Dissertations / Theses: 'Marsupialia'

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Warburton, Natalie Marina. "Functional morphology and evolution of marsupial moles (Marsupialia, Notoryctemorphia)." University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0038.

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Marsupial moles (genus Notoryctes) are the most highly specialised burrowing marsupials. The specialisations of the appendicular musculo-skeletal system of the marsupial moles are extensive and widespread; the major alterations are concentrated in, but not restricted to, the forelimb. Many of the derived features of the muscular system appear to be adaptations for improving the mechanical advantage of the limbs for burrowing. A number of the specialisations of the muscular system of the marsupial moles are convergent with those previously documented in other fossorial mammals, including golden moles, rodents and armadillos. There are, however, a number of unique specialisations of the musculo-skeletal system of Notoryctes. The functional morphology of the locomotor apparatus of marsupial moles is interpreted on the basis of the descriptions of the anatomy of the skeletal and muscular systems. The burrowing technique of the marsupial moles is a modified form of the parasagittal digging method that is used by other fossorial mammals, such as golden moles, armadillos and some rodents including pocket gophers. Differences in the functional morphology of the hindlimb between marsupial moles and other fossorial mammals are a reflection of the fact that marsupial moles do not construct permanent open burrow systems, but instead constantly dig through loose soil, backfilling as they progress. The functional morphology of the tail is uniquely specialised in the marsupial moles to function as the fifth limb during the pentapedal burrowing locomotion of marsupial moles. The remains of Miocene fossil marsupial mole, while clearly pleisiomorphic with respect to the appendicular skeletal morphology of modern notoryctids, demonstrate a high degree of specialisation for digging. It is hypothesised that the Miocene marsupial mole was already substantially specialised for a fossorial lifestyle, and thus pre-adapted for a subterranean lifestyle developed in correlation with the desertification of the Australian continent. Phylogenetic affinities of marsupial moles within the Marsupialia have long been enigmatic. While specialisation of the musculo-skeletal system have been so widespread as to obscure almost any phylogenetically relevant patterns, there is some evidence to support an association between notoryctids and peramelid bandicoots. Interspecific differences between the two species of marsupial moles, Notoryctes typhlops and N. caurinus, are minor but do support the separation of the two species.

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Chapman, Jamie. "The marsupial zona pellucida : its structure and glycoconjugate content." Title page, abstract and contents only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc4661.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 262-298. This thesis investigated the structure and glycoconjugate composition of the zona pellucida (ZP) surrounding marsupial oocytes and the changes that occur during ovarian development, following ovulation, and following cortical granule exocytosis. The glycoconjugates of the oviduct epithelial lining of the brushtail possum around the time of ovulation were also examined to determine if there was any contribution of the oviductal secretions to the post-ovulatory ZP.

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Martins, Eduardo Guimarães. "Ecologia populacional e alimentar de Gracilinanus microtarsus (Marsupialia: Didelphidae)." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316225.

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Orientador: Sergio Furtado dos Reis
Tese (doutorado): Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Gracilinanus microtarsus (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) é um pequeno marsupial de hábitos noturnos e arborícola que habita áreas de Mata Atlântica e Cerrado no Brasil. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar a posição de G. microtarsus ao longo de duas dimensões ecológicas ? estratégia reprodutiva e dieta ? e definir níveis de agregação relevantes à dinâmica populacional da espécie. O estudo foi realizado no período de agosto de 2000 a fevereiro de 2003 em uma área de cerradão localizada no município de Américo Brasiliense, São Paulo. Os dados foram obtidos de indivíduos capturados em uma grade de captura de 3.600 m2. No total, foram capturados 91 indivíduos de G. microtarsus. Os resultados mostraram que os machos apresentam altas taxas de mortalidade após o início do período reprodutivo, indicando que G. microtarsus é melhor descrito como semélparo parcial. Usando as estimativas de sobrevivência e dados adicionais sobre a biologia de G. microtarsus, foi construído um modelo de dinâmica populacional estocástico. Os resultados das simulações desse modelo estocástico mostraram que as probabilidades de quasi-extinção e de extinção de G. microtarsus são sensíveis ao número de indivíduos que sobrevivem à queimadas no cerradão. Quanto à dieta, os resultados mostraram que G. microtarsus é principalmente insetívoro e que sua dieta é significativamente influenciada pelo sexo, estação e recurso alimentar. Além disso, a dieta varia entre indivíduos e a variação interindividual também é influenciada pelo sexo e estação
Abstract: The gracile mouse opossum Gracilinanus microtarsus (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) is a small marsupial with nocturnal and arboreal habits that lives in the Atlantic Rainforest and forested areas of the Cerrado in Brazil. The objectives of this study were to determine the placement of G. microtarsus along two ecological scales, namely, reproductive strategy and diet, as well as to define levels of aggregation relevant to the dynamics of this species. This study was conducted from August 2000 to February 2003 in an area of cerradão located in Américo Brasiliense, São Paulo. Data were collected from individuals captured in a 3,600 m2 trapping grid. A total of 91 individual G. microtarsus was captured. The results showed that males have high mortality rates after the beginning of the mating period, which suggests that G. microtarsus is best described as partially semelparous. Using survival estimates and additional data on the biology of G. microtarsus, it was constructed a stochastic population dynamic model. The results of the simulations showed that quasi-extinction and extinction probabilities of G. microtarsus are sensitive to the number of individuals that survive fires in the cerradão. As for the diet, the results showed that G. microtarsus is primarily insectivorous and that its diet is significantly affected by sex, season, and food resource. Furthermore, diet varies among individuals and the variation also is affected by sex and season
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ecologia

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Brewer, Philippa Biological Earth &amp Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Palaeontology of primitive wombats." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43156.

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Wombats (Vombatidae, Marsupialia) are fossorial marsupials that are most closely related to koalas amongst living marsupials. The cheek teeth of wombats are unique amongst Australian marsupials in being hypselodont (the condition where the teeth continue to grow throughout life and the formation of roots is suppressed). Hypselodonty is an adaptation to high degrees of tooth wear. The fossil record of vombatids is largely restricted to Pliocene to recent deposits and is largely represented by isolated teeth. Six genera are currently recognised from these deposits, all of which have hypselodont teeth. To date, a single isolated vombatid tooth has been described from pre-Pliocene deposits of South Australia and is the only example of a vombatid cheek tooth that possesses roots. Seventy specimens, representing five species of vombatid, have been recovered from Oligo-Miocene deposits in the Riversleigh World Heritage Site in northwestern Queensland and are described here. Among these are four new species and one new genus. A new species of Warendja from Riversleigh is described. It represents the oldest known hypselodont vombatid. This species is compared with additional specimens of the Pleistocene species of Warendja (W wakefieldi). Three species of Rhizophascolonus and a new monotypic genus are also described. Phylogenetic analysis of these taxa indicates that Rhizophascolonus may represent a sister taxon to the other vombatids. These specimens comprise almost all known examples of Oligo-Miocene vombatids. Most of the specimens are isolated teeth and are highly variable in size and morphology. Cusp detail is clearly preserved on many, allowing for omparison with the cusp morphology on juvenile cheek teeth of the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus). All of the taxa found in the deposits at Riversleigh share a number of characters such as marked differences in enamel thickness and height around the cheek teeth. It is argued here that these shared characters are indicative of high amounts of tooth wear and/or occlusal stresses acting on the trailing edge enamel. Combined with evidence of scratch-digging adaptations of the forelimbs it is suggestive of a rhizophagous niche for at least some of these early vombatids.

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Torunsky, Roberta. "Phylogeny and phylogeography of the endemic New Guinean Murexia (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1328050151&sid=11&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Roberts, Karen K. Biological Earth &amp Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Oligo-Miocene pseudocheirid diversity and the early evolution of ringtail possums (Marsupialia)." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41517.

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The marsupial family Pseudocheiridae is currently known from seventeen species of six genera in Australia and New Guinea. These small to medium-sized arboreal animals are nocturnal and folivorous. Extinct pseudocheirids are recognised from several mid to late Cenozoic fossil localities across Australia and New Guinea. The single largest collection of pseudocheirid fossils has been recovered from the Oligo-Miocene freshwater carbonates of the Riversleigh World Heritage Area in northwest Queensland. This collection, which includes the first pseudocheirid cranial fossils, forms the basis of this investigation. Three new extinct pseudocheirid genera together containing four species are identified and described. Six new species of Paljara, Marlu and Pildra are also described from Riversleigh. Two of the new Marlu species are reported from South Australia??s Leaf Locality. From Riversleigh, Marlu kutjamarpensis is identified and additional material of Paljara tirarensae and P. nancyhawardae documented. New species attributed to Marlu and Pildra necessitate revision of those genera. Cranial material is identified for three of the new species. The rostrum of archaic pseudocheirids is shorter than in extant forms but cranial morphology is similar overall. Phylogenetic relationships of all extinct pseudocheirids are analysed. They include all new and previously described species, most of which have never been examined in a parsimony-based analysis. Two hypotheses of pseudocheirid evolution are presented: a paired lineage hypothesis and a single lineage hypothesis. Both hypotheses demonstrate that species of Paljara are not the most plesiomorphic pseudocheirids, Marlu praecursor does not cluster with other species of Marlu, the new genus Gawinga is most closely related to Paljara and there are no representatives of the extant genus Pseudochirops in any pre-Pliocene locality. All extant pseudocheirids cluster to form a crown clade sister to a stem lineage of Pseudokoala and Marlu species. Pseudocheirids are found in all Oligo-Miocene faunal zones of Riversleigh. Species of Paljara and Marlu are most frequently recovered from Faunal Zone B and C deposits respectively. Four pseudocheirid species biostratigraphically correlate the Kutjamarpu local fauna of the Leaf Locality with Faunal Zones B and C of Riversleigh, suggesting an early to middle Miocene age for both deposits. Modern pseudocheirids first evolved no later than the late Miocene from a descendant of the Marlu + Pseudokoala lineage when all other Oligo-Miocene pseudocheirids became extinct. At least three pseudocheirid lineages dispersed to New Guinea approximately five million years ago, but ecological barriers probably prevented subsequent migrations between the two landmasses.

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PAES, R. D. "Padrões de variação genética e morfológica em Monodelphis de listras (Marsupialia: Didelphidae)." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/3820.

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Atualmente são reconhecidas 5 espécies de catitas de listras, Monodelphis americana, M. iheringi, M. umbristriata, M. scalops e M. theresa. Como o nome vulgar indica, listras dorsais são marcantes no agrupamento, sendo que a descrição das espécies baseou-se na presença e conspicuidade das mesmas, além do tamanho corporal. No entanto, há controvérsias quanto à identificação e validade de táxons, devidas ao número pequeno de exemplares conhecidos para algumas espécies e observações acerca da variação na pelagem principalmente quanto às faixas. Enquanto estudos morfológicos até o momento não apresentaram resultados conclusivos em relação a estas questões, estudos genéticos comparativos, que contemplem amostragem abrangente em termos taxonômicos e em relação à área de ocorrência dos táxons, são pouco numerosos. Assim, este trabalho investigou se variações morfológicas e genéticas intra e interespecíficas previamente identificadas em populações simpátricas de M. americana e M. iheringi são recorrentes em outros locais, se há padrões 0 variação de pelagem no grupo de listras e função adaptativa das mesmas, e quais implicações sistemáticas desta variação. Foi analisada morfologia qualitativa de séries de exemplares de todas as idades e sexos, encobrindo a distribuição geográfica pelo Brasil, além de análises filogenéticas com sequências de citocromo b. Para M. americana, foram recuperados 5 subclados, que são acompanhados por morfotipos diagnosticáveis seguindo gradação latitudinal de distribuição, que se dá por todo país. Dentre estes, 4 subgrupos têm distribuição limitada por cursos de rios e, ainda, identifica-se variação morfológica ligada ao sexo e idade em 2 subgrupos, onde há sobreposição com outro táxon de listra na região Sudeste. Dados morfológicos e genéticos incluíram M. umbristriata em 1 destes clados, atestando sinonímia com M. americana. Entre M. scalops e M. theresa, a avaliação de todas as fases etárias, descrições originais e dados moleculares, confirmaram sinonímia e disposição limitada ao Sudeste. Em M. iheringi, ambos os sexos mostram-se listrados por toda vida ao longo da distribuição, restrita ao Sul e Sudeste. Ainda, o grupo de listras não é monofilético, pois M. scalops não é filogeneticamente mais próxima às espécies-irmãs, M. americana e M. iheringi. Assim, conspicuidade de listras e rarefação das mesmas são homoplasias, ocasionando convergência morfológica entre jovens das 3 espécies e diferenciação de pelagem nos machos de M. americana e M. scalops na maturação sexual. Provavelmente, listras nítidas nos juvenis auxiliam na evasão de predadores, enquanto seleção sexual direciona perda das mesmas em simpatria visando reconhecimento de pares em relação ao outro táxon.

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Iamamoto, Keila. "Pesquisa do vírus rábico em mamíferos silvestres de uma reserva natural particular no Município de Ribeirão Grande, São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-26102006-104736/.

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No Brasil e em alguns países da América Latina, a incidência de raiva transmitida por animais domésticos tem diminuído enquanto tem aumentado em animais silvestres. Durante os últimos anos, no Brasil, a raiva tem sido diagnosticada em morcegos hematófagos ou não, primatas não-humanos, cachorros-do-mato, quatis, guaxinins, capivaras, cervos, gambás e outras espécies silvestres. O presente estudo foi realizado em parceria com biólogos, pesquisadores na área de monitoramento de fauna silvestre, e o objetivo foi pesquisar a presença do vírus rábico em mamíferos silvestres de vida livre, provenientes de uma reserva natural particular, localizado no município de Ribeirão Grande, São Paulo, região que já foi alvo de raiva nos últimos anos. Durante o período de 2002 a 2004, 104 amostras de cérebro de animais capturados foram enviadas para diagnóstico no Laboratório de Raiva da UNESP de Araçatuba, SP, acondicionadas em pipetas plásticas do tipo Pasteur individuais. Os animais pertenciam a três ordens, Chiroptera (47,1%), Rodentia (46,2%) e Marsupialia (6,7%), sendo de diferentes idades e sexos. As amostras foram submetidas ao teste de imunofluorescência direta e inoculação intracerebral em camundongos e todas apresentaram resultado negativo para a raiva. Segundo dados da Coordenação do Programa de Controle da Raiva do Estado de São Paulo a raiva é endêmica na região estudada e a porcentagem de positividade em morcegos nos últimos dez anos é de 1,8%. Embora dos diagnósticos tenham sido negativos neste estudo, não é possível afirmar que o vírus rábico não circula naquela propriedade
In Brazil and some Latin American countries, the incidence of rabies transmitted by domestic animals has decreased while it has been increasing in wild animals. During the last few years rabies has been diagnosed in hematophagous or nonhematophagous bats, nonhuman primates, crab-eating foxes, coatis, raccoons, capybaras, deers, skunks and some other species. The present study was carried out with biologists, researchers in wild fauna monitoring and the objective was to search the presence of the rabies virus in wildlife mammals from a private natural reserve, in Ribeirão Grande city, SP, region that was target of rabies in the last few years. During 2002 to 2004, 104 brain samples of captured animals were sent for diagnosis to UNESP Rabies Laboratory from Araçatuba, SP, conditioned in individuals Pasteur plastic pipettes. The animals belonged to three different orders, Chiroptera (47,1%), Rodentia (46,2%) and Marsupialia (6,7%), and to different ages and sex. The samples were submitted to direct fluorescent antibody test and mouse inoculation test and all samples resulted negative for rabies. According to data of the Rabies Control Program Coordination from São Paulo State, rabies is endemic in the studied region and the percentage of positive cases in bats during the last 10 years was 1,8%. Although all diagnosis were negative in this study, it is not possible to affirm that the rabies virus do not circulate in that property

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Sánchez, Dómina Andrea Rosarito. "Hábitos alimentarios de thylamys pallidior (marsupialia, didelphidae) en el desierto del Monte central." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, 2018. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/14019.

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Los estudios que involucran la oferta de recursos en el ambiente y el modo en que las especies los explotan, permiten mejorar el entendimiento de esta relación. El presente trabajo propone estudiar la estrategia alimentaria de hábitos alimentarios, especie marsupial que habita en el desierto del Monte y cuya dieta presenta muy poca variabilidad estacional y está compuesta por 70% artrópodos y 30% material vegetal. Los objetivos planteados en esta tesina implican caracterizar y cuantificar la dieta de T. pallidior, describir la variación de recursos alimentarios (plantas y artrópodos) en relación al régimen de precipitaciones, evaluar la dieta en función de la disponibilidad y determinar si existen cambios estacionales en la selección de dieta y amplitud de nicho. El trabajo fue llevado a cabo en la Reserva de Biósfera Ñacuñan, Santa Rosa, Mendoza. Se tuvieron en cuenta muestreos realizados durante 2014 y 2016.
Fil: Sánchez Dómina, Andrea Rosarito. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales.

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Antunes, Gertrud Müller. "Diversidade e potencial zoonótico de parasitos de Didelphis albiventris Lund, 1841 (Marsupialia: Didelphidae)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/5795.

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Didelphis albiventris, gambá-de-orelha-branca, é um marsupial de hábitos crepusculares e noturnos que se alimenta de frutos, insetos, pequenos répteis e anfíbios, filhotes de aves e pequenos mamíferos. Com a destruição de seu “habitat” natural devido às queimadas e desmatamentos, esses animais têm-se aproximado, cada vez mais, das regiões peridomiciliar e domiciliar, onde procuram abrigo e alimentos. Com o objetivo de conhecer a diversidade de parasitos de D. albiventris e relatar os que apresentam potencial zoonótico, foram examinados 30 exemplares desta espécie, através de necropsia, para coleta de ectoparasitos da superfície externa do corpo e helmintos dos órgãos e conteúdos estomacal e intestinal. Os sifonápteros foram removidos da superfície externa dos animais, conservados em álcool etílico a 70°GL, clarificados em líquido de Nesbitt, desidratados em etanol, diafanizados em creosoto de Faya e montados em lâminas com bálsamo do Canadá para identificação. Os carrapatos foram removidos da superfície externa dos animais, conservados em álcool etílico a 70°GL e identificados ao estereomicroscópio, segundo chaves específicas de Aragão & Fonseca (1961) e Guimarães et al (2001). Os helmintos foram recolhidos com auxílio de estiletes e pinças, clarificados em lactofenol e montados entre lâminas e lamínulas com bálsamo do Canadá para identificação ao microscópio. Do total de animais examinados, 70% estavam infestados com pulgas das espécies Polygenis (Neopolygenis) atopus, Polygenis (Polygenis) rimatus, Polygenis (Polygenis) roberti roberti, Polygenis (Polygenis) sp., Craneopsylla minerva minerva e Ctenocephalides felis felis, todas essas registradas pela primeira vez sobre D. albiventris e, exceto C. felis felis, são também registradas pela primeira vez no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Carrapatos foram encontrados em 43,33% dos animais examinados, representados pelas espécies Ixodes loricatus, Amblyomma aureolatum e Amblyomma sp, sendo A. aureolatum registrado pela primeira vez parasitando D. albiventris no Brasil. Os helmintos encontrados foram: Filo Nematoda - Capillaria spp. (esôfago, traquéia, faringe e pulmão), Didelphostrongylus hayesi (pulmão), Turgida turgida (estômago), Gnathostoma sp. (estômago e fígado), Travassostrongylus orloffi, Viannaia hamata e Trichuris minuta no intestino delgado e Trichuris didelphis, Cruzia tentaculata e Aspidodera raillieti no intestino grosso; Classe Trematoda – Echinostoma revolutum, Plagiorchis didelphidis, Rhopalias coronatus, R. baculifer, Brachylaema migrans e Didelphodiplostomum variabile, todos no intestino delgado; Classe Cestoda – exemplares da família Diphyllobotriidae, no intestino delgado; e Filo Acanthocephala – Hamanniella microcephala e Centrorhynchus sp., ambos no intestino delgado. Dos helmintos encontrados, os que apresentam potencial zoonótico segundo a literatura são T. turgida, Gnathostoma sp., Capillaria spp., B. migrans, E. revolutum e Família Diphyllobotriidae. Além disso, os sifonápteros e ixodídeos encontrados são potenciais vetores de patógenos que infectam humanos. D. albiventris, portanto, apresenta grande diversidade parasitária, incluindo espécies que podem potencialmente atingir o homem, alertando para a importância destes marsupiais na disseminação de doenças entre animais e humanos.

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Camardella, Arianna Rocha. "Relações filogenéticas da subfamília Didelphinae : padrões de variação da morfologia crânio-dentária (Marsupialia : Didelphidae)." Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11422/3606.

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Esta dissertação avalia as relações filogenéticas entre os gêneros viventes e fósseis da Subfamília Didelphinae a partir de uma metodologia cladista. Quatro opções de enraizamento foram avaliadas em diferentes conjuntos de análises: Caluromys (Caluromyinae, Didelphidae ), Sparassocynus (Sparassocynidae ), Caenolestes (Caenolestidae) e Dromiciops (Microbiotheriidae). Um total de 146 caracteres cranianos e dentários, todos interpretados como não-ordenados, foram utilizados nas análises de parcimônia realizadas utilizando-se a opção heurística...
This thesis used a cladistic analysis to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships among living and fossil genera of the Subfamily Didelphinae. Four different genera were used as outgroups: Caluromys (Caluromyinae, Didelphidae), Sparassocynus (Sparassocynidae), Caenolestes (Caenolestidae) e Dromiciops (Microbiotheriidae). A total of 146 cranial and dental characters were utilized in the analysis, that was performed using the...

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Taylor, Melissa. "Size relationship of the tympanic bullae and pinnae in bandicoots and bilbies (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia)." Thesis, Taylor, Melissa (2019) Size relationship of the tympanic bullae and pinnae in bandicoots and bilbies (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia). Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/50716/.

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Hearing is an important factor allowing species to obtain information about their environment. Variation in tympanic bullae and external pinnae morphology has been linked with hearing sensitivity and sound localisation in different mammals. Bandicoots and bilbies (Order Peramelemorphia) typically occupy omnivorous niches across a range of habitats from open, arid deserts to dense, tropical forests in Australia and New Guinea. The morphology of tympanic bullae and pinnae varies between peramelemorphian taxa. Little is known about the relationship between these structures, or the extent to which they vary with respect to aspects of ecology, environment or behaviour. This thesis investigated the relationship between tympanic bulla and pinna size in 29 species of bandicoot and bilby. Measurements were taken from museum specimens to investigate this relationship using direct measuring methods and linear dimensions. It was hypothesised that an inverse relationship between bullae and pinnae may exist and that species residing in arid regions would have more extreme differences. Environmental variables were examined to determine the level of influence they had on bullae and pinnae. This study found that there was a phylogenetic correlation between the structures and that they were significantly influenced by temperature (max/average) and precipitation (average). Species which inhabited more complex, temperate habitats had relatively smaller bullae and pinnae than those in less complex, more arid habitats. Species tended to have either a relatively larger bulla or pinna, with the relationship being more pronounced in species in more arid habitats. No inverse relationship was found between relative bulla and pinna size. Previous studies have found a relationship between relative bulla and pinna and predator evasion tactics; the findings of this study appeared to support this. These findings suggest that ecological traits and habitat types may be linked with relative bullae and pinnae sizes.

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Stegun, Vidigal Vera Cristina. "Studies on the genealogical relationships within the genus Monodelphis Burneu, 1830 (Didelphidae, Marsupialia) based on basicranial anatomy and external morphology." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/291829.

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The short-tailed opossums of the genus Monodelphis Burnett, 1830 are small-bodied semifossorial marsupials which inhabit almost all major biomes of South America up to 2200 m. Even though it is one of the most speciose genera of neotropical marsupials with over 30 species proposed, most taxonomic reviews of the genus have been limited to few species, and even the latest most conprehensive molecular revision enabled only an estimate to phylogenetic species groups. The present research is a fine scale search for intra and interspecifically basicranial variation, expanded from the first character list in Vidigal (2004), across 8 species groups and 21 species to provide detailed comparative characterizations and an insight into the philogeographical history of the genus. A pelage pattern and geographic classification into six groups was described for the identification of specimens. With over 165 specimens coded and 102 characters, the basicranial anatomy proved to be a stable, diverse and numerous source of phylogenetic information. I described 17 characters of the basisphenoid, 4 of the pterygoid, 7 of the orbitosphenoid, 2 of the basioccipital, 25 of the alisphenoid, 11 of the ectotympanic, 20 of the petrosal, 2 of the exoccipital, 4 of the stapes, 5 of the squamosal, and 5 of the contact among the petrosal, the exoccipital and the basioccipital. The cladistic analysis yielded a final 275 steps tree, where Marmosa comes out as the sister group to a three synapomorphies based monophyletic Monodelphis. To minimize missing data, as a post-coding data treatment, specimens were aggregated into ecoregion populations. Within Monodelphis, the supported monophyletic clades were: (M. emiliae (M. americana from NT0170 – Tocantins-Araguaia-Maranhão moist forests, M. rubida (M. umbristriata, M. americana from NT0104 – Bahia Interior Forests))), (M. henseli (brevicaudata species group, M. domestica (M. kunsi, M. adusta), and (M. touan, M. brevicaudata from NT0143 – Negro-Branco moist forests, M. brevicaudata from eastern Venezuela). An additional analysis recovered M. scalops as sister to a clade containing the americana s.l. group and M. emiliae. The phylogeographic patterns recovered from the plotted cladogram are much similar to those obtained by the pelage and basicranial analysis in Vidigal (2004), though with better resolution. According to the present analisis, Monodelphis provides three examples of the overlaping multiple evolutionary species diversity models proposed by Costa (2003) and Patton and Costa (2003) for South America. The (M. kunsi, M. adusta) sister group indicates a relationship among the Andean and the Atlantic forests, enabling a scenario of dispersion events via Central Brasil or of exploitation of corridors of more homogeneous dispersal habitats (Costa 2003), like that of the Paraná River basin “pathway”. The close relationship among the brevicaudata group, with Amazonian distribution, and M. domestica, with Cerrado and Caatinga distribution, to the kunsi-adusta pair, points to a common history among these ancient biomes, with the most recent link species possibly being M. kunsi. Despite the lack of support, considering the close relationship between M. palliolata from Venezuela and the kunsi-adusta pair, the scenario suggested for M. reigi and M. adusta (Lim et al. 2009), through an Andean link is an alternative. The here resulting poliphyletic brevicaudata species complex provides the second example, with species uniting the eastern Tepuis region of Venezuela with Negro-Branco rivers interfluve down to southeastern Amazonia, connecting Wallace’s (1852) envisioned Amazonian subdivisions. Finally, the monophyletic group (M. scalops (M. americana species group, M. emiliae)) comprises a phylogeographic gradient uniting, respectively, the Atlantic Forest linking to Cerrado with M. umbristriata, through Bahia Interior Forests with M. rubida, turning the northeastern corn of Brasil until the Tocantins-Araguaia-Maranhão moist forests with M. americana, to southern Amazonia from the Xingu-Tocantins-Araguaia Moist forests, through the Tapajós river until the westernmost Rondônia with M. emiliae. It is imperative to fill the geographic sample gaps, minimize missing data, and diversify the source of phylogenetic characters in order to complete the Monodelphis puzzle.
El gènere Monodelphis és un marsupial que ocupa gairebé tots els biomes de Sud-Amèrica. Amb més de 20 espècies, la seva taxonomia i filogènia resta encara per dilucidar. Aquest treball és una extensió en l’estudi de l’anatomia basicraniana en 8 grups i 21 espècies amb l'objectiu de caracteritzar-lo comparativament i fer una aproximació filogeogràfica. S'ha descrit una classificació en sis grups basats en el pelatge i la geogràfia. Examinant més de 165 espècimens i 102 caràcters, s’ha constatat que el basicrani és una font abundant d'informació filogenètica. L'anàlisi cladística de poblacions per ecoregió ha resultat en un arbre de 275 passes, amb Marmosa com germà d'un Monodelphis monofilètic en base a très sinapomorfies i els clades: (M. emiliae (M. americana de Tocantins-Araguaia-Maranhão, M. rubida (M. umbristriata, M. americana de Bahia))), (M. henseli (grup brevicaudata, M. domestica (M. kunsi, M. adusta), i (M. touan, M. brevicaudata del Negro-Branco, M. brevicaudata de l'est de Veneçuela). M. scalops apareix com germà de (M. emiliae + grup americana). Monodelphis proveeix tres exemples del model múltiple de diversitat evolutiva d’espècies per Sud-Amèrica. La relació entre M. kunsi i M. adusta ratifica la relació entre els boscos dels Andes i l’Atlàntic, possibilitant un escenari de dispersió pel Brasil Central o la conca del riu Paraná. La conexió entre el grup brevicaudata, de l’Amazònia, i M. domestica, del Cerrado i Caatinga, amb la parella kunsi-adusta, apunta a la relació entre aquests biomes, amb M. kunsi com a possible espècie connectora. El pas Andí és una altra alternativa considerant la relació entre M. palliolata de La Costa (Veneçuela) amb kunsi-adusta. El grup polifilètic brevicaudata uneix els Tepuis de l’est de Veneçuela amb la regió interfluvial dels rius Negro-Branco i fins el sud-est de l’Amazònia, conectant les subdivisions amazòniques de Wallace (1852). Finalment s’observa un gradient filogeogràfic que comença al bosc Atlàntic amb M. scalops, continua per el Cerrado, amb M. umbristriata, segueix pels boscos de Bahia amb M. rubida, es perllonga per la punta nord-est de Brasil fins els boscos humits del Tocantins-Araguaia-Maranhão, amb M. americana sensu estricto, i finalitza travessant el sud de l’Amazònia cap a l’oest a Rondônia amb M. emiliae. L’origen aproximadament sincrònic de Monodelphis i de la serralada est dels Andes colombians, fa uns 26 milions d’anys, proporciona un escenari fascinant per esbrinar la coevolució del gènere en relació a aquest canvi massiu medi-ambiental a Sud-Amèrica.

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Black, Karen Biological Earth &amp Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Diversity, phylogeny and biostratigraphy of diprotodontoids (marsupialia: diprotodontidae, palorchestidae) from the Riversleigh world heritage area." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43327.

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The extinct diprotodontoids were large bodied, browsing herbivorous marsupials most closely related to, among living marsupials, wombats. Referred to two families, Diprotodontidae and Palorchestidae, diprotodontoids are geographically and temporally widespread vombatimorphian taxa in Australian and New Guinean Cenozoic deposits. The most diverse diprotodontoid fauna recorded from any single region in Australia comes from Oligo-Miocene limestone deposits of the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, northwestern Queensland. In this thesis a new diprotodontoid genus and five new species are described from Riversleigh, as well as additional material from Riversleigh for the palorchestids Propalorchestes novaculacephalus and Pr. ponticulus and diprotodontids Nimbadon lavarackorum, Neohelos tirarensis, Neohelos stirtoni and Ngapakaldia bonythoni. A new vombatomorphian family, Maradidae, known from a single species at Riversleigh, is recognised as the sister-group of a vombatid-diprotodontoid clade. New abundant, exceptionally well-preserved cranial material of the zygomaturine Nimbadon lavarackorum enables characterisation of intraspecific variation and ontogenetic development. The results of these analyses have been used to discriminate species boundaries throughout this work. Consequently: Nimbadon whitelawi is now considered a junior synonym of Ni. lavarackorum; Nimbadon scottorrorum is a junior synonym of Neohelos tirarensis; and Bematherium angulum is a synonym of Ngapakaldia bonythoni. The new Riversleigh diprotodontoids clarify phylogenetic relationships within and between diprotodontoid families. The monophyly of both Palorchestidae and Diprotodontidae is strongly supported as is their union in the superfamily Diprotodontoidea. Monophyly of the Zygomaturinae and Diprotodontinae is not supported, primarily due to the unstable position of Alkwertatherium webbi as well as the high degree of homoplasy in cranial morphology of the more derived members of each subfamily. Overall phylogenetic and distribution patterns for diprotodontoids is generally consistent with current interpretations of Riversleigh's stratigraphy. Five diprotodontoid species allow direct biocorrelation with other Australian Tertiary mammal faunas. Riversleigh's basal System A deposits correlate with late Oligocene deposits of the Etadunna Formation of South Australia. Riversleigh's low-mid System C deposits correlate with the middle Miocene Bullock Creek Local Fauna of the Northern Territory. Riversleigh's high System C Jaw Junction and Encore Local Faunas contain diprotodontoid taxa antecedent to diprotodontoids of the late Miocene Alcoota Local Fauna of the Northern Territory.

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Crowther, Mathew S. "Variation and speciation within the Antechinus stuartii-A. flavipes complex (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in eastern Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1018.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2001.
Title from title screen (viewed January 19, 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

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Crowther, Mathew S. "Variation and speciation within the Antechinus stuartii-A. flavipes complex (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in eastern Australia." Connect to full text, 2001. http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/1018.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2001.
Title from title screen (viewed January 19, 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

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Martin, Paula Sanches. "Distribuição e abundância de mamíferos neotropicais não voadores de pequeno porte em paisagem silvicultural da bacia do Alto Paranapanema, São Paulo, Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-29112010-100047/.

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Os eucaliptais correspondem a cerca de 4,5 milhões de hectares de todo o território brasileiro. Esta silvicultura vem sendo implantada principalmente em áreas de pastagens de baixa produtividade. Os efeitos da substituição de áreas agrícolas por eucaliptais sobre a distribuição de pequenos mamíferos ainda são desconhecidos. Sendo assim, este trabalho buscou identificar um padrão de distribuição e abundância de mamíferos de pequeno porte em uma área de pastagens que foi convertida em eucaliptais. O estudo foi realizado nas fazendas Três Lagoas e Arca, localizadas no município de Angatuba, região do Alto Paranapanema, entre agosto de 2007 e julho de 2009. O levantamento da mastofauna foi realizado por meio de armadilhas de interceptação e queda, distribuídas em trinta unidades amostrais. Foram identificadas catorze espécies de pequenos mamíferos pertencentes as ordens Didelphimorphia e Rodentia. O pasto abandonado e a vegetação nativa apresentaram maior abundância e riqueza de indivíduos do que os eucaliptais. A taxocenose de pequenos mamíferos presente nesta paisagem silvicultural assemelha-se à encontrada em outras paisagens agrícolas. Os resultados obtidos, aliados ao atual contexto de mudança do uso da terra no estado de São Paulo sugerem que os eucaliptais atuam como uma matriz permeável para os pequenos mamíferos. No entanto, os remanescentes de vegetação nativa presentes em paisagens silviculturais são fundamentais para a conservação de tais espécies.
Eucalyptus plantations currently cover 4.5 million hectares of Brazilian territory. This forestry is expanding mainly over areas of extensive livestock production. The effects of the replacement of pastures by eucalyptus plantations on the distribution of small mammals are still unknown. In this context, this study aimed at to identify the distribution pattern and abundance of small mammals in an area where recently cattle pastures were converted into eucalyptus plantations. This study was carried out at Fazenda Três Lagoas and Fazenda Arca in the municipality of Angatuba, located in the Upper Paranapanema river basin, between August 2007 and July 2009. The small mammals survey was carried out with pitfall traps distributed in 30 sampling units. Fourteen species of orders Didelphimorphia and Rodentia were captured. The abandoned pasture and the native vegetation presented a higher abundance and species richness in relation to the eucalyptus plantations. The taxocenosis of small mammals in this silvicultural landscape resembles those found in other agricultural landscapes. These results together and the current land use trend suggest that eucalyptus plantations can be relatively to small mammals. However, the remnants of native vegetation in silvicultural landscapes are essential to the conservation of these species.

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FONSECA, Raul Alves da. "Variação geográfica em Caluromys lanatus (Olfers, 1818) e Caluromys derbianus (Waterhouse, 1841)." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2010. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/19317.

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Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-06-29T17:24:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) 2010-Dissertação-RaulFonseca.pdf: 2499872 bytes, checksum: cf821e7579afde146e2f930e86ac6d4e (MD5)
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Dentre as sete ordens de marsupiais existentes atualmente, três são encontradas na América do Sul: Paucituberculata Ameghino, 1894, compreendendo uma família (Caenolestidae) e três gêneros (Rhyncholestes, Caenolestes e Lestoros); Microbiotheriidae Ameghino 1887, com apenas uma família, Microbiotheriidae e um gênero monoespecífico, Dromicipos gliroides; e Didelphimorphia Gill, 1872, que apresenta maior diversidade dentre as ordens de marsupiais neotropicais com uma família (Didelphidae) constituída de 95 espécies classificadas em 19 gêneros (Springer , Kirsch et al., 1997; Gardner, 2008), entre eles o gênero Caluromys.

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Armistead, Rodney. "The impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on the yellow-footed antechinus (mardo) (Antechinus flavipes leucogaster) (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) /." Murdoch University Digital Theses Program, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20100330.90319.

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Hayward, Matt School of Biological Earth &amp Environmental Science UNSW. "The ecology of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) (Macropodidae: Marsupialia) in the Northern Jarrah Forest of Australia." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/18768.

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The quokka (Setonix brachyurus Quoy & Gaimard 1830) is a medium-sized, macropodid marsupial that is endemic to the mesic, south-western corner of Australia. While being a tourist icon on Rottnest Island, the species is threatened with extinction. It has been intensively studied on Rottnest Island in the 1960s and 1970s, however very little is known of its ecology on the mainland. Additionally the insular and mainland environments are extremely different suggesting that ecological differences between the two populations are likely. Consequently, this study sought to determine the basic autecology of the quokka and identify what factors have attributed to its threatened conservation status. The northern jarrah forest of Western Australia was selected as the study region due to it being at the northern limit of extant quokka distribution and because it was thought that the factors threatening the quokka would be exacerbated there. Fossil deposits suggest that the quokka originally occupied an area of approximately 49,000 km2 in the south-western corner of Australia. Historical literature show that they were widespread and abundant when Europeans colonised the region in 1829 but a noticeable and dramatic decline occurred a century later. The arrival of the red fox to the region coincided almost exactly with this decline and so it was probably ultimately responsible. Continued predation by both it and the feral cat are likely to have continued the decline, along with habitat destruction and modification through altered fire regimes. Specific surveys and literature searches show that since the 1950s, the area occupied by the quokka has declined by 45% and since 1990 by 29%. Based on the criteria of the IUCN (Hilton-Taylor 2000), the conservation status of the quokka should remain as vulnerable. An endangered status may be more applicable if the quokkas restriction to patches through its existence as a metapopulation is considered. Trapping of eight sites supporting quokka populations in the mid-1990s revealed three sites now locally extinct despite the ongoing, six year old, fox control programme. Another three are at serious risk of extinction. Extant population sizes ranged from one to 36 and population density ranged from 0.07 to 4.3 individuals per hectare. This is considered to be below the carrying capacity of each site. The overall quokka population size in the northern jarrah forest may be as low as 150 adult individuals, of which half are likely to be female. Even the largest extant populations are highly susceptible to stochastic extinction events. This small size was surprising considering the six year old, introduced predator control programme. Historically, the restriction to discrete habitat patches, the occasional inter-patch movement, the lack of correlation between the dynamics of each population and reports of frequent localised extinctions and colonisations suggest that the quokka population once existed as part of a classic metapopulation. The massive decline of the quokka in the 1930s pushed the metapopulation structure into a non-equilibrium state such that today, the extant populations are the terminal remnants of the original classic metapopulation. Wild mainland quokkas breed throughout the year. A significant reduction in the number of births occurs over summer and this coincides with a decline in female body weight. Despite this, the mainland quokka is relatively fecund and is able to wean two offspring per year. The level of recruitment from pouch young to independence was low and this may explain the apparent lack of population increase following the initiation of fox control. A total of 56 trapped quokkas were fitted with a radio collar. Mean home range size for quokkas was 6.39 ha with a core range of 1.21 ha and this was negatively related to population density. Male home ranges were larger than females but not significantly when the sexual size dimorphism was considered. Nocturnal ranges were larger than diurnal ranges reflecting nocturnal departures from the swamp refugia. Home range sizes varied seasonally, probably due to changes in the distance required to move to obtain sufficient nutrients and water over the dry summer compared to the wet winter and spring. Telemetry confirmed trapping results that showed no movement between swamps or populations. Home range centres shifted to the periphery of the swamp following the winter inundation and this may increase the species susceptibility to predation. The lack of dispersal is probably caused by quokka populations existing below carrying capacity and following selection for philopatry under the threat of predation for dispersing individuals. Without dispersal to recolonise or rescue unpopulated patches, the collapse of the original quokka metapopulation appears to have occurred. On a macrohabitat scale, the quokka in the northern jarrah forest is restricted to Agonis swamp shrubland habitats that form in the open, upper reaches of creek systems on the western side of the forest. This restriction was probably initially due to the high water requirements of the quokka but is likely to have been exacerbated by increased predation pressure since the arrival of the fox. On a microhabitat scale, the quokka is a habitat specialist, preferring early seral stage swamp habitats, probably for foraging, as part of a mosaic of old age swamp that provides refuge. Despite the six year old, introduced predator control programme, foxes and cats are still the major cause of mortality to quokkas. Road kills was the other identifiable cause. Individuals alive at the start of the study had an 81% chance of staying alive until the end. The likelihood of dying was minimised by grouping together with conspecifics, maximising home range size and maximising the time spent within the swampy refuge. Current rates of adult and juvenile survivorship should allow population recovery and so it seems pouch young mortality, reflected by low recruitment, has inhibited the anticipated population increase following predator control. The confounding effect of inadequate unbaited controls meant that little statistical evidence was available on the impact of introduced predators on the quokka, however the models provided support for earlier hypotheses of these. The presence of a quokka population at a site was related to the amount of poison baits delivered ??? reflecting predation pressure, the average age of the swamp and a mosaic of early and late seral stages within the swamp habitat. Recently burnt habitat is thought to provide food for quokkas and long unburnt habitat provides refuge from predation.

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Steiner, Cynthia. "Contribution à l'étude de la phylogéographie et la phylogénie des opossums ("Marsupialia", "Didelphidae") en Amérique du sud." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20028.

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Julien-Laferriere, Didier. "Utilisation de l'espace et des ressources alimentaires chez Caluromys philander (Marsupialia, Didelphidae) : comparaison avec Potos Flavus (Eutheria, Procyonidae)." Paris 13, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA131011.

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Les modalités d'utilisation de l'espace et des ressources alimentaires ont été étudiées chez Caluromys philander (Marsupialia, Didelphidae) en forêt primaire de Guyane française, en comparaison avec Potos Flavus (Eutheria, Procyonidae). L'organisation du domaine vital est analysée chez C. Philander. On montre que cette espèce est opportuniste et qu'il existe une influence du sexe, du stade reproducteur des femelles, ainsi que de la disponibilité des ressources alimentaires, sur certains caractères du domaine vital et du comportement des individus. Les régimes alimentaires des deux mammifères, les caractères morphologiques et chimiques des fruits consommés ainsi que les stratégies d'exploitation des arbres en fleurs et en fruits sont considérés. L'efficacité des deux espèces pour la dissémination des graines est discutée en fonction de leur taille et de leurs modalités d'utilisation de l'espace et bdes ressources tropiques. Ces deux espèces présentent des particularités dont certaines augmentent et d'autres réduisent l'efficacité de la dissémination.

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au, R. Armistead@cesarconsultants com, and Rodney James Armistead. "The impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on the distribution of the yellow-footed antechinus (mardo) (Antechinus flavipes leucogaster) (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae)." Murdoch University, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20100330.90319.

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This is the first study to investigate and provide definitive evidence that the plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi is a significant threat to the mammal fauna of Western Australia. This study investigated the impact of P. cinnamomi-induced habitat disturbance and degradation on Antechinus flavipes leucogaster (yellow-footed antechinus) or mardo. Phytophthora cinnamomi is an introduced and invasive soil-borne plant pathogen that kills many common and structurally important plant species, which results in significant changes to the structural characteristics of affected areas. An evaluation of P. cinnamomi affected and unaffected areas of the northern jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest revealed significant declines in the structure, composition and complexity of all areas affected by P. cinnamomi. Dieback Expression Score values ranged from a mean value of 1.88 ± 1.01 to 3.8 ± 0.41 at the P. cinnamomi affected sites, indicating a high degree of disturbance. A non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis using 16 habitat variables identified significant (ANISOM: R=0.343, P<0.003) separation among affected and unaffected sites. A SIMPER analysis revealed that ground and shrub cover vegetation, small and total log densities, percentage leaf litter cover, and the densities of small, medium, tall single crowned and total Xanthorrhoea preissii were the greatest contributors separating affected and unaffected areas. Presently, our understanding of how P. cinnamomi affects the fauna of Western Australia is limited. This providing a unique opportunity to examine how P. cinnamomi-induced disturbance impacts upon the mardo. The mardo is a small insectivorous marsupial that is regarded as being common and a habitat generalist that occupies a broad range of forest and woodland habitats throughout the south-west of Western Australia. Until the present study, the specific habitat requirements, and therefore the factors limiting the present distribution of the mardo have received little attention. Therefore, in addition to being the first study to evaluate the impact of P. cinnamomi on Western Australian fauna, this study also provides important information about the present distribution of the mardo. Detection-nondetection mark-release surveys conducted in P. cinnamomi affected and unaffected regions of the northern jarrah forest, revealed that although, mardos were recorded at most sites, the number of mardo individuals, captures and detections were considerably lower at P. cinnamomi affected areas. Patch Occupancy analysis, using an information theoretic approach, revealed that the probability of a mardo occupying a region of the northern jarrah forest affected by P. cinnamomi ranged from a likelihood of 0.0 to 25.0%, while in contrast there was a 41.0 to 51.0% likelihood of a mardo occurring among unaffected regions. This discovery supports the hypothesis that P. cinnamomi-induced habitat disturbance impacts upon the distribution of the mardo. An evaluation of the micro-habitat features important to the mardo using Patch Occupancy modelling using an information theoretic approach identified large logs and X. preissii densities as positive contributors to the present distribution of the mardo in the northern jarrah forest. Indeed, the likelihood of a mardo occupying an area with large logs and dense patches of X. preissii ranged from 62.2% to 85.0%. In contrast, in the P. cinnamomi affected sites with lower X. preissii densities the patch occupancy probabilities ranged from 0.0% to 45.7%. Logs and X. preissii strongly contribute to the understorey and may increase nest locations and cover while offering protection from predators. Mardos may avoid P. cinnamomi affected areas because of lower X. preissii densities, which may result in fewer nest locations, reduced cover and an increased likelihood of predation. However, the results of the study must be treated as preliminary findings, therefore there may be additional environmental related or unrelated to P. cinnamomi factors that may also contribute to the occupancy rates of the mardo. Therefore, further studies and research on the ecology and biology of the mardo is strongly encouraged. Until this research is conducted, P. cinnamomi most be considered as significant threat to the conservation of the mardo. Therefore, the conservation of the mardo in the northern jarrah forest depends on limiting the spread and impact of P. cinnamomi, as well as the retention of large logs and tall X. preissii. Given that large logs and tall X. preissii contribute to the distribution of the mardo, strong consideration must be given to using these natural elements to rehabilitate the most severely disturbed areas of the northern jarrah forest. Consideration must be given to the conservation of other small and threatened mammal species that inhabit susceptible plant communities in the south-west of Western Australia. An understanding of how P. cinnamomi impacts on the mardo and other native mammals will contribute to our ability to control, protect and manage vulnerable communities and ecosystems in Western Australia. If the spread and impact of this pathogen is left unchecked, the ultimate consequence to the conservation of many small to medium native mammals that are dependant on structurally complex habitat may be devastating.

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Armistead, Rodney James. "The impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on the distribution of the yellow-footed antechinus (mardo) (Antechinus flavipes leucogaster) (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae)." Thesis, Armistead, Rodney James (2008) The impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on the distribution of the yellow-footed antechinus (mardo) (Antechinus flavipes leucogaster) (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2008. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/1656/.

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This is the first study to investigate and provide definitive evidence that the plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi is a significant threat to the mammal fauna of Western Australia. This study investigated the impact of P. cinnamomi-induced habitat disturbance and degradation on Antechinus flavipes leucogaster (yellow-footed antechinus) or mardo. Phytophthora cinnamomi is an introduced and invasive soil-borne plant pathogen that kills many common and structurally important plant species, which results in significant changes to the structural characteristics of affected areas. An evaluation of P. cinnamomi affected and unaffected areas of the northern jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest revealed significant declines in the structure, composition and complexity of all areas affected by P. cinnamomi. Dieback Expression Score values ranged from a mean value of 1.88 ± 1.01 to 3.8 ± 0.41 at the P. cinnamomi affected sites, indicating a high degree of disturbance. A non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis using 16 habitat variables identified significant (ANISOM: R=0.343, P<0.003) separation among affected and unaffected sites. A SIMPER analysis revealed that ground and shrub cover vegetation, small and total log densities, percentage leaf litter cover, and the densities of small, medium, tall single crowned and total Xanthorrhoea preissii were the greatest contributors separating affected and unaffected areas. Presently, our understanding of how P. cinnamomi affects the fauna of Western Australia is limited. This providing a unique opportunity to examine how P. cinnamomi-induced disturbance impacts upon the mardo. The mardo is a small insectivorous marsupial that is regarded as being common and a habitat generalist that occupies a broad range of forest and woodland habitats throughout the south-west of Western Australia. Until the present study, the specific habitat requirements, and therefore the factors limiting the present distribution of the mardo have received little attention. Therefore, in addition to being the first study to evaluate the impact of P. cinnamomi on Western Australian fauna, this study also provides important information about the present distribution of the mardo. Detection-nondetection mark-release surveys conducted in P. cinnamomi affected and unaffected regions of the northern jarrah forest, revealed that although, mardos were recorded at most sites, the number of mardo individuals, captures and detections were considerably lower at P. cinnamomi affected areas. Patch Occupancy analysis, using an information theoretic approach, revealed that the probability of a mardo occupying a region of the northern jarrah forest affected by P. cinnamomi ranged from a likelihood of 0.0 to 25.0%, while in contrast there was a 41.0 to 51.0% likelihood of a mardo occurring among unaffected regions. This discovery supports the hypothesis that P. cinnamomi-induced habitat disturbance impacts upon the distribution of the mardo. An evaluation of the micro-habitat features important to the mardo using Patch Occupancy modelling using an information theoretic approach identified large logs and X. preissii densities as positive contributors to the present distribution of the mardo in the northern jarrah forest. Indeed, the likelihood of a mardo occupying an area with large logs and dense patches of X. preissii ranged from 62.2% to 85.0%. In contrast, in the P. cinnamomi affected sites with lower X. preissii densities the patch occupancy probabilities ranged from 0.0% to 45.7%. Logs and X. preissii strongly contribute to the understorey and may increase nest locations and cover while offering protection from predators. Mardos may avoid P. cinnamomi affected areas because of lower X. preissii densities, which may result in fewer nest locations, reduced cover and an increased likelihood of predation. However, the results of the study must be treated as preliminary findings, therefore there may be additional environmental related or unrelated to P. cinnamomi factors that may also contribute to the occupancy rates of the mardo. Therefore, further studies and research on the ecology and biology of the mardo is strongly encouraged. Until this research is conducted, P. cinnamomi most be considered as significant threat to the conservation of the mardo. Therefore, the conservation of the mardo in the northern jarrah forest depends on limiting the spread and impact of P. cinnamomi, as well as the retention of large logs and tall X. preissii. Given that large logs and tall X. preissii contribute to the distribution of the mardo, strong consideration must be given to using these natural elements to rehabilitate the most severely disturbed areas of the northern jarrah forest. Consideration must be given to the conservation of other small and threatened mammal species that inhabit susceptible plant communities in the south-west of Western Australia. An understanding of how P. cinnamomi impacts on the mardo and other native mammals will contribute to our ability to control, protect and manage vulnerable communities and ecosystems in Western Australia. If the spread and impact of this pathogen is left unchecked, the ultimate consequence to the conservation of many small to medium native mammals that are dependant on structurally complex habitat may be devastating.

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25

Armistead, Rodney James. "The impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on the distribution of the yellow-footed antechinus (mardo) (Antechinus flavipes leucogaster) (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae)." Armistead , Rodney James (2008) The impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on the distribution of the yellow-footed antechinus (mardo) (Antechinus flavipes leucogaster) (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2008. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/1656/.

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Abstract:

This is the first study to investigate and provide definitive evidence that the plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi is a significant threat to the mammal fauna of Western Australia. This study investigated the impact of P. cinnamomi-induced habitat disturbance and degradation on Antechinus flavipes leucogaster (yellow-footed antechinus) or mardo. Phytophthora cinnamomi is an introduced and invasive soil-borne plant pathogen that kills many common and structurally important plant species, which results in significant changes to the structural characteristics of affected areas. An evaluation of P. cinnamomi affected and unaffected areas of the northern jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest revealed significant declines in the structure, composition and complexity of all areas affected by P. cinnamomi. Dieback Expression Score values ranged from a mean value of 1.88 ± 1.01 to 3.8 ± 0.41 at the P. cinnamomi affected sites, indicating a high degree of disturbance. A non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis using 16 habitat variables identified significant (ANISOM: R=0.343, P<0.003) separation among affected and unaffected sites. A SIMPER analysis revealed that ground and shrub cover vegetation, small and total log densities, percentage leaf litter cover, and the densities of small, medium, tall single crowned and total Xanthorrhoea preissii were the greatest contributors separating affected and unaffected areas. Presently, our understanding of how P. cinnamomi affects the fauna of Western Australia is limited. This providing a unique opportunity to examine how P. cinnamomi-induced disturbance impacts upon the mardo. The mardo is a small insectivorous marsupial that is regarded as being common and a habitat generalist that occupies a broad range of forest and woodland habitats throughout the south-west of Western Australia. Until the present study, the specific habitat requirements, and therefore the factors limiting the present distribution of the mardo have received little attention. Therefore, in addition to being the first study to evaluate the impact of P. cinnamomi on Western Australian fauna, this study also provides important information about the present distribution of the mardo. Detection-nondetection mark-release surveys conducted in P. cinnamomi affected and unaffected regions of the northern jarrah forest, revealed that although, mardos were recorded at most sites, the number of mardo individuals, captures and detections were considerably lower at P. cinnamomi affected areas. Patch Occupancy analysis, using an information theoretic approach, revealed that the probability of a mardo occupying a region of the northern jarrah forest affected by P. cinnamomi ranged from a likelihood of 0.0 to 25.0%, while in contrast there was a 41.0 to 51.0% likelihood of a mardo occurring among unaffected regions. This discovery supports the hypothesis that P. cinnamomi-induced habitat disturbance impacts upon the distribution of the mardo. An evaluation of the micro-habitat features important to the mardo using Patch Occupancy modelling using an information theoretic approach identified large logs and X. preissii densities as positive contributors to the present distribution of the mardo in the northern jarrah forest. Indeed, the likelihood of a mardo occupying an area with large logs and dense patches of X. preissii ranged from 62.2% to 85.0%. In contrast, in the P. cinnamomi affected sites with lower X. preissii densities the patch occupancy probabilities ranged from 0.0% to 45.7%. Logs and X. preissii strongly contribute to the understorey and may increase nest locations and cover while offering protection from predators. Mardos may avoid P. cinnamomi affected areas because of lower X. preissii densities, which may result in fewer nest locations, reduced cover and an increased likelihood of predation. However, the results of the study must be treated as preliminary findings, therefore there may be additional environmental related or unrelated to P. cinnamomi factors that may also contribute to the occupancy rates of the mardo. Therefore, further studies and research on the ecology and biology of the mardo is strongly encouraged. Until this research is conducted, P. cinnamomi most be considered as significant threat to the conservation of the mardo. Therefore, the conservation of the mardo in the northern jarrah forest depends on limiting the spread and impact of P. cinnamomi, as well as the retention of large logs and tall X. preissii. Given that large logs and tall X. preissii contribute to the distribution of the mardo, strong consideration must be given to using these natural elements to rehabilitate the most severely disturbed areas of the northern jarrah forest. Consideration must be given to the conservation of other small and threatened mammal species that inhabit susceptible plant communities in the south-west of Western Australia. An understanding of how P. cinnamomi impacts on the mardo and other native mammals will contribute to our ability to control, protect and manage vulnerable communities and ecosystems in Western Australia. If the spread and impact of this pathogen is left unchecked, the ultimate consequence to the conservation of many small to medium native mammals that are dependant on structurally complex habitat may be devastating.

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26

SILVA, Edson Moura da. "Detecção de Cryptosporidium spp., Leishmania spp. e identificação de ixodídeos e sifonápteros em Didelphis albiventris Lund 1841 (Marsupialia: Didelphidae)." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2016. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4751.

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Several wild animals are described as reservoirs, hosts and carriers of infectious and parasitic agents, especially the marsupials Didelphis genus, including the Didelphis albiventris. Due to the general and anthropic habit, this animal is recognized as a reservoir of various pathogens, especially Cryptosporidium spp. and Leishmania spp., besides serving as a carrier of arthropods that can parasitize domestic animals, wildlife and humans. Given this context, the objective of this study was to detect Cryptosporidium spp., Leishmania spp. and identify Ixodids in Didelphis albiventris. The capture was performed with the use of Tomahowk live trap. Physical containment was performed with the aid of appropriate leather gloves and chemical containment was performed with the association of Ketamine Hydrochloride (30 to 50 mg / kg / IM) and Xylazine (2 mg / kg / IM). A total of 40 animals were captured, 29 females and 11 males of free life belonging to the Metropolitan Mesoregion of Recife and the Micro-region of Araripina, Pernambuco, Brazil. Stool samples of the animals were subjected to centrifugal sedimentation technique in formalin-ether with subsequent staining Kinyoun method. Blood samples were also collected to investigate the infection by Leishmania spp. by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and are listed ectoparasites. As a result, it was observed that 15% (6/40) of the fecal samples of D. albiventris were parasitized with Cryptosporidium spp., demonstrating that they can act as important reservoirs of this parasite in the urban-wildland interface. None of the samples was positive for Leishmania spp. by PCR, noting that the animals are not part of the life cycle of this agent in studied areas. Ectoparasites found were rated as Ixodes loricatus, Amblyomma rotundatum and Amblyomma spp., being reported for the first time the parasitism by Amblyomma rotundatum in D. albiventris.
Vários animais silvestres são descritos como reservatórios, hospedeiros e carreadores de agentes infecciosos e parasitários, tendo como destaque os marsupiais do gênero Didelphis, dentre eles o Didelphis albiventris. Devido ao hábito generalista e antrópico, esse animal é reconhecido como reservatório de vários agentes patogênicos, destacando-se Cryptosporidium spp., e Leishmania spp., além de servir como carreador de artrópodes que podem parasitar animais domésticos, silvestres e o homem. Diante deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar Cryptosporidium spp., Leishmania spp. e identificar Ixodídeos em Didelphis albiventris. Para captura foram utilizadas armadilhas tipo Tomahowk live trap. Um total de 40 animais foi capturado, sendo 29 fêmeas e 11 machos de vida livre pertencentes à Mesorregião Metropolitana do Recife e a Microrregião de Araripina, Pernambuco, Brasil. Amostras de fezes dos animais foram submetidas à técnica de centrífugo-sedimentação em formol-éter com posterior coloração pelo método de Kinyoun. Amostras de sangue também foram coletadas para investigar a infecção por Leishmania spp. pela Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), além de serem coletados ectoparasitas. Como resultado, foram observados que 15% (6/40) das amostras fecais dos D. albiventris estavam parasitadas com oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp., demonstrando que os mesmos podem atuar como importantes reservatórios deste parasita na interface urbano-florestal. Nenhuma das amostras foi positiva para Leishmania spp. pela PCR, ressaltando que os animais estudados não fazem parte do ciclo de vida desse agente nas áreas estududas. Os ectoparasitas encontrados foram classificados como Ixodes loricatus, Amblyomma rotundatum e Amblyomma spp., sendo relatado pela primeira vez o parasitismo por Amblyomma rotundatum em D. albiventris.

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Szdzuy, Kirsten. "Reproductive strategies of K-T-crossing theria neonate and postnatal development of the morphotype of Marsupialia and Placentalia (Mammalia)." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15483.

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Die Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit den möglichen Gründen für die divergente evolutionäre Entwicklung von Beuteltieren und plazentalen Säugetieren nach der Kreide/Tertiär-Grenze. Eine Erklärung könnten ihre unterschiedlichen Reproduktionsstrategien sein. Während die Beuteltiere sehr embryonale Jungtiere nach einer kurzen Tragzeit gebären, bringen Plazentalier deutlich weiter entwickelte Jungtiere nach einer relativ langen Tragzeit zur Welt. Die Aufrechterhaltung eines stabilen Metabolismus und thermoregulatorische Fähigkeiten der Jungtiere bieten einen großen Vorteil für die Anpassungsfähigkeit an ungünstige Umweltbedingungen, wie sie für die K/T-Grenze vermutet werden. Aus diesem Grund untersucht diese Studie den strukturelle Entwicklungsgrad der Lunge und die metabolischen Fähigkeiten von neonaten Marsupialia und Plazentalia. Histologische, ultrastrukturelle und kalorimetrische Untersuchungen erfolgten in einer integrativen Studie. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen wurde eine Grundplanrekonstruktionen der Neonaten von Marsupialia und Plazentalia durchgeführt. Als Vertreter für nesthockende Plazentalia wurde der Goldhamster (Mesocricetus auratus), die Moschusspitzmaus (Suncus murinus) und das Belangeri Spitzhörnchen (Tupaia belangeri) untersucht. Das Wildmeerschweinchen (Cavia aperea) und die Kurzohr-Elefantenspitzmaus (Macroscelides proboscideus) repräsentieren die nestflüchtenden Plazentalia. Als Marsupialia wurden die Hausspitzmaus-Beutelratte (Monodelphis domestica) und das Tammar-Wallaby (Macropus eugenii) untersucht. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die starken Unterschiede im Entwicklungsgrad der Neonaten und in der postnatalen Entwicklung zwischen Marsupialia und Plazentalia. Die neonatalen Lungen von M. auratus und S. murinus befinden sich im späten “terminal air sac”-Stadium und weisen viele kleine Atemkammern von 50-80 µm Durchmesser auf. Die Alveolenbildung erfolgt bei M. auratus und S. murinus bereits im Alter von zwei beziehungsweise vier Tagen. Bei T. belangeri, C. aperea und M. proboscideus sind Alveolen bereits zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt vorhanden. Im Gegensatz dazu, befinden sich die Lungen der neonaten Beuteltiere M. domestica und M. eugenii im frühen “terminal air sac”-Stadium mit wenigen großen Atemkammern von 300-400 µm im Durchmesser. Die postnatale Lungenentwicklung erfolgt sehr langsam und die Alveolenbildung startet mit 28 Tagen bei M. domestica und mit 65 Tagen bei M. eugenii. Die Metabolismusmessungen ergaben, daß Marsupialia mit einer niedrigen Metabolismusrate geboren werden und den Adultmetabolismus erst spät in der postnatalen Entwicklung erreichen. Einhergehend mit der weit entwickelten Lungenstruktur weisen die Plazentalia hohe Metabolismusraten zur Geburt auf und erreichen den Adultmetabolismus innerhalb der ersten Lebenswoche. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Jungtiere der Plazentalia, im Vergleich zu jungen Marsupialia, eine höhere Widerstandskraft gegen Umweltschwankungen haben, was als ein evolutiver Vorteil der Reproduktionsstrategie der Plazentalia unter ungünstigen Klimabedingungen interpretiert werden kann.
This project deals with the possible reasons for the evolutionary differentiation between marsupial and placental mammals after the K/T-event. One explanation could be their different reproductive patterns. Marsupialia bear virtually embryonic young after a brief gestation period. In contrast, many eutherians bear anatomically advanced, highly precocious young after a relatively long gestation period. A stable metabolism and thermoregulatory abilities of the young are considered to offer a large adaptive advantage in a changing environment, how it is presumed for the K/T-boundary. Therefore this study determines the developmental stage and the respiratory efficiency of the lungs of marsupial and placental young. Histological, ultrastructural and calorimetric investigations were carried out in an integrated study and from the results morphotype reconstructions of the marsupial and placental neonates were carried out. As representatives for altricial Placentalia, the Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), the Musk shrew (Suncus murinus), and the Belanger’s tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) were examined. Furthermore the Guinea pig (Cavia aperea) and Short-eared elephant shrew (Macroscelides proboscideus) as typical precocial Placentalia were included. The Marsupialia were represented by the Grey short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and the Tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). The results confirm clear differences in the developmental degree of the neonates and the postnatal development between marsupial and placental mammals. The newborn lungs of the altricially born placentals M. auratus and S. murinus are at the late terminal air sac stage with numerous small air sacs of 50 - 80 µm in diameter. Alveoli are formed shortly after birth at the age of 2 days in M. auratus and at the age of 4 days in S. murinus. In T. belangeri and in the precocially born C. aperea alveoli are already present at birth. In contrast, the lungs of the newborn marsupials M. domestica and M. eugenii are at the early terminal air sac stage with few large air sacs of 300 – 400 µm in diameter. The postnatal lung development proceeds very slowly in marsupials and alveoli are not present before the age of 28 days in M. domestica and 65 days in M. eugenii. The metabolic investigations demonstrate that Marsupialia have a low metabolism at birth and achieve the adult metabolism late in the postnatal development. All examined Placentalia showed the same pattern of oxygen consumption. Corresponding to their advanced differentiation of the lungs they also exhibit high metabolic abilities at birth and reach the adult metabolism during the first week of life. During this critical period placental young have a higher resistance against certain environmental stresses than marsupial young and this could mean an evolutionary advantage of the placental “reproductive strategy” under suboptimal climatic conditions.

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Coombes, Karen Elizabeth. "The ecology and utilisation of Lumholtz's tree kangaroos Dendrolagus lumholtzi (Marsupialia: Macropodidae), on the Atherton Tablelands, far north Queensland." Thesis, Click here to access, 2005. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/40/1/01front.pdf.

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Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus Iumholtzi), one of Australia’s largest folivores and one of only two tree-kangaroo species endemic to Australia and far north Queensland’s Wet Tropics. D. Iumholtzi are most commonly found in the fragmented rainforests that remain within an agricultural matrix in a relatively small area on the Atherton Tablelands. Unfortunately the majority of these fragments are on privately owned land and are not totally protected from clearing, therefore their long-term persistence is threatened by land clearing, further habitat fragmentation and mortality from dogs and cars. Although there have been a few studies on the ecology and habitat use of D. Iumholtzi, our current knowledge is limited. A more comprehensive understanding of spatial and floristic habitat use is essential for the conservation and management of D. Iumholtzi. This study examined the spatial organisation and habitat utilisation of Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroos in a Type lb rainforest fragment on the Atherton Tablelands and compared this to earlier studies (Procter-Gray 1985, Newell 1999). The two previous studies were both undertaken on the same spatially restricted rainforest type (Type Sb) only a couple of hundred metres apart, so this study has provided an important expansion of our understanding of D. Iumholtzi ecology across space and rainforest types. There were no significant effects of rainforest type on the home range sizes of D. Iumholtzi (Procter-Gray 1985, Newell 1999, This study). Male D. Iumholtziin this study held home ranges of 2.1 ± 0.7 ha (90% HM) overlapping that of several females but not other males, and females had exclusive home ranges of 2.1 ± 0.8 ha (90% HM) of a similar size to males. However, there was a large amount of variation in female home range sizes (0.1 —4.9 ha). Body weight did not explain this variation in home range sizes. This study also examined structural and floristic characteristics of the habitat and investigated if these could be used to model D. Iumholtzi habitat usage. The structural and floristic characters measured in this study could not be used to determine the focus of habitat usage. This study has shown that there is a more complex association between D. Iumholtzi and its use of habitat other than the structural characters of the habitat. D. Iumholtzi do select specific tree species, but there are strongly expressed individual preferences, similar to other arboreal folivores. The reasons for these specific choices are currently unclear but D. Iumholtzi are likely to choose trees for foliage characters, such as the levels of nutrients or plant defences, rather than for the species at a taxonomic level. This is also consistent with other arboreal folivores such as koalas and leaf-eating monkeys. The determination of which foliar characters are driving tree species or individual tree choice will require further research. This study tested and rejected a number of previous hypotheses regarding the characteristics determining D. Iumholtzi habitat use. They are not edge specialists, do not prefer regrowth or areas with a large variation in canopy height, or areas with high species diversity or density. The gastrointestinal morphology of D. Iumholtzi shares a number of features with other foregut fermenting folivores. Compared to other macropodids, D. Iumholtzi has a large sacciform forestomach and a large overall stomach capacity, and more similar in size and morphology to that of other arboreal foregut fermenting folivores, such as colobine monkeys. It is likely that these characteristics are adaptive for its diet of rainforest leaves. Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroos can be simply aged using a tooth wear index developed during this study. Aging is essential for establishing demographics, such as age specific mortality and fecundity of populations, currently unknown in D. Iumholtzi. Without the ability to age populations we cannot reliably undertake valuable estimations such as population viability analysis, which require these parameters. Additionally, this study has highlighted that not only one rainforest type is important to D. Iumholtzi and that more emphasis should be made on the preservation and restoration of all rainforest types. Furthermore, it is vital that all rainforest fragments including riparian zones, regrowth and corridors and stepping stones, should be conserved, rehabilitated and areas replanted as D. Iumholtzi habitat, as they are crucial to the species long term survival.

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Pinto, Sheila Serra Vieira. "Estudo complementar da glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase eritrocitária do marsupial brasileiro Didelphis marsupialis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-15042009-145222/.

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Sabe-se que a atividade da glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase eritrocitária do marsupial brasileiro Didelphis marsupialis é cerca de 15 a 20 vezes a encontrada nos eritrócitos humanos. Pretendendo-se investigar se esta hiperatividade também se encontra ou não aumentada nas outras enzimas eritrocitárias, levou-se a efeito a dosagem das atividades das enzimas glicolíticas bem de outras enzimas relacionadas ao metabolismo óxido-redutor do eritrócito do marsupial. Alguns dados bioquímicos sorológicos, hematológicos e imunológicos foram também obtidos. Assim sendo, as seguintes enzimas eritrocitárias foram estudadas: hexoquinase, glicose fosfato isomerase, fosfofrutoquinase, aldolase, triose fosfato isomerase, gliceraldeido-3-fosfato desidrogenase, fosfogliceratoquinase, difosfoglicerato mutase, monofosfoglicerato mutase, enolase, piruvato quinase, lactato desidrogenase, glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase, 6-fosfogliconato desidrogenase, glutationa redutase, glutationa peroxidase, glutationa S-transferase, nicotinamida adenina dinucleotideo fosfato diaforase, nicotinamida adenina dinucleotideo meta-hemoglobina redutase, superóxido dismutase, aspartato aminotransferase, adenilato quinase, adenosina desaminase e acetilcolinesterase. Embora a maioria das enzimas estudadas tenham revelado atividades semelhantes às encontradas nos eritrócitos humanos, foram observados aumentos significativos da hexoquinase, piruvato quinase e glutationa S-transferase. Entretanto, a atividade da glutationa peroxidase apresentou grande aumento de atividade, cerca de dez a doze vezes a encontrada nos eritrócitos humanos, talvez agindo em conjunto com a hiperatividade da glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase da ordem de dez a quinze vezes já descrita nos eritrócitos humanos
It is known that erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase specific activity of Didelphis marsupialis is about 15-20 times higher than human red cells. In order to investigate whether this hyperactivity is extended or not to other red cell enzymes, it was proposed to ascertain the activity of the glycolytic enzymes as well as other related to the redox metabolism of the opossum erythrocyte. Some biochemical, hematological and immunological data were also assayed as well. That being so, the following red cell enzymes were assayed: hexokinase, glucose phosphate isomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, triose phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, diphosphoglycerate mutase, monophosphoglycerate mutase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metahemoglobin reductase, superoxide dismutase, aspartate amino-transferase, adenylate kinase, adenosine deaminase and acetylcholinesterase . Although most of the enzymatic activities disclosed to be similar to humans, some enzymes exhibited high activities as the hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and glutathione-S-transferase, about three to four times in relation to human. However the glutathione peroxidase presented overwhelming activity, at the order of ten-twelve times the human enzyme, perhaps working together the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase hyperactivity at the order of ten-fifteen times already described in the marsupial erythrocytes

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Martins, Eduardo Guimarães. "Ecologia populacional e area de vida da cuica Gracilinanus microtarsus (Marsupialia : Didelphidae) em um cerradão de Americo Brasiliense, São Paulo." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316230.

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Orientadores: Sergio Furtado dos Reis, Cibele Queiroz da Silva
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Mestrado

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Garkaklis, Mark Jurids. "Digging by the woylie Bettongia penicillata (Marsupialia) and its effects upon soil and landscape characteristics in a Western Australian woodland." Thesis, Garkaklis, Mark Jurids (2001) Digging by the woylie Bettongia penicillata (Marsupialia) and its effects upon soil and landscape characteristics in a Western Australian woodland. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2001. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52132/.

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Until recently the potoroid rat kangaroo Bettongia penicillata (the woylie), once common and abundant across the southern third of Australia, was threatened with extinction, and restricted to three small populations in the southwest of Western Australia. Feral predator control and habitat management have seen a recovery in the populations of the woylie. This has provided an opportunity to study some of the functional relationships between this mycophageous marsupial and the environment it inhabits. The woylie feeds predominantly on the hypogeous faiiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi, making diggings that disturb the soil surface. This study was the first to examine the impact of this digging activity (biopedturbation), on the edaphic and floristic structure of the ecosystems inhabited by woylies. An open population of 20 - 49 woylies was studied in a 70 ha area of the Dryandra Woodland, approximately 200 km to the southeast of Perth. The total number of woylie diggings estimated in the study site ranged from 5 000 ha^-1 year^-1 in April 1995 to 16 000 ha^-1 year^-1 in April 1996. This corresponds to a digging rate of between 38 to 115 diggings woylie^-1 night^-1, and an average soil turnover of approximately 6 tonnes woylie^-1 year^-1. No seasonal pattern in woylie digging activity was apparent. The decay process in woylie diggings was examined using simulated diggings. The average period of decay for diggings less than 60 mm in depth (mean depth = 45.0 ± 1.5 mm) was 29.5 ± 3.1 weeks. The average period of decay for diggings equal to or greater than 60 mm (mean depth 75.9 ± 3.1 mm) was 79 ± 10 weeks. There was a significant relationship between the initial depth of the digging and the period of decay (r^2 = 0.534, p < 0.001). Loose coarse organic material was found in all diggings before they were completely filled-in. Soils in the study site were found to be water repellent, usually in the top 1 cm of the soil, and as woylies forage for hypogeous fungi they disturb this surface layer. In situ measurements showed the undisturbed woodland soil surface was severely water repellent, whereas diggings had low water repellency and acted as preferential water infiltration paths after autumn rainfall events. In simulated diggings the low water repellence of the soil disappeared after approximately 2 years and organic material accumulated in the diggings, resulting in the formation of sub-surface water repellency at the base of the filled-in digging. In 25% of simulated diggings this buried organic material was invaded by masses of fungal hyphae which contributed significantly to the sub-surface water repellence. Thus, soil water repellency in the southwest of Western Australia is spatially and temporally heterogeneous and this heterogeneity is caused by digging animals. The distribution of soil nutrients, soil bulk density and soil particle size were also affected by woylie digging. In simulated diggings, available nitrate, ammonium and sulphur were significantly lower in decayed diggings than in undisturbed soils. Nitrate is susceptible to leaching in preferential water infiltration areas, whilst equilibrium reactions between ammonium and nitrate, and between sulphur and the mobile sulphate, can potentially result in decreases in both of these soil nutrients in water infiltration zones over time. Soil bulk density decreased significantly in both decayed simulated diggings and also at the larger quadrat scale. Areas excluded from woylie digging had a significantly higher soil bulk density than those subjected to digging, and excluded areas had soil bulk densities similar to woodlands where woylies did not occur. Remnant woodlands where digging animals are extinct may have soil physical properties that are less amenable to plant growth and productivity than where they are present. Soils in decayed diggings had a lower mean particle size, especially in soils with a high gravel content. The decay process favours the mobilisation of finer particles from the digging spoil which appear to wash back into the digging itself. The result is a surface soil with a heterogeneous particle size distribution. Digging by woylies results in patches of fine soil interspersed with coarse gravel piles on the surface. Woylie exclusion did not change plant recruitment or plant growth. Established woody perennials are unlikely to be grazed by woylies, which are predominantly mycophageous. Other studies have shown that a reduction in the productivity due to herbivory of plants that have symbiotic relationships with ectomycorrhizae results in a reduction in the productivity of mycorrhizal fungi. However, although this study showed no direct herbivory by woylies upon woody perennials, they were observed digging for the bulbs of hemicryptophytes (family Haemondoraceae) and also caching fruits of Santalum trees. Thus, direct interactions between the woylie and certain woodland species do occur. The soils of the southwest of Western Australia reflect deep in situ weathering of the laterite profile, indicative of a geologically stable environment. However, this study concludes that, at a smaller scale, southwestern Australian soils are subject to dynamic processes that create heterogenous soils, both spatially and temporally. The driving force behind these processes is the digging fauna. Digging is a significant perturbation in the environment and the changes that occur as a result of biopedturbation affect a number of important soil properties. The management of woodland and forest ecosystems where these fauna are now extinct may not reflect the true nature of these ecosystems and suggests that the maintenance of a diverse vertebrate fauna may be important to them.

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32

Coombes, Karen Elizabeth. "The ecology and habitat utilisation of Lumholtz's tree-kangaroos, Dendrolagus lumholtzi (Marsupialia: Macropodidae), on the Atherton Tablelands, far north Queensland /." Click here to access, 2005. http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/40/1/01front.pdf.

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Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus Iumholtzi), one of Australia’s largest folivores and one of only two tree-kangaroo species endemic to Australia and far north Queensland’s Wet Tropics. D. Iumholtzi are most commonly found in the fragmented rainforests that remain within an agricultural matrix in a relatively small area on the Atherton Tablelands. Unfortunately the majority of these fragments are on privately owned land and are not totally protected from clearing, therefore their long-term persistence is threatened by land clearing, further habitat fragmentation and mortality from dogs and cars. Although there have been a few studies on the ecology and habitat use of D. Iumholtzi, our current knowledge is limited. A more comprehensive understanding of spatial and floristic habitat use is essential for the conservation and management of D. Iumholtzi. This study examined the spatial organisation and habitat utilisation of Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroos in a Type lb rainforest fragment on the Atherton Tablelands and compared this to earlier studies (Procter-Gray 1985, Newell 1999). The two previous studies were both undertaken on the same spatially restricted rainforest type (Type Sb) only a couple of hundred metres apart, so this study has provided an important expansion of our understanding of D. Iumholtzi ecology across space and rainforest types. There were no significant effects of rainforest type on the home range sizes of D. Iumholtzi (Procter-Gray 1985, Newell 1999, This study). Male D. Iumholtziin this study held home ranges of 2.1 ± 0.7 ha (90% HM) overlapping that of several females but not other males, and females had exclusive home ranges of 2.1 ± 0.8 ha (90% HM) of a similar size to males. However, there was a large amount of variation in female home range sizes (0.1 —4.9 ha). Body weight did not explain this variation in home range sizes. This study also examined structural and floristic characteristics of the habitat and investigated if these could be used to model D. Iumholtzi habitat usage. The structural and floristic characters measured in this study could not be used to determine the focus of habitat usage. This study has shown that there is a more complex association between D. Iumholtzi and its use of habitat other than the structural characters of the habitat. D. Iumholtzi do select specific tree species, but there are strongly expressed individual preferences, similar to other arboreal folivores. The reasons for these specific choices are currently unclear but D. Iumholtzi are likely to choose trees for foliage characters, such as the levels of nutrients or plant defences, rather than for the species at a taxonomic level. This is also consistent with other arboreal folivores such as koalas and leaf-eating monkeys. The determination of which foliar characters are driving tree species or individual tree choice will require further research. This study tested and rejected a number of previous hypotheses regarding the characteristics determining D. Iumholtzi habitat use. They are not edge specialists, do not prefer regrowth or areas with a large variation in canopy height, or areas with high species diversity or density. The gastrointestinal morphology of D. Iumholtzi shares a number of features with other foregut fermenting folivores. Compared to other macropodids, D. Iumholtzi has a large sacciform forestomach and a large overall stomach capacity, and more similar in size and morphology to that of other arboreal foregut fermenting folivores, such as colobine monkeys. It is likely that these characteristics are adaptive for its diet of rainforest leaves. Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroos can be simply aged using a tooth wear index developed during this study. Aging is essential for establishing demographics, such as age specific mortality and fecundity of populations, currently unknown in D. Iumholtzi. Without the ability to age populations we cannot reliably undertake valuable estimations such as population viability analysis, which require these parameters. Additionally, this study has highlighted that not only one rainforest type is important to D. Iumholtzi and that more emphasis should be made on the preservation and restoration of all rainforest types. Furthermore, it is vital that all rainforest fragments including riparian zones, regrowth and corridors and stepping stones, should be conserved, rehabilitated and areas replanted as D. Iumholtzi habitat, as they are crucial to the species long term survival.

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Monteiro, Filho Emygdio de Araujo. "Biologia reprodutiva e espaço domiciliar de Didelphis albisentris em uma area perturbada na região de Campinas, Estado de São Paulo (Mammalia - Marsupialia)." [s.n.], 1987. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315797.

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Orientador : Augusto Shinya Abe
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-14T16:14:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MonteiroFilho_EmygdiodeAraujo_M.pdf: 5212417 bytes, checksum: 7661df8919a79b34dfa0934750e16f7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 1987
Resumo: O estudo de uma população de gambás de orelha branca (V. albivenrtis), foi desenvolvido em uma área perturbada com cerca de 516000m2 (área A), localizada entre pastos pertencentes à duas fazendas do município de Campinas (Lat. aproximada de 23ºS, Long. aproximada de 47ºW) no estado de são Paulo. A área em questão apresenta-se em nítido processo de sucessão vegetal. Ao longo de um período de 18 meses (19/junho/1984 a 6/novembro/1985) gaiolas de captura iscadas com banana madura foram armadas na área A e em algumas áreas circundantes, num raio de 1500 m, com um total de 2471 armadilhas montadas. De 956 capturas de 11 espécies, cerca de 10%(95 capturas) foram de Videlphis albiventris, tendo sido marcados 48 diferentes indivíduos, onde 30 foram das áreas estudadas e os restantes, de outros locais. Sempre que um animal foi capturado pela primeira vez, vez, foi feita a biometria sendo tomada as medidas de comprimento e largura da cabeça, comprimentos do corpo, pata posterior, orelha e cauda, além da pesagem e da contagem do número de dentes, num total de 25 amostras. Através das medidas obtidas das cabeças, constatou-se não haver dimorfismo sexual quando considerado a relação da largura pelo comprimento. Não houve diferença entre o crescimento corporal (comprimento e peso) de machos e fêmeas, considerando-se jovens e adultos, sendo estes padrões de crescimento semelhantes aos de (V. albivenrtis). Foi também verificado um aumento do peso corporal durante o inverno, com uma conseqüente diminuição ao longo da primavera e verão. Quanto à dentição, foi possível estabelecer uma boa correlação com o peso e, conseqüentemente, com o crescimento corporal. ... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: Not informed.
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

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34

Antunes, Vanina Zini. "Comportamento postural e locomotor ao escalar de sete espécies marsupiais (Didelphimorphia) da Mata Atlântica." Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11422/3036.

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CAPES
FUJB
A utilização diversificada do estrato arbóreo pelos didelfídeos é decorrente do tamanho do corpo e de características anatômicas ou da partilha dos recursos. Essa diversificação da habilidade arborícola é pouco conhecida e seu estudo pode revelar comportamentos específicos. Neste trabalho analisou-se e comparou-se o modo de escalar suportes verticais de setes espécies: Caluromys philander (arborícola de dossel), Gracilinanus microtarsus, Micoureus travassossi, Marmosops incanus (arborícolas de sub-bosque), Didelphis aurita, Philander frenatus (semi-terrestres) e Metachirus nudicaudatus (terrestre). Esperava-se encontrar diferenças nas estratégias de locomoção relacionadas ao estrato vertical utilizado e à velocidade atingida. Os animais foram capturados em áreas de Mata Atlântica, RJ, e removidos. Em laboratório, realizaram-se testes locomotores em cordas de nylon, dispostas verticalmente, com três diâmetros. Os testes foram gravados em vídeo e as imagens digitalizadas para análise do modo de escalar. Com diagramas de locomoção e análise quadro a quadro da imagem, selecionou-se o animal mais veloz e com postura típica da espécie. Para a comparação entre diferentes velocidades, selecionou-se um ciclo de passada de dois indivíduos (um com velocidade mínima, e outro, máxima) de cada espécie, nos três suportes. Classificou-se a passada com gráfico de locomoção. Os arborícolas apresentaram movimentação dos membros característica de trote, diferente das demais espécies e mantiveram-se afastados da corda. M. incanus e P. frenatus alteraram a passada ao diminuir a velocidade, e passaram de dois para três apoios. A cauda não foi utilizada na escalada. Portanto, pode-se concluir que os arborícolas têm maior estabilidade e desenvoltura ao escalar, por conseguirem atingir alta velocidade com dois apoios e manterem-se afastados do suporte.
The stratification of didelphids on the arboreal strata seem to be related to their body size, anatomical differences and resources partitioning. Researches on their arboreal ability are still lacking and they could reveal specifics behaviors. ln this study was investigated climbing gait on vertical supports of seven species: Caluromys philander (canopy arboreal), Gracilinanus microtarsus, Micoureus travassossi, Marmosops incanus (understory arboreal), Didelphis aurita, Philander frenatus (semi-terrestrials) e Metachirus nudicaudatus (terrestrial). It was expected distinct locomotion strategies related to the arboreal stratum utilized and to the reached speed. The animais were trapped in Atlantic forest areas, RJ, and removed. At the laboratory, locomotory tests were applied with vertically nylon ropes with three diameters. These tests were filmed and the images digitized for climbing analysis. Gait diagrams and a frame-by-frame analysis were made to select the individual with the fast gait sequence and a typical climbing posture of its species. To compare differences according to speeds, a gait sequence from two individuais were selected (one in the minimum other in the maximum speed) of each species, on the three ropes. Locomotion graph was used to classify the gait sequences. The arboreal species moved their limbs like a trot, been different from the other species and maintained their body far off the rope. M. incanus and P. frenatus altered their gait sequences with the speed reduction, and relied on three limbs. The tail was not useful for climbing. Thus, arboreal species had more stability and agility climbing, for been able to reach high speed with two support limbs and maintain their body far off the rope.

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35

Zenger, Kyall Richard. "Genetic linkage maps and population genetics of macropods." Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/47604.

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"November 2001".
Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, 2002.
Bibliography: leaves 136-157.
General introduction -- Molecular markers for comparative and quantitative studies in macropods -- Genetic linkage map construction in the tammar wallaby (M. eugenii) -- Intraspecific variation, sex-biased dispersal and phylogeography of the eastern grey kangaroo (M. giganteus) -- General discussion.
The analysis of DNA using molecular techniques is an important tool for studies of evolutionary relationships, population genetics and genome organisation. The use of molecular markers within marsupials is primarily limited by their availability and success of amplification. Within this study, 77 macropodid type II microsatellite loci and two type I genetic markers were characterised within M. eugenii to evaluate polymorphic levels and cross-species amplification artifacts. Results indicated that 65 microsatellite loci amplified a single locus in M. eugenii with 44 exhibiting high levels of variability. The success of crossspecies amplification of microsatellite loci was inversely proportional to the evolutionary distance between the macropod species. It is revealed that the majority of species within the Macropodidae are capable of using many of the available heterologous microsatellites. When comparing the degree of variability between source-species and M. eugenii, most were significantly higher within source species (P < 0.05). These differences were most likely caused by ascertainment bias in microsatellite selection for both length and purity. -- The production of a marsupial genetic linkage map is perhaps one of the most important objectives in marsupial research. This study used a total of 353 informative meioses and 64 genetic markers to construct a framework genetic linkage map for M. eugenii. Nearly all markers (93.7%) formed a significant linkage (LOD > 3.0) with at least one other marker. More than 70% (828 cM) of the genome had been mapped when compared with chiasmata data. Nine linkage groups were identified, with all but one (LG7; X-linked) allocated to the autosomes. Theses groups ranged in size from 15.7 cM to 176.5 cM, and have an average distance of 16.2 cM between adjacent markers. Of the autosomal linkage groups, LG2 and LG3 were assigned to chromosome 1 and LG4 localised to chromosome 3 based on physical localisation of genes. Significant sex-specific distortions towards reduced female recombination rates were revealed in 22% of comparisons. Positive interference was observed within all the linkage groups analysed. When comparing the X-chromosome data to closely related species it is apparent that it is conserved both in synteny and gene order. -- The investigation of population dynamics of eastern grey kangaroos has been limited to a few ecological studies. The present investigation provides analysis of mtDNA and microsatellite data to infer both historical and contemporary patterns of population structuring and dispersal. The average level of genetic variation across sample locations was exceedingly high (h = 0.95, HE = 0.82), and is one of the highest observed for marsupials. Contrary to ecological studies, both genic and genotypic analyses reveal weak genetic structure of populations where high levels of dispersal may be inferred up to 230 km. The movement of individuals was predominantly male-biased (average N,m = 22.61, average N p = 2.73). However, neither sex showed significant isolation by distance. On a continental scale, there was strong genetic differentiation and phylogeographic distinction between southern (TAS, VIC and NSW) and northern (QLD) Australian populations, indicating a current and / or historical restriction of geneflow. In addition, it is evident that northern populations are historically more recent, and were derived from a small number of southern eastern grey kangaroo founders. Phylogenetic comparisons between M. g. giganteus and M. g. tasmaniensis, indicated that the current taxonomic status of these subspecies should be revised as there was a lack of genetic differentiation between the populations sampled.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
xv, 182 leaves ill

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36

Engelman, Russell K. "New Specimens of Sparassodonta (Mammalia, Metatheria) from Chile and Bolivia." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1536337238964166.

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37

Jacinavicius, Fernando de Castro. "Ácaros trombiculídeos (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae) de pequenos mamíferos dos estados de São Paulo e Paraná: estudos morfológicos e investigação da presença de Rickettsia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-04082015-142832/.

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Para o Brasil foram reportadas 53 espécies de ácaros trombiculídeos. Destas, 5 espécies parasitam anfíbios, 6 espécies parasitam aves, 4 espécies parasitam répteis, 25 espécies parasitam roedores, 8 espécies parasitam marsupiais e 12 espécies parasitam outros mamíferos (incluindo humanos). Assim que os primeiros casos de Febre Maculosa Brasileira (FMB) foram diagnosticados em São Paulo nos anos 30, os ácaros hematófagos, como os trombiculídeos, foram sugeridos como potenciais vetores. No entanto, o papel desses ácaros na epidemiologia da riquetsiose não foi confirmado. Dessa forma, a situação fragmentária dos registros de ocorrência dos trombiculídeos, sua complexidade taxonômica e a escassez de informações sobre sua participação na epidemiologia de riquétsias, foram os principais motivos que levaram à proposição do presente estudo. Com isso, os ácaros que estão depositados nas coleções acarológicas do Instituto Butantan (IBSP), do Museu de Zoologia da USP (MZUSP) e da FIOCRUZ (CAVAIS-IOC), foram examinados e identificados. Igualmente, aqueles obtidos de roedores e marsupiais coletados em algumas localidades do estado de São Paulo e Paraná foram também identificados, bem como, investigados para a presença de Rickettsia spp. No total, foram identificadas as espécies Arisocerus hertigi, Eutrombicula sp. n., Kymocta brasiliensis, Quadraseta azulae, Q. brasiliensis, Q. mackenziei, Q. mirandae e Trombewingia bakeri. Além do encontro da nova espécie de Eutrombicula sp. n., foi ainda constatado que E. butantanensis e E. alfreddugesi são espécies distintas. As espécies Q. azulae, Q mackenziei e Q. mirandae, são assinaladas pela primeira vez no país. Com excessão de Q. brasiliensis em M. americana, todos os hospedeiros são novos registros para as espécies de ácaros examinados, bem como todas as localidades são novos registros de ocorrência. Assim, o número de espécies de trombiculídeos no Brasil aumentou para 59. Os ácaros investigados para Rickettia foram também preservados em lâminas, como testemunhos. Entretanto, nos espécimes analisados, a presença da bactéria não foi detectada.
For Brazil were reported 53 species of chigger mites. Of these, 5 species parasitize amphibians, 6 species parasitize birds, 4 species parasitize reptiles, 25 species parasitize rodents, 8 species occur on marsupials, and 12 species parasitize other wild mammals (including humans). In the 30s, as soon as the first cases of Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF) in São Paulo were diagnosed, the haematophagous mites, such as chiggers, were suggested as potential vectors. However, the role of these mites in the epidemiology of the rickettsiosis was not confirmed. Thus, the fragmentary situation of the records of the chigger mites' occurrence, their taxonomic complexity, and the lack of information about their participation in the BSF epidemiology, were the main reasons that led to the present study proposition. So, the mites deposited in the collections of the Instituto Butantan (IBSP), Museu de Zoologia of USP (MZUSP) and FIOCRUZ (CAVAIS-IOC), were identified. Also, those obtained from rodents and marsupials collected in some localities of the state of São Paulo and Paraná were identified and investigated for the presence of Rickettsia spp. In total, the species Arisocerus hertigi, Eutrombicula n. sp., Kymocta brasiliensis, Quadraseta azulae, Quadraseta brasiliensis, Quadraseta mackenziei, Quadraseta mirandae, and Trombewingia bakeri, were identified. Besides of the new specie of Eutrombicula sp. n., the mites E. alfreddugesi and E. butantanensis were found to be distinct species. The species Q. azulae, Q. mackenziei, and Q. mirandae, are highlighted for the first time in the country. Except for Q. brasiliensis in M. americana, all other hosts are new records for the species of examined mites, as well as all locaties are also new occurences. Thus, the number of chigger mite species in Brazil increased to 59. The mites investigated to Rickettsia were also preserved in slides, as voucher. However, in the analyzed specimens, the bacteria could not be detected.

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38

Ferreira, Juliana Isabel Giuli da Silva. "Diversidade, isolamento e filogenia de parasitas do gênero Trypanosoma em vertebrados silvestres da ilha pluvial e Estação Ecológica de Pirapitinga, Minas Gerais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-04092015-143212/.

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As espécies do gênero Trypanosoma parasitam vertebrados de todas as classes (peixes, anfíbios, répteis, aves e mamíferos) e possuem ciclos de vida com alternância entre vertebrados e invertebrados. A maioria das espécies se desenvolve em artrópodes hematófagos, que podem pertencer a diversas ordens e famílias. A maioria das espécies não é patogênica, T. cruzi é a única espécie patogênica para o homem nas Américas. Estudos realizados com algumas espécies de tripanossomas apontam uma grande complexidade do ciclo silvestre. Ressalta-se o fato que existam poucos trabalhos realizados no estado de Minas Gerais em animais silvestres. Até o momento, poucos estudos avaliaram os pequenos mamíferos terrestres e morcegos como reservatórios silvestres destes parasitas neste estado, com ausência de estudos com outros grupos de vertebrados. O presente projeto tem por objetivo principal, o conhecimento da diversidade de parasitas do gênero Trypanosoma em animais silvestres da ilha pluvial e Estação ecológica de Pirapitinga, Minas Gerais através do isolamento, caracterização molecular e estudos filogenéticos com marcadores tradicionais. Foram realizadas duas campanhas de captura nos meses de outubro de 2013 e março de 2014 totalizando 183 pequenos mamíferos terrestres, de 12 espécies pertencentes, a três diferentes Ordens (Calomys callosus, Cerradomys subflavus, Rhipidomys sp., Akodon sp., Hylaemys megacephalus, Delomys sp., Oligoryzomys sp., Didelphis albiventris, Micoreus sp., Gracilinanus agilis, Monodelphis domestica e Cabassous unicinctus, a espécie mais abundante foi Calomys sp, capturados com pitfalls e Shermann. Foram capturados 57 indivíduos de morcegos, com o auxilio de redes de neblina, de seis diferentes espécies (Glossophaga soricina, Artibeus sp., Platyrrhinus sp., Noctilio albiventris, Myotis sp., Choeronicus minor), a espécie mais abundante foi Glossophaga soricina. Todos os quirópteros foram negativos para tripanossomatídeos e dentre os pequenos mamíferos somente oito exemplares da espécie Monodelphis domestica foram positivas para o parasita, porém foram estabelecidas nove culturas (um dos animais estava parasitado por duas espécies de tripanossomas). Os isolados de M. domestica foram identificados como T. cruzi e uma nova espécie com morfologia distinta, mas agrupada nas filogenias com SSU rDNA e gGAPDH no Clado Lagartos/ Cobras. Esta nova espécie foi denominada T. gennarii. Os anuros e répteis foram capturados através de busca ativa e foram capturados 14 indivíduos de repteis pertencentes a 6 espécies e 88 indivíduos de anuros pertencentes a 4 espécies. Do total de anuros capturados 7 (7,95%) apresentaram hemocultura positivas e 2 (2,27%) de Leptodactylus latrans foram estabelecidas e criopreservadas com morfologia compatível a parasitas do gênero Trypanosoma. Filogenias baseadas em SSU rDNA segregou os isolados do Cerrado em um novo grupo denominado AN05 e a inclusão destes isolados evidenciaram um outro grupo, AN06 compostos de isolados obtidos de flebotomíneos.
The species of the genus Trypanosoma parasites of all vertebrate classes (Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) and have life cycles alternating between vertebrates and invertebrates. Most species develops in blood-sucking arthropods, which may belong to different orders and families. Most species are not pathogenic, T. cruzi is the only species pathogenic to humans in the Americas. Studies with some species of trypanosomes indicate a great complexity of the sylvatic cycle in biomes. We highlight the fact that there are few studies in the state of Minas Gerais in wild animals. To date, few studies have evaluated small terrestrial mammals and bats as wild reservoirs of these parasites in this state, with no studies with other groups of vertebrates. This project\'s main objective, knowledge of Trypanosoma parasites of the genus diversity in wild animals of the rain Island and Ecological Pirapitinga Station, Minas Gerais through isolation, molecular characterization and phylogenetic studies with traditional markers. Two arrest campaigns were conducted between October 2013 and March 2014 totaling 184 small terrestrial mammals, 12 species belonging to three different Orders (Calomys callosus, Cerradomys subflavus, Rhipidomys sp., Akodon sp., Hylaemys megacephalus, Delomys sp., Oligoryzomys sp., Didelphis albiventris, Micoreus sp., Gracilinanus agilis, Monodelphis domestica e Cabassous unicinctus, the most abundant species was Calomys callosus, captured with pitfalls and Shermann. The bats were captured with mist net and caught 57 individuals from six different species (Glossophaga soricina, Artibeus sp., Platyrrhinus sp., Noctilio albiventris, Myotis sp., Choeronicus minor), the most abundant species was Glossophaga soricina. All were negative for trypanosomatids bats and small mammals among only eight copies of Monodelphis domestica species were positive for the parasite, but nine cultures were established (one animal was infested by two species of trypanosomes). Isolates of M. domestica were identified T. cruzi and a new species with distinct morphology, but grouped in phylogenies with SSU rDNA and gGAPDH in Clade Lizards/ Snakes. This new species was named T.gennarii. Frogs and reptiles were captured through active search and were captured 14 individuals of reptiles belonging to 6 species of frogs and 88 individuals belonging to four species. Of the total of frogs captured 7 (7,95%) had positive blood culture and 2 (2.27%) of Leptodactylus latrans were established and cryopreserved with morphology compatible with the parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. Phylogenies based on SSU rDNA segregated the Cerrado isolated in a new group called AN05 and the inclusion of these isolates showed another group of compounds AN06 isolates from sand flies.

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Rondon, Michelle Viviane Sá dos Santos. "Biodiversity of intestinals parasites in wild mammals from two locations of São Paulo States." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315158.

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Orientador: Marlene Tiduko Ueta
Tese ( doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Os parasitas ocorrem praticamente em todos os níveis tróficos e sua transmissão pode depender da presença de uma variedade de hospedeiros intermediários, paratênicos e definitivos dentro do ecossistema. Exercem importantes efeitos sobre as populações de seus hospedeiros, alterando o comportamento, sucesso reprodutivo e a mortalidade. Por esse motivo, alguns autores os consideram importantes indicadores ambientais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a epidemiologia e a biodiversidade de parasitas intestinais em mamíferos silvestres do reservatório do Jaguari, situado na cidade de Vargem/SP e do Parque Ecológico Prof. Hermógenes de Freitas Leitão Filho em Campinas/SP, e relacionar com os hábitos dos hospedeiros. Os espécimes de mamíferos foram capturados por armadilhas, posteriormente foram medidos, pesados, marcados, e após a coleta de fezes, os animais foram soltos. Para a pesquisa dos parasitas intestinais utilizaram-se os métodos de sedimentação, flutuação, e necrópsias foram realizadas em alguns casos. No reservatório de Jaguari foram realizadas 23 coletas entre os meses de agosto de 2005 a agosto de 2007. Os pequenos mamíferos capturados (N= 235) foram: Akodon montensis (71,5%), Calomys sp. (6,8%), Oligoryzomys nigripes (14%), Didelphis aurita (3,4%), Gracilinanus sp. (0,4%), Lutreolina crassicaudata (0,4%), Monodelphis sp. (2,1%) e Sylvilagus brasiliensis (1,3%). Também fora recolhidas amostras fecais (N=44), encontradas nas margens do reservatório de: Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (56,8%), Lontra longicaudis (38,6%) e Puma concolor (4,5%). Das 303 amostras, 205 apresentaram-se positivas para parasitas, representando 67,6%. Foram encontrados: adultos de Cruzia tentaculata (0,5%), larvas de Nematoda (18,5%), ovos de Ascarididae (2,9%), Cruzia tentaculata (1,5%), Oxyuridae (0,9%), semelhantes à Dioctophyma sp. (0,5%), Syphacia sp. (0,5%), Toxocaridae sp. (0,5%), Trichostrongylidae (79%), Trichuridae (17%), Hymenolepis diminuta (0,9%), Hymenolepis nana (5,4%), Pseudophyllidea (0,9%), Taeniidae (0,5%), Trematoda (6,3%) e Acanthocephala (3,4%). Cistos de Amoebidae (1,9%), Giardia sp. (0,9%), semelhantes à Balantidium sp. (0,5%), oocistos de Coccidiida (10,2%), Eimeria sp. (0,9%) e trofozoitos de Amoebidae (2,4%), também foram encontrados. No Parque Ecológico, foram realizadas 16 coletas entre os meses de novembro de 2006 a fevereiro de 2008. Os pequenos mamíferos capturados (N= 103) correspondem aos roedores Myocastor coypus (6,8%), Nectomys squamipes (1,0%), Rattus rattus (20,4%), e o marsupial Didelphis albiventris (71,8%). O total de amostras fecais coletadas foi de 279, e 207 apresentaram-se positivas para parasitas, representando 74,2%. Foram encontrados adultos de Cruzia tentaculata (1,4%), larvas de Nematoda (24,1%), ovos de Ascarididae (3,4%), Capillaridae (2,9%), Cruzia tentaculata (67,6%), Oxyuridae (3,4%), semelhantes à Dioctophyma sp. (1,0%); semelhante à Syngamus sp. (6,3%), Spiruroidea (1,0%), Trichostrongylidae (21,2%), Trichuridae (19,8%), Hymenolepis diminuta (0,5%), Trematoda (8,2%), e Acanthocephala (1,9%). Oocistos de Coccidiida (39,6%), Eimeria sp. (4,3%) e Isospora sp. (1,0%) também estiveram presentes. Akodon montensis foi o animal mais frequente e com maior número de morfotipos de parasitas do reservatório de Jaguari, o mesmo ocorreu com o marsupial Didelphis albiventris no Parque Ecológico. Os parasitas mais frequentes foram os de ciclo monoxênico, que estão intimamente ligados aos hábitos dos animais estudados.
Abstract: The parasites occur practically in all trophic levels and their transmission can depend by the presence of a variety of intermediate, parathenic and definitive hosts within the ecosystem. They have important effects over their host populations as, behaviour changing, reproductive success and mortality. By these reasons, some authors consider then important environmental indicators. The objective of this studying was the epidemiology and the intestinals parasites biodiversity in wild mammals from the reservoir of Jaguari, located at the City of Vargem, São Paulo state, and relates with the hosts habits. The specimens were captured by traps, than measured, checked the weight, marked, the faeces were collected and the animals were released. For the intestinals parasites research, the sedimentation and fluctuation methods were used, and autopsies were performed in some cases. In the Jaguari reservoir 23 collects were performed between august 2005 to august 2007. The smalls captured mammals (N= 235) were: Akodon montensis (71.5%), Calomys sp. (6.8%), Oligoryzomys nigripes (14%), Didelphis aurita (3.4%), Gracilinanus sp. (0.4%), Lutreolina crassicaudata (0.4%), Monodelphis sp. (2.1%) and Sylvilagus brasiliensis (1.3%). Also faeces samples were collected (N=44) from the margins of the reservoir as: Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (56.8%), Lontra longicaudis (38.6%) and Puma concolor (4.5%). From the 303 samples, 205 showed positive for parasites, representing 67.6%. Were found: adults of Cruzia tentaculata (0.5%), larvae of Nematoda (18.5%), Ascarididae eggs (2.9%), Cruzia tentaculata (1.5%), Oxyuridae (0.9%), similars to Dioctophyma sp. (0.5%), Syphacia sp. (0.5%), Toxocaridae sp. (0.5%), Trichostrongylidae (79%), Trichuridae (17%), Hymenolepis diminuta (0.9%), Hymenolepis nana (5.4%), Pseudophyllidea (0.9%), Taeniidae (0.5%), Trematoda (6.3%) and Acanthocephala (3.4%). Cysts of Amoebidae (1.9%), Giardia sp. (0.9%), similars to Balantidium sp. (0.5%), oocysts of Coccidiida (10.2%), Eimeria sp. (0.9%) and trophozoites of Amoebidae (2.4%), also were found. In the Ecological Park, were done 16 collects between November 2006 to February 2008. The small mammals captured (N= 103) were the rodents Myocastor coypus (6.8%), Nectomys squamipes (1.0%), Rattus rattus (20.4%), and the marsupial Didelphis albiventris (71.8%). The total faeces samples collected was 279, and 207 showed positive for parasites, representing 74.2%. Were found adults of Cruzia tentaculata (1.4%), Nematoda larvae (24.1%), Ascarididae eggs (3.4%), Capillaridae (2.9%), Cruzia tentaculata (67.6%), Oxyuridae (3.4%), similars to Dioctophyma sp. (1.0%); similar to Syngamus sp. (6.3%), Spiruroidea (1.0%), Trichostrongylidae (21.2%), Trichuridae (19.8%), Hymenolepis diminuta (0.5%), Trematoda (8.2%), and Acanthocephala (1.9%). Oocysts of Coccidiida (39.6%), Eimeria sp. (4.3%) and Isospora sp. (1.0%) were present as well. Akodon montensis was the most frequent animal and with the highest number of parasites morphotypes from the Jaguari reservoir, the same happened with the marsupial Didelphis albiventris in the Ecological Park. The most frequent parasites were those which have monoxenic cycle, which are intimately connected to the feed habits from the studied animals.
Doutorado
Parasitologia
Doutor em Parasitologia

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Fazenda, Inês Isabel Paulo. "Molecular and morphological characterization of the genus globocephaloides from macropodid marsupials in Australia." Bachelor's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1302.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
The genus Globocephaloides (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) is a pathogenic group of parasitic nematodes present in the duodenum of kangaroos and wallabies (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) in Australia. Globocephaloides species (G. trifidospicularis, G. macropodis and G. affinis) have been poorly studied and thus, there are significant controversies regarding their systematics and population structures. In the present study, single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and targeted sequencing of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, were used to assess the genetic variation within and among Globocephaloides populations and individuals, from different host species and geographical origins. No or minor (0.2%) variation was detected among individuals of G. trifidospicularis and G. affinis. However, within G. macropodis populations there was a consistent heterogeneity in the ITS sequences (5.2 - 7.1%) between worms derived from two different host species (Macropus agilis and M. dorsalis). Under light microscopy, these two G. macropodis genotypes differed by the length, arrangement and tip of the spicules, and by pattern of the bursal rays. Thus, they were considered to represent sibling species. The molecular and morphological evidence culminated with the erection of a new species, namely G. wallabiae, and provided further insights into the host affiliation and geographical ranges of Globocephaloides spp.: G. wallabiae occurs mainly in M. dorsalis (north/east), G. macropodis in M. agilis and Petrogale persephone (north), G. affinis in M. dorsalis (north-east), and G. trifidospicularis in various Macropus species (south). Moreover, in the present study, the phylogenetic analyses between the genus Globocephaloides and other trichostrongyloid genera, using divergent domains of the 28S rRNA genes, gave evidence for the exclusion of the genus Globocephaloides from the Herpetostrongylidae, with the suggestion of a new family, namely „Globocephaloididae‟, within the Heligmosomoidea.
RESUMO - CARACTERIZAÇÃO MOLECULAR E MORFOLÓGICA DO GÉNERO GLOBOCEPHALOIDES EM MARSUPIAIS MACROPODÍDEOS NA AUSTRÁLIA - O género Globocephaloides (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) é um importante grupo de nemátodes patogénicos presente no duodeno de cangurus e wallabies (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) na Austrália. O estudo das espécies de Globocephaloides (G. trifidospicularis, G. macropodis e G. affinis) tem sido limitado, e por isso, existem numerosas controvérsias em relação à sua sistemática e às suas estruturas populacionais. No presente estudo, as técnicas de análise de ácidos nucleicos, „single-strand conformation polymorphism‟ (SSCP) e sequenciação-alvo da região ITS („internal transcribed spacers‟) do DNA ribossomal foram usadas com o objectivo de analisar a variação genética entre indivíduos e populações de Globocephaloides provenientes de diferentes hospedeiros e áreas geográficas. Em ambas as espécies G. trifidospicularis e G. affinis pouca ou nenhuma variação foi encontrada (0.2%). Contudo, nas populações de G. macropodis foi detectada uma consistente heterogeneidade nas sequências ITS (5.2 - 7.1%) entre espécimes provenientes de dois hospedeiros distintos (Macropus agilis e M. dorsalis). Recorrendo à microscopia óptica verificou-se que os dois genótipos de G. macropodis diferiam no comprimento, conformação e ponta das espículas, assim como, no padrão dos raios da bolsa copuladora. Como tal, foi considerado que os dois genótipos representavam duas espécies congéneres. Os resultados da biologia molecular e do estudo morfológico determinaram o reconhecimento de uma nova espécie denominada G. wallabiae e, além disso, forneceram dados sobre a especificidade de hospedeiros e distribuição geográfica do género Globocephaloides. G. wallabiae ocorre principalmente no hospedeiro M. dorsalis (norte/este), G. macropodis no M. agilis e Petrogale persephone (norte), G. affinis no M. dorsalis (nordeste) e G. trifidospicularis em várias espécies do género Macropus (sul). Adicionalmente, a análise das relações filogenéticas entre o género Globocephaloides e outros tricostrongilídeos, empregando os domínios do gene 28S rRNA, deu provas para a exclusão do género Globocephaloides da família Herpetostrongylidae, com a sugestão de uma nova família, denominada „Globocephalidae‟, inserida na superfamília Heligmosomoidea.
Financial support provided to the supervisors for the present study was from bodies including the Australian Research Council (ARC) [to Robin B. Gasser] and Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) [to Ian Beveridge]

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Pereira, Viviane Morlanes. "Ecologia de pequenos mamíferos (Didelphimorphia e Rodentia) em uma área de caatinga do Rio Grande do Norte." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2016. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/635.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The Caatinga biome occurs in the states of the states of Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia and Minas Gerais, in Brazil. Despite being the only exclusively Brazilian ecosystem, few resources for research on biodiversity and conservation are devoted to this biome. The generation of knowledge on biodiversity of the Caatinga is essential for establishing effective strategies for management and conservation of species and habitats, particularly in a biome as sensitive and as threatened this one. The present work is divided into two chapters. The first one is an extensive literature review on the occurrence, distribution and chromosomal characteristics of species of small terrestrial mammals recorded in the Caatinga. The second chapter presents data on diversity, ecology and seasonality of a community of small terrestrial mammals (Didelphimorphia and Rodentia) using capture-marking-recapture methods throughout twelve successive months in a well-preserved native forest fragment of Caatinga located at the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes from the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró-RN
O bioma Caatinga ocorre nos estados do Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia e Minas Gerais, no Brasil. Apesar de ser o único ecossistema exclusivamente brasileiro, poucos recursos para pesquisas sobre biodiversidade e conservação são voltados para este bioma. A geração de conhecimento sobre a diversidade biológica da Caatinga torna-se essencial para estabelecer estratégias eficazes de gestão e conservação de espécies e habitats, particularmente em um bioma tão sensível e ameaçado como esse. O presente trabalho se divide em dois capítulos e, o primeiro, consiste em uma extensa revisão bibliográfica sobre a ocorrência, distribuição e características cromossômicas das espécies de pequenos mamíferos terrestres que habitam a Caatinga. O segundo capítulo, apresenta dados sobre diversidade, ecologia e sazonalidade de uma comunidade de pequenos mamíferos terrestres (Didelphimorphia e Rodentia) através de um estudo usando o método de captura-marcação-recaptura ao longo de doze meses sucessivos de amostragem em um fragmento de mata nativa de Caatinga bem conservada situada na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró-RN
2017-03-24

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Ferran, Vera de. "Pan-biogeografia dos gêneros Didelphis, Philander, Metachirus, Chironectes e Lutreolina (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae)." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6523.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A ordem Didelphimorphia, de marsupiais americanos, apresenta 19 gêneros e 96 espécies, todos membros da família Didelphidae, que é dividida em duas subfamílias, Caluromyinae e Didelphinae. A subfamília Didelphinae contém (não apenas) as tribos Didelphini e Metachirini. A tribo Didelphini compreende 15 espécies de quatro gêneros: Chironectes (1 espécie), Lutreolina (1), Didelphis (6) e Philander (7) e a tribo Metachirini é monotípica, com apenas uma espécie do gênero Metachirus. Estes cinco gêneros encontram-se distribuídos amplamente pelas Américas, desde o sul do Canadá até a região central da Argentina. O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar identificar e explicar, através de análise pan-biogeográfica, os padrões de distribuição das espécies destes cinco gêneros. Para tal, foi feito um levantamento em banco de dados, coleções científicas e artigos científicos para a obtenção de dados sobre as localidades de registro de cada espécie. Estas foram então marcadas em mapas e a partir destes, as localidades de ocorrência foram conectadas com linhas de menor distância para formação dos traços individuais. Pela sobreposição dos traços individuais chegou-se aos traços generalizados e do encontro destes, aos nós biogeográficos. Os pontos de ocorrência foram também plotados em mapas de biomas para análise. Encontramos três traços generalizados e dois nós biogeográficos, um no centro da Bolívia na província biogeográfica de Puna e outro na Argentina, na província de Misiones. Quatro espécies não participaram de nenhum dos traços generalizados, provavelmente devido à sua distribuição mais restrita (Philander deltae, P. andersoni, P. olrogi e P. mcilhennyi). Chironectes minimus e Metachirus nudicaudatus tiveram seus traços coincidentes com dois traços generalizados, o que está de acordo com suas divisões de subespécies. Identificamos os diferentes padrões existentes para o norte da América do Sul (Venezuela) já apontado por diversos autores, porém apenas quando analisadas as subespécies em separado. Alguns limites para a distribuição das espécies puderam ser identificados, como por exemplo o istmo de Tehuantepec, no México, para Chironectes minimus e Metachirus nudicaudatus e o limite da região neotropical para P. opossum e D. marsupialis. O limite de distribuição sul de Philander opossum e P. frenatus é provavelmente o rio Paraguai, que deve servir de barreira para o contato entre as duas espécies. A descaracterização dos ambientes naturais pelo desmatamento vem alterando os padrões naturais de distribuição das espécies, com o registro de espécies de áreas abertas em biomas de mata. Lutreolina crassicaudata apresenta distribuição disjunta, ocupando duas áreas de vegetação aberta, uma no noroeste e outra no centro e sudeste da América do Sul, padrão provavelmente gerado pelos períodos de retração e expansão de áreas de savana do Mioceno superior ao Holoceno, levando à captura destes enclaves de vegetação aberta, com seu isolamento por áreas de floresta. Os nós e traços generalizados aqui identificados coincidiram com os encontrados por outros autores. Apesar da pan-biogeografia poder ser usada para propor áreas de proteção ambiental, nos locais em que encontramos os nós biogeográficos já existem unidades de conservação, não havendo assim necessidade de propor novas áreas no caso desses marsupiais. Ainda existe uma grande necessidade de um melhor conhecimento da distribuição e taxonomia das espécies estudadas, o que promoveria um melhor entendimento dos padrões biogeográficos existentes
The order Didelphimorphia, family Didelphidae of American marsupials includes 19 genera and 96 species and is divided into two subfamilies, Caluromyinae and Didelphinae. The subfamily Didelphinae contains (not exclusively) the tribes Didelphini and Metachirini. The tribe Didelphini comprises 15 species of four genera: Chironectes (1 species), Lutreolina (1), Didelphis (6) and Philander (7) and Metachirini tribe is monotypic, with only one species of the genus Metachirus. These five genera are widely distributed throughout the Americas, from southern Canada to central Argentina. The aim of this study was to identify and to explain the speciess distribution patterns trough pan-biogeographic analysis. So, a survey was carried on using databases, visiting scientific collections and searching for published records to obtain data on localities were species were registered. Localities, for each separate species were marked on maps and the most close localities were connected with lines (individual tracks). The overlapping of individual tracks are the generalized tracks and the intersection of two or more generalized tracks are called nodes. Localities were also plotted on biomes maps. We found three generalized tracks and two nodes, one in the center of Bolivia in the biogeographic province of Pune and the other in Argentina, in Misiones. Four species do not participated in any generalized tracks, probably due to its restricted distribution (Philander delta, P. andersoni, P. olrogi and P. mcilhennyi). Chironectes minimus and Metachirus nudicaudatus had their tracks overlapped with two generalized tracks, which is in accordance with their known subspecies geographic distribution. In those species which are divided in subspecies, a separate analysis was carried on. Different patterns on the northern South America (Venezuela) were identified, all already pointed out by authors. Some species distribution limits were identified, such as the Tehuantepec Isthmus in Mexico for C. minimus and M. nudicaudatus and the neotropical region north limit to P. opossum and D. marsupialis. The south limit of P. opossum and P. frenatus is the Paraguay river, which seems to be a barrier. The mischaracterization of natural environments by human activities is changing the natural distribution patterns, as we can see by the occurrence of open areas species in forest biomes. Lutreolina crassicaudata presents a disjunct distribution, occupying two open vegetation areas, in northwest and center-southeast South America, probably generated by periods of contraction and expansion of savanna areas during the later Miocene to Holocene, leading to open vegetation enclaves surrounded by forests. The generalized tracks that we identified coincided with those found by other authors. Despite the pan-biogeography methodology can be used to propose protected areas, our nodes are in areas where conservation units already exist. There still is a great need for a better data of the distribution and taxonomy of these species, which would promote a better understanding of their biogeographic patterns

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Walia, Charanjiv Singh. "Development of a method for the identification of novel viruses in marsupials with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)." Thesis, View thesis View thesis View thesis, 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/815.

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Four main types of viruses capable of causing systemic and gastrointestinal infections, namely Coronavirus, Rotavirus, Parvovirus or Morbillivirus (Tennant et al, 1991) have been investigated in marsupials. A pilot study to develop and optimise the methodology was undertaken using Canine Coronavirus and the study was then extended to marsupials and other target viruses.In the marsupial portion of the study, a fragment of the correct size for the amplification of pol gene, 409 bp, was obtained from two different faecal samples from tammar wallaby (from Macquarie Fauna Park) and one western grey kangaroo (from Taronga Zoo). The results from tests are studied and compared. It is suggested that future further investigation should be directed at: 1/. Applying the protocols in this body of work to the testing of faecal samples from animals that have been diagnosed as positive with other diagnostic protocols. 2/. Examining more faecal samples from animals that present with active diarrhoea

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Leiner, Natália Oliveira. "Padrões de uso do espaço em multiplas escalas por roedores e marsupiais de Mata Atlantica." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316274.

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Orientador: Wesley Rodrigues Silva
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Diversos fatores influenciam os padrões de uso de espaço de pequenos mamíferos, tais como estrutura de hábitat, riscos de predação e período reprodutivo. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a influência de tais fatores sobre o uso de espaço de roedores e marsupiais em diferentes escalas. No primeiro capítulo, analisamos a estrutura das comunidades de pequenos mamíferos não-voadores que ocorrem em fragmentos florestais e em áreas em restauração, e investigamos quais componentes do hábitat influenciam a composição de espécies dessas comunidades. De forma geral, os resultados mostraram que a composição de espécies é um reflexo das preferências que as espécies apresentam por determinados componentes do hábitat, de forma que características estruturais da vegetação e sensibilidade das espécies às alterações determinam a estrutura das comunidades de pequenos mamíferos nos hábitats amostrados. No segundo capítulo, testamos a hipótese de que a importância de diferentes fatores na seleção de hábitats por Marmosops incanus e Marmosops paulensis depende da escala de observação, e a hipótese de que o uso de hábitat funciona como um mecanismo para garantir a coexistência dessas duas espécies, de forma que essas espécies devem selecionar diferentes componentes do hábitat e/ou apresentar segregação no uso vertical do espaço. Os resultados demonstraram que ambas as espécies selecionam os fragmentos florestais pela presença de maior complexidade estrutural e sub-bosque denso, variável que também influenciou a distribuição dessas espécies na escala do meso-hábitat. Na escala mais fina, do micro-hábitat, foram detectados padrões contrastantes de seleção para cada espécie. Enquanto M. incanus preferiu locais com maior estruturação vertical entre 0.5 e 1.0 m, M. paulensis não apresentou padrões claros de seleção de hábitat. Esse resultado aponta a influência da escala de observação nos padrões de seleção de hábitat. Apesar das espécies não apresentarem segregação na seleção de componentes do hábitat, houve segregação no uso vertical do espaço e a abundância das espécies foi negativamente correlacionada, apoiando em parte a segunda hipótese. No terceiro capítulo, corroboramos a hipótese de que a cobertura de gramíneas determina o uso de hábitat e os padrões de forrageamento por espécies de roedores. Sugerimos que a seleção por áreas com maior cobertura vegetal está relacionada com a diminuição dos riscos de predação durante o forrageamento. Por fim, no quarto capítulo analisamos a organização espacial de machos e fêmeas de M. paulensis durante o ano. Os resultados indicaram que as fêmeas apresentam uma estratégia territorial que parece estar associada à distribuição e previsibilidade dos recursos alimentares, e não ao período reprodutivo e a presença de filhotes.
Abstract: Several factors may influence habitat selection and spatial organization of small mammals, such as habitat structure, predation risks and reproductive activity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of these factors on space use patterns of rodents and marsupials at multiple scales. In the first chapter, we evaluated community structure of non-volant small mammals inhabiting forest fragments and restored sites, and discussed which habitat components influenced species composition of these communities. Our results showed that species composition reflects species habitat selection, in a way that habitat structure and ability to occupy disturbed sites determine species composition and community structure in the sampled habitats. In the second chapter, we evaluated the hypotheses that 1) Marmosops habitat selection is scale dependent and 2) in order to coexist, M. incanus and M. paulensis should partition habitat use, through differential use of habitat components and/or segregation in the use of vertical strata. Both M. incanus and M. paulensis occurred almost exclusively at forest fragments, due to higher structural complexity and the presence of a dense and low understory, which also determined the distribution of these species inside the fragments. At a smaller, mesohabitat scale, both species selected areas providing dense understorey, especially vertical obstruction 0-0.5 m above ground. At a finer, micro-habitat scale, we detected contrasting patterns for each species. At this scale, M. incanus preferred places with higher plant cover and higher vertical obstruction 0.5-1.0 m above ground, while M. paulensis presented no evident pattern of habitat selection. Although our results failed to find selection for different habitat variables between M. incanus and M. paulensis, we found an inverse numerical association between species and segregation in the use of vertical strata, thus partially supporting the second hypothesis. In the third chapter, we confirmed the hypothesis that rodent habitat use and foraging behavior is determined by grass cover. We suggested that small rodents avoid foraging in reduced cover sites due to high perceived predation risks. Finally, the fourth chapter evaluated the spatial organization of M. paulensis males and females. As expected, evidence demonstrated that M. paulensis presents a promiscuous mating system, with females defending territories and males moving between these areas, as a strategy to maximize reproductive success. The occurrence of territoriality in females seems to be determined by the distribution and predictability of food resources, rather than reproductive activity and the presence of young.
Doutorado
Doutor em Ecologia

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Almeida, Marcos Vinicius de 1988. "Aspectos da ecologia populacional de Gracilinanus microtarsus (Mammalia: Didelphidae)." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315880.

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Orientadores: Sérgio Furtado dos Reis, Eduardo Guimarães Martins
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar diversos parâmetros de interesse para a ecologia populacional de Gracilinanus microtarsus. Em particular os objetivos foram estimar probabilidade sobrevivência e verificar como a população de G. microtarsus do Cerrado de Mogi Guaçu no estado de São Paulo se comporta com relação ao contínuo de estratégias reprodutivas; estimar taxas de captura e recaptura e verificar se os indivíduos na população do Cerrado de Mogi Guaçu se comportam com relação a chance de ser mais ou menos capturados; estimar o tamanho populacional e verificar se existe variação temporal nesse parâmetro. As estimativas de sobrevivência obtidas para G. microtarsus nesse estudo no Cerrado da Fazenda Campininha no município de Mogi Guaçu em São Paulo variaram entre um mínimo de 0,484 e um máximo de 0,815. A população de G. microtarsus no Cerrado da Fazenda Campininha se comporta do ponto de vista demográfico como semalpara parcial. O tamanho populacional de G. microtarsus na área de cerrado da Fazenda Campininha mostrou-se mais elevado estatisticamente nos meses de maior pluviosidade. As estimativas nesses meses, novembro, dezembro (2005), janeiro e março (2006), variaram de 20 a 30. As estimativas nos meses de dezembro (2005) e janeiro (2006) foram as mais altas com 24 e 31, respectivamente. Nossos dados para o maior tamanho populacional estimado para os meses mais quentes descritos no trabalho, sugerem uma forte influência da estação quente e úmida, onde a oferta de alimentos, principalmente insetos, é maior na região de estudo e é aquela que parece melhor favorecer a reprodução e o desenvolvimento de filhotes da cuíca G. microtarsus
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate aspects of the population ecology of Gracilinanus microtarsus. Specifically, the primary objectives were to estimate the probability of survival and to assess the behavior of the population of G. microtarsus from the Cerrado de Mogi Guaçu in the state of São Paulo with respect the semelparity-iteroparity continuum; to estimate probabilities of capture and recapture; and to estimate population size and temporal variation in this parameter. Estimates of survival varied between 0.484 and 0.815. The population of G. microtarsus in the Cerrado de Mogi Guaçu behaves as partial semelparous. Population size was higher in the months of higher pluviosity
Mestrado
Biodiversidade Animal
Mestre em Biologia Animal

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Paiva, Kaliane Alessandra Rodrigues de. "Rickettsia sp. em roedores e marsupiais silvestres do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2016. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/570.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Rickettsia are pathogens with zoonotic potential transmitted by wild and domestic animals, where the occurrence of infections by Rickettsia spp. It happens among populations of wild rodents and marsupials, which has a significant share in the maintenance cycle of these microorganisms in the wild environment. Thus, this study aimed to record the occurrence of Rickettsia sp. in wild rodents and marsupials in the Rio Grande do Norte semi-arid. The work consisted in a field research with wild rodents and marsupials, with data expressed in simple frequency and percentage using IBM SPSS (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.), version 22.0. Were captured in Sherman and Tomahawk traps, 02 Thrichomys, 03 Wiedomys, 30 Gracilinanus agilis and 06 Monodelphis domestica, which were collected by venipuncture of julgular vein, 36 blood samples of marsupials and 05 of rodents. These were collected 64 Amblyomma auricularium, 07 Amblyomma parvum and 12 Amblyomma sp. Were obtained by centrifugation 36 samples of sera marsupials and 05 rodents and analyzed using Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA). All copies of A. auricularium, Amblyomma sp. and A. parvum were macerated and submitted to DNA extraction and amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) directed to a fragment of gltA and ompA rickettsial genes. Of serum samples obtained from wild rodents and marsupials blood and tested in IFA showed seropositivity for Rickettsia amblyommii, 6.7% G. agilis, 83.3% M. domestica and 50% Thrichomys. Eight samples of A. auricularium were positive for genes in R. amblyommii fragment analysis gltA (350 bp) and ompA (587 bp) with 100% similarity to Candidatus R. amblyommii Bahia and AaPE strain, corresponding to a low circulation agent from the vectors and high among the population of M. domestica. This research records for the first time the occurrence of R. amblyommii in marsupial species G. agilis and M. domestica belonging to Didelphidae family and Echimyidae family rodents Thrichomys genre, in the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Rickettsia são patógenos com potencial zoonótico transmitidos por animais silvestres e domésticos, onde a ocorrência de infecções por Rickettsia spp. acontece entre populações de roedores e marsupiais silvestres, os quais tem relevante participação na manutenção do ciclo desses microrganismos no ambiente silvestre. Desta forma, esse estudo objetivou registrar a ocorrência de Rickettsia sp. em roedores e marsupiais silvestres no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte. O trabalho consistiu em uma pesquisa de campo, com roedores e marsupiais silvestres, com os dados expressos em frequência simples e porcentagem através do programa estatístico IBM SPSS (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.), versão 22.0. Foram capturados nas armadilhas Sherman e Tomahawk, 02 Thrichomys, 03 Wiedomys, 30 Gracilinanus agilis e 06 Monodelphis domestica, dos quais foram coletados por venopunção da veia julgular, 36 amostras de sangue de marsupiais e 05 de roedores. Destes foram coletados 64 Amblyomma auricularium, 07 Amblyomma parvum e 12 Amblyomma sp. Foram obtidas por centrifugação 36 amostras de soros de marsupiais e 05 de roedores e analisadas utilizando a Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). Todos os exemplares de A. auricularium, Amblyomma sp. e A. parvum foram macerados e submetidos a extração de DNA e amplificação através da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) direcionados para um fragmento dos genes gltA e ompA rickettsial. Das amostras de soro obtidas do sangue de roedores e marsupiais silvestres e testadas na RIFI, apresentaram soropositividade para Rickettsia amblyommii, 6,7% de G. agilis, 83,3% M. domestica e 50% Thrichomys. Oito exemplares de A. auricularium estavam positivos para R. amblyommii na análise de fragmentos dos genes gltA (350 pb) e ompA (587 pb), com 100% de similaridade com Candidatus R. amblyommii estirpe Bahia e AaPE, correspondendo a uma baixa circulação do agente dentre os vetores e elevada entre a população de M. domestica. Esta pesquisa registra pela primeira vez a ocorrência de R. amblyommii em marsupiais das espécies G. agilis e M. domestica pertencentes a família Didelphidae e roedores da família Echimyidae do gênero Thrichomys, no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil
2017-03-13

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CAMACHO, SIERRA VIRIDIANA 539800, and SIERRA VIRIDIANA CAMACHO. "Identificación de unidades discretas de tipificación (dtu´s ) de trypanosoma cruzi en marsupiales (didelphis marsupialis, didelphis virginianus, philander oposum ) presentes en la reserva ecológica “el zapotal” en el Estado de Chiapas." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/58731.

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La enfermedad de Chagas, o tripanosomiasis americana, es una zoonosis producida por el parásito protozoario flagelado denominado Trypanosoma cruzi, su principal vector es un insecto hematófago de la subfamilia Triatominae, principalmente los géneros Rhodnius (R. prolixus), Triatoma (T. infestans), y Panstrongylus (P. megistus). De las 40 especies de triatominos reconocidos como vectores de la enfermedad, 28 especies se encuentran exclusivamente en México, y 8 son compartidos con los EE.UU. (Ibarra Cárdenas et al., 2009), además de contar con un gran número de reservorios domésticos y silvestres sinantrópicos, dentro de los cuales se encuentra las especies del género Didelphis, desempeñando un papel importante en la transmisión de la enfermedad en hábitats peridomésticos, debido a que pueden actuar simultáneamente como reservorios y vector de Trypanosoma y ser considerados junto con los armadillos y osos hormigueros, como los reservorios más antiguos del parasito. La determinación de la prevalencia de Trypanosoma cruzi en marsupiales de una región determinada, permite tener una aproximación del riesgo que corren otras especies de mamíferos de ser infectadas por este parásito en dicha región. Por otro lado, dado que el genotipo de los parásitos ha sido asociado a la presentación de variaciones en la virulencia y patogenicidad del parásito, la identificación de los linajes de T. cruzi en los marsupiales de la región en estudio, contribuye a conocer los riesgos de salud que corren las especies susceptibles de ser infectadas con las cepas parasitarias circulantes. Se determinó la prevalencia puntual de T. cruzi en las especies de marsupiales presentes en la reserva ecológica El Zapotal e identificar los linajes del parásito circulantes en estos animales. Se hizo un estudio estratificado dentro de la reserva ecológica “El Zapotal”, ubicada en la ciudad de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. Se muestrearon 60 marsupiales en un período comprendido de junio a septiembre del 2014. Para determinar la prevalencia se utilizó el gen miniexón para ampolificar una secuencia de 197 pb (ref). La identificacion de los linajes se realizó amplificndo un fragmento de 832pb del gen TcSC5D y se secuenció. El análisis de las secuencias se realizó con el Software Mega 6.06 mediante cálculos de distancia por el método Maximum Likelihood, con el algoritmo de Tamura de tres parámetros y máxima verosimilitud, con un bootstraping de 500 repeticiones. Para calcular la correlación entre dos matrices de proximidad, se generó una matriz de identidad/similitud utilizando el software MatGAT (Matrix Global Alignment Tool) v2.01 y se realizó un análisis de Mantel. La prevalencia puntual de infección por T. cruzi para el conjunto de los marsupiales presentes en El Zapotal, Tuxtla Gutiérrez en Chiapas, fue de 40%. La prevalencia fue mayor para Philander oposum (57.10%), seguido de Didelphis marsupialis (39.5%) y Didelphis virginiana (30%). Se determinó la presencia del Linaje TCl del Trypanosoma cruzi en l6 de los 60 marsupiales muestreados.

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Sponchiado, Jonas. "ESTRUTURA DAS COMUNIDADES DE PEQUENOS MAMÍFEROS DE DUAS UNIDADES DE CONSERVAÇÃO (TAIM E ESPINILHO) DO BIOMA PAMPA, SUL DO BRASIL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5273.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The small-mammal community structure of two conservation unit (CUs), Taim Ecological Station (TES) and Espinilho State Park (ESP), of the Pampa biome in southern Brazil, was investigated and compared regarding species richness, composition and abundance. Additionally, a Deciduous forest area was compared with those ones. For this purpose, ten transects with live-traps pitfall traps were used. In addition, sixteen environmental variables were measured in the TES to verify the small-mammal micro-spatial distribution. During six field phases in each area, 11 species were capture at TES, while nine species were captured in the ESP. The two areas of the Pampa biome showed high species richness when compared to forested areas, since both are influenced by other biomes: TES by the Atlantic Forest, as it is close to the coastal region, and the ESP by the interior of the continent biomes, Chaco and Espinal. The abundance and composition were different due to environmental heterogeneity, biogeography effect, size areas and degree of disturbance. However, environmental heterogeneity allows both areas to have similar species richness. When compared with the Atlantic forest CU, they differ in species richness, composition and abundance of individuals due to greater homogeneity and complexity of the forested area. With respect to the microspatial distribution, species richness and abundance were associated with sites close to water, with greater availability of arthropods and herbs. Since there is great variability of environments at TES, the heterogeneity is primarily responsible for the variation in richness and abundance of small mammals among microhabitats. The analysis indicated a significant effect of environmental variables on species abundance, showing the selection of some environments more often than others.
A estrutura da comunidade de pequenos mamíferos de duas Unidades de Conservação (UCs), a Estação Ecológica do Taim (ESET) e o Parque Estadual do Espinilho (PEE), do bioma Pampa no sul do Brasil, foi investigada e comparada quanto à riqueza, composição e abundância de espécies. Adicionalmente, uma área de Floresta Estacional Decidual, foi comparada com essas duas. Para tanto, foram utilizadas transecções com armadilhas convencionais e de queda. Ainda, na ESET dezesseis variáveis ambientais foram mensuradas para verificar a distribuição micro-espacial de pequenos mamíferos. Durante seis fases de campo em cada área, 11 espécies foram capturadas na ESET, enquanto nove foram capturadas no PEE. As duas áreas do bioma Pampa apresentaram alta riqueza de espécies quando comparadas a áreas florestadas, já que ambas sofrem influência de outros biomas: a ESET da Mata Atlântica, por se situar na região costeira, e o PEE dos biomas do interior do continente, Chaco e Espinal. A abundância e a composição foram diferentes, devido à heterogeneidade ambiental, efeito biogeográfico, diferença no tamanho das áreas e grau de perturbação. Porém, a heterogeneidade ambiental permite que ambas as áreas possuam riqueza de espécies similar. Quando comparadas com a UC de Floresta Atlântica, diferem na riqueza, composição e abundância de espécies devido à maior homogeneidade e complexidade da área florestada. Com relação à distribuição micro-espacial, a riqueza e a abundância estiveram associadas a locais próximos à água, maior disponibilidade de artrópodes e herbáceas. Uma vez que existe uma grande variabilidade de ambientes na ESET, a heterogeneidade é a principal responsável pela variação na riqueza e abundância de pequenos mamíferos entre os microhabitats. As análises mostraram um efeito significativo das variáveis ambientais na abundância das espécies, evidenciando a seleção de alguns ambientes mais favoráveis em detrimento a outros.

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Peres, Paulo Henrique Asfora Lopes. "Diversidade, diferenciação e biogeografia de pequenos mamíferos não-voadores na Mata Atlântica ao norte do rio São Francisco Centro de Endemismo Pernambuco." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8949.

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As florestas tropicais brasileiras (Amazônia e a Mata Atlântica) possuem alta diversidade de espécies e atualmente estão separadas por um cinturão de vegetação aberta. Parte deste cinturão é ocupada pela Caatinga, onde se encontram os Brejos de Altitude, testemunhos das conexões históricas entre a Mata Atlântica e a Amazônia. O Centro de Endemismos Pernambuco (CEPE) é a unidade biogeográfica que compõe a Mata Atlântica ao norte do rio São Francisco e contém diversos táxons endêmicos. Esta região apresenta uma mastofauna compartilhada com a Amazônia, devido às conexões existentes durante o Cenozóico. A presença do rio São Francisco em seu limite sul pode atuar como barreira ao fluxo gênico e explicar os endemismos encontrados no CEPE. Contrastando com sua situação peculiar, a mastofauna do CEPE ainda carece de estudos aprofundados sobre a identificação de suas espécies, padrões geográficos e relações filogenéticas. Revisões recentes têm identificado espécies diferentes ao norte e ao sul do rio São Francisco, mas poucos trabalhos têm proposto hipóteses biogeográficas para o CEPE. Para ampliar o conhecimento sobre a identidade e distribuição geográfica dos pequenos mamíferos do CEPE e sua estrutura filogeográfica, foram realizados levantamentos de espécies e análises de diversidade genética e morfométrica para algumas espécies. Os levantamentos consistiram de visitas às coleções científicas a fim de identificar as espécies ocorrentes no CEPE e excursões de coleta com 5 a 17 noites consecutivas em 12 localidades ao longo do CEPE, que totalizaram 64691 armadilhas noites e resultaram na coleta de 476 exemplares de 31 espécies. As espécies foram identificadas com base na morfologia externa e craniana e por análises citogenéticas. Para investigar a biogeografia do CEPE, análises de genética de populações, filogeográficas e morfométricas foram realizadas para os marsupiais Caluromys philander, Didelphis aurita, Marmosa murina, Metachirus nudicaudatus e os roedores Akodon cursor, Oecomys catherinae e Rhipidomys mastacalis para avaliar a existência de diferenciação nas populações do CEPE e suas relações com as linhagens Amazônicas e Atlânticas. Estes resultados mostraram que a diversificação dos pequenos mamíferos do CEPE ocorreu tanto no Terciário quanto no Quaternário. Algumas populações, como em Caluromys philander e Oecomys catherinae, mostraram afinidades com linhagens amazônicas, enquanto outras, como em Metachirus nudicaudatus e Rhipidomys mastacalis, apresentaram afinidades com linhagens atlânticas. Os pequenos mamíferos do CEPE apresentaram diferenciação em relação às suas linhagens irmãs, com algumas linhagens podendo tratar-se de espécies ainda não descritas (e.g. Didelphis aff. aurita e Rhipidomys aff. mastacalis). Esta diferenciação provavelmente foi causada pelos eventos cíclicos de flutuações climáticas que provocaram elevações no nível do mar e retração das florestas tropicais, isolando as populações do CEPE. Por fim, para auxiliar na identificação das espécies em novas coletas, de suas distribuições geográficas e de suas características citogenéticas e ecológicas, foi elaborado um guia reunindo todas as informações disponíveis sobre as espécies de pequenos mamíferos do CEPE.
The Brazilian tropical rainforests (Amazon and Atlantic Forest) present high species diversity and are currently separated by a belt of open and dry vegetation. Part of this belt is occupied by the Caatinga, where are found the Brejos de Altitude, evidence of the historical connections between the Atlantic Forest and the Amazon. The Pernambuco Endemism Center (CEPE) is the biogeographic unit of the Atlantic Forest located north of the São Francisco River and contains several endemic taxa. Part of its mammal fauna is shared with the Amazon, due to former connections in the Cenozoic. The presence of the São Francisco river in its southern limit may act as a barrier to gene flow and explain the endemism found in CEPE. In contrast to their peculiar situation, the mammalian fauna from CEPE still lacks detailed studies on its taxonomic composition, geographic patterns and phylogenetic relationships. Recent reviews have identified different species in the north and south of the San Francisco river, but few studies have proposed biogeographical hypotheses for the CEPE. In order to increase knowledge on the identity and geographical distribution of the small mammals in the CEPE and their phylogeographic structure, species surveys were carried out and the genetic and morphometric diversity of some of the species found were assessed. The surveys consisted of visits to scientific collections to identify the species occurring in CEPE and trapping trips, with 5 to 17 consecutive nights, in 12 sites throughout the CEPE, totaling 64,691 trap-nights, resulting in the collection of 476 specimens of 31 species. The specimens were identified based on external and cranial morphology and cytogenetic analysis. To investigate the biogeography of CEPE, genetics, phylogeographic and morphometric analysis were performed with the marsupials Caluromys philander, Didelphis aurita, Marmosa murina, Metachirus nudicaudatus and the rodents Akodon cursor, Oecomys catherinae and Rhipidomys mastacalis to assess the existence of differentiation in CEPE populations and their relationships with the Amazon and Atlantic Forest lineages. These results showed that diversification of small mammals in CEPE occurred in both the Tertiary and Quaternary. Some populations, such as Caluromys philander and Oecomys catherinae showed affinities with amazonian lineages, while others, like Metachirus nudicaudatus and Rhipidomys mastacalis, showed affinities with atlantic lineages. The small mammals from CEPE showed differentiation from their sisters lineages, with some lineages probably being, in fact, undescribed species (eg Didelphis aff. aurita and Rhipidomys aff. mastacalis). This differentiation was probably caused by cyclical events of climate fluctuations that led to sea level rises and retractions of the tropical forests, thus isolating the populations in CEPE. Finally, to help identifying species in future field surveys, their geographic distributions and ecological and cytogenetic features, a guide was prepared by gathering all available information on the species of small mammals from CEPE.

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Renfree, Marilyn B. "Marsupial reproduction and development." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/142227.

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