançon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BESA1018.
Full textTranchant, Thibault. "Raison et création : le constructivisme et l’institutionnalisme postmétaphysiques de Cornelius Castoriadis." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1S040/document.
Full textThe purpose of this doctoral thesis is to expose Castoriadis’ poïetical and institutional answer to the following question: how can we constitute a practical universality in a postmetaphysical context. Starting with a definition of political philosophy as the progressive and institutional objectification of reason, I first show how the modern radical critic of metaphysical thoughts and the modern emergence of a procedural conception of reason were both problematic for political philosophy. The thesis is then divided into two parts. The first part is devoted to Castoriadis’ philosophy and presents his own critics of metaphysical thinking, his ontology and his theory of knowledge. I then follow the interpretative thesis according to which Castoriadis’ philosophy can be characterized as an ''ontopoïetical pluralistic constructivism'' The second part is about his conception of practical reason, which I interpret as a “postmetaphysical institutionalism”. I conclude by showing that Castoriadis offers not only new mediations between politics and philosophy but also an original conception of practical universality in the history of political philosophy. Using a comparative method, I put forward Castoriadis’ thoughts through a comparison with other philosophies that share common problems and thesis, e.g. the Hegelian-Marxian tradition and the philosophies of difference
Steinbrecher, Tal. "L' historicisation de la théodicée." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010695.
Full textPradella, Lucia. "Mondializzazione e critica dell’economia politica alla luce della nuova edizione storico-critica degli scritti di Marx ed Engels (MEGA²)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100041.
Full textThis thesis studies the evolution of Marx's analysis of the internationalisation of capital in relation to pre-capitalistic social formations, drawing upon the new historical critical edition of Marx and Engels’ writings, with the aim of laying the foundation for establishing the relevance of their work to critical understanding of today’s processes of capitalist globalisation. The first two chapters follow the development of the analysis of the world market and globalisation from mercantilism to classical political economy and Hegel. The third chapter identifies the elements of discontinuity and continuity in Marx’s critique during the 1840s, while the fourth presents the content of Marx’s London Notebooks, showing that these represent a qualitative advance in his analysis of globalisation, in which he overcomes his previous vision of the passivity of non-European peoples. The fifth chapter presents the elaboration of these studies in the manuscripts and works in the second half of the 1850s and in the 1861-63 manuscripts, focussing in particular on his advance beyond the concept of capital in general and the six-book plan which corresponded to it. As a result, Capital Volume 1 integrated themes Marx originally intended for the projected volumes on state, foreign market and world market. The deepening of his understanding of the laws of capitalist uneven and combined development allowed him to articulate a vision of world revolution which overcame some of the “Eurocentric” elements still present in the 1840s
Gaber, Goran. "Histoire et logique de la raison critique. : de la philologie classique à la réflexion transcendantale (XVIe-XVIIIe siècle)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0009.
Full textEver since the Enlightenment, the notion of “critique” occupies a central place in western societies’ reflections concerning their properly modern character. It is by being “critical” that we distinguish ourselves from our predecessors as well as from the societies with which we continue to coexist. Following Reinhart Koselleck, one could say that “critique” represents one of modernity’s “Grundbegriffe” – a fundamental concept which not only guides, but effectively enables our understanding and interpretation of phenomena as such. However, if we try to propose a viable definition of critique itself, we are forced to admit that existing accounts, by grounding critique in the inherent capacities of individual human beings, suffer from an “aporia” that not only contradicts the initial thesis of critique’s properly modern and specifically occidental character, but also ends up compromising its social effectiveness.From a philosophical perspective, this logically flawed and practically untenable situation calls for a conceptual reflection on the thought processes involved in what we call “critical thinking”, as well as a historical clarification of the social sources of the principles guiding such form of thought.According to the common philosophical doxa, the conceptual clarification of critique is tantamount to the interpretation of the writings of the so-called German “critical trinity”: Kant, Marx, the Frankfurt School. Since I was interested in this phenomenon from the point of view of its role in the constitution of Modernity, it was due to its unique historical position, namely, its conjunction with the Enlightenment, that I was led to focus on the work of Immanuel Kant. Unlike previous philosophical exegesis that equated Kant’s “critique” with the content of his philosophy as such, my interpretation tried to unravel its sense by focusing on the “operations of reason” that were conducted in the name of this concept. Such a perspective has enabled me to discern, firstly, that Kant’s critical gesture was set in motion by a certain “temporal rationality”, marked by a rather peculiar, a-normative, attitude towards the past; secondly, that it was executed according to a certain quasi-dogmatic understanding of truth; and lastly, that it was accomplished not in the name of “theoretical reason”, as it is commonly thought, but for the sake of the development of its “practical faculty”. Thus, it was on the basis of this analysis of the logic of Kant’s critical gesture that I have embarked on a historical investigation of its social origins. Given the specificity of the object in question, I was first faced with the task of adopting a philosophical perspective that would be able to capture its historical emergence. I have tried to do this by proposing a combination of Koselleck’s “conceptual history” and Foucault’s “genealogy” – two theoretical perspectives that have produced concrete historical analysis regarding the birth of critique, but seem to have failed to arrive at a fully satisfactory account of its specifically modern character. Nonetheless, it was by following conceptual history’s insistence on the conceptual nature of critique; by adopting genealogy’s understanding of its essentially insubordinate character; and, above all, by pursuing Foucault’s and Koselleck’s intuitions regarding its complex relation with religion; that I was able to carry out the historical part of my research and delineate the social context that gave rise to the modern phenomenon of critique
Watt, Abdoulaye. "Feuerbach critique de Hegel : de l’idéel au réel." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE2007.
Full textThis work proposes an analysis of the absolute idealism, the humanism and the dialectical materialism through the respective thoughts of Hegel, Feuerbach and Marx. It is a question for us of studying here three philosophic doctrines which follow each other chro - logically by showing in particular how took place the passage of the idealism absolved from Hegel in the philosophic humanism of Feuerbach which will be the object of a rather severe criticism on behalf of Marx who at the same time rejects him(it) having integrated(joined) him(it) as moment into the elaboration of its materialistic conception(design) of the word