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Journal articles on the topic 'Martial'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 July 2024

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1

Hinds, Stephen. "Martial's Ovid / Ovid's Martial." Journal of Roman Studies 97 (November 2007): 113–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/000000007784016098.

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This paper allows Ovid to shape a reading of Martial, and Martial to shape a reading of Ovid. It proceeds through close readings of some 40 epigrams, and is organized into three large sections respectively addressing receptions in Martial of Ovid's poetry of elegiac love (I), of exile (II), and of myth (III). The final section offers sustained discussion of Martial's early Apophoreta (Book 14) and Liber Spectaculorum. Issues addressed include genre, intertextuality, sexual vocabulary and euphemism, exile as a figure for status anxiety, the metapoetics of book production, ecphrastic movement between art and epigrammatic text, and the aesthetics of myth in the Roman arena.

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2

Hinds, Stephen. "Martial's Ovid / Ovid's Martial." Journal of Roman Studies 97, no. 01 (November 2007): 113–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075435800014891.

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3

McLean, S. "Martial: Epigrams of Martial." Literary Imagination 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/imm023.

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4

Watson, Lindsay C. "Bassa's Borborysms: on Martial and Catullus." Antichthon 37 (November 2003): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066477400001386.

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Martial on a number of occasions declares himself the literary inheritor of Catullus, and repeatedly evinces that indebtedness by unmistakable echoes and adaptations of his Republican predecessor. But the Catullan legacy in Martial has not fared well at the hands of scholars. Many of the passages pertinent to the topic are industriously assembled in the secondary literature. But that literature is (it must be said) seriously deficient. Ferguson's 1963 article ‘Catullus and Martial’ is lightweight and vitiated by value judgements as to the respective worth of the two poets. Despite a disclaimer of bias, Ferguson is plainly of a mind with Muretus, who said that Martial was to Catullus as a buffoon is to a gentleman, and with Andrea Navagero, who each year burned a copy of Martial in an assertion of Catullus' superiority. A similar criticism can be levelled at Offermann's ‘Uno tibi sim minor Catullo’, which, descriptive rather than analytical, devotes a great deal of space to castigating Martial for sacrificing Catullus' intense emotionalism and to devaluing the Flavian poet in consequence; Offermann was unwilling to recognise that impassioned sinceritymore Catullianowas not part of Martial's epigrammatic brief. J.K. Newman's recent treatment of Catullus and Martial, while helpful in some respects, makes much of the ‘carnivalesque’ or Saturnalian spirit which allegedly infuses the work of both poets, a claim which is valid for Martial, for the most part,8 but questionable for Catullus.

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5

Sullivan, J. P. "Martial." Ramus 16, no. 1-2 (1987): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x00003301.

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Martial presents a critical problem. On the one hand, there was his undeniable popularity and literary influence on European literature from the Renaissance to at least the end of the seventeenth century. On the other hand, there is the obvious embarrassment he presents to modern literary historians.The two viewpoints are easily contrasted. Pliny the Younger in the famous letter written about 102 had expressed doubts about Martial's literary survival, but gave him generous credit for his talent, sharp wit, candour, and mordancy. (Erat homo ingeniosus acutus acer, et qui plurimum inscribendo et satis haberet etfellis, nec candoris minus, Ep. 3.21.1.) Nevertheless Martial's work survived the wreck of late Antiquity and the Middle Ages handsomely, and with the Renaissance, he came into his own as a poet. Angelo Poliziano described him as ingeniosissimus, ‘very talented’, and argutissimus, ‘clever’ (Miscellan. 6); such judgements were echoed by Jovianus Pontanus (De sermone 3.18) and Julius Caesar Scaliger, who claimed that many of his epigrams were divina, praising their sermonis castitas, ‘purity of speech’ (Poet. 3.126). Festivissimus, ‘most witty’, and lepidissimus, ‘charming’, were the adjectives used by Adrianus Turnebus (Advers. 8.4; 13.19). Only a few critics, such as the censorious Andrea Navigero and Raffaele Maffei (Volaterranus), objected to him on moral grounds. His reception among English poets was equally enthusiastic. Sir John Harington stated firmly ‘that of all poems, the Epigram is the pleasantest, and of all that write epigram, Martial is counted the wittiest.’

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6

Muhyi, Muhammad, and Purbojati Purbojati. "PENGUATAN OLAHRAGA PENCAK SILAT SEBAGAI WARISAN BUDAYA NUSANTARA." Jurnal Budaya Nusantara 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/b.nusantara.vol1.no2.a415.

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Sports martial arts (pencak silat) has grown and developed over the establishment of the Indonesian nation, even before Indonesia’s independence. It needs to be strengthened in order to continue to grow stronger in Indonesia. In order to realize it, the pillars of the national culture must be upheld which includes (1) construction of identity and character of the nation (2) Preservation of cultural heritage (3) development work / innovation and cultural diplomacy (4) institutional and human culture, and (5) facilities and infrastructure culture. To strengthen the construction of the five pillars of culture-related sports martial arts, the various concrete support pillars can help in any martial arts in the cultural heritage of the archipelago of Indonesia as well maintained. Keywords: sports martia arts, national culture, culural heritage.

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7

Boehrer, Bruce. "Martial." Ben Jonson Journal 14, no. 2 (November 2007): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/bjj.2007.14.2.259.

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8

Lorenz, Sven. "Martial." Classical Review 49, no. 2 (October 1999): 402–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/49.2.402.

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9

Lorenz, Sven. "Martial." Classical Review 51, no. 2 (October 2001): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/51.2.262.

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10

Wallace, Paul, Syed Nur Ahmad, Craig Baxter, and Mahmud Ali. "From Martial Law to Martial Law." Pacific Affairs 58, no. 4 (1985): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2758508.

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11

Fowler, D. P. "Martial and the Book." Ramus 24, no. 1 (1995): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x00002307.

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Alongside Catullus and Ovid, Martial is the Latin writer who tells us most about the ancient book, and he receives detailed treatment in most histories of ancient book production: he has a chapter to himself, for instance, in Roberts and Skeats' The Birth of the Codex. Books and reading are a central concern of his poetry from his very first publications: around 10-15% of the epigrams deal with this theme. The topic has received, however, much less attention from literary critics than from scholars interested in the Realien of ancient book production, and those who have paid attention to it have tended to play down the importance of the published books compared to the ‘occasional’ reception of the epigrams either through recitation or through informal pamphlets (the so-called ‘libelli’ prominent in the important work of Peter White). Even John Sullivan, who was more aware than many of the importance of the book in Martial, sees the published books as ‘open-ended collections, to which material could be added as it became available or necessary’ and declares that ‘Martial is less careful about the endings of his books…than about their beginnings and general structure’. I have suggested elsewhere that, on the contrary, the endings of Martial's books may be seen as possessing particularly ingenious effects of closure, and in general it seems to me that the engagement with reception in book-form shown by Martial's epigrams is extremely sophisticated.

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12

Grier, James. "THE MUSICAL AUTOGRAPHS OF ADÉMAR DE CHABANNES (989–1034)." Early Music History 24 (July 14, 2005): 125–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261127905000100.

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Late in the year 1028, Adémar de Chabannes embarked on an ambitious and audacious project to create a new liturgy for the Feast of Saint Martial that would venerate its honoree as an apostle. It is difficult to exaggerate the monstrous nature of the venture and the claim it supported. The historical Martial was well known from the works of Gregory of Tours, the sixth-century historian, as a third-century Roman missionary to Aquitaine and first bishop of Limoges. There his burial place became an important pilgrimage destination and the eventual site of a Benedictine monastery founded in Martial's memory. Adémar, with the full support of the abbot, Odolric, and monks of the abbey of Saint-Martial, and Bishop Jordan of Limoges, sought to transform the historical Martial into a first-century Jew, younger cousin of Simon Peter, an intimate of Jesus himself, whom he served at the Last Supper, Saint Peter's personal delegate to Gaul, and a saint of apostolic rank.

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13

Buttrey, T. V. "Domitian, the Rhinoceros, and the Date of Martial's Liber De Spectaculis." Journal of Roman Studies 97 (November 2007): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/000000007784016133.

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Martial's Liber de Spectaculis is almost universally considered a work describing the remarkable 100-day games held by Titus on the inauguration of the new Flavian Amphitheatre in A.D. 80. There is in fact no internal evidence for this attribution, which has been justified by Martial's praise of the building (“it sounds new”) and the inexact parallels between the description of Titus' games in Dio and the events memorialized by Martial. The highpoint of animal activities in Martial concerns the rhinoceros, not mentioned at all by Dio. Under Domitian a sudden, extensive and unparalleled issue of coins with the rhinoceros type signals the advertisement of that rare beast in his games. The coins date to A.D. 83–85. It is to that period, and to the reign of Domitian, that Martial's work should be dated.

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14

Lorge, Peter. "Practising Martial Arts Versus Studying Martial Arts." International Journal of the History of Sport 33, no. 9 (June 12, 2016): 904–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2016.1204296.

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15

Pitcher, R. A. "The Emperor and his Virtues: The Qualities of Domitian." Antichthon 24 (1990): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066477400000563.

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Martial 9.79:Oderat ante ducum famulos turbamque prioremet Palatinum Roma supercilium:at nunc tantus amor cunctis, Auguste, tuorum estut sit cuique suae cura secunda domus.tam placidae mentes, tanta est reuerentia nostri,tam pacata quies, tantus in ore pudor.nemo suos — haec est aulae natura potentis —,sed domini mores Caesarianus habet.Martial’s ninth book of epigrams contains twenty-nine poems out of a total of one hundred and three which refer to Domitian in some way, providing the largest group of epigrams concerned with an individual in a single book of Martial. The suppression by Martial of his tenth book of epigrams and its reappearance with the Domitianic references expunged means that Book 9 is the last book in which poems to Domitian form an integral part; it can be expected therefore that Martial’s attitude toward Domitian will find its most confident expression in this book.

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16

Bye, Antony, and Martland. "Martial Art." Musical Times 132, no. 1778 (April 1991): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/966136.

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17

Brown, Bill. "Martial Art." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 124, no. 5 (October 2009): 1787–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.5.1787.

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A large crowd stood around, enjoying the dancing magic, as in the middle two acrobats led on the dance, springing, and whirling, and tumbling.—Homer, The IliadWestern Literature's most magnificent object stages an intimacy between struggle and tranquillity. A gift to no soldier, but to his mother, requiting her ancient kindness, the shield of Achilles proffers a drama of war and of peace. The city of peace vibrates with the sound of flute and lyre, a wedding celebration, deliberations at assembly; the city of war quivers with well-armored soldiers, women and children perched atop the walls, beyond the walls an ambush laid along the river just where flocks of cattle come to drink (Il. 18.478–608). Homer teaches this truth about the object world: in the moment of their manufacture, weapons already manifest both prosperity and pain, technology and ceremony. Sweating, and longing, and grieving; springing, and whirling, and tumbling. The worlds inscribed on the shield figure those worlds out of which weaponry as such is forged. Could some new ekphrastic pedagogy disclose such worlds in the Hummer, the Abrams tank, the M-16, the B-52—revealing the quotidian histories they both congeal and obscure? If not, must we settle for Auden's lament, the mother pained now by what, for modernity, the god has wrought: “there on the shining shield / His hands had set no dancing-floor / But a weed-choked field” (294 [“The Shield of Achilles”]). Is the modern artifact so bereft of people?

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18

Bennett, Martin. "After Martial." Arion: A Journal of the Humanities and the Classics 26, no. 1 (2018): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arn.2018.0005.

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19

Martin Bennett. "After Martial." Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics 26, no. 1 (2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/arion.26.1.0095.

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20

Trethewey, Eric. "Courts Martial." Iowa Review 36, no. 2 (October 2006): 136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.6147.

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21

Hart, David K., David W. Hart, and Rebecca Nesbit. "Martial Virtue." Administration & Society 43, no. 5 (July 2011): 487–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399711413711.

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22

Stur, Heather Marie. "“Martial Metropolises”." Journal of Urban History 40, no. 3 (March 28, 2014): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144213516086.

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23

Watson, Patricia. "MARTIAL VII." Classical Review 53, no. 2 (October 2003): 376–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/53.2.376.

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24

Buschbacher, Ralph M., and Tiffany Shay. "Martial Arts." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 10, no. 1 (February 1999): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1047-9651(18)30214-6.

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25

Mullis. "Martial Somaesthetics." Journal of Aesthetic Education 47, no. 3 (2013): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jaesteduc.47.3.0096.

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26

Garthwaite, John. "Revaluating Epigrammatic Cycles in Martial Book 2." Ramus 30, no. 1 (2001): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x00001570.

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The structural formation of Martial's books of epigrams, especially what has been termed the intratextuality of the poems in each volume, has received considerable attention in recent studies of the author. Both Scherf and Merli, for example, in the latest collection of essays on Martial, not only provide useful critical surveys of past scholarship on the issue but propose their own, occasionally more detailed, schemes. The result is a growing recognition of the intricate designs Martial created out of his varied themes and of their importance in helping us to understand the literary purpose of the books.

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27

Cartlidge, Ben. "MARTIAL ‘IN CALLIMACHVM’ (10.4)." Classical Quarterly 68, no. 2 (November 8, 2018): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838818000411.

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This article has the aim of bringing some fresh observations to the interpretation of a Martial epigram. Beyond the individual poem, it seeks to read Martial's poetics more broadly, particularly with regard to the presence of Greek avatars, of various kinds, in his poetic production. The strategy will be an exact reading of the literary avatars in 10.4, with an attempt to specify the tone with which individual writers are associated. Once this strategy is developed in the case of well-recognized intertextual models, it will be used to explore an underrated intertext in 10.4.

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Dong, Hui Fang. "Building the AHP-Based Teaching Ability System for Martial Arts Teachers in Institutions of Higher Learning." Advanced Materials Research 187 (February 2011): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.187.29.

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This study builds with AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) the teaching ability system for martial arts teachers in institutions of higher learning, which falls into four layers: destination layer, criteria layer, feature layer and index layer. The destination layer refers to the teaching abilities of martial arts teachers; the criteria layer consists of two criterions, which are professional practice ability and teaching ability; the feature layer is made up of seven features, including martial arts skills, martial arts organization and judgment, martial arts culture, martial arts graph recognition and routine design, basic quality, basic skill and teaching organization; and the index layer consists of 19 indexes, which are self-defense skills, routine exercise skills, offensive and defensive skills, martial arts organization, martial arts judgment, schools of martial arts, martial arts culture, martial arts graph recognition, martial arts routine design, professional ethics, teamwork, humanistic quality, language expression, student management, teaching research, course design, teaching practice, teaching evaluation and teaching guide. The results show that the top five impact factors for the teaching ability of martial arts teachers in institutions of higher learning are course design, routine exercise skills, teaching practice, teaching research and martial arts routine design.

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Prasetyo, Yogi Tri, Maela Madel L. Cahigas, Eugene Patrick, Michael Rodney, Reny Nadlifatin, and Satria Fadil Persada. "Indonesian martial artists’ preferences in martial arts schools: Sustaining business competitiveness through conjoint analysis." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (April 5, 2024): e0301229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301229.

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The popularity of martial arts in the present times has become apparent, therefore, it is necessary to explore martial artists’ preferences and the schools’ competitiveness. The purpose of this study was to assess martial artists’ preferences concerning the services offered by martial arts schools. Conjoint analysis was utilized to analyze the responses of fifty-five (55) martial artists based on the seven (7) martial arts schools’ attributes. The results showed that the type of martial arts was found to be the most important attribute (30.449%) followed by distance (27.970%), price range (22.706%), social environment (11.097%), class preference (5.080%), goal (1.562%), and schedule (1.135%). Furthermore, Muay Thai or Kickboxing was the most preferred martial art, Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) was the second priority, next was Taekwondo, then Karate, and finally Boxing. In addition, the martial artists’ preferred distance was less than 8 km, and a monthly training cost of 150,000 to 450,000 IDR (10 to 20 USD). Martial artists liked attending open classes, treated martial arts as a hobby, and favored attending classes once or twice weekly. With the lack of conjoint-related studies in the martial arts industry, the findings contributed to academicians and addressed issues of inadequate studies. Most importantly, the researchers presented managerial implications to leverage marketing techniques and develop the business operations of martial arts schools.

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30

Hejduk, Julia Dyson. "RED-HANDED APOLLO: WHAT MARTIAL MIGHT HAVE DONE WITH ‘KNOW THYSELF’ IN ARS AMATORIA 2.493–502." Classical Quarterly 65, no. 2 (September 7, 2015): 714–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000983881500018x.

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Gutter-minded readings of Ovid have a venerable ancient precedent in Martial. As Stephen Hinds points out, the epigrammatist has a particular knack for ‘editorializing on the euphemistic language of elegy by “staining” it, in more or less complicated ways; it can be argued that the intertext between Ovidian and Martialian erotics, as well as differentiating them, tends to give the reader both a more Ovidian Martial and a more Martialian Ovid than before’. The present note will subject a famous and somewhat puzzling Ovidian passage to the kind of treatment that Martial might have given it. The alert reader will notice that this is, on one level, a dodge—an excuse for skirting the issue of Ovid's intentions and abjuring responsibility for whatever ‘staining’ may occur. But perhaps I shall be forgiven if I can show how listening in on an imagined intertextual conversation between two of antiquity's wittiest authors pays dividends in bringing out Martial's Ovidian side, a genius for innuendo combined with literary insight that can be too easily drowned out by his barrage of primary obscenities.

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31

Dong, Peng, Zhao Hui Luo, and Wei Hong Zhang. "Study on the Martial Equipments’ Maintenance Project Management Process." Advanced Materials Research 1006-1007 (August 2014): 1151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1006-1007.1151.

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The maintenance project of martial equipments is a task to guarantee the reliable run or eliminating a certain hidden trouble of martial equipments, by using fund, equipments, manpower, through reasonable organizing form, and be accomplished in stated time limitation. The maintenance management of martial equipments is an important content of martial management, and the maintenance management level of martial equipments becomes an important factor to influence the enhancement of equipments’ warfare ability. At present, our management method cannot adapt to the requirement of martial equipments’ development. The maintenance management of martial equipments is a kind of all-round management engineering. Along with the produce of more and more high-tech martial equipments, maintenance management has to face more and more big pressure. The maintenance management of martial equipments has the characteristic of specific aim, restriction of fund and time, one-off point, and there are various kinds of risks exist during the process of martial equipments’ maintenance, that is the basic characters of project. Then, using the method of project management to guide the work of martial equipments’ maintenance is bound to make the maintenance work more and more systemic and standard.

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32

Eckford, David. "Review of An Insider’s Guide to the Japanese Martial Arts: A New Look at Japan’s Fighting Traditions, by Alexander Bennett." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 18, no. 1 (June 19, 2023): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v18i1.7685.

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This review addresses An Insider’s Guide to the Japanese Martial Arts: A New Look at Japan’s Fighting Traditions by Alexander Bennett, published in 2023 by Tuttle Publishing. The Japanese martial arts and Japan have long attracted practitioners from around the globe travelling to Japan, hoping to further the knowledge of their chosen martial art. Far from being a recent trend, records of such travels have graced the martial arts literature for decades. This volume offers a neatly packaged representation of the Japanese martial arts written in an approachable manner by a bilingual, bicultural, academic, martial arts researcher and high-ranking exponent. Stocked with educational and credible material and delivered in an affable tone, this book provides a thorough coverage of the Japanese martial arts from their early past to the present day. In addition, practical and indispensable information for surviving and making the most out of one’s stay in Japan is presented. Invaluable to the practitioner with their sights set on studying martial arts in Japan, this publication goes way beyond and presents a plethora of information, both historical and contemporary, which will captivate all those studying the arts, regardless of their domicile. This valuable contribution to the martial arts literature is an enjoyable and educational walk through the Japanese martial arts that will benefit the uninitiated, novices, and seasoned veterans alike. Keywords: Japanese martial arts; Japanese martial history; studying martial arts in Japan; Japanese culture

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33

Goeyardi, Wandayani. "ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN KUNGFU WING CHUN DARI TIONGKOK DAN PENCAK SILAT MERPATI PUTIH DARI INDONESIA." Puitika 15, no. 2 (January 19, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/puitika.15.1.36-53.2019.

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Martial art is one of physical exercises. Martial arts nowadays are gaining in popularity. In addition to sports, martial arts are learned to protect ourselves from various kinds of attacks. As the time progressed, martial arts increasingly popular all over the world, including China and Indonesia. China has various types of martial arts like kungfu. Kungfu is subdivided into several types, one of them is wing chun. In Indonesia, there are also various types of martial arts. Pencak silat that scattered throughout the country is Merpatih Putih. Unlike China, this type of martial arts such as Merpati Putih is also a subdivision of martial arts. Not only the reference and classification that are different, Chinese and Indonesian martial arts also have other values such as moves. Based on this problem, the comparisons found in kungfu wing chun and Pencak Silat Merpati Putih will be examined. Movement and function in this research refers to wing chun college in Malang city named Logical Wing Chun and Merpati Putih Indonesia.Keywords: martial arts, pencak silat, wing chun.

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34

MacDonald, Carolyn. "Take-Away Art: Ekphrasis and Appropriation in Martial's Apophoreta 170–82." Classical Antiquity 36, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 288–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ca.2017.36.2.288.

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This paper examines the cultural antagonisms of Martial's Apophoreta 170–82, a unique series of epigrammatic gift-tags for artworks to be given away during the Saturnalia. In these poems, I argue, Martial thematizes and enacts Rome's transformative appropriation of cultural capital from Greece and elsewhere. First, he adopts the Hellenistic trope of the ekphrastic gallery tour in order to evoke the “museum spaces” of the Flavian city, where artworks became testaments to the power and culture of Rome (Section 1). While evoking these masterpiece collections, however, the epigrams in fact describe miniatures changing hands at a banquet. Martial thus tropes a second Roman practice of appropriation, namely the widespread consumption of transmedial miniature copies (Section 2). Third and finally, the epigrams dramatize the vulnerability of plundered objects by reevaluating their significance within the Roman frameworks of Latin literature and the Saturnalia (Section 3). In this miniature ekphrastic series, then, Martial's apophoretic poetics converge with Roman forms of appropriation both imperial and domestic, concrete and conceptual.

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35

Maksimović, Marijana. "Sport, human resources and basic values of japanese society." Sport — nauka i praksa = Sport — Science And Practice 10, no. 2 (2020): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/snp2001047m.

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Japan is a capitalist country that puts profit at the center of the organization of industrial relations, but puts the "man" at the center of the organization of society and, accordingly, attaches great importance to human resources. Sport, as part of a healthy lifestyle, is one of the ways to promote longevity in Japan. In addition to many other elements, it contributes to a higher quality of life along with a particular diet. In Japan, stress is present because change is part of everyday life, and in the elimination of stress, it helps the sport as part of a healthy approach to life. Japan has a very long history of traditional martial sports and that are part of the budo, namely: judo, kendo, kyudo, sumo, karate-do, aikido, shorinji kempo, naginata, and jukendo. The very English term "martial arts" implies both martial sports and martial arts, though the two terms are distinguished. For example, a traditional martial sport is sumo, a martial arts is aikido, while karate is both a sport and a martial art. The main difference between martial sports and martial arts is that martial sports have competitions and firm rules in line with which athletes compete, while the arts have no contests and competition rules, but rather respect the principles of the martial art itself. Today, martial sports aim to improve a person's potential and abilities through learning, and to lead them to a fair triumph. The main point of martial arts is the acquisition of combat skills that are applicable in every situation.

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36

Xiao, Jianwei. "Innovative Principles for the Choreography of Competitive Martial Arts Routine Movements." Pacific International Journal 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2023): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v6i2.342.

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With the increasing attention given by the Chinese State General Administration of Sports to local traditional sports, competitive martial arts has garnered more and more attention worldwide. Various international and domestic competitions have emerged, and in order to attract global attention while promoting the internationalization of competitive martial arts, the choreography of routines has become a hot topic of great concern to martial arts coaches, athletes, and researchers. This paper discusses the innovative principles for the choreography of competitive martial arts routines by reviewing literature and interviewing experts such as wellknown martial arts coaches and referees, in order to broaden the thinking of innovative routines in competitive martial arts competitions, enhance the appeal of competitive martial arts, increase the excitement of competitions, and provide theoretical references for the adaptation and innovation of competitive martial arts routine movements.

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Levchenko, Alina. "Вплив правового режиму воєнного стану на забезпечення права на таємницю кореспонденції в Україні." Copernicus Political and Legal Studies 1, no. 2 (2022): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/cpls.20222.09.

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The article is devoted to the study of the influence of the legal regime of martial law on ensuring the constitutional right to secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, telegraph and other correspondence. Martial law and restrictions on human rights and freedoms are not common in any country in the world. However, today, in connection with the imposition of martial law in Ukraine due to Russia’s armed aggression against Ukraine, this topic is quite relevant. The author investigates the essence of restrictions on human rights and freedoms in martial law, legal grounds, models, conditions and principles of restrictions on human rights and freedoms in martial law, in particular the right to secrecy of correspondence. The foreign experience of martial law in the country and restrictions on the right to secrecy of correspondence and other human rights and freedoms under such conditions are considered. The mechanism of martial law in Ukraine or in some of its territories is analyzed, its shortcomings are identified, which can significantly affect human rights and freedoms in martial law. A comparative description of the Ukrainian and foreign mechanisms of martial law and restrictions on human rights under martial law has been made. In order to avoid unjustified or illegal restriction of the human right to secrecy of correspondence in wartime, substantiated recommendations are provided to eliminate the shortcomings of the mechanism of martial law in Ukraine.

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Arndt, Rachel Z. "Mixed, Martial Arts." Iowa Review 45, no. 2 (September 2015): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.7635.

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Nichols, Fred J. "More and Martial." Moreana 22 (Number 86), no. 2 (July 1985): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.1985.22.2.6.

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40

Watt, W. S. "Notes on Martial." L'antiquité classique 63, no. 1 (1994): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/antiq.1994.1202.

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41

Ascher, Leona, J. P. Sullivan, and A. J. Boyle. "Martial in English." Classical World 92, no. 2 (1998): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4352242.

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Wilkerson, Leonard A. "Martial arts injuries." Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 97, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.7556/jaoa.1997.97.4.221.

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43

Nwankwo, Chimalum, and Festus Iyayi. "Awaiting Court Martial." World Literature Today 72, no. 1 (1998): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40153695.

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44

Olson, Michele Scharff, and Hanry N. Williford. "Martial Arts Exercise." ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal 3, no. 6 (November 1999): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00135124-199911000-00005.

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45

Birrer, R. B., and S. P. Halbrook. "Martial arts injuries." American Journal of Sports Medicine 16, no. 4 (July 1988): 408–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354658801600418.

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46

Harrison, George W. M. "Martial: Liber spectaculorum." Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada 8, no. 1 (2008): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mou.0.0045.

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Breck, John D. "Martial Arts Elbow." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000479023.68333.9f.

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Colapinto, Jorge. "Martial Family Therapy." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 30, no. 2 (February 1985): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/023569.

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Wells, Joseph J., and Justin Wells. "Mixed Martial Warts." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 69, no. 2 (August 2010): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ta.0b013e3181e74405.

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Leary, T. J. "Martial 14.100: Panaca." Classical Quarterly 47, no. 1 (May 1997): 322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cq/47.1.322.

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The wine referred to in the second line of the epigram was produced near Verona, at the foot of the Rhaetian Alps. It was well regarded by most and was a favourite of the Emperor Augustus: for references see Mynors at Verg. G. 2.96 and my note at Mart. 14.100.2. It appears, however, to have undue prominence in this poem, supposedly about the earthenware drinking vessels which, presumably, were manufactured in the same area.There is also the question of why Martial refers to Verona in such a circumlocutory way. Is he merely following a well established elegiac/epigrammatic convention in associating Verona with Catullus (cf. e.g. Ovid, Am. 3.15.7 and Mart. 1.7.2), or does his circumlocution here have any particular point?

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