Academic literature on the topic 'Marsupials Reproduction'
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Journal articles on the topic "Marsupials Reproduction"
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Renfree, Marilyn B. "Society for Reproductive Biology Founders' Lecture 2006 Life in the pouch: womb with a view." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 7 (2006): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd06072.
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Marsupials give birth to an undeveloped altricial young after a relatively short gestation period, but have a long and sophisticated lactation with the young usually developing in a pouch. Their viviparous mode of reproduction trades placentation for lactation, exchanging the umbilical cord for the teat. The special adaptations that marsupials have developed provide us with unique insights into the evolution of all mammalian reproduction. Marsupials hold many mammalian reproductive ‘records’, for example they have the shortest known gestation but the longest embryonic diapause, the smallest neonate but the longest sperm. They have contributed to our knowledge of many mammalian reproductive events including embryonic diapause and development, birth behaviour, sex determination, sexual differentiation, lactation and seasonal breeding. Because marsupials have been genetically isolated from eutherian mammals for over 125 million years, sequencing of the genome of two marsupial species has made comparative genomic biology an exciting and important new area of investigation. This review will show how the study of marsupials has widened our understanding of mammalian reproduction and development, highlighting some mechanisms that are so fundamental that they are shared by all today’s marsupial and eutherian mammals.
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Cockburn, A. "Sex-Ratio Variation in Marsupials." Australian Journal of Zoology 37, no. 3 (1989): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9890467.
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Many marsupials produce sex ratios biased towards male or female young. In several cases these changes are comfortably accommodated in the existing theory of sex allocation. Local resource competition and the Trivers-Willard hypothesis have been usefully applied to several data sets, and preliminary experimental work has supported the main tenets of theory. By contrast, several data sets lack explanation, and provide challenges to theoreticians. The high frequency of bias in marsupials does not result from data-dredging, as bias is usually reported in descriptive accounts of marsupial reproduction, without recourse to any theoretical or mechanistic explanations. It is not possible to distinguish whether the marsupial mode of reproduction is well suited to manipulate sex allocation, or whether it facilitates measurement of biased sex allocation. As for most eutherians and birds, the mechanism of prenatal sex allocation is unknown for any marsupial. However, the current interest in sex-determining mechanisms in marsupials suggests a profitable avenue for collaboration between geneticists, physiologists and evolutionary ecologists.
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McKenzie, LM, and DW Cooper. "Low MHC class II variability in a marsupial." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 6 (1994): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940721.
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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci have been shown to be highly polymorphic in most eutherian ('placental') species studied. Several hypotheses have been advanced for the maintenance of this exceptional level of genetic variation, one of which suggests that it is necessary for successful eutherian reproduction. Marsupials (metatherians) and eutherians are the only two groups of viviparous mammals, but their modes of reproduction are quite distinct. Although marsupials have placentae, they are generally shorter lived and less invasive than in eutherians. Other investigations have shown that genetic variation at marsupial MHC class I loci is probably high. Weak or non-existent mixed lymphocyte culture responses previously reported in several marsupial species have suggested a lack of class II variation. Data have therefore been collected on the level of restriction fragment length polymorphism at MHC class II beta-chain encoding loci of a marsupial, Macropus eugenii (the tammar wallaby). This level is shown to be low, between the level of MHC variation found in cheetahs and a population of lions with a restricted genetic base. Attention is drawn to the need to collect more data on the level of class II variability in both eutherians and marsupials, and to the potential of marsupials for understanding the relation, if any, between mode of reproduction and MHC variability.
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Renfree, MB. "Monotreme and marsupial reproduction." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, no. 5 (1995): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9951003.
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Marsupials were regarded as curiosities by their early European discoverers, animals to be wondered at. Monotremes were even more surprising; the platypus was such an amalgam of characters that it was thought to be a hoax. They were recognized very early as mammals that could make a major contribution to our understanding of reproductive processes, and work on marsupials at the turn of the century was much in evidence. It is, however, only in the past two decades, and especially in the past few years that marsupial research has regained this position. There is no doubt that future research will strengthen this contribution, but we are faced with serious conservation questions that must be solved if we are to maintain these wonderful animals as a resource for future generations.
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Rodger, JC. "Prospects for the Artificial Manipulation of Marsupial Reproduction and Its Application in Research and Conservation." Australian Journal of Zoology 37, no. 3 (1989): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9890249.
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Techniques to manipulate reproduction and productivity are well established features of the husbandry of domestic animals and the treatment of human infertility. Similar approaches are feasible in marsupials, but little work has been done to apply our considerable basic knowledge of marsupial reproduction to produce practical artificial breeding. If the reproduction and productivity of marsupials could be more effectively controlled it would greatly aid research and profoundly change both current practice in the management of zoo animals, and the strategies employed for the breeding and conservation of rare or endangered species. The present paper sets out the likely agenda, reports progress to date and discusses short and long-term prospects for the artificial breeding of marsupials. Topics discussed include: induced ovulation and superovulation, oocyte and embryo collection, semen collection and the frozen storage of sperm, artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, frozen storage of embryos, and the use of surrogate mothers in supporting both pregnancy to term, and the development of young in the pouch.
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Behringer, Richard R., Guy S. Eakin, and Marilyn B. Renfree. "Mammalian diversity: gametes, embryos and reproduction." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd05137.
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The class Mammalia is composed of approximately 4800 extant species. These mammalian species are divided into three subclasses that include the monotremes, marsupials and eutherians. Monotremes are remarkable because these mammals are born from eggs laid outside of the mother’s body. Marsupial mammals have relatively short gestation periods and give birth to highly altricial young that continue a significant amount of ‘fetal’ development after birth, supported by a highly sophisticated lactation. Less than 10% of mammalian species are monotremes or marsupials, so the great majority of mammals are grouped into the subclass Eutheria, including mouse and human. Mammals exhibit great variety in morphology, physiology and reproduction. In the present article, we highlight some of this remarkable diversity relative to the mouse, one of the most widely used mammalian model organisms, and human. This diversity creates challenges and opportunities for gamete and embryo collection, culture and transfer technologies.
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Tyndale-Biscoe, C. H. "Australasian marsupials - to cherish and to hold." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, no. 8 (2001): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd01079.
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Considerable interchange of mammals between South America and Australasia occurred during the first half of the Tertiary, including the presence of placental mammals in Australia. This challenges the old assumption that the marsupial radiation in Australia was made possible by the absence of placental competition, and suggests that two properties of marsupial organization may have favoured their survival in the increasingly arid climates that developed after the separation of Australasia from Antarctica. The basal metabolic rates of marsupials are about 70% of equivalent placentals, so their maintenance requirements for energy, nitrogen and water are lower, whereas their field metabolic rates are about the same, which means that they have a greater metabolic scope to call on when active. This may have given marsupials an advantage in semi-arid environments. The lengthy and complex lactation of marsupials enables the female to exploit limited resources over an extended period without compromising the survival of the young. Both these properties of marsupials enabled them to survive the double constraints of low fertility soils and the uncertain climate of Australia throughout the Tertiary. The arrival of people was followed first by the extinction of the large marsupials and, much later, by the wholesale decline or extinction of the small-to-medium sized species. The common factor in both extinctions may have been the constraints of marsupial reproduction.
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Edwards, Melanie J., and Janine E. Deakin. "The marsupial pouch: implications for reproductive success and mammalian evolution." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 1 (2013): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12088.
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Extant mammals are divided into sub- and infraclasses that are distinguished by their mode of reproduction. The monotremes lay eggs, the marsupials give birth to altricial young that typically develop in a pouch, and the eutherians have prolonged in utero development, resulting in well developed young at birth. The three groups exhibit what appears to be a nice progression of evolution towards the well developed newborn young of eutherian mammals. However, marsupials do not represent a step in the progression of producing well developed young, but maintain a reproductive strategy that has evolved to prosper in their specific niche. The production of undeveloped young with increased development in the pouch (or counterpart) provides specific advantages to those species living in diverse environments. The evolution of this reproductive strategy provides a clever solution to the uncertain and often adverse conditions encountered by many species, and the survival of the developing young in a pouch containing potentially harmful microorganisms is truly remarkable. In this review, we explore the unique features of the pouch, highlight the research questions that remain unanswered regarding this unique marsupial attribute and discuss the advantages of the marsupial reproductive strategy and the potential role of the pouch in mammalian diversification.
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Renfree, Marilyn B. "WOMEN IN REPRODUCTIVE SCIENCE: Reproduction down under." Reproduction 158, no. 6 (December 2019): F127—F137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-19-0230.
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Australia is home to a unique assembly of mammals – the marsupials and monotremes. Despite this uniqueness, they have been largely ignored by the biomedical scientific community, and yet study of marsupials has contributed to modern research on reproduction, development, evolution, conservation, molecular and comparative genomics. My lifetime passion for these long-neglected Australian fauna has led to unexpected discoveries and insights that challenged assumptions and opened up new areas of international research. I used a range of disciplinary expertise to pursue the study of these unique mammals. My main experimental species has been the tammar wallaby that I have used as a model species to investigate and understand not only biomedical problems but also to provide knowledge that is critical for the continued conservation and management of Australia’s dwindling native mammals. This model provided more than a few surprises for me and my wonderful team of students, post-docs and collaborators about how hormones, genes and signalling molecules control reproductive biology and development in a wider context as well as how the interactions of the environment with mother and conceptus, with mother and fetus and mother and young ultimately control most aspects of successful reproduction in mammals.
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Rodger, John C. "Likely targets for immunocontraception in marsupials." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, no. 1 (1997): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r96073.
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There is a growing need to manage marsupial populations as a means to mitigate economic and environmental damage and resolve animal welfare problems. In Australia, the problems of population management are highly specific and localized. In contrast, in New Zealand the problem is the control of the many millions of widely-distributed brushtail possums which are the country’s major vertebrate pest. The needs of the two countries are thus very different but immunocontraception may provide an effective and humane alternative to current lethal control strategies. This paper discusses the features of marsupial reproduction and development that offer potential as targets for immunocontraceptive interference, including: (1) sperm production and maturation in the male; (2) sperm transport and maturation in the female; and (3) sperm and egg antigens and the early embryo. Some of these antigen targets are shared with eutherian mammals but others are likely to be unique to marsupials.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Marsupials Reproduction"
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Renfree, Marilyn B. "Marsupial reproduction and development." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/142227.
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Chapman, Jamie. "The marsupial zona pellucida : its structure and glycoconjugate content." Title page, abstract and contents only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc4661.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 262-298. This thesis investigated the structure and glycoconjugate composition of the zona pellucida (ZP) surrounding marsupial oocytes and the changes that occur during ovarian development, following ovulation, and following cortical granule exocytosis. The glycoconjugates of the oviduct epithelial lining of the brushtail possum around the time of ovulation were also examined to determine if there was any contribution of the oviductal secretions to the post-ovulatory ZP.
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Lloyd, Shan. "Reproduction in the musky rat-kangaroo, Hypsiprymnodon moschatus /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19206.pdf.
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Veitch, Colleen Evelyn. "Aspects of female reproduction in the marsupials, the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula and the northern brown bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19371.pdf.
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Miller, Emily Jane Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Conservation genetics and reproduction in three Australian marsupial species." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/42779.
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Many Australian marsupial species require active population management to ensure their survival in the wild. Such management should be based on a sound understanding of species biology. This thesis explores how knowledge of reproduction and genetics can be applied to the management of three Australian marsupial species faced with contrasting management scenarios. The ??vulnerable?? greater bilby is the sole remaining desert bandicoot in Australia. They are a secretive, solitary species whose mating system is unclear. This research examined temporal changes in genetic diversity within two captive breeding programs utilising different management strategies. Using seven microsatellite loci, this study found the regular translocation of new individuals into the population maintained genetic diversity. Parentage analysis revealed the bilby to have a promiscious mating system. Sires and non-sires could not be distinguished by morphological traits. The tammar wallaby is a polygynous, solitary species that is threatened on mainland Australia, but overabundant on some offshore islands. The population genetics of tammars from the Abrolhos Islands in Western Australia were examined using nine autosomal and four Y-linked microsatellite loci, and mitochondrial DNA. There was a relationship between island size, population size and genetic diversity. The Abrolhos populations have significantly lower genetic diversity and are more inbred than mainland tammars and all sampled populations were significantly differentiated. The Abrolhos and mainland populations should be treated as separate Management Units. The eastern grey kangaroo is a gregarious, polygynous species that is often locally overabundant. To determine traits influencing male reproductive success, behavioural, morphological, physiological and genetic data were examined and showed dominance status, body size and testosterone concentrations were important factors. Sires were also significantly more heterozygous and genetically dissimilar to females, than non-sires. As body condition influences individual fitness, and management decisions; five body condition indices (BCI) calculated from morphological data were validated using serum biochemistry and haematology in two kangaroo populations with contrasting body condition. Blood parameters were found to be more reliable indicators of condition, questioning the credibility of BCIs currently used in management. These studies demonstrate the importance of reproductive and genetic data in assisting wildlife management, regardless of a species conservation status.
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GUILLEMIN, MARIE-LAURE. "Structuration spatiale et strategies de reproduction chez deux marsupiaux didelphides de guyane (didelphis marsupialis et philander opossum) : relation avec la structuration genetique des populations." Paris 13, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA132025.
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Les resultats presentees dans cette etude sont basees a la fois sur des experiences de capture-recapture effectuees en guyane francaise, et sur l'utilisation de marqueurs genetiques (microsatellites et cytochrome b) chez deux especes de marsupiaux didelphides : didelphis marsupialis et philander opossum. Les didelphides representent une des composantes les plus importantes de la faune neotropicale. De plus, leur position systematique, au sein des mammiferes et egalement des marsupiaux, en fait des modeles d'etudes particulierement interessants car ils representent un modele original d'organisation mammalienne. Les domaines vitaux se chevauchent largement entre les individus, avec toutefois un recouvrement moindre entre femelles qu'entre males. Le renouvellement de la population est tres important, quasiment 100% en un an, pour les deux especes. Peu de jeunes marques dans les poches marsupiales sont recaptures une fois adultes sur la zone d'etude. Pour les deux especes il existe : une saisonnalite basee sur des disponibilites en nourriture et une strategie de reproduction de type r. Les marqueurs genetiques ont montre qu'il existait une reproduction de type polygyne chez p. Opossum. Il existe de plus, une importante tendance a la polyandrie chez p. Opossum et d. Marsupialis avec jusqu'a environ 30% et 50% de multiple paternite chez ces deux especes respectivement. Nos deux especes presentent une structuration de population avec une grande variabilite intra-population et une faible differentiation inter-population correlee a d'importants flux geniques. Les reconstructions phylogenetiques, effectuees tant sur les microsatellites que sur le cytochrome b, ont permis de mettre en evidence l'existence d'un clade guyanais et de souligner la particularite de la zone de cayenne. Cette region aurait pu etre isolee du continent au cours des transgressions marines passees, qui auraient separe les populations continentales et insulaires. Ces donnees montrent que ces deux especes, tres proches phylogenetiquement, presentent d'importantes similarites quant a leur organisation spatiale, leur strategie et mode de reproduction et leur genetique de population. Elles presentent egalement une des structures sociales les moins complexes parmi celles pouvant etre rencontrees chez les mammiferes.
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Cilliers, Stephan Dirk. "The ram effect on the reproductive cycle of the springbok ewe (antidorcas marsupialis)." Diss., University of Pretoria, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61736.
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Plasma progesterone concentrations were used as a measure to determine the "ram effect" on
nine cycling springbok ewes. Blood was collected biweekly, prior to and after ram
introduction. Ewes were subjected to the ram for a period of forty two days. Blood was
analysed for plasma progesterone by means of radioimmunoassays. No significant changes in
the plasma progesterone concentrations were detected. Superficially, a reduction in the
variation of the follicular phase of the ewes oestrous cycle was noted for before- to after ram
introduction. However, possibly because of a too small sample size, no statistical significance
was found. It is suggested that the "ram effect" on aseasonal cycling species may only have a
synchronisation effect (reduction in the variation of time between the follicular phase of
females) but more individuals should be used in future experiments to make any clear and
definite conclusions. Furthermore other hormones such as e.g. luteinizing hormone, which may
be less affected by translocation and handling stress, should also be used to determine the "ram
effect" on aseasonally breeding wild ungulates.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 1999.
Veterinary Wildlife Unit
MSc
Unrestricted
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Martins, Eduardo Guimarães. "Ecologia populacional e alimentar de Gracilinanus microtarsus (Marsupialia: Didelphidae)." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316225.
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Orientador: Sergio Furtado dos ReisTese (doutorado): Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Gracilinanus microtarsus (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) é um pequeno marsupial de hábitos noturnos e arborícola que habita áreas de Mata Atlântica e Cerrado no Brasil. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar a posição de G. microtarsus ao longo de duas dimensões ecológicas ? estratégia reprodutiva e dieta ? e definir níveis de agregação relevantes à dinâmica populacional da espécie. O estudo foi realizado no período de agosto de 2000 a fevereiro de 2003 em uma área de cerradão localizada no município de Américo Brasiliense, São Paulo. Os dados foram obtidos de indivíduos capturados em uma grade de captura de 3.600 m2. No total, foram capturados 91 indivíduos de G. microtarsus. Os resultados mostraram que os machos apresentam altas taxas de mortalidade após o início do período reprodutivo, indicando que G. microtarsus é melhor descrito como semélparo parcial. Usando as estimativas de sobrevivência e dados adicionais sobre a biologia de G. microtarsus, foi construído um modelo de dinâmica populacional estocástico. Os resultados das simulações desse modelo estocástico mostraram que as probabilidades de quasi-extinção e de extinção de G. microtarsus são sensíveis ao número de indivíduos que sobrevivem à queimadas no cerradão. Quanto à dieta, os resultados mostraram que G. microtarsus é principalmente insetívoro e que sua dieta é significativamente influenciada pelo sexo, estação e recurso alimentar. Além disso, a dieta varia entre indivíduos e a variação interindividual também é influenciada pelo sexo e estação
Abstract: The gracile mouse opossum Gracilinanus microtarsus (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) is a small marsupial with nocturnal and arboreal habits that lives in the Atlantic Rainforest and forested areas of the Cerrado in Brazil. The objectives of this study were to determine the placement of G. microtarsus along two ecological scales, namely, reproductive strategy and diet, as well as to define levels of aggregation relevant to the dynamics of this species. This study was conducted from August 2000 to February 2003 in an area of cerradão located in Américo Brasiliense, São Paulo. Data were collected from individuals captured in a 3,600 m2 trapping grid. A total of 91 individual G. microtarsus was captured. The results showed that males have high mortality rates after the beginning of the mating period, which suggests that G. microtarsus is best described as partially semelparous. Using survival estimates and additional data on the biology of G. microtarsus, it was constructed a stochastic population dynamic model. The results of the simulations showed that quasi-extinction and extinction probabilities of G. microtarsus are sensitive to the number of individuals that survive fires in the cerradão. As for the diet, the results showed that G. microtarsus is primarily insectivorous and that its diet is significantly affected by sex, season, and food resource. Furthermore, diet varies among individuals and the variation also is affected by sex and season
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ecologia
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SILVA, Ana Carolina Bezerra. "Evolução do dimorfismo sexual e das estratégias bionômicas em marsupiais neotropicais (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae)." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2012. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/19320.
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A evolução do dimorfismo sexual de forma e tamanho do crânio e mandíbula foi estudada em 31 táxons de marsupiais didelfídeos, a fim de compreender melhor o desenvolvimento desse caráter na família. Para elucidar fatores que poderiam estar condicionando esse dimorfismo nos Didelphidae, foi analisada também a evolução de outros dois elementos: alometrias entre tamanho e forma do crânio e da mandíbula; e bionomia das mesmas 31 espécies. Foi realizado um mapeamento de todos estes caracteres, qualitativos e quantitativos, sobre uma filogenia da família, reconstruindo seus estados ancestrais utilizando métodos de parcimônia. Foram feitas também correlações utilizando contrastes independentes dos dados de dimorfismo sexual para auxiliar a esclarecer os padrões evolutivos do dimorfismo sexual. Tais correlações foram significativas, indicando coevolução entre os tipos de dimorfismo em ambas as estruturas estudadas. Não houve tendência unidirecional de surgimento/desaparecimento e aumento/decréscimo do dimorfismo nos Didelphidae. As reconstruções também indicaram coevolução entre os dimorfismos. Poucas espécies são altamente dimórficas e a maioria apresenta dimorfismo sexual de forma. Os resultados de alometrias entre os sexos foram iguais para crânio e mandíbula, mas elas também não apresentam padrão geral em direção à igualdade ou diferenciação das mesmas entre os sexos. Ambos os estados estão uniformemente distribuídos na filogenia. O comportamento das alometrias no crânio e na mandíbula coevoluiu, mas o padrão de alometrias entre os sexos não é conservado dentro de Didelphidae e não coevoluiu com o dimorfismo sexual, indicando que não explica a evolução deste caráter. Outros fatores, não-alométricos, devem condicionar este caráter nessa família. No entanto, apesar de padrões aparecem dentro de alguns clados, não há também evidência de coevolução entre bionomia e dimorfismo sexual nos Didelphidae. Espécies asazonais são poucas e não dimórficas de tamanho, talvez pelo fato de se reproduzirem continuamente e sofrerem menores pressões seletivas. A semelparidade é rara dentro de Didelphidae, surgindo apenas em Monodelphini e seguindo daí caminhos evolutivos distintos. Espécies semélparas exibem maiores tamanhos de ninhada nos Didelphidae por se reproduzirem uma única vez. Acredita-se que a seleção sexual direcione o padrão de dimorfismo sexual onde os machos são maiores que as fêmeas em espécies semélparas de Didelphidae. Portanto, nem alometrias nem bionomia, a princípio, explicam nem condicionam a evolução do dimorfismo sexual nos didelfídeos. A inclusão de uma maior quantidade de dados reprodutivos de marsupiais didelfídeos seria ideal para testar a veracidade da ausência de coevolução entre estratégias bionômicas e dimorfismo sexual. Associar dados ecológicos ou de padrões de distribuição poderiam ajudar a compreender melhor a evolução das estratégias bionômicas e a sua importância sobre a evolução do dimorfismo sexual nos Didelphidae.
The evolution of size and shape sexual dimorphism of the skull and mandible was studied in 31 taxa of didelphid marsupials, in order to better understand the development of this character in the family. And to elucidate factors that could be conditioning this dimorphism in Didelphidae the evolution of two other elements was also analyzed: allometries between size and shape of the skull and mandible and bionomy of the same 31 species. A mapping of all these qualitative and quantitative characters was carried through on a phylogeny of the family, reconstructing its ancestral states using parsimony methods. Correlations using independent contrasts of the sexual dimorphism data had been made also to assist clarifying the evolutionary standards of the sexual dimorphism. Such correlations were significant indicating coevolution among types of dimorphism in both studied structures. There is no unidirectional trend of sprouting/disappearance and increase/decrease of the dimorphism in Didelphidae. The reconstructions had also indicated coevolution among dimorphisms. Few species are highly dimorphics and the majority of them present shape sexual dimorphism. The results of allometries between the sexes had been the same for skull and mandible, but they also did not present a general pattern directing to the equality or differentiation between the sexes. Both states are uniformly distributed in the phylogeny. The results of the allometries in the skull and mandible coevoluted but the results of allometries between the sexes was not manteined in Didelphidae and they did not coevolute with sexual dimorphism indicating that they do not explain the evolution of this character and that other non-allometric factors must condition this character in this family. Although patterns appear inside of some clades there was no evidence of coevolution between bionomy and sexual dimorphism in Didelphidae. There are few aseasonal species and they are non-sized dimorphics perhaps by reproducing continuously and suffering less selective pressures. The semelparity is rare in Didelphidae arising only in Monodelphini and following from there distinct evolutionary ways. Semelparous species display the largest offspring size by reproducing only once. It is known that sexual selection directs the patterns of sexual dimorphism in those species in which males are larger than females in semelparous taxa of Didelphidae. Therefore neither allometries nor bionomy at first explain the evolution of sexual dimorphism in didelphids. The inclusion of a larger amount of reproductive data for didelphid marsupials would be ideal to test the veracity of the absence of coevolution among bionomic strategies and sexual dimorphism. The association of ecological data or distributional patterns could help in better understanding the evolution of the bionomic strategies and its importance on the evolution of the sexual dimorphism in Didelphidae.
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Szdzuy, Kirsten. "Reproductive strategies of K-T-crossing theria neonate and postnatal development of the morphotype of Marsupialia and Placentalia (Mammalia)." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15483.
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Die Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit den möglichen Gründen für die divergente evolutionäre Entwicklung von Beuteltieren und plazentalen Säugetieren nach der Kreide/Tertiär-Grenze. Eine Erklärung könnten ihre unterschiedlichen Reproduktionsstrategien sein. Während die Beuteltiere sehr embryonale Jungtiere nach einer kurzen Tragzeit gebären, bringen Plazentalier deutlich weiter entwickelte Jungtiere nach einer relativ langen Tragzeit zur Welt. Die Aufrechterhaltung eines stabilen Metabolismus und thermoregulatorische Fähigkeiten der Jungtiere bieten einen großen Vorteil für die Anpassungsfähigkeit an ungünstige Umweltbedingungen, wie sie für die K/T-Grenze vermutet werden. Aus diesem Grund untersucht diese Studie den strukturelle Entwicklungsgrad der Lunge und die metabolischen Fähigkeiten von neonaten Marsupialia und Plazentalia. Histologische, ultrastrukturelle und kalorimetrische Untersuchungen erfolgten in einer integrativen Studie. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen wurde eine Grundplanrekonstruktionen der Neonaten von Marsupialia und Plazentalia durchgeführt. Als Vertreter für nesthockende Plazentalia wurde der Goldhamster (Mesocricetus auratus), die Moschusspitzmaus (Suncus murinus) und das Belangeri Spitzhörnchen (Tupaia belangeri) untersucht. Das Wildmeerschweinchen (Cavia aperea) und die Kurzohr-Elefantenspitzmaus (Macroscelides proboscideus) repräsentieren die nestflüchtenden Plazentalia. Als Marsupialia wurden die Hausspitzmaus-Beutelratte (Monodelphis domestica) und das Tammar-Wallaby (Macropus eugenii) untersucht. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die starken Unterschiede im Entwicklungsgrad der Neonaten und in der postnatalen Entwicklung zwischen Marsupialia und Plazentalia. Die neonatalen Lungen von M. auratus und S. murinus befinden sich im späten “terminal air sac”-Stadium und weisen viele kleine Atemkammern von 50-80 µm Durchmesser auf. Die Alveolenbildung erfolgt bei M. auratus und S. murinus bereits im Alter von zwei beziehungsweise vier Tagen. Bei T. belangeri, C. aperea und M. proboscideus sind Alveolen bereits zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt vorhanden. Im Gegensatz dazu, befinden sich die Lungen der neonaten Beuteltiere M. domestica und M. eugenii im frühen “terminal air sac”-Stadium mit wenigen großen Atemkammern von 300-400 µm im Durchmesser. Die postnatale Lungenentwicklung erfolgt sehr langsam und die Alveolenbildung startet mit 28 Tagen bei M. domestica und mit 65 Tagen bei M. eugenii. Die Metabolismusmessungen ergaben, daß Marsupialia mit einer niedrigen Metabolismusrate geboren werden und den Adultmetabolismus erst spät in der postnatalen Entwicklung erreichen. Einhergehend mit der weit entwickelten Lungenstruktur weisen die Plazentalia hohe Metabolismusraten zur Geburt auf und erreichen den Adultmetabolismus innerhalb der ersten Lebenswoche. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Jungtiere der Plazentalia, im Vergleich zu jungen Marsupialia, eine höhere Widerstandskraft gegen Umweltschwankungen haben, was als ein evolutiver Vorteil der Reproduktionsstrategie der Plazentalia unter ungünstigen Klimabedingungen interpretiert werden kann.This project deals with the possible reasons for the evolutionary differentiation between marsupial and placental mammals after the K/T-event. One explanation could be their different reproductive patterns. Marsupialia bear virtually embryonic young after a brief gestation period. In contrast, many eutherians bear anatomically advanced, highly precocious young after a relatively long gestation period. A stable metabolism and thermoregulatory abilities of the young are considered to offer a large adaptive advantage in a changing environment, how it is presumed for the K/T-boundary. Therefore this study determines the developmental stage and the respiratory efficiency of the lungs of marsupial and placental young. Histological, ultrastructural and calorimetric investigations were carried out in an integrated study and from the results morphotype reconstructions of the marsupial and placental neonates were carried out. As representatives for altricial Placentalia, the Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), the Musk shrew (Suncus murinus), and the Belanger’s tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) were examined. Furthermore the Guinea pig (Cavia aperea) and Short-eared elephant shrew (Macroscelides proboscideus) as typical precocial Placentalia were included. The Marsupialia were represented by the Grey short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and the Tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). The results confirm clear differences in the developmental degree of the neonates and the postnatal development between marsupial and placental mammals. The newborn lungs of the altricially born placentals M. auratus and S. murinus are at the late terminal air sac stage with numerous small air sacs of 50 - 80 µm in diameter. Alveoli are formed shortly after birth at the age of 2 days in M. auratus and at the age of 4 days in S. murinus. In T. belangeri and in the precocially born C. aperea alveoli are already present at birth. In contrast, the lungs of the newborn marsupials M. domestica and M. eugenii are at the early terminal air sac stage with few large air sacs of 300 – 400 µm in diameter. The postnatal lung development proceeds very slowly in marsupials and alveoli are not present before the age of 28 days in M. domestica and 65 days in M. eugenii. The metabolic investigations demonstrate that Marsupialia have a low metabolism at birth and achieve the adult metabolism late in the postnatal development. All examined Placentalia showed the same pattern of oxygen consumption. Corresponding to their advanced differentiation of the lungs they also exhibit high metabolic abilities at birth and reach the adult metabolism during the first week of life. During this critical period placental young have a higher resistance against certain environmental stresses than marsupial young and this could mean an evolutionary advantage of the placental “reproductive strategy” under suboptimal climatic conditions.
Books on the topic "Marsupials Reproduction"
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Publishing, CSIRO, ed. Life of marsupials. Collingwood, Vic: CSIRO Publishing, 2005.
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Tyndale-Biscoe, C. H. Reproductive physiology of marsupials. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
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Tyndale-Biscoe, Hugh. Reproductive physiology of marsupials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
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Sunquist, Melvin E. Reproductive strategies of female Didelphis. Gainesville: University of Florida, 1993.
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Tyndale-Biscoe, Hugh, and Marilyn Renfree. Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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Tyndale-Biscoe, Hugh, and Marilyn Renfree. Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
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Jones, Menna, Chris Dickman, and Mike Archer. Predators with Pouches. CSIRO Publishing, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643069862.
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Predators with Pouches provides a unique synthesis of current knowledge of the world’s carnivorous marsupials—from Patagonia to New Guinea and North America to Tasmania. Written by 63 experts in each field, the book covers a comprehensive range of disciplines including evolution and systematics, reproductive biology, physiology, ecology, behaviour and conservation.
Predators with Pouches reveals the relationships between the American didelphids and the Australian dasyurids, and explores the role of the marsupial fauna in the mammal community. It introduces the geologically oldest marsupials, from the Americas, and examines the fall from former diversity of the larger marsupial carnivores and their convergent evolution with placental forms.
The book covers all aspects of carnivorous marsupials, including interesting features of life history, their unique reproduction, the physiological basis for early senescence in semelparous dasyurids, sex ratio variation and juvenile dispersal. It looks at gradients in nutrition—from omnivory to insectivory to carnivory—as well as distributional ecology, social structure and conservation dilemmas.
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Mammals from pouches and eggs: Genetics, breeding, and evolution of marsupials and monotremes. [Canberra?]: CSIRO Australia, 1990.
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Vogelnest, Larry, and Rupert Woods, eds. Medicine of Australian Mammals. CSIRO Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097971.
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In Medicine of Australian Mammals, more than 30 experts present the most current information available on the medical management of all taxa of Australian native mammals.
This comprehensive text is divided into two parts. The first includes chapters on general topics relevant to the medical management of captive and free-ranging Australian native mammals such as: veterinary considerations for the rescue, treatment, rehabilitation and release of wildlife; veterinary aspects of hand-rearing orphaned marsupials; marine mammal strandings and the role of the veterinarian; and wildlife health investigation and necropsy of Australian mammals. The second part covers the medicine of specific taxa of Australian native mammals. Detailed information on taxonomy, distribution, biology, anatomy, physiology, reproduction, husbandry, nutrition, physical and chemical restraint, clinical pathology, hand-rearing, diseases, zoonoses, therapeutics, reproductive management and surgery is included.
This practical, one-source reference is complemented by detailed photographs and illustrations, as well as tables listing reproductive and physiological data, diets, haematology and biochemistry values, and drug formularies. Appendices include a checklist of the mammals of Australia and its territories and a guide to the identification of common parasites of Australian mammals.
Medicine of Australian Mammals is clinically oriented and is a must-have for veterinary clinicians, no matter how experienced. The book will also be of use to veterinary students, researchers, biologists, zoologists, wildlife carers and other wildlife professionals.
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Coulson, Graeme, and Mark Eldridge, eds. Macropods. CSIRO Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643098183.
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This book covers the proceedings of a major 2006 symposium on macropods that brought together the many recent advances in the biology of this diverse group of marsupials, including research on some of the much neglected macropods such as
the antilopine wallaroo, the swamp wallaby and tree-kangaroos.
More than 80 authors have contributed 32 chapters, which are grouped into four themes: genetics, reproduction and development; morphology and physiology; ecology; and management.
The book examines such topics as embryonic development, immune function, molar progression and mesial drift, locomotory energetics, non-shivering thermogenesis, mycophagy, habitat preferences, population dynamics, juvenile mortality in drought,
harvesting, overabundant species, road-kills, fertility control, threatened species, cross-fostering, translocation and reintroduction. It also highlights the application of new techniques, from genomics to GIS.
Macropods is an important reference for academics and students, researchers in molecular and ecological sciences, wildlife and park managers, and naturalists.
Book chapters on the topic "Marsupials Reproduction"
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Renfree, Marilyn B. "Endocrinology of Pregnancy, Parturition and Lactation in Marsupials." In Marshall’s Physiology of Reproduction, 677–766. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1286-4_7.
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Rodger, John C. "Marsupials: Progress and Prospects." In Reproductive Sciences in Animal Conservation, 309–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_11.
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Zangrandi, Priscilla L., and Emerson M. Vieira. "Semelparous Reproductive Strategy in New World Marsupials." In American and Australasian Marsupials, 1–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88800-8_19-1.
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Pask, Andrew J., and Marilyn B. Renfree. "Molecular Regulation of Marsupial Reproduction and Development." In Marsupial Genetics and Genomics, 285–316. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9023-2_14.
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Harder, John D. "Reproductive Biology of South American Marsupials." In Reproductive Biology of South American Vertebrates, 211–28. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2866-0_15.
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Johnston, Stephen D., and William V. Holt. "The Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): A Case Study in the Development of Reproductive Technology in a Marsupial." In Reproductive Sciences in Animal Conservation, 171–203. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0820-2_9.
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Johnston, Stephen D., and William V. Holt. "Using the Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) as a Case Study to Illustrate the Development of Artificial Breeding Technology in Marsupials: an Update." In Reproductive Sciences in Animal Conservation, 327–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_12.
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Renfree, Marilyn B., and Andrew J. Pask. "Reproductive and Developmental Manipulation of the Marsupial, the Tammar Wallaby Macropus eugenii." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 457–73. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-210-6_18.
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Garcês, A., and I. Pires. "Chapter 9. Reproductive and Teratogenic Effects of Pesticides on Great Apes (Hominidae)." In Marsupial and Placental Mammal Species in Environmental Risk Assessment Strategies, 200–210. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839163470-00200.
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Renfree, Marilyn B., and Geoffrey Shaw. "Metatheria: Marsupials." In Encyclopedia of Reproduction, 629–40. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.20607-9.
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