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Eckford, David. "Review of An Insider’s Guide to the Japanese Martial Arts: A New Look at Japan’s Fighting Traditions, by Alexander Bennett." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 18, no. 1 (June 19, 2023): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v18i1.7685.
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This review addresses An Insider’s Guide to the Japanese Martial Arts: A New Look at Japan’s Fighting Traditions by Alexander Bennett, published in 2023 by Tuttle Publishing. The Japanese martial arts and Japan have long attracted practitioners from around the globe travelling to Japan, hoping to further the knowledge of their chosen martial art. Far from being a recent trend, records of such travels have graced the martial arts literature for decades. This volume offers a neatly packaged representation of the Japanese martial arts written in an approachable manner by a bilingual, bicultural, academic, martial arts researcher and high-ranking exponent. Stocked with educational and credible material and delivered in an affable tone, this book provides a thorough coverage of the Japanese martial arts from their early past to the present day. In addition, practical and indispensable information for surviving and making the most out of one’s stay in Japan is presented. Invaluable to the practitioner with their sights set on studying martial arts in Japan, this publication goes way beyond and presents a plethora of information, both historical and contemporary, which will captivate all those studying the arts, regardless of their domicile. This valuable contribution to the martial arts literature is an enjoyable and educational walk through the Japanese martial arts that will benefit the uninitiated, novices, and seasoned veterans alike. Keywords: Japanese martial arts; Japanese martial history; studying martial arts in Japan; Japanese culture
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Maksimović, Marijana. "Sport, human resources and basic values of japanese society." Sport — nauka i praksa = Sport — Science And Practice 10, no. 2 (2020): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/snp2001047m.
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Japan is a capitalist country that puts profit at the center of the organization of industrial relations, but puts the "man" at the center of the organization of society and, accordingly, attaches great importance to human resources. Sport, as part of a healthy lifestyle, is one of the ways to promote longevity in Japan. In addition to many other elements, it contributes to a higher quality of life along with a particular diet. In Japan, stress is present because change is part of everyday life, and in the elimination of stress, it helps the sport as part of a healthy approach to life. Japan has a very long history of traditional martial sports and that are part of the budo, namely: judo, kendo, kyudo, sumo, karate-do, aikido, shorinji kempo, naginata, and jukendo. The very English term "martial arts" implies both martial sports and martial arts, though the two terms are distinguished. For example, a traditional martial sport is sumo, a martial arts is aikido, while karate is both a sport and a martial art. The main difference between martial sports and martial arts is that martial sports have competitions and firm rules in line with which athletes compete, while the arts have no contests and competition rules, but rather respect the principles of the martial art itself. Today, martial sports aim to improve a person's potential and abilities through learning, and to lead them to a fair triumph. The main point of martial arts is the acquisition of combat skills that are applicable in every situation.
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Hauser, William B., and G. Cameron Hurst III. "Armed Martial Arts of Japan: Swordsmanship and Archery." American Historical Review 104, no. 5 (December 1999): 1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649379.
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Rouse, Wendy. "Jiu-Jitsuing Uncle Sam." Pacific Historical Review 84, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 448–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2015.84.4.448.
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The emergence of Japan as a major world power in the early twentieth century generated anxiety over America’s place in the world. Fears of race suicide combined with a fear of the feminizing effects of over-civilization further exacerbated these tensions. Japanese jiu-jitsu came to symbolize these debates. As a physical example of the yellow peril, Japanese martial arts posed a threat to western martial arts of boxing and wrestling. The efficiency and effectiveness of Japanese jiu-jitsu, as introduced to Americans in the early twentieth century, challenged preconceived notions of the superiority of western martial arts and therefore American constructions of race and masculinity. As Theodore Roosevelt and the U.S. nation wrestled with the Japanese and jiu-jitsu, they responded in various ways to this new menace. The jiu-jitsu threat was ultimately subjugated by simultaneously exoticizing, feminizing, and appropriating aspects of it in order to reassert the dominance of western martial arts, the white race and American masculinity.
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Filipović, Aleksandar. "The origin of the aesthetic elements in traditional forms of Far-eastern martial arts." Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 9, no. 1 (February 25, 2016): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v9i1.8.
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In light of the fact that Far-eastern martial arts have to be viewed as an inseparable part of the cultural traditions of China and Japan, their aesthetic character is tied to traditional cultural concepts which dominate these cultures, such as the concept of the unity of opposites, better known as yin and yang; the concept of the Road (the Tao) as a symbol of continuing self-improvement; the concept of Chi or Qui energy which permeates the cosmos as well as individual beings, etc. These concepts owe their existence and development first and foremost to the religious and philosophical systems which shaped and influenced all segments of these two great cultures, and not just the martial tradition. On the other hand, performance arts weren’t spared this same influence. Performance arts and martial arts of the Far East had an intertwined history and strongly influenced each other. The aim of this paper will be to give an outline of the basic concepts connected to the aesthetics of the martial arts of China and Japan and point out the similar roots in other segments of cultural tradition.
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KAWASHIMA, Takamune. "Proto-historic Background of Martial Arts Schools in Eastern Japan." Asian Studies 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2018.6.2.73-86.
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Kashima city is best known for having the oldest martial arts schools in Japan. While some of its martial arts schools, such as the Kashima Shinryū, were officially established in the latter half of the medieval period, there was already a long tradition of martial arts in Kashima region since the Kofun period (the fourth to the seventh centuries AD). This paper focuses on archaeological remains and the landscape around the Kashima Grand Shrine, to clarify the significance and influence of the Kashima Grand Shrine in managing the eastern part of the territory of ancient Japan. This paper examines some characteristics of the region, such as its coastal location that enabled the transportation of materials and soldiers. Another specific aspect of the place could be the advanced metal production evident in the giant sword of the Kashima Grand Shrine made in the early ancient period. Ancient workshops for metallurgy were found at the former local government office in Hitachi-no-kuni, the area of today’s Ibaraki Prefecture. It thus seems no coincidence that Kashima was chosen as a kind of military base. The archaeological findings that have been made in this location provide many reasons why the lineages of various martial arts schools, including the Kashima Shinryū, derived from this city, which led to the formation of later bushi groups in the medieval period of eastern Japan.
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Lytvynenko, Andrii, and Viacheslav Mulyk. "Analysis of the process of emergence and development trends of Ukrainian and Eastern national types of martial arts." Слобожанський науково-спортивний вісник 27, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/snsv.2023-4.001.
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Background and Study Aim. National types of martial arts have been created and are functioning in Ukraine, which are gaining more and more popularity in the world. Modern sports science investigates the history of the creation of national types of martial arts. The purpose of the article is to investigate the historical origins of the emergence and development of Ukrainian and Eastern national martial arts. Material and Methods. 217 sources of information on the history of traditional Ukrainian martial culture were analyzed. Bibliometric methods of processing the received information were used. After the initial analysis, 34 sources were selected, which fully correspond to the purpose of the study. Results. The stages of the formation of the Ukrainian nation are quite fully covered in scientific historical sources. The mutual connection between the development of society and its martial culture is shown. It is reliably known about the presence of military training in the era of the Trypil culture (approx. 5400 - 2750 BC). It is shown that the complication of social relations and the development of material production created conditions for the separation of the caste of professional warriors. Professional soldiers conducted specialized training for weapons and physical fitness. In combat units, young men were trained for combat operations. The military training of professional soldiers reached its maximum development during the period of existence of Kyivan Rus (IX-XIII centuries of the new era). Literary sources provide information that the national physical culture developed at the same time as the complex of military-applied youth training. The training included fencing with various types of weapons, archery and types of unarmed combat. On the banks of the Dnieper, on the island of Khortytsia, the Cossacks formed the military society of Zaporizhzhya Sich (16th - 18th centuries of the new era) and on a systematic basis conducted preparations for conducting military operations. Varieties of fencing, wrestling and fist fighting were developed at a high level. Data given in scientific sources indicate that the Cossack martial arts became the basis of modern Ukrainian national types of martial arts. In Japan, in the process of the foundation of the country (1603-1868 years of the new era), a national martial culture was formed based on the training of samurai warriors. Conclusions. The bibliometric analysis of publications on the history of Ukraine determined the correlation between the stages of the formation of the Ukrainian nation and the development of the military culture of Ukraine. The significant influence of religion on the consciousness of Ukrainians makes it possible to divide martial arts into pre-Christian (Trypylian and Indo-European cultures) and Christian (Kyiv Rus, Zaporizhzhya Sich). A comparison of the emergence and development of traditional national martial arts of Ukraine and Japan makes it possible to highlight the general patterns of formation of modern national types of martial arts.
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BARBOŞ, PETRE, and IOAN-NELU POP. "FROM YAMABUSHI TO MODERN PSHYCHOLOGICALTRAINING IN THE MARTIAL ARTS." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Educatio Artis Gymnasticae 67, no. 4 (March 10, 2023): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeag.67(4).33.
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ABSTRACT. Yamabushi were forest spirits who lived in the regions of Japan. They did not lead their lives in urban agglomerations, and appeared around monasteries or on mountain paths. They mostly posed no danger to humans, intervening in the lives of martial arts masters, providing them with secret fighting techniques. They had a more psychological training role, which led to exceptional results for the history of martial arts. After the fall of the samurai class and the secular development of Japanese society, these spirits of the forests will be replaced by psychologists, who will try to bring superior performance to the work of martial arts athletes. Using hypnosis, manipulations of the human psyche, but also of the masses, methods of eliminating emotions, up to their annihilation, many countries resorted to high-level psychologists, whose aim was to train an athlete from the point of view psychologically, incapable of being tributary to emotions. With all the methods used, some even taken from the field of military psychology, the athletes' results were not superior to the majority. Not all athletes managed to overcome all their obstacles, some, instead, failed completely, their lives were changed forever, being unable to adapt to the society in which they live. The studies below represent a series of research in the field of psychology of martial arts, with updated data at the time of writing the article.
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LUKMINAITĖ, Simona. "Women’s Education at Meiji Jogakkō and Martial Arts." Asian Studies 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2018.6.2.173-188.
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The topic of bushidō in education has recently been explored by Gainty (2013), Benesch (2014), and several Japanese historians in Japan, such as Sōgawa (2017). However, martial arts and bushidō, as found in the education for women, remains a largely untreated issue, despite the great attention women and their physical education received in the discourses regarding the creation of a healthy modern nation that took place during and after the Meiji period (1868–1912). By looking at numerous primary sources, this paper, building upon Lukminaitė (2018), focuses on Meiji Jogakkō’s instruction of budō as a modern means of physical education (PE). It aims to provide new insights into how budō was perceived, treated in writing, and functionally put into practice.
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De la Fuente, Eduardo Gonzalez. "Review of Anko Itosu. The Man. The Master. The Myth. Biography of a Legend, by Thomas Feldmann." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 17, no. 1 (May 20, 2022): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v17i1.7279.
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This review considers the book Anko Itosu. The Man. The Master. The Myth. Biography of a Legend, published in 2021 by Thomas Feldmann. The volume is a thorough biographical study of Anko Itosu (1831–1915), Okinawan born and essential figure to interpret initial developments of karate history during the 20th century. Approximately two decades before this indigenous martial art was to be popularized in mainland Japan by Funakoshi Gichin (1868–1957) and Mabuni Kenwa (1889–1952), and officially recognized by the Dainippon Butokukai [Greater Japan Martial Arts Virtue Society] (1933), Itosu consolidated important technical and discursive changes for karate. This novel way to practice and describe karate, still molding the perception of the art today, had the intention, among others, to further support its inclusion in the school system of Okinawa. Using a huge amount of written and oral sources, historical documents, and scholarly studies on Okinawa, this text offers a vivid picture of Itosu's life. In a manner unusual among the publications on the topic, the text not only explores the early days of modern karate through the existential vicissitudes of the master, but even more importantly it does so against the background of how the cultural, social, and political life was articulated in Okinawa at the time. Such a remarkable effort bears a value that should not go unnoticed among martial arts researchers and the interested reader alike.
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CULEDDU, Maria Paola. "The Evolution of the Ancient Way of the Warrior: From the Ancient Chronicles to the Tokugawa Period." Asian Studies 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2018.6.2.87-109.
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The term bushidō is widespread today and involves history, philosophy, literature, sociology and religion. It is commonly believed to be rooted in the ancient “way” of the bushi or samurai, the Japanese warriors who led the country until modern times. However, even in the past the bushi were seldom represented accurately. Mostly, they were depicted as the authors thought they should be, to fulfil a certain role in society and on the political scene.By taking into account some ancient and pre-modern writings, from the 8th to the 19th centuries, from the ancient chronicles of Japan, war tales, official laws, letters, to martial arts manuals and philosophical essays, and by highlighting some of the bushidō values, this article attempts to answer the questions how and why the representation of the bushi changed from the rise of the warrior class to the end of the military government in the 19th century.
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Holokha, V., and Shan Yu. "Images of sumo wrestling in japanese fine arts." Єдиноборства, no. 1(31) (February 9, 2024): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/ed.2024-1.04.
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Purpose: based on the analysis of scientific sources, to identify the peculiarities of the reflection of sumo wrestling in various types of Japanese fine arts and to reveal its role in the formation and expression of the national identity of the Japanese. Material and methods. To solve the research tasks, the following methods were used: historical and cultural analysis - to study the origin and development of sumo wrestling as a cultural phenomenon; art historical analysis - to identify the specifics of sumo reflection in various art forms; iconographic analysis - to study plots, motifs, artistic images related to sumo wrestling. Results: based on the analysis of scientific and methodological information and Internet sources, it was found that sumo wrestling is a unique and distinctive Japanese sport with a long history. It is an integral part of Japanese culture and has a deep cultural and symbolic meaning. Images of sumo wrestlers are often found in various forms of Japanese art - painting, graphics, sculpture, etc. However, a comprehensive study of the reflection of the theme of sumo wrestling in art has not been conducted before. The study of the peculiarities of the depiction of sumo wrestling in art will allow us to better understand not only the sport itself, but also the peculiarities of the worldview and aesthetic preferences of the Japanese people. An in- depth study of the cultural history of sumo through the prism of art will help to present the uniqueness and value of this tradition more clearly. This may interest young people and encourage them to take up sumo wrestling, while the images of legendary sumo wrestlers in painting and sculpture will inspire young athletes to reach the same heights of skill. Conclusions. A study of scientific sources has shown that the topic of sumo wrestling in Japanese fine art is not sufficiently covered. Sumo wrestling has deep cultural roots and symbolic meaning in Japan. Its images can be traced in art from ancient times to the present day. The analysis of works of fine art allows us to trace the evolution of ideas about sumo wrestling and its place in the national culture. Starting from the Kofun period, haniwa figurines depicting wrestlers performed an apotropaic function, scaring away evil spirits. In the Edo period, with the development of ukiyo-e prints, sumo wrestling became a popular theme in the work of leading artists. The images of legendary champions and dramatic scenes of fights attracted viewers. Wrestlers embodied the national ideal of courage and strength. In modern times, artists continue the tradition of depicting sumo, paying tribute to the cultural heritage of Japan. Keywords: sumo, ukiyo-e, print, fine art, haniwa, Edo period, ryokshi, Japan, woodblock print, netsuke, martial arts.
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CHRISTIANSON, G. Björn, Mikko VILENIUS, and Humitake SEKI. "Role of the Sword Futsunomitama-no-tsurugi in the Origin of the Japanese Bushidō Tradition." Asian Studies 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2018.6.2.211-227.
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One of the formative narratives in Japanese martial arts is the bestowal of the mystical sword “Futsunomitama-no-tsurugi” upon Emperor Jinmu, the legendary founder of Japan. Within the Kashima Shinden Bujutsu lineage, this bestowal is attested as a critical event in the initiation of the principles of Bushidō martiality. However, the practical reasons for its significance has been unclear. Drawing on historical and archaeological records, in this paper we hypothesise that the physical conformation of the legendary sword Futsunomitama-no-tsurugi represented a comparatively incremental progression from the one-handed short swords imported from mainland Asia. These modifications, however, allowed for a new, two-handed style of swordsmanship, and therefore it was the combination of the physical conformation of Futsunomitama-no-tsurugi and the development of appropriate techniques for wielding it that formed the basis of the martial significance of the “Law of Futsu-no-mitama”. Drawing on various traditions and records linking Futsunomitama-no-tsurugi to the Kashima Grand Shrine, we also argue that this new tradition of swordsmanship was the nucleus around which the Kashima Shinden Bujutsu lineage would develop, and therefore represented a critical first step towards the later concepts of Bushidō. Based on the kabala of the Kashima Shinryū, we also present a working model of what the techniques for usage of Futsunomitama-no-tsurugi might have been, and provide an account of an experiment testing its application.
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Tomita, Ryuta. "Research work of Prof. Tomita, including: 1. Examination of environmental vibration measurement using vibration control rubber on carpet. 2. Measures against floor impact sound by heavy-impact source using storage furniture with tatami. 3. Study on tatami mat considering safety when falling in case of falling collision and sound insulation performance. 4. Research on evaluation method and evaluation rank for vertical vibration." Impact 2020, no. 4 (October 13, 2020): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.4.15.
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A tatami is a type of mat used as a floor material in many rooms in Japan. They are also used in training rooms, such as in a dojo or martial arts, and are often covered with woven straw. Tatami mats were used as flooring materials for buildings in the Kamakura period (c. 1185) and have a long history. Tatami is often used in the Japanese-style room of today's homes. Generally, tatami mats are 55 mm thick; some mats are made of mostly straw and some made of insulation board and extruded polystyrene foam. The surface of both types of mats is covered with tatami facing. More recently, tatami mats made of insulation board and extruded polystyrene foam are used in homes. Despite their presence in Japanese buildings, there are several problems associated with tatami mats and other floor materials. One of the potential problems concerns the safety of individuals who fall on the mats, while another is the sound created by impact on the mats, such as when people walk or run across them. Research is underway to find effective ways of improving the sound insulation performance of floor materials at the same time as considering the safety of the inhabitants of the buildings with the mats in them. One team, which is investigating means of improving tatami mats and the materials used to build them, is based at the College of Science and Technology in Nihon University, Japan. Led by Professor Ryuta Tomita, the team is engaged with several projects revolving around overcoming heavy-weight floor impact sound insulation performance and safety of individuals who fall on tatami mats.
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Mulyadi, Budi. "KEUNIKAN SENI BELA DIRI JEPANG SHOURINJIKENPOU." KIRYOKU 1, no. 4 (December 7, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kiryoku.v1i4.29-36.
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This article entitled The Uniqueness of Japan Martial Arts Shourinjikenpou The main goal of this paper writing is to know about several uniqueness of shourinjikenpou as one of martial arts from Japan. This article writing uses field reserach. Main method are observation, and interpretation. This article explains shourinjikenpou has many uniquennes such as: shourijinkenpou is combined between tradisional martial arts from China and ancient martial arts from Japan. Also shorinjikenpou contains Buddhist Teaching therefore the philosophy of shorinjikenpou is taken from buddhist teaching. Shourinjikenpou has two main stance. They are goho and juho. Thr student of shourinjikenpou has to master it before learning other stance
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BEN-ARI, EYAL. "Militarism, Martial Arts, and Aesthetics in Japan." Reviews in Anthropology 34, no. 4 (October 2005): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00938150500321054.
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Bowman, Paul. "Making Martial Arts History Matter." International Journal of the History of Sport 33, no. 9 (June 12, 2016): 915–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2016.1212842.
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Souza-Junior, Tácito P., Bernardo N. Ide, Jeffer E. Sasaki, Rafael F. Lima, Cesar C. C. Abad, Richard D. Leite, Marcelo P. Barros, and Allan C. Utter. "Mixed Martial Arts: History, Physiology and Training Aspects." Open Sports Sciences Journal 8, no. 1 (September 8, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875399x01508010001.
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Objective: The purpose of this study was to review current knowledge on exercise physiology and sports training that can be applied to develop training programs for Mixed Martial Arts. Methods: A non-systematic literature review was conducted to search for articles related to history, physiology and training of Mixed Martial Arts and other Martial Arts such as Judo, Wrestling, Jiu-Jitsu, and Karate. A review on aerobic, anaerobic, strength and power training was also conducted and directly related to Mixed Martial Arts training. Results: There is scarce scientific information about training methods and physiological responses to specific efforts in Mixed Martial Arts. Many studies were reviewed and meaningful information on physiology and training were summarized for application in Mixed Martial Arts. Conclusion: The present study provides a review on important physiology and training aspects for successful preparation of Mixed Martial Arts athletes.
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Turnbull, Stephen, and G. Cameron Hurst. "Armed Martial Arts of Japan: Swordsmanship and Archery." Journal of Japanese Studies 26, no. 1 (2000): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/133413.
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Conlan, Thomas, and G. Cameron Hurst III. "Armed Martial Arts of Japan: Swordsmanship and Archery." Monumenta Nipponica 54, no. 1 (1999): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2668291.
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Trenson, Steven. "Buddhism and Martial Arts in Premodern Japan: New Observations from a Religious Historical Perspective." Religions 13, no. 5 (May 13, 2022): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13050440.
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This article investigates two issues regarding the Buddhism of premodern Japanese martial arts. The first issue concerns the historical channels through which Buddhist elements were adopted into martial lineages, and the second pertains to the general character of the Buddhism that can be found in the various martial art initiation documents (densho). As for the first issue, while previous scholarship underscored Shugendō (mountain asceticism) as an important factor in the earliest phases of the integration process of Buddhist elements in martial schools, this study focuses on textual evidence that points to what is referred to as “medieval Shinto”—a Shinto tradition that heavily relied on Esoteric Buddhist (Mikkyō) teachings—in scholarship. Regarding the second issue, although numerous studies have already shown the indebtedness of premodern martial schools to Buddhist teachings drawn mainly from the Esoteric Buddhist or Zen traditions, this article sheds more light on the nature of these teachings by drawing attention to the fact that they often emphasize the Buddhist thought of isshin or “One Mind”. The article illustrates how this thought was adopted in premodern martial art texts and in doing so clarifies the reasons why Buddhism was valued in those arts.
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Logan, Gabe. "A History of Chinese Martial Arts." Journal of Sport History 46, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.46.3.0417.
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Molasky, Michael. "Introduction: On Martial Arts Studies in Japan: A Provocation." Martial Arts Studies, no. 6 (July 23, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18573/mas.69.
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KIETLINSKI, R. "Martial Arts and the Body Politic in Meiji Japan." Social Science Japan Journal 18, no. 1 (October 30, 2014): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyu022.
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Cynarski, Wojciech J. "Social Stratification in Japanese and Some Other Martial Arts: A Comparison and Discussion of Changes." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 59, no. 1 (October 1, 2013): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2013-0024.
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Abstract Using the humanistic theory of martial arts and martial arts sociology, the author attempts to describe and explain the relationship between social stratification and martial arts. He asks whether a person’s position in the martial arts environment is, today, dependent on social background. He asks: Who could practice with weapons, and which weapons, a hundred years ago? Who can study in the ancient fencing schools today? The analysis includes martial arts in ancient Japan, Europe and Brazil as well as today. He finds that positions originally went to those in the privileged classes or social strata. Today, this does not matter. It can be concluded that there is simply a generational transmission of interest within families. Position in the martial arts, as in many other areas, is part of a person’s long-term effort to determine their own position in society, or “position developed independently”. Martial arts are part of the farreaching democratization and leveling of society. Positions inherited from father to son arise only very rarely. This mainly now happens only in the ancient ancestral schools.
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Kleinschmidt, Harald, and Sydney Anglo. "The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe." Journal of Military History 65, no. 2 (April 2001): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2677174.
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Holt, Jason. "Physical Philosophy: Martial Arts as Embodied Wisdom." Philosophies 8, no. 1 (February 14, 2023): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies8010014.
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While defining martial arts is not prerequisite to philosophizing about them, such a definition is desirable, helping us resolve disputes about the status of hard cases. At one extreme, Martínková and Parry argue that martial arts are distinguished from both close combat (as unsystematic) and combat sports (as competitive), and from warrior arts (as lethal) and martial paths (as spiritual). At the other extreme, mixed martial arts pundits and Bruce Lee speak of combat sports generally as martial arts. I argue that the fine-grained taxonomy proposed by Martínková and Parry can be usefully supplemented by a broader definition, specifically the following: martial arts are systematic fighting styles and practices as ways of embodying wisdom. A possible difficulty here is that such views face the charge of overemphasizing the “philosophical” aspect of martial arts. My definition can, however, avoid this apparent problem. If martial arts essentially aim to embody wisdom, this applies no less to the (strategic) practical wisdom of The Art of War than to the (ethical) practical wisdom of the Tao Te Ching. In an extended sense, then, any systematic fighting style, including combat sports, may count as a martial art insofar as it embodies wisdom by improving practical fighting skills.
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Hua, Li. "The Development Process of Wushu Under the Influence of Wuju Selection System." History Research 12, no. 1 (May 10, 2024): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.history.20241201.15.
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Wuju, historically known as Wuke, was began in Tang Dynasty, the second year when Wu Zetian became empress. It was developed in successive dynasties. However, with the invasions of Western colonists in 19<sup>th</sup> century, the traditional martial arts were clearly no longer suitable for the needs of modern warfare, finally, it was abolished in the 27th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty. The abolition of Wuju system caused a fierce debate in the imperial court. Although there is still little research on the influence of Wuju to the development of martial arts in various dynasties, as the earliest main way to select martial arts talents, it has existed for more than 1,200 years in Chinese history and has improved the selection criteria for talents that are adept with both the pen and the sword. Wuju in Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, military martial arts and folk martial arts are the earliest martial arts system in China. The rise and fall, as well as combination of Wuju and martial arts have a profound impact on the history of martial arts. Therefore, the paper tries to explore to the development process of martial arts by explaining the five stages of Wuju: rise, development, imprisonment, prosperity and defeat, then provides a theoretical basis for future scientific research on martial arts.
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Sunshine, Glenn S., and Sydney Anglo. "The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe." Sixteenth Century Journal 33, no. 1 (2002): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4144328.
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DeBernardi, Jean Elizabeth, and Xu Wu. "The revival of Wudang Daoist martial arts." Martial Arts Studies, no. 15 (July 9, 2024): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18573/mas.162.
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This paper writes the recent history of the revival of Wudang Taiji Boxing. In 20th-century China, first reformers, then communists stigmatized traditional martial arts. But after China's leaders, under Deng Xiaoping, initiated a new era of reform and opening up in 1978, all that changed. In 1980, a member of the Qing royal family who had spent seven months at Wudang Mountain in 1929 performed the style he had learned at Wudang at a national sports event. In so doing, he sparked a revival leading to the formation of the Wudang Taoist Martial Arts Academy and other academies and groups. The modern history of Taiji Boxing is not only the history of a martial arts form, but also of the secularization of Chinese ideology, suppression of religion, the reworking of traditional practices of self-cultivation as exercise and sport, and the commercialization and commodification of martial arts for a global audience.
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Gutiérrez García, Carlos, Mikel Pérez Gutiérrez, William Acevedo, and Mei Cheung. "Los luchadores japoneses tienen más destreza y arte que los luchadores chinos, o cuando el contexto importa más que el texto." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 5, no. 1 (July 13, 2012): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v5i1.123.
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<p class="AMresumen">The present study proposes a reflection on different elements (political, economic, military, social, cultural…) that condition the perception, introduction and acceptance of the martial arts in other cultures. Particularly several Chinese and Japanese martial arts articles that were published in different Spanish illustrated magazines (1899-early 20<sup>th</sup> century) are analyzed. Then we point out differences between the international success of Japan and its <em>jujutsu</em>, when compared to the difficulties that China faced at that time and the lack of representation of its martial practices in such international context.</p>
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Hobart, Peter. "Manadas & lobos solitarios. Entrevista con Ellis Amdur sobre las tradiciones marciales japonesas." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 4, no. 3 (July 16, 2012): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v4i3.178.
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<p>There are some significant differences in the manner that the classical Japanese martial arts are practiced in the East and in the West. Among these are the student-teacher relationship, the degree of formality and the level of emphasis on etiquette in the dojo. In this interview, noted martial arts teacher Ellis Amdur, who spent thirteen of his more than forty years of martial practice studying in Japan, explores these and other concepts, vital to anyone who wishes to understand the way these arts are (or were) taught in the country of their origin. He also discusses the two particular martial systems (<em>koryu</em>) which he is licensed to teach: Araki-ryu, a rugged system that emphasizes close combat; and Toda-ha Buko-ryu, a system specializing in the use of the naginata against a variety of weapons.</p>
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Croom, Adam M. "Muay Thai, Psychological Well-Being, and Cultivation of Combat-Relevant Affordances." Philosophies 7, no. 3 (June 9, 2022): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies7030065.
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Some philosophers argue that martial arts training is maladaptive, contributes to psychological illness, and provides a social harm, whereas others argue that martial arts training is adaptive, contributes to psychological wellness, and provides a social benefit. This debate is important to scholars and the general public since beliefs about martial arts training can have a real impact on how we evaluate martial artists for job opportunities and career advancement, and in general, how we treat martial artists from different cultures in our communities. This debate is also important for children and adults that have considered enrolling in martial arts training programs but remain uncertain about potential outcomes of training due to the lack of research in this area. This article therefore contributes to the literature on martial arts by (1) outlining a framework that characterizes psychological well-being in terms of five elements, (2) discussing how results from empirical research support the hypothesis that Muay Thai training can contribute to psychological well-being by contributing to all five component elements, (3) discussing the psychological benefits of martial arts training from the perspective of an Everlast Master Instructor, and (4) discussing how martial arts training involves the cultivation of combat-relevant affordances.
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Teo, Hsu-Ming. "Popular History and the Chinese Martial Arts Biopic." History Australia 8, no. 1 (January 2011): 42–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2011.11668356.
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Cynarski, Wojciech J. "Coach or sensei? His group relations in the context of tradition." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 88, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2020-0024.
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AbstractIn the perspective of the General Theory of Fighting Arts, an analysis of socio-cultural factors that determine the opposition of the role of a teacher of martial arts (Jap. sensei) to the role of a sports trainers was undertaken. The structural cultural context, cultural patterns, and social institutions resulting from divergent goals were taken into account. The roles of teachers and trainers result from these conditions. The existence of the separate roles of the master-teacher in martial arts and the sports trainer was established. These roles manifest themselves in different relations with students or players. Democratic and egalitarian interactions in sports teams include player and coach relations. In traditional martial arts, the dominance of the teacher is more accepted. However, there is also a social position combining the features of the sensei and the trainer that is typical for combat sports that are also martial arts (participating in sports competitions). As there are relationships of subordination in the hierarchical societies of Japan and Korea, there is no problem with recognizing the primary role of the sensei in these cultures. The position of the master-teacher is also sanctified by tradition. Reducing educational systems, which are the paths of martial arts, to oriental varieties of sports would be a serious factual mistake.
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Cao, Jiayue. "The Dissemination and Inheritance of Martial Arts Culture in the New Media Era." Communications in Humanities Research 22, no. 1 (December 7, 2023): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/22/20231725.
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The dissemination of martial arts culture is essential for its preservation and wider appreciation. Because in the 5000 years history of China, martial arts are an indispensable part of Chinese culture with the advent of the new media era, new avenues for martial arts dissemination have emerged. This research delves into the impact of we-media on martial arts through methods such as literature review and interviews, comparing its influence on martial arts. The study of the influence of self-media on martial arts is of significant research importance, as martial arts need to adapt to the rapidly changing modern era, optimize its methods of dissemination, promote its popularity, and facilitate its international development. As the most commonly used new media by modern mainstream people, short video transmits multi-sensory information in the form of picture, text, sound and image, which has become the most acceptable medium. This way makes martial arts more widely spread.
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Moore, Brian, Dean Dudley, and Stuart Woodcock. "The Effects of a Martial Arts-Based Intervention on Secondary School Students’ Self-Efficacy: A Randomised Controlled Trial." Philosophies 8, no. 3 (May 10, 2023): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies8030043.
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Physical activities are generally accepted as promoting important psychological benefits. However, studies examining martial arts as a form of physical activity and mental health have exhibited many methodological limitations in the past. Additionally, recent philosophical discussion has debated whether martial arts training promotes psychological wellbeing or illness. Self-efficacy has an important relationship with mental health and may be an important mechanism underpinning the potential of martial arts training to promote mental health. This study examined the effect of martial arts training on the psychological construct of self-efficacy. A total of 283 secondary school students with a mean age of 12.76 (SD = 0.68) years were recruited to complete a time-limited (10-session) martial arts intervention, which was examined using a randomised controlled trial. Univariate ANOVAs found that the intervention improved the experimental group’s self-efficacy compared to the control group, which was sustained at follow-up. Regression analysis indicated that socio-educational status moderated this outcome. These findings support the martial arts-based intervention’s potential to improve self-efficacy and promote wellbeing through physical activity. Martial arts training may be an efficacious psychosocial treatment that can be used as a complementary approach to promote mental health.
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Jeon, Jeong Woo. "An Analysis on Korea,China,Japan Martial Arts Image for Improvement in Variety of Korean Martial Arts -Focused on Japanese Viewpoints." Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies 45 (August 31, 2011): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51979/kssls.2011.08.45.81.
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Fan, Haichao. "Integration of National Complex and Sports Techniques: A View on the Historical Media of the Chinese Martial Arts from Unification of Martial Arts (1934-1935)." World Journal of Social Science Research 5, no. 1 (February 7, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v5n1p44.
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<p><em>The Unification of Martial Arts was an important publication about martial arts during the period of the Republic of China. As a media for communication, it exerted a huge positive impact on spreading traditional Chinese martial arts in its ways and the contents. Therefore, this paper explores this journal through the method of literature and logic analysis. The study finds that, in terms of the content spreading, Unification of Martial Arts mainly has analyzed the martial arts from its unified concept, its ambitious thought of building China into a powerful nation, the basic knowledge of martial arts, its history and the legendary stories related to it. In terms of the ways, photographs have become an important carrier of martial arts techniques and a way of expressing national complex. The communication and investigation have presented the readers with a learning platform for interaction. Meanwhile, the dissemination of information about other sports has broken through the limitation in martial arts communication, demonstrating the inclusive spirit in the sporting world.</em></p>
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Borg, Alan. "The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe, Sydney Anglo." English Historical Review 116, no. 465 (February 2001): 206–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/enghis/116.465.206.
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Borg, A. "The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe, Sydney Anglo." English Historical Review 116, no. 465 (February 1, 2001): 206–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/116.465.206.
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Jaquet, Daniel, Claus Frederik Sørensen, and Fabrice Cognot. "Historical European Martial Art a crossroad between academic research, martial heritage re-creation and martial sport practices." Acta Periodica Duellatorum 3, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/apd-2015-0001.
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Abstract Historical European martial arts (HEMA) have to be considered an important part of our common European cultural heritage. Studies within this field of research have the potential to enlighten the puzzle posed by past societies, for example in the field of history, history of science and technology, or fields related to material culture. The military aspects of history are still to be considered among the most popular themes of modern times, generating huge public interest. In the last few decades, serious HEMA study groups have started appearing all over the world – focusing on re-creating a lost martial art. The terminology “Historical European Martial Arts” therefore also refers to modem-day practices of ancient martial arts. Many of these groups focus on a “hands-on” approach, thus bringing practical experience and observation to enlighten their interpretation of the source material. However, most of the time, they do not establish inquiries based on scientific research, nor do they follow methodologies that allow for a critical analysis of the findings or observations. This paper will therefore propose and discuss, ideas on how to bridge the gap between enthusiasts and scholars; since their embodied knowledge, acquired by practice, is of tremendous value for scientific inquiries and scientific experimentation. It will also address HEMA practices in the context of modern day acceptance of experimental (or experiential) processes and their value for research purposes and restoration of an historical praxis. The goal is therefore to sketch relevant methodological and theoretical elements, suitable for a multidisciplinary approach, to HEMA, where the “H” for “historical” matters.
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Sánchez García, Raúl. "A process-sociology analysis of religious practices and Japanese martial arts." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 18, no. 1 (April 22, 2023): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v18i1.7479.
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This paper uses primary and secondary sources to provide a process-sociological analysis of the relationship between religious practices and Japanese martial arts. It problematises the taken for granted role of Zen Buddhism as the sole influence on the development of Japanese martial arts. Such essential connection is inaccurate and anachronistic. Religious and martial practices developed as part of processes of sociogenesis (state formation) and psychogenesis (habitus) during three different key stages: (1) Medieval Japan (1185-1600): during this stage, warriors (bushi) progressively became the predominant rulers across the country, enforcing law by sheer force. Warriors seasoned in combat used esoteric practices (spells, magic rituals) as part of their psychological arsenal for warfare, as practical means of action. The cult of the Buddhist deity Marishiten held special interest for the bushi originating martial traditions (ryu). (2) Tokugawa shogunate (1600-1848): the pacification of the country by the central military court implied a more detached approach to martial arts by samurai. Within this milieu, the samurai acted as a retainer/bureaucrat whose main mission was to keep order in a stratified society and to serve his lord, something that Zen practices helped to incorporate in the samurai ethos. (3) Early Showa period (1926-1945): this stage featured a progressive militarisation of people and the instigation of a strong involvement towards the Japanese nation, considered as the main (symbolic) survival unit. Budo (martial arts) was connected to shinto (functioning as a ‘state religion’) and embodied the imperial bushido message. Zen provided a legitimation of violence for citizen-soldiers with a personality structure that presented self-doubts on killing someone and fear of being killed.
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Qixia Jia, Yongyong Wang, Pengxin Gu. "Study on the Integration of Chinese Martial Arts Bing Dao in the Online + Offline Teaching Model at College Sports Education." Journal of Electrical Systems 20, no. 2 (April 4, 2024): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/jes.1226.
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At present, with the continuous development of science and technology and the continuous innovation of new educational technology, the online + offline education model is widely used in college physical education. It has been a long history for the Chinese Martial Arts Bing Dao to be an excellent Chinese traditional sports event. But the sports competition system of the Chinese Martial Arts Bing Dao has been formally established for less than 3 years. The Chinese Martial Arts Bing Dao has been developed rapidly in the past 3 years. Many training courses for coaches and referees of Chinese Martial Arts Bing Dao have been held. The rules on the competition of Chinese Martial Arts Bing Dao have been formulated and the National Chinese Martial Arts Bing Dao Championship has been successfully held. In addition, the Chinese University Wushu Long and short weapon Competition has been successfully held for three times. The integration of Chinese Martial Arts Bing Dao into college sports teaching plays a positive role in inheriting excellent traditional Chinese culture, enhancing cultural confidence and promoting the healthy physical and mental development of college students. Therefore, in college physical education, Chinese Martial Arts Bing Dao should be promoted and valued
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Tao, Lingrong. "Application of Data Mining in the Analysis of Martial Arts Athlete Competition Skills and Tactics." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (April 3, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5574152.
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In martial arts, data mining technologies are used to describe and analyze the moves of athletes and changes in the process and sequences. Martial arts is a process in which athletes use all kinds of strengths and actions to make offensive and defensive changes according to the tactics of opponents. One such martial arts is Wushu arts as it has a long history in reference to Chinese martial arts. During the Wushu competition, Wushu athletes show their adaptability and technical level in complex, random, and nonlinear competitive abilities, organized and systematic skills, tactics, and position movement. Using data mining techniques, in-depth mining a particular type of martial arts competition technology and tactics behind statistical data, and using the data to find the law of change to solve some problems, for martial arts athletes in daily training to develop technology and tactics and improve competition results, is the practical significance of data mining in martial arts athletes competition. This research explored the relationship between goal-oriented and mental intensity and their effect on competitive success outcomes.
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Li, JingGang, XiaoShuang Wang, LiJun Wang, and Hyoungkil Kang. "Effects of Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality in Martial Arts Sports on Students’ Physical and Mental Health." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (September 30, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1359243.
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As a treasure left over from Chinese traditional culture, martial arts have a long history and lasts for a long time. With the country’s promotion and support of martial arts culture, martial arts have also attracted more and more people’s attention. In order to carry forward the martial arts culture, the combination of martial arts and sports has formed a set of martial arts sports suitable for today’s students, such as martial arts aerobics. It is used as a class exercise for students, and basically, every student in the school has learned it and practiced it often. However, with the development of the times, it is difficult for today’s students to arouse students’ enthusiasm for martial arts sports for traditional martial arts sports. Artificial intelligence technology and virtual reality, as products of today’s digital age, attract the attention and use of students with their unique features. This also means that the reform of martial arts sports based on artificial intelligence and virtual reality technology is imperative in order to make more students regain their enthusiasm for martial arts sports. However, the specific impact of artificial intelligence and virtual reality on the physical and mental development of students in martial arts sports is a problem to be confirmed by research. Through in-depth research on artificial intelligence and virtual reality technology, this paper shows that artificial intelligence and virtual reality martial arts sports can increase the lung capacity of boys by about 14% and girls by 16%; the effect on physical fitness can increase the lower body strength of boys by 3% and the flexibility of girls by 30%; as for the impact on mental health, it can be concluded that the emotional and cognitive dimensions of boys and girls have increased by about 19% compared with the previous values.
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Patterson, William R. "El papel del Bushido en el auge del nacionalismo japonés previo a la Segunda Guerra Mundial." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 3, no. 4 (July 19, 2012): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v3i4.386.
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Though some attention has been given to the role that Bushido (the ethical system of the samurai) may have played in the development of nationalism in post-Meiji Japan, the martial arts themselves have largely been absolved of any complicity. I argue in this article that the martial arts did in fact play a role in the rise of Japanese nationalism and therefore share some of the blame for the events that took place leading up to and during the Second World War. The article demonstrates how the martial arts were used to popularize the precepts of Bushido and how these precepts in turn lead to the growth of expansionist nationalism. It also shows how the martial arts were used in the educational system and the military to inculcate the Bushido notions of honor and loyalty in the general public.</span></span></span></p>
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Bowman, Paul, Alex Channon, Benjamin Judkins, Lauren Miller, and Wayne Wong. "Editorial: The Mirrored Maze of Martial Arts Studies: From Research Network to Scholarly Association." Martial Arts Studies, no. 14 (September 29, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18573/mas.186.
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This editorial reflects on the status and development of martial arts studies as an academic field. It considers the differences between the notions of academic discipline and academic discourse. It suggests that the common metaphor of an academic ‘field’ is inappropriate for describing the terrain or topography of an academic discourse or discipline, and proposes that a better metaphor for describing this realm might be ‘mirrored maze’. After characterising this situation, the editorial recalls the recent history of the establishment of anglophone martial arts studies via the establishment and of the Martial Arts Studies Research Network. After almost a decade of development, the editorial announces the latest stage of the martial arts studies project: the creation of The Martial Arts Studies Association.
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Skya, Walter. "Martial Arts and the Body Politic in Meiji Japan by Denis Gainty." Journal of Japanese Studies 40, no. 2 (2014): 396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjs.2014.0079.
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Lachina, Evgenia. "Conquering the World: The ‘Martial’ Power of Japan Goes Global." International Journal of the History of Sport 35, no. 15-16 (November 2, 2018): 1510–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2019.1618836.
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