Journal articles: 'Married women – Employment – Germany'

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Cristina Samper and Michaela Kreyenfeld. "Marriage migration and women's entry into the German labour market." Journal of Family Research 33, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 439–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-491.

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Objective: We analyse the employment patterns of childless first-generation migrants to Germany. In particular, we focus on the behaviour of female "marriage migrants". Marriage migrants are defined as individuals who married after their spouse had moved to Germany. Background: Demographic studies have illustrated that marriage migrants have particularly high childbirth rates upon arrival. There is, however, little empirical evidence on how the childbearing behaviour of migrant women is related to their employment behaviour. Method: We use event history techniques to study women's labour market entry after migration in relation to their childbearing behaviour. We draw on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). The analytical sample is restricted to immigrant women who moved while childless to Germany between 1990 and 2016 (n=981). Results: Compared to other groups, marriage migrants have very low chances of entering the labour market. Only 32 per cent of the migrants in our sample had ever participated in the labour market in the five-year period after their arrival in Germany. A large share of the differences between these migrants and other migrants can be attributed to the socio-demographic composition of these women, and to their tendency to transition to parenthood soon after their arrival. Conclusion: We argue that the low employment rates of female marriage migrants must also be viewed in the context of Germany’s migration policies, which do not provide many routes for female third-country nationals to move to Germany. One of the few available channels is that of marriage migration. We conclude by discussing the social policy implications of these findings at a time when Germany is gradually becoming a dual-earner society.

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Afary, Janet, and Roger Friedland. "Critical theory, authoritarianism, and the politics of lipstick from the Weimar Republic to the contemporary Middle East." Critical Research on Religion 6, no. 3 (December 2018): 243–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050303218800374.

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In 2012–13, we signed up for Facebook in seven Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries and used Facebook advertisements to encourage young people to participate in our survey. Nearly 18,000 individuals responded. Some of the questions in our survey dealing with attitudes about women’s work and cosmetics were adopted from a survey conducted by the Frankfurt School in 1929 in Germany. The German survey had shown that a great number of men, irrespective of their political affiliation harbored highly authoritarian attitudes toward women and that one sign of authoritarianism was men’s attitude toward cosmetics and women’s employment. We wanted to know if the same was true of the contemporary MENA. Our results suggest that lipstick and makeups as well as women’s employment are not just vehicles for sexual objectification of women. In much of MENA world a married woman’s desire to work outside the house, and her pursuit of the accoutrement of beauty and sexual attractiveness, are forms of gender politics, of women’s empowerment, but also of antiauthoritarianism and liberal politics. Our results also suggest that piety among Muslims per se is not an indicator of authoritarianism and that there is a marked gender difference in authoritarianism. Women, it seems, are living a different Islam than men.

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FRANKEL., H. "THE EMPLOYMENT OF MARRIED WOMEN." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 4, no. 9 (May 1, 2009): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1942.mp4009002.x.

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Macpherson, David A. "Self-employment and married women." Economics Letters 28, no. 3 (January 1988): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(88)90132-2.

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Demoussis, Michael, and Nicholas Giannakopoulos. "Employment dynamics of Greek married women." International Journal of Manpower 29, no. 5 (August 15, 2008): 423–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437720810888562.

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Warren, Lynda W., and Lyla McEachren. "Derived Identity and Depressive Symptomatology in Women Differing in Marital and Employment Status." Psychology of Women Quarterly 9, no. 1 (March 1985): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1985.tb00866.x.

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Derived identity, defined as a sense of self that is overly influenced by and dependent upon relationships with significant others, and depressive symptomatology, measured by the CES-D scale, were assessed in a sample of 564 adult women classified into one of six marital-employment status groups: married professional, single professional, married nonprofessional, single nonprofessional, married nonemployed, and single nonemployed. Married women were found to report more derived identity than single women and, when age effects were controlled, married women also had higher CES-D scores than single women. Employment status results in aggregate indicated that for women of equal education: (1) employment outside the home, whether it be professional or nonprofessional, is related to a more autonomous sense of self than nonemployment and (2) employment outside the home is not associated with lower CES-D scores than nonemployment. Derived identity and depression were also found to be significantly correlated within the total sample and within each marital-employment status group.

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Jain, Bandana Kumari. "Employment Empowering Women: An Experience of Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 35, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 116–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v35i2.36196.

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The study aims to examine the association between employment and the empowerment of Nepali currently married women. It harnesses women’s employment status and their empowerment; in terms of ‘household decision making’, ‘attitudes towards wife-beating’, and ownership of the house/land’ with the help of the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2016 data set. Married women’s employment exhibits a significant association (0.05) with their socio-demographic characteristics, and empowerment variables as well. The employment status of married women influences their household decision-making, and attitudes towards wife-beating. The study adheres to the belief that employment accelerates women’s empowerment, still, it is complex to determine the strength of the relationship in between. Thus, based on the findings of the study, other variables and empowerment indicators are to be considered and analyzed further for concrete insights. So, employment cannot be assumed as a mere engine and an only instrument for empowering women.

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Ngo, Hang-Yue. "Employment Status of Married Women in Hong Kong." Sociological Perspectives 35, no. 3 (September 1992): 475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389330.

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This paper examines the choices married women in Hong Kong make concerning their employment status. We attempt to relate such choices to wives' role constraints in the family. It is hypothesized that, given their primary responsibilities for child care and domestic labor, married women are likely to choose an employment status that best accomodates their familial obligations. The analysis of recent census data supports this expectation. Waged employment and self-employment are found to be in conflict with women's domestic responsibilities, whereas outworking and unpaid work in family enterprises are not. The last two employment statuses are characterized by a higher degree of work flexibility and, thus, working wives are in a better position to balance the demands of family and paid work.

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Greenstein, Theodore N. "Marital Disruption and the Employment of Married Women." Journal of Marriage and the Family 52, no. 3 (August 1990): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/352932.

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10

Chang, Chin-fen. "The Employment Discontinuity of Married Women in Taiwan." Current Sociology 54, no. 2 (March 2006): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392106056743.

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Del Boca, Daniela, Marilena Locatelli, and Silvia Pasqua. "Employment Decisions of Married Women: Evidence and Explanations." Labour 14, no. 1 (March 2000): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00123.

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SPAHN, PAUL BERND, HELMUT KAISER, and THOMAS KASSELLA. "The Tax Dilemma of Married Women in Germany." Fiscal Studies 13, no. 2 (May 1992): 22–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1992.tb00172.x.

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August, Andrew. "How Separate a Sphere? Poor Women and Paid Work in Late-Victorian London." Journal of Family History 19, no. 3 (September 1994): 285–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909401900305.

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The essay traces patterns of poor women's employment in late-nineteenth-century London. It shows that employment was common among single, married and widowed women, except among mothers of young children. Unpaid domestic work and paid employment dovetailed into a constant burden of work facing poor women. This challenges the prevalent argument that married women earned wages only at moments of severe crisis in the household economy. It reveals a culture of women's work among the poor that contrasts sharply with the ideology of separate spheres that excluded middle-class women from employment.

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Landivar, Liana Christin, Leah Ruppanner, and William J. Scarborough. "Are States Created Equal? Moving to a State With More Expensive Childcare Reduces Mothers' Odds of Employment." Demography 58, no. 2 (March 4, 2021): 451–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00703370-8997420.

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Abstract Married mothers who relocate are less likely to be employed after an interstate move than married childless women and nonmobile mothers. Here, we ask whether moving to a state with more expensive childcare is associated with lower odds of maternal employment among mothers who had been employed prior to relocation. We use hierarchical binomial logistic regression models, combining data from the 2015 American Community Survey five-year sample and state-level childcare costs to assess married mothers' employment following an interstate move, controlling for states' economic conditions. We show that employment odds for married mothers were about 42% lower than those for childless married women in the year following a move. Married mothers who moved to more expensive childcare states had odds of employment that were 18% lower than those of married mothers who moved to less expensive childcare states, showing that childcare accessibility shapes mothers' employment decisions even among those with stronger labor force attachment. Moving back to respondents' or their spouses' state of birth and moving to states with more favorable economic conditions improved odds of employment as well. Overall, we show that moving to states with fewer childcare barriers is associated with higher levels of maternal employment, partly mitigating the negative labor market effects of interstate migration.

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Bloria, S. Esther. "Levels of Self Esteem and Depression among the Married Employed and Unemployed Woman: A Comparative Study." Indian Journal of Psychiatric Social Work 10, no. 1 (January 27, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29120/ijpsw.2019.v10.i1.76.

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Introduction: The status of women in the Indian society is now able to lead a more independent lifestyle. But women in Indian society are not completely free from custom due to social structure. An attempt was made to compare certain need related to self-esteem and depression of women who are employed and unemployed. Material and Method: It was a cross-sectional comparative study. Using convenient sampling of fifty samples; 25 participants were the married employed women and 25 married unemployed women were drown from J.P Nagar, Jaya Nagar and Koramangala at Bangalore. Result: Employed women have significantly higher self-esteem than unemployed women and the majority of the in employed women were having less depression than unemployed status. Conclusion: Married women who are not employed outside the home experience poorer self-esteem than employed married women. Some unemployed married women cope better and even find the source of satisfaction in the alternative lifestyles that they adopt but employment outside the home has positive impact on self-esteem of women. Keywords: Depression, self-esteem, married women, employment

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16

Shang, Chunrong. "RURAL MARRIED WOMEN’S NON-AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS’ LAND SUBCONTRACTING." Journal of Asian Rural Studies 2, no. 2 (July 10, 2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v2i2.1428.

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Rural households’ land subcontracting is analyzed in this paper based on the survey of rural migrant workers from Guangdong and Jiangsu, finding that the labor migration mode of “migrant couples going out to work together” (men workers and women workers) has improved the lagging non - agricultural employment of rural women to a certain extent. Non - agricultural employment of men does not necessarily lead to the transfer of land that achieves an increase with the increase of non - agricultural employment of married women. As a result, the original family division (“men to work while women to farm”) is evolved into the intergenerational division (“men and women to work while the elderly to farm”). The agricultural labor supply from the elderly is an important factor influencing rural households’ concurrent business, while the lack of strong labor will become an important reason for the transfer of land. The agricultural feminization and rural households’ concurrent business will decline with an increase in non-agricultural employment of married women. The differentiation of rural households and the development of rural land-transfer market will be further promoted due to the improvement of non-agricultural employment of married women.

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17

Miller, C. F. "Constrained Hours and Labour Market Employment by Married Women." Studies in Economics and Econometrics 22, no. 2 (July 31, 1998): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03796205.1998.12129123.

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18

Lester, Bijou Yang. "Part-Time Employment of Married Women in the U.S.A." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 55, no. 1 (January 1996): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1996.tb02710.x.

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19

TSAI, CHUN-LI. "THE HETEROGENEOUS IMPACT OF CHILDREN ON THE PARTICIPATION OF MARRIED WOMEN IN THE LABOR MARKET IN TAIWAN." Singapore Economic Review 62, no. 02 (April 28, 2017): 297–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590815500800.

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This paper is an attempt to investigate how children affect married women’s decision to participate in the Taiwanese labor market. The effect of children on the female labor supply is usually negative for most married women; however, it might also be positive for some subpopulations. Thus, herein, we use a local likelihood logit regression to detect the heterogeneity in the effects of children on married female employment that cannot be detected by parametric (e.g. probit or logit models) or semiparametric estimation. Our empirical findings provide evidence of some heterogeneity in the response related to children on the participation of Taiwanese married women in the work force. Since, we find evidence of heterogeneous effects, we suggest that different government policy instruments should be precisely targeted at different specific subpopulations in order to effectively increase the participation of married women in the labor force. When comparing these average characteristics of married women with positive versus negative employment effects due to having children, we find that the average married woman’s educational attainment and the logarithm of the husband’s wage income differ significantly between women with positive effects of children and those with negative effects of children.

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김승완 and 정상희. "The Study on Shifting Contingent Employment of Married Women into Permanent Employment Position." Public Policy Review 28, no. 2 (June 2014): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17327/ippa.2014.28.2.002.

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Alibeli, Madalla A. "The Effect of Education, Employment, and Income on Reproductive Attitudes and Behavior of United Arab Emirates Married Women." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 13, no. 1-2 (2014): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341298.

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AbstractThis study examines the effect of education, employment, and income on reproductive attitudes and behavior of United Arab Emirates married women. A sample of 1030 married women from the country’s seven Emirates were selected and interviewed by female researchers. To achieve the study’s objectives, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Although it is found that the effect of education, employment, and income on reproductive attitudes and behavior is more complicated than previously thought in the literature, the results indicate no significant effect of education, employment and income on respondents’ reproductive attitudes and behavior.

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22

Harrell, Thomas W. "The Association of Marriage and MBA Earnings." Psychological Reports 72, no. 3 (June 1993): 955–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3.955.

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Sex differences in MBA careers were investigated to test three hypotheses: (1) men will advance in management more than women, (2) women will show more emotional reaction to career stress than men, (3) single women will progress more equally to single men than will be true for married women compared to married men. All three of the hypotheses were supported. Men earned more. In 1990 Kazal-Thresher found starting sex segregation by industry and occupation to explain some differences in earnings. Men worked longer hours, had more stable employment, achieved a general manager position more frequently, and had higher job satisfaction than women. Women, especially married women, expressed more frustration about careers than did men. Single women were not significantly different from single men in earnings, hours of work, stability of employment, and job satisfaction. Single women did not achieve a position as general manager as frequently as did single men.

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Cooke, Thomas J., and Adrian J. Bailey. "Family Migration and the Employment of Married Women and Men." Economic Geography 72, no. 1 (January 1996): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/144501.

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Chin, Meejung. "Work-Family Spillover of Married Working Women by Employment Status." Journal of Korean Home Management Association 33, no. 5 (October 31, 2015): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7466/jkhma.2015.33.5.25.

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25

Greenstein, Theodore N. "Gender Ideology, Marital Disruption, and the Employment of Married Women." Journal of Marriage and the Family 57, no. 1 (February 1995): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353814.

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26

Bernardi, F. "Does the Husband Matter?: Married Women and Employment in Italy." European Sociological Review 15, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a018264.

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Egbule, Elizabeth Osita, Iyeke Patrick Okoh, and Eluowa Chukunweiken Solomon. "Social Roles, Employment and Spousal Adjustments of Married Women in Nigeria." Journal of Educational and Social Research 12, no. 4 (July 5, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2022-0099.

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This study investigated the relationship between social roles, employment and spousal adjustment of married women in Nigeria. A total sample of 1,582 married women from the two states selected through multi stage sampling procedure were selected from 17 of the 33 local government areas of the 6 senatorial districts of the two states. A questionnaire designed by the researcher and certified by experts was the main instrument utilized for the study. Data collated were analyzed. Pearson Product Moments Correlation was used to answer the research questions, while simple regression, multiple regression and ANOVA statistics were used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that a significant relationship existed between women’s employment and social roles of married women in Bayelsa and Delta States. It was recommended that couples should be enlightened on the importance of spousal adjustment in facilitating harmonious family life and by extension, proper societal function. Counsellors should guide couples in acquiring effective relationship skills. Some suggestions for further studies were made. Received: 31 October 2021 / Accepted: 14 March 2022 / Published: 5 July 2022

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Kim, Geumwoon, and Gahyun Youn. "Role of Education in Generativity Differences of Employed and Unemployed Women in Korea." Psychological Reports 91, no. 3_suppl (December 2002): 1205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3f.1205.

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This study investigated generativity differences between employed and unemployed women in Korea and examined the effect of education on generativity. There were 472 participants in this study, 252 employed married women and 220 unemployed married women living in the Kwangju metropolitan area. A questionnaire requesting demographic information and responses to the translated Loyola Generativity Scale was administered individually. Analysis showed significant generativity differences between the two groups, who also differed in education and mother and spouse roles. However, employment status was not a significant predictor for generativity when a stepwise regression analysis was applied. The analysis showed that education was the strongest predictor for generativity, while mother/wife roles, socioeconomic status, health, and childcare stress were also significant predictors. It was concluded that for Korean married women, generativity is more strongly related to education than employment status.

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Dennerstein, Lorraine. "Mental Health, Work, and Gender." International Journal of Health Services 25, no. 3 (July 1995): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/qjra-8nmb-kr1r-qh4q.

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Women have significantly higher prevalence rates than men for many mental disorders, particularly affective disorders. Married women are more at risk for mental ill-health than single women or married men. The detrimental effects of marriage on mental health appear to relate to the contexts of role performances and the reduction in opportunities in paid employment. This review examines the influence of women's paid and unpaid domestic work and roles on mental health. Many studies show positive effects of paid employment on mental health, and multiple roles have been found to have beneficial rather than adverse effects on mental health. However, husbands' negative attitudes to women's paid employment, with resultant marital conflict, and husbands' lack of participation in child care may erode these potential beneficial effects.

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Kafle, Ramesh Babu. "Covariates of Currently Married Women's Employment in Nepal: A Regional Analysis." Journal of Management and Development Studies 26 (June 20, 2015): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmds.v26i0.24942.

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This paper studies regional differences in currently married women’s employment status, its nature and some of the covariates in Nepal, with special focus to their education and economic status by analysing data from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, 2011. Women’s employment, with substantial regional variation in the three ecological regions, is predominately unpaid, done mainly for family members, mostly in agriculture sector and women work throughout the year. Women are employed mainly in family farm and their job is unpaid. Higher education of women is positively associated with their involvement in paid jobs. Women of better wealth strata are less likely to be employed but if employed, they are more likely to be in paid jobs. Increasing education of women may have mixed effect in future. Policy measures are desirable to minimize these regional differences and to reallocate the total labour force in general and the female labour force in particular in more productive sectors with secured paid jobs for women for prosperity of the country.

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Berkowitz, Becki, Amber Federizo, Garrett E. Bergman, and Paula J. Ulsh. "Large Cohort of Symptomatic Female Carriers of Hemophilia in an Extended Native American Family." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 4700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.4700.4700.

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Abstract Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive genetic bleeding disorder resulting in a lack of clotting factor VIII. Although this disorder primarily affects males, a female who inherits one affected X chromosome from a parent becomes a carrier of hemophilia. While it is widely believed that carriers are asymptomatic, some of these women have mild hemophilia, defined by ISTH as a circulating factor VIII level > 0.5 to 0.40 IU/ml or 5 - 40 % of normal. (White et al Thromb Haemost 2001) Data demonstrates hemophilia A carriers have the same risk for bleeding as a male with mild hemophilia A at the corresponding factor level. Carriers report significantly more bleeding events than non-carriers from small wounds and after invasive procedures, and their bleeding tendency is inversely correlated to their factor level. (Plug et al Blood 2006) Carriers have been shown to demonstrate decreased joint range of motion, soft tissue and osteochondral changes on MRI, consistent with subclinical joint bleeds leading to structural abnormalities in their joints. (Gilbert et al Haemophilia 2014). Additionally, carriers have been shown to report higher scores on pictorial blood assessment charts, a semi-quantitative measure of menstrual blood loss. (Kadir et al Haemophilia 1999) We report here a unique patient population from our Owyhee Indian Health Hemophilia Treatment Center Outreach Clinic on the Duck Valley Indian Reservation in Owyhee, NV. On this reservation, a German Immigrant with hemophilia A married 2 women of the Shoshone Indian Tribe, and they had 14 children (8 females and 6 males). The family tree reveals after four generations there are currently 162 descendants with the same hemophilia A gene mutation, which has been identified. Factor VIII levels in the female family members range from 7% to 50%. The male hemophilia A patients are treated on demand with plasma-derived factor VIII products, currently Koate-DVI, for traumatic events, and prophylactically for medical or dental procedures, or surgery. Approximately 20-25% of the female carriers in this population have been treated with plasma-derived FVIII concentrates, currently Koate-DVI, for childbirth and surgeries. Additionally, all female carriers from teenage years to age 30 are treated with desmopressin acetate nasal spray (Stimate) for menorrhagia and are treated with oral aminocaproic acid (Amicar) for nose bleeds and soft tissue bleeds. Carriers of hemophilia A with factor VIII levels in the range observed in this family, particularly when symptomatic, should receive the diagnosis of "mild hemophilia". Their propensity for developing subclinical as well as clinical bleeding needs to be recognized to assure the receive treatment appropriate to their symptomatology. The low levels of FVIII observed in this family are likely due to extreme lyonization associated with their particular gene mutation. Familial low levels of FVIII can also be seen in some forms of type 2 von Willebrand Disease secondary to poor FVIII binding and a shortened half-life. However, since VWD is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, males would not selectively have the severity observed here. Optimal diagnostic and therapeutic strategies as well as many other aspects concerning mild hemophilia remain to be clarified. Additional studies to define these findings are underway. Disclosures Berkowitz: Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bayer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Kedrion: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; NovoNordisk: Speakers Bureau; Baxter: Speakers Bureau. Federizo:Emergent: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Baxalta: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Biogen Idec: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Octapharma: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Kedrion: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Bergman:Kedrion Biopharma: Employment. Ulsh:Kedrion Biopharma: Employment.

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Agusta, Muhammad Rizqon Agusta, and Diny Ghuzini. "EMPLOYMENT CONDITION, THE EFFECTS OF HUSBAND’S OCCUPATION, AND EDUCATION ON PARTICIPATION OF MARRIED WOMEN IN THE INDONESIAN LABOR MARKET." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 28, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jep.28.2.2020.145-155.

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A previous study has shown that households with both the head and the spouse joining the labor force tend to exit from poverty. In Indonesia, women that actively participated in labor market were relatively small, only around 50% in 2017. Meanwhile, most of the women in Indonesia were married in 2017. A husband was one of the factors affecting their wife’s decision to participate in labor market. This study investigates married women’s employment conditions and the effects of husband’s occupation and education on their labor market participation. The research sample consists of women aged 15-year-old and above, married, and living with their husband. We found that the higher the husband’s education, the lower married women’s probability of participating in the labor market. Husbands with an informal occupation increased married women’s probability to be in the labor force.

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Nomaguchi, Kei M. "Time of One’s Own." Journal of Family Issues 27, no. 12 (December 2006): 1668–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x06292021.

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Recent theoretical work suggests that the increase in women’s sense of entitlement to leisure has become a key to understanding delay in childbearing in industrialized countries. Using data from the Japanese Panel Study of Consumer Life, the author examines the relationship between leisure time and childbearing among Japanese married women in a recent cohort who delayed childbearing beyond age 25. Results suggest that employment is a strong predictor of nonchildbearing. Controlling for work hours and other sociodemographic variables, married women who spend more leisure time are less likely than their counterparts who spend less leisure time to become a mother 2 years later. Among those who are employed, leisure time, but neither work hours nor occupation, is related to nonchildbearing. These results indicate that Japanese married women who have greater interests in leisure postpone childbearing. Many of them participate in the labor force perhaps because of the leisure opportunities employment provides.

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Yoda, Shohei. "Employment and Psychological Distress among Married Women: Evidence from Panel Data." Kazoku syakaigaku kenkyu 30, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4234/jjoffamilysociology.30.98.

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35

Gomulka, Joanna, and Nicholas Stern. "The Employment of Married Women in the United Kingdom 1970-83." Economica 57, no. 226 (May 1990): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2554159.

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WOODS, NANCY FUGATE. "Employment, Family Roles, and Mental Ill Health in Young Married Women." Nursing Research 34, no. 1 (January 1985): 4???10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-198501000-00002.

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37

Reiko, Atsumi. "Dilemmas and accomodations of married japanese women in white-collar employment." Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 20, no. 3 (September 1988): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14672715.1988.10412574.

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38

Humpert, Stephan. "Somewhere over the rainbow: sexual orientation and earnings in Germany." International Journal of Manpower 37, no. 1 (April 4, 2016): 69–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-03-2014-0080.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to observe sexual orientation-based differences in German incomes. Gay men and lesbian women sort themselves into different occupations and sectors than their heterosexual counterparts. Design/methodology/approach – Analysis of German Mikrozensus data for 2009. Mincer-style OLS income regerssions. Findings – The author finds evidence that cohabiting gay men have an income penalty of 5-6 per cent compared with married men, while lesbian women have a premium of about 9-10 per cent compared with married women. Lesbians in a registered same-sex union have an income gain of about 12-16 per cent, while the effect for men is not statistically significant. Originality/value – This is the first paper using German data to analyse income differentials based on sexual orientation (gays and lesbians).

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Matheson, Jesse, and Lynn McIntyre. "Women respondents report higher household food insecurity than do men in similar Canadian households." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 1 (May 7, 2013): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001300116x.

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AbstractObjectiveWe investigated factors accounting for the consistently higher levels of household food insecurity reported by women in Canada.DesignTwo cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey for the years 2005/2006 and 2007/2008 were pooled to examine the association between household food insecurity, measured using the Household Food Security Survey Module and other metrics, and respondent sex. We stratified households as married/cohabiting (in which case, the household respondent was chosen randomly) or non-married (single/widowed/separated/divorced) and adjusted for differences in household characteristics, including the presence of children.SettingCanada.SubjectsAnalysis was restricted to households dependent on employment/self-employment and whose reported annual household income was below $CAN 100 000. Exclusions included respondents less than 18 years of age, any welfare receipt, and missing food insecurity, marital status, income source and amount, or household composition data.ResultsFor non-married households, increased food insecurity in female-v. male-led households was accounted for by significant differences in household socio-economic characteristics. In contrast, in married/cohabiting households with or without children, higher food insecurity rates were reported when the respondent was female and neither respondent characteristics nor socio-economic factors accounted for the differences.ConclusionsHigher rates of food insecurity in non-married households in Canada are largely attributable to women's socio-economic disadvantage. In married households, women appear to report higher levels of food insecurity than men. These findings suggest a possible bias in the measurement of population-level household food insecurity in surveys that do not account for the sex of the respondent in married/cohabiting households.

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Arber, Sara, and Jay Ginn. "Gender Differences in the Relationship between Paid Employment and Informal Care." Work, Employment and Society 9, no. 3 (September 1995): 445–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095001709593002.

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This paper analyses the circumstances under which providing informal care has an adverse impact on paid employment, using data from the 1990 General Household Survey which identified 2,700 informal carers. The relationship between informal caring and employment participation is complex and differs by gender and marital status. Paid employment is lowered for adults providing care within their household. The effect is greater for women than for men, and varies with the closeness of the kin relationship between carer and care-recipient. Women caring for a handicapped child are least likely to be in full-time work. Care for a spouse depresses both men's and women's employment. The effect of caring for a co-resident parent is least for married men and greatest for married women. The assumption that women's increased labour force participation will reduce their availability as informal carers for elderly parents is largely unfounded. This care is mainly for elderly parents living in another household, and is associated with reduced hours of employment but not lower overall rates of employment. The norm of combining paid work and informal caring results in very high total hours of informal and paid work.

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Heineck, Guido. "Does religion influence the labor supply of married women in Germany?" Journal of Socio-Economics 33, no. 3 (July 2004): 307–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2003.12.024.

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Percheski, Christine. "Men as Dependents? Marriage and Changes in Health Insurance Coverage among Working-age Adults in the United States, 1988 to 2008." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 3 (January 1, 2017): 237802311770984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023117709843.

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Changes in marriage and employment patterns may have affected health insurance coverage rates differently for women and men. The author investigates changes in health insurance coverage between 1988 and 2008, focusing on employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) dependent and employee coverage. Using Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions and Current Population Survey data, the author finds that married men’s coverage as dependents increased from 1988 to 2008, but a smaller share of men were married in 2008. Coupled with declines in ESI employee coverage, changes in marriage increased men’s uninsurance rate. In contrast, marital changes for women were offset by their increased employment and insurance coverage as employees.

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Wilk, Piotr. "Women's Employment Transitions and Changes in Psychological Distress." Canadian Studies in Population 28, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p62w2b.

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The effect of employment on women’s psychological wellbeing has become an important issue in sociology of mental health. Although work-for-pay is thought to have an overall positive impact on women’s psychological wellbeing, not all women equally experience this positive effect. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of transitions in employment status on changes in psychological distress among women in two types of family setting: lone parent families and married couple families (including common-law unions). Using a framework which combines a longitudinal design with a structural equation modeling multigroup analysis, the current study indicates clearly that employment transitions and employment stability have no uniform effect on the mental health of all mothers. Specifically, transition into employment offers a significant reduction in feelings of distress only among married mothers. Single mothers, in contrast, are found to experience a significant increase in the level of distress when they move out of employment. The results of this study point to some advantages of longitudinal research designs over cross-sectional designs.

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Osuna, Victoria. "Subsidising Formal Childcare Versus Grandmothers' Time: Which Policy is More Effective?" Economics 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 85–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/econ-2021-0007.

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Abstract This article quantifies the relative effectiveness of childcare subsidies and subsidies on grandmothers’ time on married mothers’ employment and fertility rates, paying special attention to heterogeneous effects. A heterogeneous agent model, populated by married households who make decisions related to labour supply and fertility, and the Spanish economy are used as a benchmark for calibration. The results indicate that childcare subsidies conditional on employment are more effective than subsidies on grandmothers’ time to foster the participation of married mothers in the labour force. However, they induce women to work fewer hours, unless after-school hours are also subsidised. This overtime subsidy is also necessary for the fertility rate to increase, but it implies a significant adjustment in tax rates to maintain the same fiscal balance. If the aim is simply to raise the employment rate of mothers of children aged 2 years or younger, then subsidising childcare costs only is more effective because the fiscal effort is lower. Regarding the heterogeneous effects, in all the policies studied, the growth in female employment is mainly accounted for by the behaviour of women without tertiary education while that of fertility is accounted for by women with tertiary education. Considerations related to inequality and distributional effects of these policies would also seem to favour childcare subsidies versus subsidies on grandmothers’ time.

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Khan, Masha. "Perception of Home Demands, Demography, and Mental Health amongst Married Women During COVID-19." Forman Journal of Social Sciences 01, no. 02 (June 14, 2022): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32368/fjss.20220109.

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This study aims to explore the relationship between the perception of home demands, demography and mental health of married women during the COVID-19 pandemic. The predictive role of perception of home demands, and demographics has also been assessed, in determining the mental health of married women during the pandemic. A sample of 250 married Pakistani women, between 20 to 55 years, with at least one child and minimum matric qualification, were included in the study. Participants were administered a self-constructed questionnaire. Regression analysis showed that quantitative home demands and husband’s employment status were significant negative predictors of anxiety and depression in women, whereas emotional home demands and mental home demands were significant positive predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress in married women. The results of this study help to highlight the work pressure women are facing during the pandemic and to support reform in balanced gender role expectations in society. This study also has implications for mental health practitioners, feminists, social workers, psychologists, and policymakers. Keywords: Perception of Home Demands, Mental Health, Married women, COVID-19.

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MacGowan, Robin J., Carol A. MacGowan, Mary K. Serdula, J. Michael Lane, Riduan M. Joesoef, and Frances H. Cook. "Breast-feeding Among Women Attending Women, Infants, and Children Clinics in Georgia, 1987." Pediatrics 87, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.87.3.361.

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Breast-feeding is an important determinant of the health and nutritional status of children, particularly in lower socioeconomic populations. A major goal of the Georgia Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is to increase the practice of breast-feeding among the women it serves. Breast-feeding practices were determined among a random sample of 404 women from a cohort of 2010 who attended WIC prenatal clinics in Georgia in 1986 and were expected to deliver in February 1987. Respondents were interviewed 6 months postpartum. Of these women, 24% initially breast-fed, but only 6% continued for 6 months or longer. The initiation of breast-feeding was associated with greater maternal education and with being married. The adjusted odds of breast-feeding for mothers who were married or living as married were 3.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.7 to 5.3) times greater than for mothers who were not married or living as married. Mothers with more than 12 years, 12 years, or 10 to 11 years of education were 5.2 (1.8 to 15.3), 2.7 (1.0 to 6.9), and 2.5 (0.9 to 6.9) times more likely, respectively, to breast-feed than mothers with 9 or fewer years of education. After adjustment was made for marital status and education, the remaining variables (ethnicity, parity, age, and employment status) did not influence the initiation of breast-feeding in this low-income population. The need for vigorous promotion of breast-feeding by the Georgia WIC program is emphasized by the low rate of initiation and short duration of breast-feeding in this low-income population.

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You, Xuesheng. "Working with Husband? “Occupation’s Wife” and Married Women’s Employment in the Censuses in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911." Social Science History 44, no. 4 (2020): 585–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2020.32.

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AbstractWomen played a vital role in British industrialization. However, studies of women’s work are often hindered by data limitation. The British censuses provide an unparalleled opportunity to study women’s work and its impact systematically. However, the reliability of the census recording of female employment is still under debate. This articles aims to contribute to this ongoing debate by examining a particular census recording concerning married women who were supposedly working with their husbands, that is “occupation’s wife.” By analyzing a new source of big data, namely 100 percent sample of Census Enumerators’ Books and published census reports, this article shows that the recording of “occupation’s wife” was not informative about the level of married women’s labor in the form of working together with their husbands in the same trade. Given the important fact that married women recorded as “occupation’s wife” constituted the largest group of married women with any occupational titles in the censuses, the results presented in this article suggest a reassessment of some of the empirical foundations in the studies of married women’s work.

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Fulda, Barbara E., Bernhard Nauck, and Qiang Ren. "The transition to adulthood in China, Germany and the US: Prevalence and timing in private and professional life." Chinese Journal of Sociology 5, no. 2 (April 2019): 193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x19838728.

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We explore cross-country differences in the transition to adulthood between China, Germany, and the USA. Using large-scale panel studies, we examine the timing of leaving the parental home, first marriage and first parenthood. For those born between 1933 and 1988, we observe a delay in the timing of first marriage in all three societies. But the delay is steeper in the USA than in Germany and China. The age at first childbirth is increasing in all three countries. By age 30, most individuals in China have married their first partner and become parents, whereas in the USA and Germany less than half of the population have experienced one of these events. There are large differences in educational and employment trajectories between the urban and rural populations in China, less so in the USA, whereas almost no differences are observed in Germany. The three countries are alike in the proportion of individuals who have left the parental home by age 30. In all three countries, individuals without tertiary qualifications are more likely to have experienced all three events by age 30. But with regard to first marriage, a larger share of higher-educated individuals get married by the age of 30 in the USA, whereas in China it is the less educated who are more likely to get married.

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Jeong, Jinhee, Yunhee Lee, Sung Hee Kwon, and Jun-Pyo Myong. "Factors Associated with General Health Screening Participation among Married Immigrant Women in Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20 (October 18, 2019): 3971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203971.

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Background: The number of married female immigrants living in Korea has been increasing and is expected to increase further. This study was performed to identify factors associated with national general health screening participation among married immigrant women living in South Korea. Methods: The Korean National Health Insurance System’s (NHIS) customized database for the years 2014 and 2015 was used. The targets of this study were women aged 19 years old and above. To identify factors associated with national general health screening participation, the following analyses were employed: frequency, chi-square, simple regression, and multiple regression. Results: A total of 11,213 women were identified in the NHIS database. Overall, 67.4% participated in national general health screenings, lower than the 74.6% participation rate of the entire women’s health screening program. Married immigrant women with a job had higher health screening participation than those without a job (OR = 2.822, p < 0.0001). Age, socioeconomic status, and duration of stay were related to health screening behaviors among employed married immigrant women. Nationality, socioeconomic status, duration of stay, and disease status were associated with general health screening behaviors among unemployed immigrant women. The odds ratios decreased as the length of stay increased, regardless of employment status. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that employment status and duration of stay in Korea are significantly associated with general health screening participation. Accordingly, to improve awareness about health screening and health care disparities, programs promoting health screening participation for socially vulnerable classes, including immigrant women and unemployed women, should be instigated.

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Falzone, Joseph S. "Labor market decisions of married women: With emphasis on part-time employment." International Advances in Economic Research 6, no. 4 (November 2000): 662–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295376.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Married women – Employment – Germany'

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