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Journal articles on the topic 'Marsupial viruses in Australia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Hernández, Leonardo H. Almeida, Thito Y. Bezerra da Paz, Sandro Patroca da Silva, Fábio S. da Silva, Bruno C. Veloso de Barros, Bruno T. Diniz Nunes, Lívia M. Neves Casseb, Daniele B. Almeida Medeiros, Pedro F. da Costa Vasconcelos, and Ana C. Ribeiro Cruz. "First Genomic Evidence of a Henipa-like Virus in Brazil." Viruses 14, no. 10 (September 30, 2022): 2167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14102167.

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The viral genus Henipavirus includes two highly virulent zoonotic viruses of serious public health concern. Hendra henipavirus and Nipah henipavirus outbreaks are restricted to Australia and Southeast Asia, respectively. The Henipavirus genus comprises mostly bat-borne viruses, but exceptions have already been described as novel viruses with rodents and shrews as reservoir animals. In the Americas, scarce evidence supports the circulation of these viruses. In this communication, we report a novel henipa-like virus from opossums (Marmosa demerarae) from a forest fragment area in the Peixe-Boi municipality, Brazil, after which the virus was named the Peixe-Boi virus (PBV). The application of next-generation sequencing and metagenomic approach led us to discover the original evidence of a henipa-like virus genome in Brazil and South America and the original description of a henipa-like virus in marsupial species. These findings emphasize the importance of further studies to characterize PBV and clarify its ecology, impact on public health, and its relationship with didelphid marsupials and henipaviruses.

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Antonsson, Annika, and Nigel A. J. McMillan. "Papillomavirus in healthy skin of Australian animals." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 3195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82195-0.

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Papillomaviruses are a group of ubiquitous viruses that are often found in normal skin of humans, as well as a range of different vertebrates. In this study, swab samples collected from the healthy skin of 225 Australian animals from 54 species were analysed for the presence of papillomavirus DNA with the general skin papillomavirus primer pair FAP59/FAP64. A total of five putative and potential new animal papillomavirus types were identified from three different animal species. The papillomaviruses were detected in one monotreme and two marsupial species: three from koalas, and one each from an Eastern grey kangaroo and an echidna. The papillomavirus prevalence in the three species was 14 % (10/72) in koalas, 20 % (1/5) in echidnas and 4 % (1/23) in Eastern grey kangaroos. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the putative koala papillomavirus type that could be cloned and it appears in the phylogenetic tree as a novel putative papillomavirus genus. The data extend the range of species infected by papillomaviruses to the most primitive mammals: the monotremes and the marsupials.

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3

J. Foley, William. "Marsupial Nutrition." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 3 (1999): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc99240a.

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In the early 1980s advances in marsupial biology could no longer be encapsulated in a single volume such as Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe's "Life of Marsupials" and Cambridge University Press commissioned a series of monographs covering a range of different topics in marsupial biology. As it was, only three of that series were realized and among them was the ptedecessor to this book "Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Marsupials" published in 1982. "Marsupial Nutrition" is a considerably expanded and comprehensive review of studies of nutrition and digestive physiology of Australasian and South American marsupials. In Australia, many ecologists view the limited nutrient status of our soils and vegetation as a fundamental limit to animal populations. This book explains firstly how Australian marsupials have responded to those limitations and secondly asks whether these responses are common amongst marsupials living in New Guinea and South America.

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4

Rothschild, Bruce M., and Ralph E. Molnar. "Osteoarthritis in fossil marsupial populations of Australia." Annals of the Carnegie Museum 57 (September 15, 1988): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.226657.

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5

Price, Gilbert J., Kyle J. Ferguson, Gregory E. Webb, Yue-xing Feng, Pennilyn Higgins, Ai Duc Nguyen, Jian-xin Zhao, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, and Julien Louys. "Seasonal migration of marsupial megafauna in Pleistocene Sahul (Australia–New Guinea)." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1863 (September 27, 2017): 20170785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0785.

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Seasonal two-way migration is an ecological phenomenon observed in a wide range of large-bodied placental mammals, but is conspicuously absent in all modern marsupials. Most extant marsupials are typically smaller in body size in comparison to their migratory placental cousins, possibly limiting their potential to undertake long-distance seasonal migrations. But what about earlier, now-extinct giant marsupial megafauna? Here we present new geochemical analyses which show that the largest of the extinct marsupial herbivores, the enormous wombat-like Diprotodon optatum , undertook seasonal, two-way latitudinal migration in eastern Sahul (Pleistocene Australia–New Guinea). Our data infer that this giant marsupial had the potential to perform round-trip journeys of as much as 200 km annually, which is reminiscent of modern East African mammal migrations. These findings provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence for repetitive seasonal migration in any metatherian (including marsupials), living or extinct, and point to an ecological phenomenon absent from the continent since the Late Pleistocene.

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6

Archer, Michael, Robin Beck, Miranda Gott, Suzanne Hand, Henk Godthelp, and Karen Black. "Australia's first fossil marsupial mole (Notoryctemorphia) resolves controversies about their evolution and palaeoenvironmental origins." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1711 (November 3, 2010): 1498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1943.

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Fossils of a marsupial mole (Marsupialia, Notoryctemorphia, Notoryctidae) are described from early Miocene deposits in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, northwestern Queensland, Australia. These represent the first unequivocal fossil record of the order Notoryctemorphia, the two living species of which are among the world's most specialized and bizarre mammals, but which are also convergent on certain fossorial placental mammals (most notably chrysochlorid golden moles). The fossil remains are genuinely ‘transitional', documenting an intermediate stage in the acquisition of a number of specializations and showing that one of these—the dental morphology known as zalambdodonty—was acquired via a different evolutionary pathway than in placentals. They, thus, document a clear case of evolutionary convergence (rather than parallelism) between only distantly related and geographically isolated mammalian lineages—marsupial moles on the island continent of Australia and placental moles on most other, at least intermittently connected continents. In contrast to earlier presumptions about a relationship between the highly specialized body form of the blind, earless, burrowing marsupial moles and desert habitats, it is now clear that archaic burrowing marsupial moles were adapted to and probably originated in wet forest palaeoenvironments, preadapting them to movement through drier soils in the xeric environments of Australia that developed during the Neogene.

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Arena, Derrick A., Michael Archer, Henk Godthelp, Suzanne J. Hand, and Scott Hocknull. "Hammer-toothed ‘marsupial skinks' from the Australian Cenozoic." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1724 (April 20, 2011): 3529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0486.

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Extinct species of Malleodectes gen. nov. from Middle to Late Miocene deposits of the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, northwestern Queensland, Australia are enigmatic, highly specialized, probably snail-eating marsupials. Dentally, they closely resemble a bizarre group of living heterodont, wet forest scincid lizards from Australia ( Cyclodomorphus ) that may well have outcompeted them as snail-eaters when the closed forests of central Australia began to decline. Although there are scincids known from the same Miocene deposits at Riversleigh, these are relatively plesiomorphic, generalized feeders. This appears to be the most striking example known of dental convergence and possible competition between a mammal and a lizard, which in the long run worked out better for the lizards.

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8

Turnbull, William D., Ernest L. Lundelius, and Richard H. Tedford. "A Pleistocene marsupial fauna from Limeburner's Point, Victoria, Australia." Beagle : Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 9, no. 1 (December 1992): 143–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.263123.

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9

Tedford, Richard, Rod Wells, and Gavin Prideaux. "Pliocene and earlier Pleistocene marsupial evolution in southeastern Australia." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 31 (2006): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115510608619589.

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TEDFORD, RICHARD H., ROD T. WELLS, and GAVIN J. PRIDEAUX. "Pliocene and earlier Pleistocene marsupial evolution in southeastern Australia." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 30, sup1 (January 2006): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115510609506870.

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11

Megirian, Dirk. "Approaches to marsupial biochronology in Australia and New Guinea." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 18, no. 3 (January 1994): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115519408619499.

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12

Smales, Lesley R. "Multisentis myrmecobius, gen. et. sp. nov. (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae), from the Numbat, Myrmecobius fasciatus, and a Key to Genera of the Oligacanthorhynchidae." Invertebrate Systematics 11, no. 2 (1997): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it95023.

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A new genus and a new species of acanthocephalan are described from the numbat Myrmecobius fasciatus, a termite-eating marsupial from south-western Australia. Multisentis myrmecobius belongs to the family Oligacanthorhynchidae and a key to the genera of this family is given. The life cycle is presumed to involve termites as the intermediate host. The definitive host-parasite relationship is assumed to have evolved since the origins of M. fasciatus from ancestral marsupial forms before the late Miocene.

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13

Symon, D. E. "A Survey of Solanum Prickles and Marsupial Herbivory in Australia." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 73, no. 4 (1986): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2399203.

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14

Blacket, Mark J., Mark Adams, Carey Krajewski, and Michael Westerman. "Genetic variation within the dasyurid marsupial genus Planigale." Australian Journal of Zoology 48, no. 5 (2000): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00020.

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Genetic variation within the genus Planigale was examined through analyses of 12S rRNA gene sequences and allozymes. The level of genetic divergence between the five currently recognised Planigale species was compared and the magnitude of divergence among populations assessed. This examination of molecular variation within the genus revealed that Planigale contains far more taxonomic diversity than is currently recognised. Specifically, the Pilbara region of Western Australia probably contains two currently unrecognised Planigale species and there is substantial genetic heterogeneity within the widespread species P. maculata. Ambiguity over the status of several genetic and/or morphological forms within the genus indicates that further taxonomic changes are likely to be warranted in the future. This study also demonstrates that the currently accepted geographic ranges of many planigale species require careful re-evaluation and that many specimens in collections are apparently misidentified. This is especially true of P. ingrami, which appears to have a much greater range than is currently recognised, being present in South Australia.

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15

Speight, Natasha. "Health and Diseases of Koalas." Animals 12, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12081005.

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The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is an arboreal marsupial that is found throughout much of eastern and southeastern Australia, and it relies primarily on eucalypt trees for food, water and shelter [...]

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16

Nunn, Mike. "Avian influenza: implications for Australia." Microbiology Australia 27, no. 2 (2006): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma06085.

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Avian influenza (AI) or ?bird flu? is a highly contagious viral infection of birds. Some AI viruses, called ?highly pathogenic avian influenza? (HPAI) viruses, can cause sudden high mortality (up to 100%) in domestic fowl (chickens). AI viruses are classified into subtypes on the basis of haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) projections on their surface. There are 16 H and nine N types and, to date, all outbreaks of HPAI have been caused by H5 or H7 viruses.

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17

Tyndale-Biscoe, C. H. "Australasian marsupials - to cherish and to hold." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, no. 8 (2001): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd01079.

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Considerable interchange of mammals between South America and Australasia occurred during the first half of the Tertiary, including the presence of placental mammals in Australia. This challenges the old assumption that the marsupial radiation in Australia was made possible by the absence of placental competition, and suggests that two properties of marsupial organization may have favoured their survival in the increasingly arid climates that developed after the separation of Australasia from Antarctica. The basal metabolic rates of marsupials are about 70% of equivalent placentals, so their maintenance requirements for energy, nitrogen and water are lower, whereas their field metabolic rates are about the same, which means that they have a greater metabolic scope to call on when active. This may have given marsupials an advantage in semi-arid environments. The lengthy and complex lactation of marsupials enables the female to exploit limited resources over an extended period without compromising the survival of the young. Both these properties of marsupials enabled them to survive the double constraints of low fertility soils and the uncertain climate of Australia throughout the Tertiary. The arrival of people was followed first by the extinction of the large marsupials and, much later, by the wholesale decline or extinction of the small-to-medium sized species. The common factor in both extinctions may have been the constraints of marsupial reproduction.

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18

Akerman, Kim. "A Rock Painting, Possibly of the Now Extinct Marsupial Thylacoleo (Marsupial Lion), from the North Kimberley, Western Australia." Beagle : Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 14 (October 1998): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.266455.

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19

Beck, Robin M. D. "An ‘ameridelphian’ marsupial from the early Eocene of Australia supports a complex model of Southern Hemisphere marsupial biogeography." Naturwissenschaften 99, no. 9 (August 5, 2012): 715–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-012-0953-x.

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20

Anstey, Susan I., Vasilli Kasimov, Cheryl Jenkins, Alistair Legione, Joanne Devlin, Jemima Amery-Gale, James Gilkerson, et al. "Chlamydia Psittaci ST24: Clonal Strains of One Health Importance Dominate in Australian Horse, Bird and Human Infections." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081015.

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Chlamydia psittaci is traditionally regarded as a globally distributed avian pathogen that can cause zoonotic spill-over. Molecular research has identified an extended global host range and significant genetic diversity. However, Australia has reported a reduced host range (avian, horse, and human) with a dominance of clonal strains, denoted ST24. To better understand the widespread of this strain type in Australia, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and ompA genotyping were applied on samples from a range of hosts (avian, equine, marsupial, and bovine) from Australia. MLST confirms that clonal ST24 strains dominate infections of Australian psittacine and equine hosts (82/88; 93.18%). However, this study also found novel hosts (Australian white ibis, King parrots, racing pigeon, bovine, and a wallaby) and demonstrated that strain diversity does exist in Australia. The discovery of a C. psittaci novel strain (ST306) in a novel host, the Western brush wallaby, is the first detection in a marsupial. Analysis of the results of this study applied a multidisciplinary approach regarding Chlamydia infections, equine infectious disease, ecology, and One Health. Recommendations include an update for the descriptive framework of C. psittaci disease and cell biology work to inform pathogenicity and complement molecular epidemiology.

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21

Power, Michelle L., Nicholas C. Sangster, Martin B. Slade, and Duncan A. Veal. "Patterns of Cryptosporidium Oocyst Shedding by Eastern Grey Kangaroos Inhabiting an Australian Watershed." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 10 (October 2005): 6159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.10.6159-6164.2005.

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ABSTRACT The occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in feces from a population of wild eastern grey kangaroos inhabiting a protected watershed in Sydney, Australia, was investigated. Over a 2-year period, Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 239 of the 3,557 (6.7%) eastern grey kangaroo fecal samples tested by using a combined immunomagnetic separation and flow cytometric technique. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in this host population was estimated to range from 0.32% to 28.5%, with peaks occurring during the autumn months. Oocyst shedding intensity ranged from below 20 oocysts/g feces to 2.0 × 106 oocysts/g feces, and shedding did not appear to be associated with diarrhea. Although morphologically similar to the human-infective Cryptosporidium hominis and the Cryptosporidium parvum “bovine” genotype oocysts, the oocysts isolated from kangaroo feces were identified as the Cryptosporidium “marsupial” genotype I or “marsupial” genotype II. Kangaroos are the predominant large mammal inhabiting Australian watersheds and are potentially a significant source of Cryptosporidium contamination of drinking water reservoirs. However, this host population was predominantly shedding the marsupial-derived genotypes, which to date have been identified only in marsupial host species.

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MERINO, SANTIAGO, JAVIER MARTÍNEZ, RODRIGO A. VÁSQUEZ, and JAN ŠLAPETA. "Monophyly of marsupial intraerythrocytic apicomplexan parasites from South America and Australia." Parasitology 137, no. 1 (September 3, 2009): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009990710.

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SUMMARYIntraerythrocytic parasites (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) of the South American mouse opossum (Thylamys elegans) from Chile, South America, and of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) from Australia were found to be monophyletic using SSU rDNA and partial LSU rDNA sequences. Phylogenetic reconstruction placed both species within the family Sarcocystidae. These intraerythrocytic parasites of marsupials represent an as yet unnamed genus predicted to have bisporocystic oocysts and tetrazoic sporocysts, which is a characteristic feature of all members of the family Sarcocystidae. These results show that erythrocytic parasites share a common ancestor and suggest co-evolution with their vertebrate host.

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23

Dowle, Matthew, Nichola J. Hill, and Michelle L. Power. "Cryptosporidium from a free-ranging marsupial host: Bandicoots in urban Australia." Veterinary Parasitology 198, no. 1-2 (November 2013): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.08.017.

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Binfield, Pippa, Michael Archer, Suzanne J. Hand, Karen H. Black, Troy J. Myers, Anna K. Gillespie, and Derrick A. Arena. "A new Miocene carnivorous marsupial, Barinya kutjamarpensis (Dasyuromorphia), from central Australia." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 41, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2016.1180029.

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25

Wayne, Adrian F., Marika A. Maxwell, Colin G. Ward, Chris V. Vellios, Ian Wilson, Julia C. Wayne, and Matthew R. Williams. "Sudden and rapid decline of the abundant marsupial Bettongia penicillata in Australia." Oryx 49, no. 1 (November 29, 2013): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313000677.

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AbstractThe woylie Bettongia penicillata is categorized as Critically Endangered, having declined by c. 90% between 1999 and 2006. The decline continues and the cause is not fully understood. Within a decline diagnosis framework we characterized the nature of the decline and identified potential causes, with a focus on the species’ largest populations, located in south-west Western Australia. We described the spatio-temporal pattern of the decline, and several attributes that are common across sites. We categorized the potential causes of the decline as resources, predators, disease and direct human interference. Based on the available evidence the leading hypothesis is that disease may be making woylies more vulnerable to predation but this remains to be tested. No substantial recoveries have been sustained to date, and one of the three remaining indigenous populations now appears to be extinct. Therefore, verifying the factors causing the decline and those limiting recovery is becoming increasingly urgent. Active adaptive management can be used to test putative agents, such as introduced predators. Insurance populations and ecological monitoring should also be included in an integrated conservation and management strategy for the species.

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Carey, Stephen P., Aaron B. Camens, Matthew L. Cupper, Rainer Grün, John C. Hellstrom, Stafford W. McKnight, Iain Mclennan, David A. Pickering, Peter Trusler, and Maxime Aubert. "A diverse Pleistocene marsupial trackway assemblage from the Victorian Volcanic Plains, Australia." Quaternary Science Reviews 30, no. 5-6 (March 2011): 591–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.11.021.

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27

Tortosa, Francisco S., Isabel C. Barrio, Alexandra J. R. Carthey, and Peter B. Banks. "No longer naïve? Generalized responses of rabbits to marsupial predators in Australia." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 69, no. 10 (July 23, 2015): 1649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-015-1976-z.

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28

McKINNON, Allan, and Tetuso MIZUNO. "Zoonotic Viruses of Flying Foxes in Australia." Journal of Veterinary Epidemiology 13, no. 1 (2009): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2743/jve.13.30.

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Munro, D. "Viruses infecting hop, Humulus lupulus, in Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 1 (1987): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9870083.

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In 1981 a survey of the main commercial hop cultivar in Australia, Pride of Ringwood, showed that foliar symptoms were associated with the presence of carlavirus particles. The incidence of plants containing particles varied between fields from 0 to 58%. In 1982 a survey based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the carlaviruses were hop mosaic and hop latent viruses and that they infected 1-68% and 1-58% of plants respectively. Prunus necrotic ringspot virus infected 4-9% of plants. Arabis mosaic virus was detected in a cultivar of English origin and American hop latent virus in cultivars of recent American origin, but neither of these viruses was detected in Australian-bred hops. Virus-free plants suitable for propagation were located in cultivars Pride of Ringwood and B23, and were produced by heat treatment and meristem culture of cultivar Southern Cross.

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George, GG. "Monotreme and Marsupial Breeding Programs in Australian Zoos." Australian Journal of Zoology 37, no. 3 (1989): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9890181.

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Cooperative breeding programs for selected species in Australian zoos have developed rather rapidly in response to growing concerns for the status of wildlife world-wide. The need to enlarge captive populations and to manage them for genetic and demographic stability led in 1983 to the establishment of a regional Species Management Scheme among the major publicly funded zoos of Australia and New Zealand. Several Australian marsupials are being successfully managed under this scheme, and management plans for others are being developed. Managed species are designated on the basis of their restricted availability to zoos, and the desirability of having a self-sustaining captive population for conservation purposes. Captive breeding histories of most Australian and some New Guinea monotremes and marsupials are reviewed, and details of zoo breeding programs discussed for managed species.

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31

Heywood, M. R., and C. R. Pavey. "Relative importance of plague rodents and dasyurids as prey of barn owls in central Australia." Wildlife Research 29, no. 2 (2002): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01104.

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We examined the diet of the barn owl in three bioregions of arid Northern Territory; two in upland areas, the other on the Barkly Tableland. Owls from the MacDonnell and Petermann Ranges fed predominantly on rodents. At both sites, Mus musculus was the dominant prey both in terms of frequency and prey units, with Pseudomys hermannsburgensis an important secondary item. Notomys alexis was an important secondary item in the MacDonnell Ranges. These results support previous research in highlighting the importance of plague rodents in the diet of barn owls in arid Australia. In contrast to the samples from the upland sites, the Barkly Tableland sample was composed mostly of the dasyurid marsupial Sminthopsis macroura, with only one rodent captured. The absence of the long-haired rat, Rattus villosissimus, from the sample, despite the species being a favoured prey item of the barn owl that undergoes population irruptions at the collection site, suggests that the sample was collected during a non-plague period. Our study is the first to record a marsupial species as the major prey of the barn owl. This finding suggests that barn owls can switch to other prey when populations of rodents crash.

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32

Cowled, Christopher. "A new arbovirus in northern Australia." Microbiology Australia 30, no. 4 (2009): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma09131.

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Routine arbovirus surveillance has unearthed a number of novel viruses circulating in domestic and wild animals in northern Australia. One of these is a new virus named Middle Point orbivirus (MPOV). While its disease potential remains unknown, evidence suggests that this virus emerged quite recently in Australia and it has now become the single most commonly isolated animal virus in the Northern Territory. The discovery of MPOV highlights the importance of obtaining prototype data on novel Australian viruses.

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33

Paltridge, R. "Occurrence of The Marsupial Mole (Notoryctes typhlops) Remains in The Faecal Pellets of Cats, Foxes and Dingoes in The Tanami Desert, N.T." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 3 (1998): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98427.

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Little ecological information has been collected on the Marsupial Mole, Notoryctes typhlops, since its discovery in 1888. The only field data published on the species this century has resulted from opportunistic encounters with the animal (Johnson and Walton 1989), and no reliable methods for capturing it or monitoring its abundance and distribution have been developed. In 1920 a second species of Marsupial Mole, Notorcytes caurinus, was described from specimens collected in north-western Australia. The distributions of the two species have not been clearly differentiated however, and the two species are often regarded as synonymous (e.g. Johnson 1995). In this paper the potential for a second species was disregarded and reference is made only to N. typhlops due to the proximity of the study sites to the location of recent records of this species.

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34

Price, Gilbert J., Kathryn E. Fitzsimmons, Ai Duc Nguyen, Jian-xin Zhao, Yue-xing Feng, Ian H. Sobbe, Henk Godthelp, Michael Archer, and Suzanne J. Hand. "New ages of the world's largest-ever marsupial: Diprotodon optatum from Pleistocene Australia." Quaternary International 603 (November 2021): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2021.06.013.

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35

Pavey, Chris R., Chris J. Burwell, Gerhard Körtner, and Fritz Geiser. "Trophic ecology of marsupial predators in arid Australia following reshaping of predator assemblages." Journal of Mammalogy 99, no. 5 (August 24, 2018): 1128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy100.

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36

Grohmann, G. S., N. J. Ashbolt, M. S. Genova, G. Logan, P. Cox, and C. S. W. Kueh. "Detecton of Viruses in Coastal and River Water Systems in Sydney, Australia." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1993): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0392.

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Two prospective studies on the occurrence of human viruses in samples of coastal & river origin have been undertaken since September 1989. Viruses were detected using concentration methods & cell culture techniques. Water samples (100L) were reduced to 1L using hollow fibre ultrafiltration and then treated with PEG. Sewage and sediment samples were treated with PEG only. Over a two year period, viruses were detected in 24/202 (12%) of water samples and 29/60 effluents from the river system. Coastal waters have been contaminated by cliff edge discharge of sewage for at least the last 70 years. Recently, deepwater ocean outfalls have been installed to discharge effluent some 3 km away from the coast. Prior to the installation of deepwater ocean outfalls viruses were detected in 28% of water samples compared to 9% post installation. In sediment samples viruses were isolated in 87/260 (34%) samples, the discharge via the new outfalls having no effect on the isolation rate. The data points to long term survival of viruses sediments and/or contamination from other sources such as storm water discharge: 10-25% of storm water drains were also found to be positive for viruses. The viruses isolated were enteroviruses, adenoviruses & reoviruses. Although viruses were consistently isolated with some seasonal trends, comparisons between the detection of viruses in clinical and environmental samples over this two year period were inconclusive.

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Chao, Hsu-Yao, Mark A. Clements, Anne M. Mackenzie, Ralf G. Dietzgen, John E. Thomas, and Andrew D. W. Geering. "Viruses Infecting Greenhood Orchids (Pterostylidinae) in Eastern Australia." Viruses 14, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020365.

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The Australasian biogeographic realm is a major centre of diversity for orchids, with every subfamily of the Orchidaceae represented and high levels of endemism at the species rank. It is hypothesised that there is a commensurate diversity of viruses infecting this group of plants. In this study, we have utilised high-throughput sequencing to survey for viruses infecting greenhood orchids (Pterostylidinae) in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. The main aim of this study was to characterise Pterostylis blotch virus (PtBV), a previously reported but uncharacterised virus that had been tentatively classified in the genus Orthotospovirus. This classification was confirmed by genome sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses suggested that PtBV is representative of a new species that is possibly indigenous to Australia as it does not belong to either the American or Eurasian clades of orthotospoviruses. Apart from PtBV, putative new viruses in the genera Alphaendornavirus, Amalgavirus, Polerovirus and Totivirus were discovered, and complete genome sequences were obtained for each virus. It is concluded that the polerovirus is likely an example of an introduced virus infecting a native plant species in its natural habitat, as this virus is probably vectored by an aphid, and Australia has a depauperate native aphid fauna that does not include any species that are host-adapted to orchids.

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Hansbro, Philip M., Simone Warner, John P. Tracey, K. Edla Arzey, Paul Selleck, Kim O’Riley, Emma L. Beckett, et al. "Surveillance and Analysis of Avian Influenza Viruses, Australia." Emerging Infectious Diseases 16, no. 12 (December 2010): 1896–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100776.

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39

Wroe, S., T. J. Myers, R. T. Wells, and A. Gillespie. "Estimating the weight of the Pleistocene marsupial lion, Thylacoleo carnifex (Thylacoleonidae:Marsupialia): implications for the ecomorphology of a marsupial super-predator and hypotheses of impoverishment of Australian marsupial carnivore faunas." Australian Journal of Zoology 47, no. 5 (1999): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo99006.

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Using demonstrated relationships between body mass and humeral and femoral circumferences, we calculate the weight of the only specimen of Thylacoleo carnifex known from a near-complete skeleton. Body weights of 112–143 kg were estimated for this individual, from Moree, north-western New South Wales. Extrapolating on the basis of geometric similtude, we further estimated the weight of the largest T. carnifex for which we had cranial data at 128–164 kg. Moreover, estimates for at least three of the thirteen available specimens exceeded 124–160 kg, suggesting that individuals of this size were common. Our estimates of average weight for the species range from 101 to 130 kg. These results clearly show that Pleistocene Australia had a 'large' cat equivalent and that 'large' terrestrial predator niches were not then occupied exclusively by reptiles.They may also diminish the argument that soil-nutrient deficiency constrained the evolution of large mammalian carnivores on this continent in the Pleistocene. Similarly, we posit that prima facie evidence for reptilian domination of terrestrial carnivore niches during the Miocene is wanting, although it is conceded that far more detailed investigation is required to comprehensively test these hypotheses. Earlier studies have drawn parallels between T. carnifex and sabre-toothed predators, thought to have specialised in hunting particularly large and powerful prey. Taken in the context of upwardly revised weight estimates, we argue that Pleistocene marsupial lions may have dispatched even Diprotodon-sized animals. But again, more comprehensive study, including thorough biomechanical design analysis of the post-cranial skeleton in particular, will be required to thoroughly illuminate the predatory habitus and general ecology of Australia's largest and most specialised marsupial carnivore.

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McLean, Amanda L., Steven J. B. Cooper, Melanie L. Lancaster, Glen Gaikhorst, Cathy Lambert, Katherine Moseby, John Read, Matthew Ward, and Susan M. Carthew. "Small marsupial, big dispersal? Broad- and fine-scale genetic structure of an endangered marsupial from the Australian arid zone." Australian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 3 (2018): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo18054.

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The irregular nature of rainfall in the Australian arid and semiarid zones results in a heterogeneous distribution of resources in both time and space. The mammal species that reside in these regions are uniquely adapted to these climatic conditions, often occurring in naturally low densities and increasing significantly in numbers following major rainfall events. We investigated how these adaptations may influence genetic diversity and gene flow across the landscape in an endangered semiarid/arid-zone marsupial, the sandhill dunnart (Sminthopsis psammophila), from three known populations in southern Australia. Analyses of mitochondrial control region (CR) sequences and microsatellite loci revealed that S. psammophila had maintained similar levels of genetic diversity to other sympatric Sminthopsis species despite its endangered status. There was no evidence for significant phylogeographic structure within the species, but each population was genetically differentiated, based on the frequency of microsatellite alleles and CR haplotypes, suggesting that they should be considered as distinct Management Units for conservation. At a fine spatial scale, no significant genetic structure or sex-biased dispersal was detected within a study site of 240km2. These findings suggest that both sexes are highly mobile, which allows individuals to locate localised resource patches when they become available. We detected evidence of a genetic bottleneck within the population, possibly caused by a recent drought. Our study highlights the importance of maintaining connectivity across the landscape for semiarid- and arid-zone species to enable them to track resource pulses and maintain genetic diversity.

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Wooller, R. D., K. C. Richardson, C. A. M. Garavanta, V. M. Saffer, C. Anthony, and S. J. Wooller. "The influence of annual rainfall upon capture rates of a nectar-dependent marsupial." Wildlife Research 25, no. 2 (1998): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97089.

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The capture rates of honey possums, Tarsipes rostratus, on the south coast of Western Australia were significantly related to annual rainfall in the preceding year. It is suggested that numbers of the short-lived and aseasonally breeding honey possum fluctuate in relation to nectar levels, which vary with cumulative water availability.

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Ong, Oselyne T. W., Eloise B. Skinner, Brian J. Johnson, and Julie M. Old. "Mosquito-Borne Viruses and Non-Human Vertebrates in Australia: A Review." Viruses 13, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13020265.

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Mosquito-borne viruses are well recognized as a global public health burden amongst humans, but the effects on non-human vertebrates is rarely reported. Australia, houses a number of endemic mosquito-borne viruses, such as Ross River virus, Barmah Forest virus, and Murray Valley encephalitis virus. In this review, we synthesize the current state of mosquito-borne viruses impacting non-human vertebrates in Australia, including diseases that could be introduced due to local mosquito distribution. Given the unique island biogeography of Australia and the endemism of vertebrate species (including macropods and monotremes), Australia is highly susceptible to foreign mosquito species becoming established, and mosquito-borne viruses becoming endemic alongside novel reservoirs. For each virus, we summarize the known geographic distribution, mosquito vectors, vertebrate hosts, clinical signs and treatments, and highlight the importance of including non-human vertebrates in the assessment of future disease outbreaks. The mosquito-borne viruses discussed can impact wildlife, livestock, and companion animals, causing significant changes to Australian ecology and economy. The complex nature of mosquito-borne disease, and challenges in assessing the impacts to non-human vertebrate species, makes this an important topic to periodically review.

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Rodger, John C. "Likely targets for immunocontraception in marsupials." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, no. 1 (1997): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r96073.

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There is a growing need to manage marsupial populations as a means to mitigate economic and environmental damage and resolve animal welfare problems. In Australia, the problems of population management are highly specific and localized. In contrast, in New Zealand the problem is the control of the many millions of widely-distributed brushtail possums which are the country’s major vertebrate pest. The needs of the two countries are thus very different but immunocontraception may provide an effective and humane alternative to current lethal control strategies. This paper discusses the features of marsupial reproduction and development that offer potential as targets for immunocontraceptive interference, including: (1) sperm production and maturation in the male; (2) sperm transport and maturation in the female; and (3) sperm and egg antigens and the early embryo. Some of these antigen targets are shared with eutherian mammals but others are likely to be unique to marsupials.

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Black, Karen H., Aaron B. Camens, Michael Archer, and Suzanne J. Hand. "Herds Overhead: Nimbadon lavarackorum (Diprotodontidae), Heavyweight Marsupial Herbivores in the Miocene Forests of Australia." PLoS ONE 7, no. 11 (November 21, 2012): e48213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048213.

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Montanari, Shaena, Julien Louys, and Gilbert J. Price. "Pliocene Paleoenvironments of Southeastern Queensland, Australia Inferred from Stable Isotopes of Marsupial Tooth Enamel." PLoS ONE 8, no. 6 (June 12, 2013): e66221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066221.

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46

Gillespie, Anna K., Michael Archer, and Suzanne J. Hand. "A new Oligo–Miocene marsupial lion from Australia and revision of the family Thylacoleonidae." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17, no. 1 (December 6, 2017): 59–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2017.1391885.

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47

Murdoch, Fiona A., and David M. Spratt. "Ecology of the common marsupial tick (Ixodes tasmani Neumann) (Acarina : Ixodidae), in eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 53, no. 6 (2005): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo05032.

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Ixodes tasmani is one of the most common and widespread of the Australian species of Ixodes and a vector of zoonotic rickettsial diseases. The tick was reared successfully in the laboratory; the entire life cycle was completed in 4 months. A diurnal rhythm of detachment from captive hosts (laboratory Rattus norvegicus) was observed for all stages and, combined with other evidence, suggests that I. tasmani is nidicolous. The prevalence and intensity of tick infestation on wild-caught, common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), was least during the summer months. To investigate questing activity, laboratory-reared nymphs were held in enclosures in one sheltered (tree hollows) and three exposed (vegetation) microhabitats. Questing was continuous but at low intensity in tree hollows, and nocturnal and at an increased (higher) intensity in vegetation. The observed questing activity appeared to maximise host contact with T. vulpecula, which is nocturnal but retires by day to tree hollows. Field and laboratory observations suggest that the risk for humans of tick-bite from I. tasmani and consequent transmission of zoonotic diseases may be low compared with the risk from other tick species.

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Chilton, Neil B., Abdul Jabbar, Florence Huby-Chilton, Aaron Jex, Robin B. Gasser, and Ian Beveridge. "Genetic variation within theHypodontus macropi(Nematoda: Strongyloidea) complex from macropodid marsupial hosts in Australia." ELECTROPHORESIS 33, no. 23 (December 2012): 3544–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201200364.

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DeSantis, Larisa, Gilbert Price, and Julien Louys. "Paleoecology of the Plio-Pleistocene of Queensland: Ecological Shifts Evidenced From Fauna at the Darling Downs." Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 60, no. 2 (February 16, 2023): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.58782/flmnh.xztv9346.

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The continent of Australia is currently warming approximately thirty-five percent faster than the rest of the globe, with the warmest year on record coinciding with the most extreme bush fires. While effects of ongoing climate change are apparent over the past century, Australia has experienced pronounced aridification since the Miocene/Pliocene, transitioning from tropical forests to more open habitats. To better contextualize on-going climate change, we assess the ecology and paleobiology of mammalian faunas in Australia from the Pliocene to the Present in the Darling Downs region of Queensland Australia. Via the analysis of stable isotopes from tooth enamel and dental microwear texture analysis of the chewing surfaces of teeth, we clarify the ecology and paleobiology of medium to large marsupials from the Pliocene Chinchilla Sands and Pleistocene Eastern Darling Downs faunas. By comparing these ancient marsupial mammal communities to extant marsupial mammals that inhabit these regions today, we further demonstrate that the most dramatic changes between past ecosystems are clearly between those of the Present and the Plio-Pleistocene—indicated that the Darling Downs region of today is disparate as compared to the past. Most notably, Macropus giganteus consumes vegetation that is ~5.6‰ higher in δ13C values today than during the past, indicating feeding in a significantly more open landscape. The Pliocene and Pleistocene of the Darling Downs are instead dominated by mixed-feeding and browsing taxa, with several taxa exhibiting diets disparate from modern analogues (e.g., an abundance of C4 browsers). Collectively, these deep-time temporal comparisons are a clear example of how ecological communities observed today do not represent the full range of ecological niches occupied in the past and highlight the dramatic climate-departures experienced today.

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Figueirido, Borja, and Christine M. Janis. "The predatory behaviour of the thylacine: Tasmanian tiger or marsupial wolf?" Biology Letters 7, no. 6 (May 4, 2011): 937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0364.

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The extinct thylacine ( Thylacinus cynocephalus ) and the extant grey wolf ( Canis lupus ) are textbook examples of convergence between marsupials and placentals. Craniodental studies confirm the thylacine's carnivorous diet, but little attention has been paid to its postcranial skeleton, which would confirm or refute rare eyewitness reports of a more ambushing predatory mode than the pack-hunting pursuit mode of wolves and other large canids. Here we show that thylacines had the elbow morphology typical of an ambush predator, and propose that the ‘Tasmanian tiger’ vernacular name might be more apt than the ‘marsupial wolf’. The ‘ niche overlap hypothesis ’ with dingoes ( Canis lupus dingo ) as a main cause of thylacine extinction in mainland Australia is discussed in the light of this new information.

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