Journal articles: 'Mars probs'

1

Guinnessy, Paul. "Mars probe dead." Physics Today 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2709555.

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Pezzotti, Giuseppe. "Advanced Evaluation Methods of Residual Stress in Bioceramics Wear Surfaces." Advances in Science and Technology 64 (October 2010): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.64.43.

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Photo- and electro-stimulated probes have been employed for quantitatively evaluating highly graded residual stress fields generated at the surface of alumina hip joints. Optical calibrations revealed large differences in probe size, which strongly affected the detected magnitude of residual stress. A comparison between the responses of Raman and fluorescence probes in polycrystalline alumina showed that the depth of those probes spread to an extent in the order of the tens of microns even with using a confocal probe configuration. On the other hand, the electro-stimulated luminescence emitted by oxygen vacancy sites (F+ center) in the alumina lattice represented a suitable choice for confining to a shallow volume the stress probe. The electron probe enabled confining the measurement depth to the order of the tens of nanometers. Maps of surface residual stress were collected on both main-wear and non-wear zones of an alumina femoral head. A comparison among stress maps taken at exactly the same location, but employing different probes, clarified the averaging probe effects on surface stress magnitude.

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Ma, Pengbin, Jie Yang, Hengnian Li, Zhibin Zhang, and Hexi Baoyin. "Autonomous navigation for Mars probes using only satellite-to-satellite tracking measurements by singularity-avoiding orbit elements." Journal of Navigation 75, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): 476–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463322000029.

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AbstractThis paper proposes a novel autonomous navigation method for Mars-orbiting probes. Satellite-to-satellite tracking (SST) between two probes is generally deemed to involve autonomous measurements with no dependence on any external observation sites on the Earth. For the conventional two-body dynamic model, it is well known that the orbit states cannot be estimated by merely using such SST measurements. Considering the effects of third-body gravitation perturbation and the weak Mars tesseral harmonics perturbation, autonomous navigation with SST measurements alone becomes weakly observable and may be achieved by some nonlinear filtering techniques. Two significant improvements are made to mitigate the nonlinearity brought by the dynamic models. First, singularity-avoiding orbit elements are selected to represent the dynamic models in order to reduce the intensity of the nonlinearity which cannot be overcome by the traditional position–velocity state expression. Second, the unscented Kalman filter method is effectively utilised to avoid the linearised errors calculated by its extended Kalman filter counterpart which may exceed the tesseral harmonics perturbation. A constellation, consisting of one low-orbit probe and one high-orbit probe, is designed to realise the autonomous orbit determination of both participating Mars probes. A reliable navigation solution is successfully obtained by Monte Carlo simulation runs. It shows that the errors of the semimajor axes of the two Mars probes are less than 10 m and the position errors are less than 1 km.

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Ma, Pengbin, Tianshu Wang, Fanghua Jiang, Junshan Mu, and Hexi Baoyin. "Autonomous Navigation of Mars Probes by Single X-ray Pulsar Measurement and Optical Data of Viewing Martian Moons." Journal of Navigation 70, no. 1 (July 4, 2016): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463316000357.

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In order to achieve high accuracy of autonomous navigation for Mars probes, an integrated navigation method using X-ray pulsar measurement and optical data of viewing Martian moons is proposed. For single X-ray pulsar measurement on board a Mars probe, navigation accuracy is low due to its poor observability. On the other hand, Phobos and Deimos, two natural moons of Mars, are important optical navigation information sources available for Mars missions. However, the Martian moons ephemeris bias and the differences between barycentre and centre of brightness of Martian moons will result in low navigation accuracy. The method of integrated navigation using X-ray pulsar measurement and optical data of viewing Martian moons can overcome the defect and achieve accurate navigation. Two sequential orbit determination algorithms, Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), are compared. The simulation results show this method can obtain high autonomous navigation accuracy during the phase of a probe orbiting Mars.

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Ma, Pengbin, Fanghua Jiang, and Hexi Baoyin. "Autonomous Navigation of Mars Probes by Combining Optical Data of Viewing Martian Moons and SST Data." Journal of Navigation 68, no. 6 (April 13, 2015): 1019–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463315000272.

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Autonomous navigation has become a key technology for deep space exploration missions. Phobos and Deimos, the two natural moons of Mars, are important optical navigation information sources available for Mars missions. However, during the phase of the probe orbiting close to Mars, the ephemeris bias and the difference between the barycentre and the centre of brightness of a Martian moon will result in low navigation accuracy. On the other hand, Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking (SST) can achieve convenient and high accuracy observation for autonomous navigation. However, this cannot apply for a Mars mission during the Mars orbit phase only by SST data because of a rank defect problem of the Jacobian matrix. To improve the autonomous navigation accuracy of Mars probes, this paper presents a new autonomous navigation method that combines SST radio data provided by two probes and optical measurement by viewing the natural Martian moons. Two sequential orbit determination algorithms, an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) are compared. Simulation results show this method can obtain high autonomous navigation accuracy during the probe's Mars Orbit phase.

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Ning, Xiaolin, Zhuo Li, Yuqing Yang, Jiancheng Fang, and Gang Liu. "Analysis of Ephemeris Errors in Autonomous Celestial Navigation during Mars Approach Phase." Journal of Navigation 70, no. 3 (November 21, 2016): 505–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463316000734.

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A Celestial Navigation System (CNS) is a feasible and economical autonomous navigation system for deep-space probes. Ephemeris errors have a great influence on the performance of CNSs during the Mars approach phase, but there are few research studies on this problem. In this paper, the analysis shows that the ephemeris error of Mars is slowly-varying, while the ephemeris error of Phobos and Deimos is periodical. The influence of the ephemeris errors of Mars and its satellites is analysed in relation to both the Sun-centred frame and the Mars-centred frame. The simulations show that the position error of a probe relative to the Sun caused by the Mars ephemeris error is almost equal to the ephemeris error itself, that the velocity error is affected slightly, and that the position and velocity relative to Mars are hardly affected. The navigation result of a Mars probe is also greatly affected by the quantities and periodicities of the ephemeris errors of Phobos and Deimos, especially that of Deimos.

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7

WILSON, ELIZABETH. "Deep-digging Mars probes launched." Chemical & Engineering News 77, no. 2 (January 11, 1999): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v077n002.p007a.

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Lorenzini, E. C., M. D. Grossi, and M. Cosmo. "Low altitude tethered mars probe." Acta Astronautica 21, no. 1 (January 1990): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-5765(90)90101-p.

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9

Saegusa, Asako. "Japan's Mars probe launched successfully." Nature 394, no. 6689 (July 1998): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/27986.

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10

Bishop, R. P., P. R. Spooner, G. K. Kanhai, J. Kiarie, A. A. Latif, T. Hove, S. Masaka, and T. T. Dolan. "Molecular characterization of Theileria parasites: application to the epidemiology of theileriosis in Zimbabwe." Parasitology 109, no. 5 (December 1994): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000076459.

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Forty Theileria schizont-infected lymphocyte culture isolates from Zimbabwe were characterized using a panel of antischizont monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and 4 Theileria parva DNA probes containing cloned extrachromosomal element, Tpr repetitive, ribosomal and telomeric sequences. The Theileria isolates were assigned as T. parva or T. taurotragi on the basis of reactivities with MAbs and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected using the extra chromosomal element probe. Cattle-derived T. parva isolates were relatively homogeneous on the basis of reactivities with MAbs and RFLPs detected using Tpr repetitive and ribosomal DNA probes. In contrast to previous results from Kenya, most of the cattle-derived isolates from Zimbabwe exhibited very similar Tpr restriction fragment patterns, although the Tpr genotypes of buffalo-derived isolates were heterogeneous. This suggests that selection for a particular Tpr genotype may be occurring in cattle. Many isolates with similar Tpr genotypes were differentiated by RFLPs detected using the telomeric DNA probe. The T. parva Boleni immunizing stock was distinguished from all other isolates by telomeric RFLPs. The T. parva Boleni Tpr repetitive DNA probe cross-hybridized with T. taurotragi DNA and detected RFLPs between different T. taurotragi isolates.

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11

Cheng, Jinghan. "Comparison of planet detectors of Opportunity and Juno." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 38 (March 16, 2023): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v38i.5697.

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Generally, the planet detectors offer a unique insight for planet detection in astrophysics. This paper focuses on the planetary probes by first introducing the origin of humans’ exploration of the Solar System ever since the Space Race in the Cold War era. The main topic is about the three different types of probes ever launched (i.e., lander, orbiter, and flybys). Two probes, Mars rover Opportunity and Jovian orbiter Juno, are chosen to represent a typical probe in its category. Both are explained from the perspectives of its structures and crucial scientific discoveries. The comparison method is employed between the two probes as well. The results are then used for proposes on future possible probes, which the experiences gained from past missions that are organized will be valuable to consider. These results shed light on guiding further exploration of planet detections.

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12

Lawler, Andrew. "Mars Loss Could Sink Planetary Probes." Science 274, no. 5291 (November 22, 1996): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5291.1297.a.

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13

Dacey, James. "UAE Hope probe reaches Mars orbit." Physics World 34, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/34/03/11.

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14

Cyranoski, David. "Astronomers try to save Mars probe." Nature 424, no. 6944 (July 2003): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/424006b.

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15

Banks, Michael. "NASA launches MAVEN probe to Mars." Physics World 27, no. 01 (January 2014): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/27/01/19.

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16

Battersby, Stephen. "Pathfinder probes the weather on Mars." Nature 388, no. 6643 (August 1997): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/41619.

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17

Banks, Michael, Ling Xin, and Liz Kruesi. "Trio of probes launch to Mars." Physics World 33, no. 9 (October 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/33/9/11.

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18

SELTZER, RICHARD. "Probe to explore Mars' surface, atmosphere." Chemical & Engineering News 70, no. 40 (October 5, 1992): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v070n040.p007.

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19

Macilwain, Colin. "Mars probe lost through 'management faults'." Nature 367, no. 6459 (January 1994): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/367104a0.

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20

Bishop, R. P., B. K. Sohanpal, B. A. Allsopp, P. R. Spooner, T. T. Dolan, and S. P. Morzaria. "Detection of polymorphisms among Theileria parva stocks using repetitive, telomeric and ribosomal DNA probes and anti-schizont monoclonal antibodies." Parasitology 107, no. 1 (July 1993): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000079361.

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SummaryA total of 21 Theileria parva stocks from 6 countries were characterized using T. parva repetitive and ribosomal DNA probes, a Plasmodium berghei telomeric oligonucleotide and a panel of anti-schizont monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Hybridization of the repetitive DNA probe to Southern blots of EcoRI-digested T. parva DNA revealed 20 different restriction fragment patterns among DNA samples isolated from infections initiated using 16 parasite stocks. The panel of anti-schizont MAbs defined 8 different profiles among schizont-infected lymphoblastoid cell-cultures infected with the same 16 T. parva stocks. Many stocks, which were differentiated by the repetitive DNA probe, could not be distinguished using the anti-schizont MAbs. A cloned T. parva small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) gene probe separated 17 T. parva stocks into 2 groups, exhibiting either 1 or 2 restriction fragments, when hybridized to EcoRI-digested T. parva DNA. When hybridized to PvuII-digested DNA from 8 T. parva stocks, the ribosomal probe identified 4 groups with similar restriction fragment patterns. A synthetic oligonucleotide derived from a P. berghei telomeric sequence hybridized to 7 or 8 size-polymorphic restriction fragments in the EcoRI-digested DNA of most T. parva stocks. The telomeric and ribosomal probes defined the same 4 groups among 8 T. parva stocks as assessed by similarities in restriction fragment patterns. Based on the comparison of repetitive DNA sequences from the T. parva Uganda and Muguga stocks, a synthetic oligonucleotide was developed which distinguished the DNA of the T. parva Uganda stock from that of 4 other T. parva stocks on a positive/negative basis.

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21

Oyama, Koh-ichiro, Takumi Abe, Kristian Schlegel, Andrew Nagy, Jhoon Kim, and Katsuhide Marubashi. "Electron temperature probe onboard Japan’s Mars orbiter." Earth, Planets and Space 51, no. 12 (December 1999): 1309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03351604.

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22

Chen, Shaowu, Gang Ji, Dezhen Xu, Haitao Li, and Guangliang Dong. "Relative Position Error Analysis for Mars Probes." TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) 14, no. 3A (September 1, 2016): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v14i3a.4389.

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23

Voosen, Paul. "NASA lander to probe interior of Mars." Science 360, no. 6386 (April 19, 2018): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.360.6386.247.

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24

Chapman, Tim. "Mars probes go in search of life." Physics World 16, no. 6 (June 2003): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/16/6/4.

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25

Fisher, Knute A. "Scanned Probe Microscopy: Past, present, and future." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (August 1992): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100120497.

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In the past decade a new family of image-forming devices has been developed, machines that do not use lenses and are collectively called scanned probe microscopes (SPM). The SPM family evolved from the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) developed by Binnig and Rohrer in the early 1980s. The tunneling microscope and subsequent probe microscopes, such as the atomic force microscope (AFM), are based on the precise positioning and scanning of a probe within nanometer distances of a surface. Sub-nanometer precision is accomplished using piezoelectric ceramics that change shape with applied electrical potential allowing probes to be moved laterally with less than 0.1-nm resolution and vertically with less than 0.01-nm resolution. This method of positioning has been routinely used with SPM over the past 10 years, during which time many different probes have been developed. These probes measure signals from a variety of physical phenomena such as electron tunneling, atomic force, electrical conductivity, temperature gradients, light absorption, ion currents, and magnetic properties. A significant difference between SPM and conventional light and electron microscopes is that the probes can operate in a wide range of environments including pressures that range from ultrahigh vacuum to ambient pressure, temperatures that range from liquid helium to hundreds of degrees Kelvin, and physical states that include immersion in hydrophobic liquids such as oil and hydrophilic liquids such biological buffers. The probes are usually scanned in either a constant signal mode or in a constant height mode. Signals are amplified and can be used to control the probe's vertical position. The signal is recorded digitally and displayed on a computer screen and thus can be manipulated by image-processing tools to generate topographic maps of the surface. The references at the end of this article cite several of the major reviews of probe microscopy.

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Chen, Liyan. "Comparison of Stellar Detectors for Mars, Jupiter, and Sun." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 38 (March 16, 2023): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v38i.5809.

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Contemporarily, various stellar detectors have been launched to different planets, which offer abundant information for both astrophysics and cosmology. To better illustrate the differences and functions of the detectors, this paper briefly introduces the development of planetary probes and the characteristics of some of the planets and selects three of the most valuable planetary probes for study, comparing their functions, characteristics, and other aspects to investigate the different effects of different planetary characteristics on the function of the probes. The paper focuses on the Mars Rover Curiosity, the Jupiter Rover Galileo, and the Solar Rover Parker. The comparison shows that they all differ in the presentation of the rover form due to the different characteristics of the planet. This study also helps to analyse the future direction of the rovers of these three bodies, e.g., solar probes will continue to face the challenge of becoming more resistant to radiation as well as to heat. These results shed light on guiding further exploration of stellar detectors.

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Carney, Mary, Ann LeFurgey, Larry Hawkey, Peter Ingram, and Melvyn Lieberman. "Comparison of quantitative x-ray imaging and raster probing in heart cells exposed to sodium-free media." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 2 (August 12, 1990): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100134296.

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Quantitative biological electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) ideally makes use of two approaches in examination of samples: static raster probing and quantitative x-ray imaging. Efficient use of expensive microanalytical equipment requires intelligent decisions on the appropriate strategy for optimizing data collection. A low resolution, short dwell time map (for example, 64 × 64 pixels by 2 seconds) may survey one to several cells at low magnification and provide adequate statistics for most structures and elements. Elements, notably Ca, present in low concentrations within small regions may require the acquisition equivalent of long static raster probes, increased numbers of images from low resolution maps, higher resolution maps, longer dwell time maps, or a combination of these options.We examined raster probe and mapping results in cultured heart cells. In these cells EXPMA has been demonstrated to be an appropriate tool to observe the results of perturbation of the Na-Ca gradient, brought about by incubation of cells in low Na or Na-free media.

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Juvé, Vincent, Flavio Zamponi, Marcel Holtz, Michael Woerner, and Thomas Elsaesser. "Transient electron density maps from femtosecond x-ray powder diffraction." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314098994.

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Ultrashort hard x-ray pulses are sensitive probes of structural dynamics on the picometer length and femtosecond time scales of electronic and atomic motions. Using short hard x-ray pulses as probe in a pump-probe scheme allow to do femtosecond x-ray diffraction experiments [1], which provide transient electron density maps at a femtosecond timescale with a sub-angstrom spatial resolution. In a typical femtosecond x-ray powder diffraction experiment many Debye-Scherrer rings, up to a maximum diffraction angle 2θmax, are recorded for each time delay between the optical pump and the hard x-ray probe. From the diffraction pattern, the change of the diffracted intensity of each rings are monitored. The interference of diffracted x-rays from the many unexcited cells, with known structure factors coming from steady-state measurement, and diffracted x-rays from the few excited cells allows for the detection of the transients structure factors. Problems could arise if the 3D-Fourier transform is directly used because of the abrupt end of the collected information in the reciprocal space (maximum diffraction angle 2θmax). In order to overcome this problem, the Maximum Entropy Method is apply to the data and the transient electron density maps are derived. We apply the femtosecond x-ray powder diffraction technique and the Maximum Entropy Method to study the induced transient polarization by high optical fields on ionic crystals. Such polarizations are connected to a spatial redistribution of electronic charge, which corresponds to a charge transfer between the two ionic compounds [2]. While the charge transfer originates from the anion to the cation in the LiBH and the NaBH4, the LiH exhibits a peculiar behavior: the charge transfer occurs from the cation to the anion. As result from comparison with calculations in the COHSEX framework, this behavior is due to the strong electronic correlations in the LiH [3].

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29

Tauber, M., W. Henline, M. Chargin, P. Papadopoulos, Y. Chen, L. Yang, and K. Hamm. "Mars environmental survey probe aerobrake preliminary design study." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 30, no. 4 (July 1993): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.25549.

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30

MASUDA, Noriaki, Tsuyoshi TOTANI, Harunori NAGATA, and Isao KUDO. "Conceptual Design of Mars Probe with Micro Rover." Proceedings of Conference of Hokkaido Branch 2003.43 (2003): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehokkaido.2003.43.156.

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31

SELTZER, RICHARD. "Mars probe loss would foil chemical data search." Chemical & Engineering News 71, no. 35 (August 30, 1993): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v071n035.p007a.

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32

Dillé, John E., Douglas C. Bittel, Kathleen Ross, and J. Perry Gustafson. "Preparing plant chromosomes for scanning electron microscopy." Genome 33, no. 3 (June 1, 1990): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g90-052.

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The scanning electron microscope may be useful in the analysis of plant chromosomes treated with in situ hybridization, especially when the probes and (or) chromosomes are near or beyond the resolution of the light microscope. Usual methods of plant chromosome preparation are unsuitable for scanning electron microscope observation as a result of cellular debris, which also interferes with probe hybridization. A method is described whereby protoplasts are obtained from fixed root tips by enzymatic digestion and applied to slides in a manner that produces little or no cellular debris overlying the chromosomes. The slides were examined by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy after C-banding and in situ hybridization with a rye nucleolus organizer region spacer probe. This technique, which allows for scanning electron microscope visualization of bands and probes not easily identified with light microscopy, should prove useful in the physical mapping of low copy number or unique DNA sequences.Key words: protoplasts, rice, wheat, rye, physical maps, in situ hybridization.

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Marri, Laura, Emanuela Barboni, Tiziana Irdani, Brunella Perito, and Giorgio Mastromei. "Restriction enzyme and DNA hybridization analysis of cellulolytic Streptomyces isolates of different origin." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-055.

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Streptomyces rochei A2 endoglucanase (eglS) and β-glucosidase (bgs1) genes were used as probes to survey their distribution among 16 Streptomyces strains isolated from different sources and characterized for their cellulolytic activities. The eglS probe hybridized to the genomic DNA of 12 strains with a restriction pattern different from that of S. rochei A2. The DNA from all strains, except one, hybridized with the bgsl probe and one strain showed the same restriction pattern as seen in S. rochei A2. The sequence localized by the eglS probe in S. thermoviolaceus and the one localized by the bgs1 probe in strain EC1 were cloned and expressed in E. coli in plasmids pTAE and pCSF203, respectively. The restriction maps showed that the cloned genes were identical to eglS and bgs1. The restriction enzyme analysis of genomic DNA from all the strains identified nine different groups, each characterized by a distinctive pattern and in agreement with the results of the hybridization experiments.Key words: Streptomyces, cellulase genes, hybridization, restriction enzyme analysis.

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34

Clery, Daniel. "Europe pledges to launch Mars rover delayed by war." Science 378, no. 6623 (December 2, 2022): 937–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adg0521.

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Berger, Rüdiger, Hans-Jürgen Butt, Maria B. Retschke, and Stefan A. L. Weber. "Electrical Modes in Scanning Probe Microscopy." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 30, no. 14 (July 16, 2009): 1167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200900220.

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Tao, Y. Z., D. R. Jordan, R. G. Henzell, and C. L. McIntyre. "Construction of a genetic map in a sorghum recombinant inbred line using probes from different sources and its comparison with other sorghum maps." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 4 (1998): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97112.

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A genetic map was established using 120 F5 sorghum recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from a cross between 2 Australian elite sorghum inbred lines, QL39 and QL41. A variety of DNA probes, including sorghum genomic DNA, maize genomic DNA and cDNA, sugarcane genomic DNA and cDNA, and cereal anchor probes, were screened to identify DNA polymorphism between th eparental lines. Using 5 restriction enzymes, probe polymorphism levels were low (26·5%). A totalof 155 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci and 8 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were mapped onto 21 linkage groups, covering a map distance of approximately 1400 cM. Genes for 3 simply inherited traits, awns (AW), mesocarp thickness (Z), and organophosphate insecticide (OPR) reaction, were also mapped. The relationships between this map and other published sorghum maps were reviewed and a comparison of major sorghum RFLP maps attempted. This comparison is expected to enhance the effectiveness of existing mapping information and will facilitate efforts to map agronomically important traits in sorghum.

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el-Showk, Sedeer. "UAE probe aims for Mars—and payoffs on Earth." Science 369, no. 6500 (July 10, 2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2020.6500.369_127.

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el-Showk, Sedeer. "UAE probe aims for Mars—and payoffs on Earth." Science 369, no. 6500 (July 10, 2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2020.6500.369_127.

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39

Gaind, Nisha. "Mars probe poised to solve red planet’s methane mystery." Nature 556, no. 7702 (April 2018): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-04948-x.

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el-Showk, Sedeer. "UAE probe aims for Mars—and payoffs on Earth." Science 369, no. 6500 (July 9, 2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.369.6500.127.

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41

Soffen, Gerald A., and Code S. HQ. "Astrobiology from exobiology: Viking and the current mars probes." Acta Astronautica 41, no. 4-10 (August 1997): 609–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-5765(98)00055-1.

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42

Lawler, A. "Russian Space Science: Mars Loss Could Sink Planetary Probes." Science 274, no. 5291 (November 22, 1996): 1297a—0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5291.1297a.

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43

Gibney, Elizabeth. "Arab world’s first Mars probe takes to the skies." Nature 583, no. 7817 (July 2020): 499–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02170-2.

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LI, HaiYang, XiaoRan YAN, FangHua JIANG, and Di WU. "Integrated navigation for the approach phase of Mars probe." SCIENTIA SINICA Technologica 50, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/sst-2020-0242.

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45

Oberg, J. "Why the Mars probe went off course [accident investigation]." IEEE Spectrum 36, no. 12 (December 1999): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/6.809121.

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46

Voosen, Paul. "Mars rover probes ancient shoreline for signs of life." Science 383, no. 6689 (March 22, 2024): 1277–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adp3268.

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47

Yilmaz, L. Safak, and Daniel R. Noguera. "Mechanistic Approach to the Problem of Hybridization Efficiency in Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 12 (December 2004): 7126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.12.7126-7139.2004.

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ABSTRACT In fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), the efficiency of hybridization between the DNA probe and the rRNA has been related to the accessibility of the rRNA when ribosome content and cell permeability are not limiting. Published rRNA accessibility maps show that probe brightness is sensitive to the organism being hybridized and the exact location of the target site and, hence, it is highly unpredictable based on accessibility only. In this study, a model of FISH based on the thermodynamics of nucleic acid hybridization was developed. The model provides a mechanistic approach to calculate the affinity of the probe to the target site, which is defined as the overall Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°overall) for a reaction scheme involving the DNA-rRNA and intramolecular DNA and rRNA interactions that take place during FISH. Probe data sets for the published accessibility maps and experiments targeting localized regions in the 16S rRNA of Escherichia coli were used to demonstrate that ΔG°overall is a strong predictor of hybridization efficiency and superior to conventional estimates based on the dissociation temperature of the DNA/rRNA duplex. The use of the proposed model also allowed the development of mechanistic approaches to increase probe brightness, even in seemingly inaccessible regions of the 16S rRNA. Finally, a threshold ΔG°overall of −13.0 kcal/mol was proposed as a goal in the design of FISH probes to maximize hybridization efficiency without compromising specificity.

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Ling, Xiaoya, Zhigang Cao, Panpan Sun, Hua Zhang, Yaogui Sun, Jia Zhong, Wei Yin, et al. "Target Discovery of Matrine against PRRSV in Marc-145 Cells via Activity-Based Protein Profiling." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 14 (July 16, 2023): 11526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411526.

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) seriously endangers the sustainable development of the pig industry. Our previous studies have shown that matrine can resist porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. This study aimed to explore the anti-PRRSV targets of matrine in Marc-145 cells. Biotin-labeled matrine 1 and 2 were used as probes. MTT assay was used to determine the maximum non-cytotoxic concentration (MNTC) of each probe in Marc-145 cells. The anti-PRRSV activity of each probe was evaluated via MTT, qPCR and Western blot, and its anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated via qPCR and Western blot. The targets of matrine in Marc-145 cells were searched using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), and compared with the targets predicted via network pharmacology for screening the potential targets of matrine against PRRSV. The protein–protein interaction networks (PPI) of potential targets were constructed using a network database and GO/KEGG enrichment analysis was performed. ACAT1, ALB, HMOX1, HSPA8, HSP90AB1, PARP1 and STAT1 were identified as potential targets of matrine, and their functions were related to antiviral capacity and immunity. Matrine may play an anti-PRRSV role by directly acting on ACAT1, ALB, HMOX1, HSPA8, HSP90AB1, PARP1 and STAT1.

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Heck, Philipp R., Frank J. Stadermann, Dieter Isheim, Orlando Auciello, Tyrone L. Daulton, Andrew M. Davis, Jeffrey W. Elam, et al. "Atom-probe analyses of nanodiamonds from Allende." Meteoritics & Planetary Science 49, no. 3 (March 2014): 453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maps.12265.

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Oman, H. "Engine-driven generators for deep space probes." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 17, no. 8 (August 2002): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/maes.2002.1028081.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mars probs'

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