Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Married women – Employment – Germany'
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1
Usuda, Akiko History & Philosophy Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "Inconsistencies and resistance: Japanese husbands?? views on employment of married women." Publisher:University of New South Wales. History & Philosophy, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43313.
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This thesis investigates Japanese married men??s views on their wives?? employment and married women??s employment in general. I was inspired to undertake this study by the relatively low rate of wives, particularly mothers, in full-time employment in Japan. 291 Japanese husbands in Kawasaki and the Tokyo area answered the questionnaire. Their occupations were company employees, teachers and self-employed men and their ages ranged from the 20s to 50s. The results of my survey revealed that these Japanese husbands did not actively participate in housework and childcare. Their participation increased somewhat when wives were highly educated or older. However, a wife??s higher income was the most powerful incentive to encourage their participation. Husbands also participate in these tasks in accordance with their preferences rather than their expressed abilities. With respect to their views on married women and employment, many husbands acknowledged a general relationship between power and finance (that is, that income-earning is connected with domestic power), yet denied that it applied to themselves when asked about it. The majority showed supportive or sympathetic attitudes towards full-time housewives, which were rarely extended to employed wives except for those who work (part-time) due to clear financial necessity. Concerning men??s views on their wives, they were likely to appreciate a wife??s additional income. Nonetheless, a majority wanted their wives either to earn less than themselves or to have no income, even though the majority had income-earning wives. Their most popular employment status for a wife was part-time employment. The study revealed that most of these husbands had a strong identity as the ??breadwinner?? or ??head of the house??. In this study I explored a new dimension to Japanese husbands?? perceptions of their wives?? employment: the possibility that husbands?? attitudes and preferences were militating against their wives?? employment. My study demonstrated that husbands especially resist full-time employment for their wives, and seek to maintain traditional gender roles because this sustains their self-esteem. This is clearly one significant reason for the comparatively low rate of participation of Japanese wives in full-time employment.
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Ali, El-kharouf Amal Mahummed. "Factors influencing the employment of women, from the view of employed and non-employed women and managers in Amman City, Jordan." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536647.
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Zhang, Huiping, and 张会平. "Relative income and marital quality among urban Chinese women: a meaning-oriented resource exchange model." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46090241.
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Krieger, Magdalena. "A Gendered Look at Integration: The Employment of Immigrant Women and Men in Germany." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22872.
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Weltweit migrieren Männer und Frauen, ihre Arbeitsmarktintegration ist jedoch grundsätzlich verschieden. Erklärungen hierfür sind bislang unzureichend. Daher entwickelt diese Dissertation ein Konzept zu Migration, Geschlecht und Erwerbstätigkeit, dessen Kernargument ist, dass sich Geschlechterunterschiede über die Immigration reproduzieren. Die Papiere der Dissertation testen drei Mechanismen, die diesen Prozess bedingen können. Im ersten Papier betrachtet diese Dissertation die folgende Frage: Wie wirken sich Dynamiken in den Migrationsentscheidungen von Paaren auf deren Erwerbstätigkeit aus? Das Papier diskutiert diese Frage im Licht der tied migration theory. Zur empirischen Analyse zieht das Papier Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) heran. Es zeigt sich, dass Männer, die die treibende Kraft der Entscheidung waren, nach Migration beruflich erfolgreicher sind als Männer, deren Partnerin die Entscheidung traf. Das zweite Papier fragt: Wie entwickelt sich die Zeit, die Frauen und Männer auf Hausarbeit verwenden, über den Migrationsprozess? Hierfür bezieht sich das Papier theoretisch auf Neoklassische Theorie und Verhandlungstheorie sowie auf Ideen der Geschlechterkonstruktion und integriert migrationsspezifische Aspekte. Für die Analysen verwendet das Papier Daten des SOEP und Angaben zur Zeitverwendung. Die Resultate des Papiers zeigen, dass die Hausarbeit für Männer und Frauen nach Migration stark ansteigt, jedoch nur kurzfristig. Im dritten Papier betrachtet diese Dissertation die Sozialisierung von Migrantinnen. Das Papier fragt: Wie beeinflusst die Sozialisierung von Migrantinnen ihre Erwerbstätigkeit? Die theoretische Herleitung des Papiers beruht auf der Sozialisationstheorie, die Analysen beruhen auf Daten des SOEP. Das Papier schlussfolgert, dass die Sozialisierungsanstrengungen von Müttern gesellschaftliche Effekte abfedern können. Zusammenfassend verdeutlicht diese Dissertation die Bedeutung von geschlechtsspezifischer Integrationsforschung.Women and men are on the move, yet their employment experiences after migration differ. To date, evidence on underlying reasons is scarce. Hence, this dissertation develops a framework for understanding migration, gender, and employment. This framework argues that gender inequalities are reinforced across migration. In its empirical chapters, this dissertations tests three mechanisms hypothesized to drive this process. This dissertation’s first paper addresses the following question: How do dynamics in couples’ decision to migrate impact the employment of migrant women and men? Theoretically, this puzzle is discussed with regard to tied migration theory. Empirically, the paper analyzes data on couples’ migration decisions from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). The results show that migrant men who drove decisions are vocationally more successful after migration than men whose partners initiated migration. The second paper of this dissertation asks: How does migration impact the time spent on domestic work of immigrant women and men? Therefore, the paper draws on theoretical notions of Neoclassical Economic and Bargaining Theory, ideas of Gender Construction, and integrates migration-specific aspects. For its analyses, the paper uses SOEP data and couples’ time use. The results of this paper indicate that the time spent on domestic work increases drastically for migrant women and men after migration, yet only in the short-term. The third empirical paper of this dissertation looks at female migrants’ socialization. It asks: How does adolescent socialization impact the employment of immigrant women? The paper’s hypotheses are based on Socialization Theory, it bases its analyses on SOEP data. The paper concludes that mothers and their socialization efforts can buffer societal impacts. Overall, this dissertation emphasizes the significance of gendered integration research and the necessity to further explore the differential employment of migrant women and men.
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Xiang, Xiaoping, and 向小平. "The changing life experience of migration, intimacy and power among married female migrant workers in China: therise of dagongsao." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47147155.
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Proulx, Francine Pamela. "The impact of farm women's external employment on farm and family functioning: a case study of Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45922.
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Many American farmers have faced financial stress in the early 1980s unprecedented since the Depression. Simultaneously, farm wives have joined the off-farm labor market at rates exceeding urban women. Since prior research has found different correlates of family functioning and of external employment for rural and urban families, this descriptive study of Virginia farm wives (N = 128) investigated the impact of farm wives' external employment on the functioning of the farm and the farm family. While the sample did not represent the total Virginia farm population, it did appear to represent the financially stressed farm population. A comparison of employed farm wives (E = 57) and non-employed wives (N = 71) was analyzed to determine differences. Dependent variables affecting farm functioning included the farm's debt-to-asset ratio indicating the financial _ stress level, the wife's mental strain due to economic pressures, and lifestyle satisfaction. Dependent variables affecting family functioning were the wife's marital adjustment, psychological well being, and overall life satisfaction. The results indicated that the wife's external employment had a significantly negative impact on farm functioning. Wives working off the farm were more likely to come from farms with greater financial stress and were less satisfied with the equity factor of their lifestyle satisfaction. While mental strain was not significantly higher, more than one-third of employed wives experienced high mental strain. A signficantly negative impact on family functioning was not found although employed farm wives reported lower marital adjustment and overall life satisfaction with proportionately fewer employed farm wives than nonemployed wives reporting positive psychological well-being.
Master of Science
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Krieger, Magdalena [Verfasser]. "A Gendered Look at Integration: The Employment of Immigrant Women and Men in Germany / Magdalena Krieger." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1233986252/34.
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Schnittger, Maureen H. "Role strain and coping among dual-career men and women across the family life cycle." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77831.
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Differences in role strain and coping across five family life cycle stages were assessed using responses from 329 dual-career women and men. MANOVA on role strain confirmed a significant effect by gender. Women reported a significantly higher level of personal role strain than men. Coping strategy use differed significantly by gender and life cycle stage. Women utilized the coping strategies Cognitive Restructuring, Delegating Responsibility, Limiting Responsibility, and Using Social Support significantly more often than men. Dual-career men and women without children at home used Balancing Work and Family significantly less frequently than men and women with children. Respondents whose oldest child was under 6 reported less use of Delegating Responsibility than those with an oldest child age 13-18. Limiting Responsibility was used less by participants with children under age 6 than by those with older children. Bivariate correlational patterns for male and female respondents were similar across roles. The results are discussed from a family life cycle perspective.Ph. D.
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Lappin, Chelsea Michelle. "‘Irreconcilable Differences’?: The Experiences of Middle-Class Women Combining Marriage and Work in Post-War English Speaking Canada (1945-1960)." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38594.
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Following the Second World War, middle-class married women in English speaking Canada became for the first time a significant proportion of the labour force. Nonetheless, society still encouraged them to take up their domestic roles as housewives and mothers. They were subjected to discriminatory government policy, justified by traditional gender norms supported by academic research and popular social commentators. As a result, their lives became increasingly divorced from the prescriptions that encouraged them to remain at home. The differences meant that their work, and its associated challenges, went unrecognized.
Drawing on a broad range of sources, this thesis explores how and why middle class women – especially married ones- entered the workforce, the public’s reactions to their work, and how they negotiated the difference between prescriptions and their lives. It demonstrates that the 1950s were a watershed moment for women’s labour. Married women gained greater recognition of their place in the workforce, and obtained incremental changes to minimize discriminatory policy, practice, and attitudes. Accordingly, their efforts were foundational for the future women’s labour movements and Second Wave Feminist movement in the 1960s and 1970s.
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Evans, Amelia. "The subjective well-being and experience of life roles of white employed married mothers: a multiple case study." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/290.
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The number of women who choose to combine careers and traditional roles as mothers has been increasing steadily over the last number of years. As a result, the subjective wellbeing of these women has been the focus of many research projects over the last number of years. Subjective well-being has been defined in various ways by different authors. One definition describes subjective well-being as people's evaluations of their lives, which includes happiness, pleasant emotions, life satisfaction, and a relative absence of unpleasant moods and emotions. The current study, which took the form of a multiple case study, attempted to explore and describe White employed married mothers’ subjective experience of their well-being. The study also explored these women's experiences of combining the roles of employee and motherhood. The sample was obtained through the snowballing technique, and both qualitative (in-depth interviews) and quantitative techniques (two questionnaires - the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory) were utilized. The analysis of the data that was gathered was done by means of thematic and content analyses.
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Guelzow, Maureen G. "Coping responses and psychological resources as mediators in the stress process for dual-career women." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74523.
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The stress process was examined for a sample of 94 dual-career women. The relationship between sources (role strain), mediators (coping responses, psychological resources of self-esteem and low self-denigration, number and age of children), and outcome (feelings associated with role strains) was quantitatively assessed via factor analysis to determine the efficacy of mediators in the stress process. Seven coping strategies were identified: Cognitive Restructuring, Delegating Responsibility, Limiting Responsibility, Integrating Work and Family, Avoiding Responsibility, and Using Social Support. Results indicated that strain accounts for a large portion of the variation in stress. Cognitive Restructuring was the most crucial coping response in the stress process, having the greatest effect in reducing not only strain, but also stress; low self-denigration was the most critical psychological resource, buffering both strain and stress levels. Limiting Responsibility was associated with higher levels of strain. In addition, stress was found to increase as number of children increased and as age of youngest child decreased.Master of Science
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Aytac, Isik Akin. "The effect of women's labor force participation on marital instability." PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3428.
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This thesis examines the effect of women's labor force participation on marital instability. It is hypothesized that women's income-earning affects marriage in two ways: 1) the "independence effect" facilitates divorce by enabling women to be self-supporting; 2) the "parallel marriage effect" improves marital satisfaction and the quality of the marital relationship because women with higher incomes generally have more power in marriage. The "independence effect" is measured by whether or not women's income is sufficient, defined as income above the poverty line for the appropriate family size as established by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Parallel marriage" is measured by the wife-husband income ratio. Both women's own income level and wife-husband income ratio are taken two years prior to her divorce.
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Stripling, Mary Ann Hamilton. "Women, work, and family: ways to well-being." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39805.
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Kwok, Siu-man Maria, and 郭筱文. "An exploratory study of the relationship between working mother's marital satisfaction and their interrole strain." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1990. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31248901.
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PIRIU, ANDREEA ALEXANDRA. "ESSAYS ON GLOBALISATION: EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIVIDUALS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/728739.
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This thesis studies the effects of import competition from China and Eastern Europe
on the health and fertility decisions of German individuals working in manufacturing.
Individuals are matched with separate measures of exposure to competition from China
and Eastern Europe, respectively. To isolate exogenous supply shocks from the origin,
instrumental variables for competition from each of China and Eastern Europe are constructed.
Results in Chapter 1 suggest that higher import competition worsens individual health via
job displacement, wage decline, shortened employment duration, increased reliance on
welfare and less future orientation, with Chinese import competition affecting individuals
twice as much. Health declines as individuals increase their visits to the doctor, exercise
less frequently and have a higher probability of developing chronic illness. Also, there is
some evidence that individuals do not tend to become disabled but may be slowly pushed
into chronic illness.
Findings in Chapter 2 show that import competition negatively affects the individual’s
probability of having children via reduced earnings, lower satisfaction with personal
income and shortened employment duration. The chapter then investigates effects of
import exposure by gender. Results show that male and female fertility choices differ
upon rising import competition. Higher import exposure lowers female earnings and
job autonomy, which in turn generates a lower opportunity cost of work, to the point
where having children would become a more rewarding alternative for female workers.
By contrast, increased import exposure negatively affects male workers’ fertility through
reduced earnings and employment duration.
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ADDABBO, Tindara. "A dynamic model of married women's labour supply with an application to Great Britain and Germany." Doctoral thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4864.
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Defence date: 30 November 1992Examining Board: Prof. Richard Blundell (University College London, co-supervisor) ; Prof. Ugo Colombino (Università di Torino) ; Prof. François Laisney (Universität Mannheim) ; Prof. John Micklewright (E.U.I., supervisor) ; Prof. Nicola Rossi (Università di Venezia)
First made available online on 1 February 2017.
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ADAM-BERNAD, Paula. "Labour force transitions of married women in Spain." Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4862.
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Defence date: 6 December 1996Examining board: Prof. Alfonso Alba-Ramirez, Universidad Carlos III Madrid ; Prof. John Ermisch, University of Essex ; Prof. Siv Gustafsson, University of Amsterdam ; Prof. John Micklewright, EUI and UNICEF, Florence, Supervisor ; Prof. Robert Waldmann, EUI
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Shin, Ho Hyun. "A study on schooling and employment of married women in Korea." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9628.
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Chien, Wen-yin, and 簡文吟. "The Analysis of the Employment pattern of Married women in Taiwan." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80681675015967101003.
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Kawaguchi, Akira. "Effects of taxes and transfer payments on married women's labour supply and welfare." Phd thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/129746.
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It has been observed that the labour supply of married women is sensitive to
wage rate and nonwage income as well as to other socio-economic variables. It is of
interest, for economists and policy makers, to measure the effects of taxes and transfer
payments on the labour supply and welfare of married women. In the last two
decades, much effort has been devoted to the development of the theory of labour
supply and to the application of this theory to policy analysis.
This thesis intends to contribute to the study of labour supply on three counts. A
usual way of estimating a system of labour supply and a demand functions is to
estimate the labour supply function only, and parameters in the demand function are
identified by the budget constraint and the labour supply function. We will discuss that
a labour supply function estimated in this way is valid even if there exists a certain
form of an unobservable transaction cost We also show that, under certain types of
nonlinear budget constraints, the utility consistency of the labour supply function can
be examined in a similar way to that of the labour supply function with linear budget
constraints, and dual functions and identities still hold. Moreover, we develop a
method of estimating utility consistent labour supply under an endogenous market
wage rate.
Individuals generally pay labour market entry costs such as the expenses of
transportation, uniforms, child care, and self education. A part of these entry costs is
paid for indirectly by the government through the deduction of these expenses from
taxable income and through subsidies for child care. Our second contribution is to
derive a numerical expression for the effects, on labour supply and earnings, of two
types of subsidies for market entry, and to measure these effects using Australian data.
The estimation result shows that if the government gave a lump sum subsidy to all
working wives, a one dollar subsidy will increase an average wife's wage income by $1.10, and if the government gave a subsidy that was proportional to the number of
hours worked, to all woridng wives, a one dollar subsidy would increase an average
wife's wage income by $2.36.
Our third contribution is to estimate a labour supply function with piecewiselinear
budget constraints, and to assess several tax reforms. We shall focus especially
on the difference between a tax system under which tax rates are based on individual
income (individual-income-based tax system) and a tax system under which tax rates
are based on a couple's joint income (joint-income-based tax system). We find that if
both the pre-reform tax system and the post-reform tax system are based on individual
income, introducing a single rate tax system will reduce the work effort of married
women, and increase the excess burden of taxes. On the other hand, if both the pre-reform
tax system and the post-reform tax system are joint-income-based, introducing
a single rate tax system would encourage the work effort of married women, and
reduce the excess burden of taxes. A lesson from this result is that similar tax reforms
may have quite different effects on the labour supply and the welfare of married
women according to whether the tax rate is based on individual income or on a
couple's joint income.
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杜怡惠. "The Impact Condition of Spouses and Children on the Employment Participation of Married Women." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31709638592062762262.
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Wu, Huei-hsia. "Wages and employment differences between married Asian American and non-Hispanic white women a 2SLS simultaneous equations approach /." Thesis, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3108538.
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Sundell, Sabine Else. "The effect of paid employment outside the household upon married women's gendered identity : (a case study of married white women in Pietermaritzburg)." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4423.
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This research explores how formal employment outside the household affects the gendered identity of married women. A comparison of ten married white women who are not gainfully employed and ten married white women who are gainfully employed has been used to determine whether or not formal employment has an impact on gender identity. Tajfel's social identity construction theory argues that member of devalued social groups will strive to construct positive self-concepts by either reinterpreting the prevailing beliefs surrounding social categories or by challenging these beliefs. I focus on the division of women and men into the private and public spheres according to 'innate' abilities. Patriarchal ideology has devalued the social category 'women' and the domestic sphere. This research aimed to determine whether or not these gainfully employed married women were challenging patriarchal ideology and therefore renegotiating their gendered identities.
This study focuses on three aspects: the role of work in the formation of a positive self concept; the experience of motherhood; and the double-shift. It was found that gainful
employment although not altering a woman's gendered identity did result in a more positive self-concept because of public recognition and financial rewards. However, the experience of motherhood for employed married women remains integral to their gendered identity as women and they experience guilt and anxiety because they do not remain at home. Lastly, the household chores remain primarily a woman's responsibility, even when she is employed outside the household, resulting in a double-shift. The interviews for this study demonstrate that married women who are employed ful-time outside the household do not challenge the patriarchal ideology which shapes their gendered identity.Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1999.
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Surinya, Tippavan. "Is family beyond justice? : exploring determinants of wives' perceived fairness about the division of household labor and child care in Thailand." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/32560.
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The researcher 1) explored Thai employed wives' perceived fairness in the
division of household labor and child care, 2) investigated factors determining Thai's
working wives' perception of fairness in the division of household labor and child care,
and 3) developed a model of the determinants of wives' perceived fairness in the
division of household labor and child care. In the model above, relationships were
explored between perceived fairness and twenty independent variables. The data are
based on a survey administered to 600 employed wives from three different kinds of
workplaces in Bangkok, Thailand: Government sector (n=214), quasi-government
sector (n=191) and private sector (n=195). Employed wives were recruited by
purposive sampling from each workplace. In addition qualitative interviews were used
with a convenience sample of 30 employed wives selected by purposive sampling from
the large sample of 600. The interview data suggest explanations for wives' perceived
fairness in the division of household labor and child care. Stepwise multiple regression
was used to develop a model of the determinants predicting wives' perceived fairness in
the division of household labor and child care.
Findings are that perceived fairness was positively correlated with feeling
appreciated, marital happiness, within-gender comparisons, spending time together,
work hours/day, family harmony, and wife's ascription to traditional women's roles;
but was negatively correlated with wife's value of housework and men's incompetence
at housework. The results of the stepwise multiple regression on perceived fairness of
the division of household labor indicated that only 9 of 20 independent variables
(predictors) enter the regression model at the .05 level of significance or above,
accounting for 32% of the variability. The overall relationship of all predictors to
perceived fairness was fairly high. Feeling appreciated is the best predictor, followed by
marital happiness, within-gender comparison, wife's value of housework, spending time
together, work hours/day of wife, family harmony, wife's ascription of women's roles,
and men incompetence at housework.
The interview data also support the survey data in that outcome value influence
wives' perceived fairness. Wives value several outcomes in doing household work and
child care. Comparison referents and justifications are another mechanisms that
influence wives' perceived fairness. Most wives use several standards when they
evaluate fairness, and also use many reasons to justify lower participation of their
husbands. Even though gender ideology as measured, in the survey data, does not
contribute much to wives' perceived fairness, the interview data strongly suggest that
traditional values and culture in Thai society influence and guide wives' choices of
comparison referents and justifications to accept the unbalanced of division of labor as
fair for them.
Both data sets reinforce that wives' perceived fairness is a result of subjective
perception, influenced by emotional needs of wives. The study confirms that outcome
values, comparison referents and justifications, along with marital happiness and
spending time together with husbands all play important roles in explaining wives'
perceived fairness. Results are discussed in terms of the relationship between possible
determinants and wives' perceived fairness in the division of household labor and child
care. In additions, implications for future research, policy, and education/training are
discussed.Graduation date: 2001
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"Family friendly policy in Hong Kong." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5889013.
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by Au Ka Bo, Ruby, Chak Hau Yee.Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-79).
ABSTRACT --- p.ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv
PREFACE --- p.vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT --- p.vii
Chapter
Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.6
Chapter III. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.18
Research Design --- p.18
Conceptualization --- p.19
Hypotheses on Work Family Conflict --- p.21
Hypotheses on the Impacts on Family Friendly Policy --- p.22
Hypotheses on the Availability and Usage of Family Friendly Policy --- p.24
Questionnaire Design --- p.25
Chapter IV. --- RESULTS AND FINDINGS --- p.28
Respondents' Profile and Descriptive Statistics --- p.28
Multivariate Analysis --- p.33
Results --- p.33
Findings on Work Family Conflict --- p.33
Findings on Availability and Usage of Family Friendly Policy --- p.45
Other Findings --- p.50
Chapter V. --- DISCUSSION --- p.57
Summary of Findings --- p.57
Recommendations --- p.61
Who Are Responsible to Provide Family Friendly Policy? --- p.61
Who Are the Target Users? --- p.62
What Kinds of Family Friendly Policy Are Needed to Provide? --- p.62
How to Provide Family Friendly Policy? --- p.64
Chapter VI. --- CONCLUSION --- p.67
APPENDIX --- p.70
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.75
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"Family social support and work-family conflict amongst working married women: a cross-cultural study." 2009. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5894176.
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Mohinani, Nimishaa.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-42).
Abstract also in Chinese.
Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1
work-family conflict --- p.1
Social support and work-family conflict --- p.2
Outcome variables --- p.4
Child status --- p.7
Cultural component --- p.7
Chapter Chapter 2: --- Method --- p.13
Participants --- p.13
Measures --- p.13
Data analysis --- p.15
Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results --- p.17
WFC and outcome variables --- p.17
Moderating impact of culture --- p.17
"Ethnicity, child status and levels social support" --- p.24
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Discussion --- p.27
References --- p.33
Footnotes --- p.43
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Madebwe, Crescentia. "Husband immobility and the international migration of married women from Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18571.
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This thesis examined husband immobility and the international migration of married women from Zimbabwe. Data was collected from husbands and wives in married couple households where the wife had migrated alone. Face-to-face semi structured interviews were conducted with migrant women’s husbands in Zimbabwe while migrant women were interviewed in countries of destination telephonically. Empirical results showed that migrant women and their husbands were middle aged. Preferred countries of destination were in the region and the United Kingdom. Having a wife’s own social contacts in the preferred destination encouraged migration by reducing financial and emotional costs. Husbands' immobility facilitated wifely migration. Many wives exercised agency in migration decision making with more wives than husbands having initiated the discussion on migration. There were also cases of joint and wife sole decision making. With a few exceptions decision making was consensual. The women migrated as a survival strategy. In several households remittances were the primary source of income. Husbands were the main recipients of remittances. Some wives gave instructions on how the remittances should be used. Overall, remittances were used for paying fees, buying assets and for household upkeep. Some of the women had not visited their families since their migration. The physical separation of spouses had caused emotional distress in some marital relationships. The majority of respondents cited loss of consortium as a major problem.Sociology
D. Phil.
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Tsao, Tsu-Yu. "Essays on female labor supply and fertility responses to marital dissolution." Thesis, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3116211.
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Matsui, Miki. "Marriage, employment and happiness : the work-life balance of Japanese women." Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151802.
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Li, Meng-Jhen, and 李孟臻. "Employment Withdrawal among Married Women in Taiwan: The Moderating Effects of Wife and Husband’s Personal and Work characteristics." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36qh9f.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
社會學研究所
107
Previous studies suggest that married women’s personal and work characteristics, their husband’s personal and work characteristics, and their parenting statuses may influence married women’s employment decisions. Using data from the "East Asian Social Class and Social Mobility to Study the Basic Survey of Taiwan''s Social Changes", the current study investigates how the risk of exiting from employment among Taiwanese married women is shaped by their family life cycles. Moreover, the current study further investigates how the association between married women’s risk of employment withdrawal and family life cycles may be conditioned by women’s own and their husband’s personal and work characteristics. The current study found that the risk of employment withdrawal for married women are highest for times before they start to have children and when they are rearing young children at ages 3 or below. The heightened risk of employment withdrawal married women experienced before they started to have children suggests that family care burden for Taiwanese women may not simply come from rearing and caring for young children alone. The current study found that the risk of employment withdrawal for higher-educated married women who are rearing pre-school children at ages 3 or below are lower, however, the risk of employment withdrawal for married women who have tertiary education level is highest when married women have children at ages 6-18. The current study found that the risk of employment withdrawal for married women who work excessive hours would be high, and the risk would become higher when they are rearing children at ages 3-6. At last, the husband’s working hours and education level have no significant effect on the risk of employment withdrawal among married women in the study. The current study further focuses on the moderating effects of wife’s own and husband’s personal and work characteristics on the risk of employment withdrawal for married women. It found the risk of employment withdrawal for married women in family life cycle would become different because of their education level and work characteristics.
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Cantrell, Joyce Ann. "The effect of wife's employment on consumption satisfaction for residents in seven non-metropolitan Kansas counties." 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/27598.
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Smit, Ria. "Huweliksintegrasie en beroepsatisfaksie van die blanke werkende getroude vrou." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6825.
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M.A.One of the most significant trends of our time, manifesting world wide as well as in South Africa and affecting family life extensively, is the continuous rise in the rate of married women entering the labour market. The increasing interface between work and family life, within the work/ family spillover model, has led to the conventional belief that female employment, due to the stress within the work-situation, and marital dissolution are causally related. In more recent studies however, researchers are no longer concentrating only on the detrimental effects of the dual-earner family lifestyle, but are increasingly investigating intervening variables which alleviate stress in dual-earner families and which could actually contribute to higher experience of marital integration and quality. As a result of this perspective on family life of the working married woman, the question arose as to what the situation in this regard in South Africa may be. The aim with this research was to determine the nature of the mediating influence of intervening variables on the correlation between the woman's participation in the labour market and her experience of marital integration. Respondents from Johannesburg, East Rand, West Rand and Pretoria were selected by means of purposive and snowball sampling. A total of 300 respondents completed a questionnaire, which included items on biographical information and Likert type questions regarding the respondents' experiences of both family and work related aspects. In order to measure these aspects, eight scales were developed by means of factor analysis and item analysis, namely the respondent's experience of her husband's performance of domestic obligations; her husband's care-taking of the children; her husband's performance of emotion work; her commitment to growth in the marriage; her experience of marital integration; her involvement in her work; her experience of occupational stress; and occupational satisfaction. An analysis was made to determine the differences between groups that can be divided into more numerous discreet categories, by making use of multivariate and one-way analysis of variance and Scheffe's paired comparisons, as well as Hotelling T 2 and t-tests and Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients. Three regression models were developed in order to determine the predictors of marital integration, involvement in work and occupational satisfaction. The following results regarding the family related scales were found: Respondents experience their husbands' performance of emotion work to a greater degree, than their husbands' performance of domestic obligations and care-taking of the children. In comparison with the other scales, the respondent's experience of her husband's performance of emotion work indicated the highest statistical significant correlation with her experience of marital integration. Therefore the husband's performance of emotion work may be considered as a very important variable in predicting the working wife's experience of marital integration. In the case of the correlation between the family related and the work related scales, it was found that, unlike the respondent's experience of occupational stress, both the respondent's commitment to work and her experience of occupational satisfaction indicated a statistical significant correlation with her experience of marital integration. By means of path analysis, it was possible to determine that in both the models for path analysis in the case of marital integration (endogenous variable) and involvement in work (exogenous variable), -and in—the case—of marital—integration (endogenous variable) and occupational satisfaction (exogenous variable),, in the event of controlling for the family related variables, the partial correlations between marital integration and involvement in work, as well as between marital integration and occupational satisfaction, declined. Therefore it may be said that the family related variables, namely the respondent's commitment to growth in the marriage; her experience of her husband's performance of emotion work; her experience of her husband's care-taking of the children; and her experience of her husband's performance of domestic obligations, may lead to an enhancement of the working married woman's experience of marital integration. Knowledge of these intervening variables may not only help the dual-earner family in coping with the strenuous dilemmas, but may actually contribute to a better marital and familial relationship.
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Chien-Yu, Chou, and 周千郁. "Family Ideology in the Gender Equality in Employment Act：the Labor Force Participation of Married Women in Taiwan as an Example." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01253453534867408797.
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碩士亞洲大學
社會工作學系碩士班
97
The research intends to grasp "family ideology" underling "Gender Equality in Employment Act" and transformation through times in terms of Hartman's viewpoint: 1. How does the Gender Equality in Employment Act define family? 2. What and how is the linkage and relation between "State - Family"? 3. What and how does Gender Equality in Employment Act value family? 4. What is the difference between the perspective of "familism" and "individualism"? The methodology adopts historical data analysis and perspectives of socialist feminism to decipher "Legislative Yuan Gazette" in order to present the situation of labor force participation of Taiwan married women, and to reveal "family ideology" behind the Gender Equality in Employment Act. The analyzed data is based upon the transformation of labor force participation of Taiwan married women, and the transformation is divided into: 1. period one, from 1971 to mid 1980s— transform from traditional gender-based division of labor towards gender discrimination; 2. period two, from mid 1980s to mid 1990s— transform from period 1 towards constrained rights of marriage and child-raising in labor market; 3. period three, from mid 1990s to 2009— transform from period 2 towards protesting for the right to marriage and child-raising in the labor market. The research analyses correlative interaction between three major areas— gender discrimination, reproductive care, day care, plus child-care, and three major systems— female labor, employers, state policies, and the family ideology inside the interaction. The results pinpoint the 4 dimensions of family ideology under the Gender Equality in Employment Act, and they are: 1. To break the traditional gender division in family; both males and females shall share the responsibility of being caregivers. 2. The Act provides diverse welfares; "State - Family" collectively share care giving responsibility and reduce gender discrimination. 3. By eliminating the gender discrimination and providing diverse welfare under supplementary measures, the value of family can therefore be enhanced. 4. Through transforming from personal welfares to overall well-being of family, individual and family mutually support and rely on each other.
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Du, Toit Denise Anna. "Die professionele oriëntasie en gesinslewe van die werkende getroude vrou." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12014.
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D.Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)During the past decades married women increasingly joined the labour market due to financial reasons as well as a need for self-actualisation, and this has had significant consequences for these womens' marriages and family lives. In addition to women joining the labour market for financial reasons, more and more women are obtaining higher academic qualifications enabling them to pursue professional careers and apply to join traditional male professional occupations, such as the medical and dental professions, the law professions, the engineering and architectural professions, as well as various other professions. Professions have been described by certain sociologists as greedy occupations. Professions tend to absorb workers to such an extent that work remain central in their thoughts even when at home, and sometimes compel them to work long hours, weekends and holidays. The division between home life and .work life becomes blurred and, to a certain extent, professional work becomes a style of life. Since the practising of a professional career requires rigorous work hours, dedication, as well as commitment, and the implications of practising such a career for the married woman with children, especially small children, are substantial. Firstly, to what extent will she be able to comply with the requirements of a professional career and adequately care for her family? Secondly, how will a professional career affect the quality of her marriage and family life? Will she be able to commit herself to both a family as well as a career? This study deals with research into the commitment of 642 married working women in the PWV-area to their work. Respondents were selected by means of a random sample obtained from the telephone directories of the PWV-area. Data was collected by means of conducting a telephonic and postal survey with the help of the opinion survey centre of the Human Sciences Research Council.
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De, Waard Ilonka. "Skofwerk van getroude vroue as sistemiese ontwrigting of behoud : 'n ekologiese model." 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17985.
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Summaries in English and AfrikaansText in Afrikaans
Key terms in English and Afrikaans
Verskeie tekortkomings is in die bestaande konseptuele model en kwantitatiewe navorsingsliteratuur oor skofwerk geidentifiseer. Ontevredenheid met die oorvereenvoudigde oorsaak-gevolg-verklarings vir getroude vroue se skofwerkervaring het in die studie gelei tot die ontwikkeling van 'n ekologiese model van vroueskofwerk. Hierdie nuwe konseptuele model weerspieel 'n altematiewe benadering waar erkenning gegee word aan die bestaan van meervoudige realiteite wat mense in konsensus deur taal konstrueer. Die oogmerk met die ekologiese model is om, met inagneming van vroueskofwerkers se wyer konteks, patrone te ondersoek van hoe die verskillende beskrywings van getroude vroue se ervaring van skofwerk bymekaar pas. Daarmee kan 'n meer sistemiese begrip verkry word wat die kompleksiteit van menslike interaksie respekteer. Die ekologiese model van vroueskofwerk is ontwikkel as 'n hulpmiddel vir die waamemer om ryk, beskrywende ekologiese verhale te kan konstrueer van hoe getroude vroue se belewing van skofwerk tot sistemiese ontwrigting of behoud kan lei.
Several shortcomings have been identified in the existing conceptual model and quantitative research literature regarding shiftwork. Dissatisfaction with the oversimplified cause-effect-explanations for married women's shiftwork experience has led to the development of an ecological model of women shiftwork in this study. This new conceptual model reflects an alternative approach where recognition is given to the existence of multiple realities which are consensually created by people through language. The aim with the ecological model, by taking into account the broader context of women shiftworkers, is to search for patterns of how the different descriptions of women's experience of shiftwork fit together. This offers a more systemic view that respects the complexity of human interaction. The ecological model for women shiftwork is developed as an aid to the observer to construct rich, descriptive ecological stories about how married women's experience of shiftwork can lead to systemic disruption or conservation.
Psychology
M.A. (Clinical Psychology)
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Carrim, Sumaya Omar. "Working women in their multiple role environment : a salutogenic perspective." Diss., 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16313.
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Dutta, Mousumee. "Gender equality in families : the case of middle-class Bengali women in Calcutta." Phd thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144752.
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Liu, Jing 1979. "Incomes and outcomes : the dynamic interaction of the marriage market and the labor market." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/18081.
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In this thesis we study the interdependency of individual decisions on work and family, particularly the dynamic interaction of the marriage market and the labor market. My basic idea is that marital status affects individual labor supply decisions, and in turn, labor market condition influences marriage formation and dissolution. While these interactions are evident, the overwhelming majority of research on labor or family economics usually simplifies the individual decision-making by assuming that one of two markets outcomes is given while studying the other one. In the empirical study, endogeneity issues are troublesome, especially under the dynamic setting. My work takes a different approach. I directly model the individual decision-making, which describes how marriage market and labor market interact with each other; and matching with survey data we empirically recover the underlying economic environments that characterize the structure of the marriage market and the labor market. I further examine to what extent my model explains the observed facts. Very few studies have been conducted to explore work and family issues in this direction partly due to its complexity. The structural models, besides the conventional regression, improve our perceptions on how individuals form decisions on work and family, which have far-reaching implications on policy designs and welfare evaluations. In my thesis, I explore all these issues in three steps. In chapter 1, I explain a stylized fact that there exists a positive correlation between rising wage inequality and declining marriage rates. A two-sided matching model is developed to exploit a theoretical channel through which wage inequality affects marriage rates. My model features a steady state equilibrium in which the whole marriage market is divided into groups and only people in the same group will marry each other. Using the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) data from 1970 to 2000, my estimates indicate that a structural change occurs in the U.S. marriage market. The higher matching efficiency and declining elasticity of men suggest that the nowadays marriage market provides more chance to meet and better gender equity, though higher arrival rates also raise the outside options of getting married. Additionally, I find that wage inequality accounts for over 38% of the decline in marriage rate, which is underestimated in Gould (2003). Chapter 2 examines household dynamic labor supply after introducing bargaining between husbands and wives, which has not been thoroughly studied previously in literature. Here bargaining between husbands and wives determines the amount of husbands' earnings that are transferred to wives for their private consumption. A household search model that incorporates the intrahousehold bargaining is developed and estimated using panel data from the year 2001 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). My results show that the portion of household income shared by husbands for private consumption is responsive to their employment status, suggesting the existence of the bargaining between the U.S. couples. My findings also imply that the labor supply of women will increase with higher women wage and lower money transfer from husbands to wives, showing that the income effect dominates for wives. Moreover, the wage frontier of husbands is positively correlated with wives' wages and negatively correlated with husbands' earnings transferred to wives, highlighting that husbands are subject to both the income effect and intra-household bargaining, and their decisions depend on which effect dominates. In the third and the last chapter, I study household unemployment duration. Previously, most studies have addressed the topic of job search at the individual level. This chapter studies job search patterns of married couples and in particular compares couple's unemployment duration given their spousal earnings. A household search model is introduced, which includes the bargaining between husbands and wives. I use the year 2001 panel data Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to estimate the structural model of family decisions. Our findings reveal that there exists a gender asymmetry in job search of the U.S. household: The more husbands earn, the longer wives search for a job; but the more wives earn, the sooner husbands find a job.text
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Ochoa, Fernández Esther. "Erwerbstätig oder Hausfrau?" Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0020-5F16-4.
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Im Laufe der 70er, 80er und 90er Jahre nahm die Frauenerwerbsbeteiligung in Europa zu bei gleichzeitiger Abnahme der Männerbeschäftigung. Jedoch, und trotz des Politikwan-dels in Richtung eines „adult worker model“, sind Frauen weiterhin von diskontinuierliche-ren Erwerbsbiographien betroffen als Männer. In meiner Dissertation gehe ich der Frage nach, welche Faktoren die Erwerbsdiskontinuität von Frauen in den 90er Jahren beeinflus-sen. Dabei wird der Übergang von der Erwerbstätigkeit in die Hausfrauentätigkeit in Westdeutschland, Italien und Spanien untersucht.
In den 90er Jahren waren Westdeutschland und Italien in der Kinderbetreuung explizit fa-milialistische Wohlfahrtsstaaten, während Spanien implizit familialistisch war. Frauen wa-ren jedoch in Spanien und Italien kontinuierlicher erwerbstätig als in Westdeutschland. Anhand dieses Ländervergleiches wird in der Dissertation deutlich, dass die familienpoliti-schen Rahmenbedingungen einen Einfluss haben, jedoch nicht ausreichend zur Erklärung der Erwerbsdiskontinuität von Frauen sind.
In beiden südeuropäischen Ländern hat eine hohe Bildung einen relativ starken negativen Effekt auf den Übergang in die Hausfrauentätigkeit, der nicht in Westdeutschland vorhan-den ist. Ebenfalls zeigt die Zugehörigkeit zu unterschiedlichen Berufsklassen in beiden südeuropäischen Ländern signifikante Effekte, die nicht in Westdeutschland zu finden sind. Aufgrund der statistischen Kontrolle des Einkommens können die Ergebnisse von Bildung und von der Berufsklasse nicht ausschließlich auf materielle Gegebenheiten zu-rückgeführt werden. Die Erwerbsdiskontinuität von Frauen wird durch Ressourcen, Oppor-tunitäten und Restriktionen beeinflusst, aber auch durch kulturelle und Identitätsprozesse, die mit der Zugehörigkeit zu einer bestimmten Klasse oder mit einem bestimmten Bil-dungsniveau verbunden sind.
Dem Arbeitsmarkt kommt in Italien und Spanien ebenfalls eine zentrale Bedeutung zu. Obwohl in allen drei Ländern befristete Arbeitsverhältnisse sowie die Erwerbstätigkeit in einem kleinen Unternehmen den Übergang von Frauen in die Hausfrauentätigkeit positiv beeinflussen, ist der Einfluss in Westdeutschland nicht so stark ausgeprägt wie in Italien und Spanien. Die Teilzeitarbeit beeinflusst ausschließlich in den beiden südeuropäischen Ländern positiv den Übergang. In Italien spielt die Beschäftigung im öffentlichen Sektor außerdem eine zentrale Rolle: sie beeinflusst negativ den Übergang in die Hausfrauentä-tigkeit.
Die Analyse zeigt ebenfalls Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen allen drei Ländern. Die Episoden der Hausfrauentätigkeit beeinflussen in allen drei Ländern den Übergang in die Hausfrau-entätigkeit positiv. Sie gehören zum Lebenskonzept erwerbstätiger Frauen und weisen auf geltende traditionelle Wertvorstellungen bezüglich der Geschlechterrollen hin. Die Anwe-senheit eines Ehepartners zeigt ebenfalls in allen drei Ländern positive Effekte auf den Übergang, während das Erwerbseinkommen negativ den Übergang beeinflusst. Aufgrund der statistischen Kontrolle des Anteils des eigenen Einkommens am Haushaltseinkommen hat der positive Effekt der Anwesenheit eines Ehepartners weniger mit der Ressourcenver-teilung innerhalb des Haushalts als mit traditionellen Geschlechterrollen und Wertvorstel-lungen in der Ehepartnerschaft zu tun. Sowohl das Einkommen als auch die Episoden der Hausfrauentätigkeit zeigen in Westdeutschland stärkere Effekte als in Italien und Spanien. Diese Ergebnisse werden als Hinweis für die traditionellere Geschlechterrollenvorstellung westdeutscher erwerbstätiger Frauen als von erwerbstätigen italienischen und spanischen Frauen interpretiert. Dies wird durch eine deskriptive Analyse über die Einstellung er-werbstätiger Frauen bezüglich der Geschlechterrollen in allen drei Ländern bestätigt.
In den drei Ländern wurde außerdem ein zusätzlicher Übergang untersucht. Während in Westdeutschland dem Übergang in die Hausfrauentätigkeit bei gleichzeitiger geringfügiger Erwerbstätigkeit eine wichtige Bedeutung zukommt, ist in Italien und in Spanien der Übergang in die arbeitslose Hausfrauentätigkeit von Bedeutung. In allen drei Ländern konnten unterschiedliche Ergebnisse festgestellt werden, je nachdem ob die Hausfrauentä-tigkeit mit einer Nicht-Erwerbstätigkeit, oder mit einer geringfügigen Erwerbstätigkeit in Westdeutschland beziehungsweise mit einer Arbeitslosigkeit in Italien und Spanien kom-biniert wird. Dies weist auf die Notwendigkeit einer präzisen Beschreibung der Hausfrau-entätigkeit hin.
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Mitchell, Chanaz Anzolette. "The experiences, challenges and coping resources of working wives and stay-at-home husbands : a social work perspective." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13852.
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Text in EnglishThe transition from traditional to non-traditional marital roles was brought about by changes in the political, social and economic spheres. Within this transition, a new family arrangement has emerged in which traditional marital roles of breadwinning husband and care-giving, nurturer-wife are replaced by a breadwinning wife and a care-giving, nurturer-husband, the so-called stay-at-home husband. Various factors contributed and necessitated this change in marital roles, such as, but not limited to, the feminist movement, the economic recession, changes in legislation, retrenchments and so forth. However, making this transition is not easy. These couples, fulfilling non-traditional marital roles, are faced with stigmatisation and negative attitudes that make them want to conceal their marital roles from family, friends, the community and society as a whole. This state of affairs results in a situation where these couples stay in the closet and as consequence the topic is ill-researched and ripe for further investigation. Using a qualitative, phenomenological approach, this study explored and described the challenges, experiences and coping resources of couples fulfilling non-traditional marital roles in order to propose practice guidelines to support these couples from a social work perspective. A total of ten couples participated in the study. Independently, the working wives and stay-at-home husbands provided separate accounts of realities related to fulfilling the non-traditional marital roles within their respective marital relationships. Themes that emerged from the in-depth description of their experiences reflected the benefits accrued, the challenges experienced, their needs and coping resources. From the information provided suggestions were derived for social workers to assist couples in a similar working wife and stay-at-home husband marriage set-up to deal with situations encountered. In consulting extant literature, research on this phenomenon appeared to be totally neglected both internationally and nationally. Hence this study sought to address this lacuna by specifically investigating the situation in South Africa. It also appeared that existing research tended to focus on either the stay-at-home mother or the dual career family. Research on the experiences of stay-at-home husbands was thus severely lacking as were ways in which such couples in these roles could be supported. Therefore, making use of the ecological and role theory perspectives, attention is given to exposing their experiences, challenges and coping resources with a view to developing practice guidelines for helping social work practitioners to adequately support these couples practising non-traditional marital roles.
Social Work
Ph. D. (Social Work)