Journal articles on the topic 'Marriages, births'
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1
GRECH, VICTOR, CHARLES SAVONA-VENTURA, HUGO AGIUS-MUSCAT, and LINA JANULOVA. "SEASONALITY OF BIRTHS IS ASSOCIATED WITH SEASONALITY OF MARRIAGES IN MALTA." Journal of Biosocial Science 35, no. 1 (December 12, 2002): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932003000956.
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This study was carried out to quantify secular trends in seasonal variation in births in Malta, a small Mediterranean country where the vast proportion of births occur in wedlock due to a predominantly Roman Catholic population. It also related such variations to seasonal variation in marriages. Annual seasonal peaks of marriages and births were analysed over the period 1950–1996 by X11 ARIMA. A significant peak in marriages (n=111,932) in the third quarter of the year was found for almost the entire period under study. This was paralleled by a peak in births (n=299,558) for the period 1970–1996, which lagged after the peak in marriages by 13–14 months. For the period 1994–1996, when monthly data for monthly pregnancies were available by pregnancy order, the peak in births was caused by first pregnancies only. Seasonal patterns in births occur almost universally due to cultural and/or biometeorological factors. The best known patterns include those of the southern United States, where births decline in April and May, and in northern Europe, where births peak in March and April. In Malta, the late summer peak in births appears to be due to a practical and planned approach by Maltese couples to contraceptive planning, probably influenced by the Roman Catholic ethos and social pressures, with unprotected intercourse occurring only after marriage. In Malta, birth control, albeit by so-called natural methods, was introduced in the 1960s. Prior to this period, births peaked towards the beginning/end of the year, and this may be the more natural seasonality of births in Malta.
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Chyruk, S. V. "Priests’ Influence on the Seasonality of Marriages and Births at the End of the XVIII–XIX Centuries in Staroshvedska (Gammalsvenskby) Colony." Modern Studies in German History 49, no. 49 (January 11, 2024): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/312306.
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The article is dedicated to the seasonality of marriages and birth rates in the Old Swedish Colony, as well as the potential influence of a Lutheran pastor on these demographic processes. Hypotheses regarding the connection between marriage dates and the seasonality of firstborn births and the differences in marriage seasonality between the Old Swedish Colony and Josephstal colonies are examined. Metric books and family lists serve as the primary sources. Marriage dates and firstborn birth dates are compared based on data partially reconstructed through family history research methods. Due to the specificity of the sources (lack of surnames, matching names, age information, or its fragmentary nature), it was possible to link personal information regarding marriage records from metric books and family lists for only some couples. Marriage dates and firstborn birth dates were identified for only 63 cases. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to search for correlations, and a correlation between marriage months and the seasonality of firstborn births was found (Rs = 0.32, p = 0.01, n = 63). However, no differences in marriage seasonality between the Old Swedish Colony and Josephstal were detected. Still, differences in the seasonality of firstborn births and subsequent children were observed. In spring, the number of firstborn births was lower compared to later children. Some cases of premarital conception were also identified. Most marriages, both in the Old Swedish Colony and Josephstal, were recorded in September, contradicting the observations of Anton Karlgren (1905), who claimed that most marriages in the Old Swedish Colony occurred in November. Nearly half (48%) of the marriages were double weddings, where multiple couples got married on the same day (2–4 couples). However, the number of such weddings decreased starting from the 1850s. It is worth noting that there was no significant concentration of double weddings in any particular year. The high concentration of double weddings in the late 18th century is explained by compensatory marriage rates after the cholera epidemic. Nevertheless, double weddings in the 1830s‑1850s may have been influenced by the short periods when the pastor visited the colony for wedding ceremonies.The author concludes that pastors had the opportunity to influence the seasonality of firstborn births through the timing of their visits to the colony for marriage ceremonies. However, the most significant impact of pastors on demographic processes was seen in the increase in double weddings, which resulted from the necessity of marrying when the pastor was present in the colony.
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Arkhangelskiy, Vladimir N., and Ekaterina S. Zayko. "Fertility and Family Formation in the Moscow Agglomeration during the COVID-19 Pandemic." City Healthcare 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47619/2713-2617.zm.2022.v.3i3;6-16.
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The article analyzes changes in fertility and marriage rates in the Moscow agglomeration in 2020–2022. The choice of the Moscow agglomeration as an object is due to the significant influence of the share of nonresident births in Moscow on birth rates in Moscow and the Moscow region, which should be, to some extent, eliminated in order to correctly assess the impact of other factors. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, marriage
rates dropped significantly, especially for first marriages. A likely consequence of this was that the increase in the total fertility rate for first births in 2021 was very small, but for second and third and subsequent births was substantial. It can be assumed that the negative impact of the decline in marriage rates in 2020 on first births in 2021 was partially offset by the positive impact of the start of the maternity (family) capital for the first child. Combined with the effect of this factor, the increase in marriage rates in 2021 may have contributed to higher fertility rates for first births in the first half of 2022, while they declined for second and third and subsequent births. In addition to its effect on the decline in the number of marriages in 2020 and its indirect effect on first births, the initial period of the pandemic probably had an effect on the significant decline in the number of births in the Moscow agglomeration in January and February 2021.
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HAMAMATSU, YURI, YOSUKE INOUE, CHIHO WATANABE, and MASAHIRO UMEZAKI. "IMPACT OF THE 2011 EARTHQUAKE ON MARRIAGES, BIRTHS AND THE SECONDARY SEX RATIO IN JAPAN." Journal of Biosocial Science 46, no. 6 (February 6, 2014): 830–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932014000017.
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SummaryOn 11th March 2011 a magnitude nine earthquake struck the Tohoku region of Japan. The earthquake resulted in a large tsunami and an accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant. Previous studies have suggested that demographic indices relating to reproduction and marriage change after such massive disasters (e.g. large earthquakes). The present study investigated whether the number of births, number of marriages and the secondary sex ratio (SSR) changed after the East Japan Earthquake. The monthly number of births (males and females, separately) and marriages in each prefecture in Japan from January 1997 to June 2012 were obtained from the Demographic Survey of Japan. An analysis was performed for three different geographic boundary units: the disaster-stricken area, the non-disaster-stricken area and the whole of Japan. In each unit, the numbers of births and marriages in a given month during the post-disaster period were predicted based on a regression equation estimated by the numbers of births and marriages in that month during the pre-disaster period. The numbers of observed monthly births and marriages during the post-disaster period were compared with the predicted figures. Differences between the observed and predicted numbers were determined by referring to the 95% confidence limits for the predicted mean number. The observed probability of a male birth in a given month during the post-disaster period was compared with a 95% confidence interval of a binominal distribution. In all three boundary units, the number of births was significantly lower than the predicted number by about 3–8% from nine months after the disaster, while the number of marriages in October 2011 was significantly lower than the predicted number by about 25–28%. In October 2011, the SSR in the whole of Japan had decreased from 104.8 (the predicted SSR) to 102.9. The number of births and marriages and the SSR decreased in Japan after the East Japan Earthquake irrespective of locality.
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NAIDU, YASMIN, J. M., and C. G. N. MASCIE-TAYLOR. "CONSANGUINITY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY AND MORTALITY IN THE KOTIA: A TRIBAL POPULATION OF ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 29, no. 2 (April 1997): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932097001715.
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Data on patterns of marriage, differential fertility and mortality were collected from 211 Kotia women residing in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Consanguineous marriages made up just over a quarter of the total, and of these, father's sister's daughter (FSD) were more common than mother's brother's daughter (MBD). The mean inbreeding coefficient for the sample (F) was 0·0172. Women in consanguineous marriages had a lower mean number of total conceptions, live births and living offspring (net fertility) than women in non-consanguineous marriages. Significant heterogeneity was found in the means of living offspring for FSD, MBD and non-consanguineous couples, but not for conceptions and live births.
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Ghaznavi, Cyrus, Takayuki Kawashima, Yuta Tanoue, Daisuke Yoneoka, Koji Makiyama, Haruka Sakamoto, Peter Ueda, Akifumi Eguchi, and Shuhei Nomura. "Changes in marriage, divorce and births during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 5 (May 2022): e007866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007866.
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IntroductionMarriage, divorce and fertility are declining in Japan. There is concern that the COVID-19 pandemic may have accelerated the decrease in marriages and births while increasing the number of divorces. Changes in partnership behaviours and fertility have significant implications for mental health, well-being and population demographics.MethodsJapanese vital statistical data were collected for December 2011–May 2021. We used the Farrington algorithm on the daily numbers of marriages, divorces and births (per month) in order to determine whether any given month between January 2017 and May 2021 had a significant excess or deficit. Analyses were conducted at the national and regional levels.ResultsDuring the pandemic, significant deficits in the national number of marriages were noted in January 2020, April 2020, May 2020, July 2020, September 2020 and April 2021. Regional marriage patterns reflected national trends. Divorces were noted to be in deficit during April 2020, May 2020 and May 2021 at the country level. Regional analyses mirrored national divorce trends with the exception of Shikoku, which showed no deficits during the pandemic. Significant deficits in the number of total births were noted in December 2020, January 2021 and February 2021. Regionally, birth deficits were concentrated in Chubu, Kansai and Kanto. After the start of the pandemic, no significant excesses in marriages, divorces or births were noted at the national or regional level.ConclusionsMarriages and divorces declined during the pandemic in Japan, especially during state of emergency declarations. There were decreased births between December 2020 and February 2021, approximately 8–10 months after the first state of emergency, suggesting that couples altered their pregnancy intention in response to the pandemic. Metropolitan regions were more affected by the pandemic than their less metropolitan counterparts.
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Kelly, Morgan, and Cormac Ó Gráda. "The Preventive Check in Medieval and Preindustrial England." Journal of Economic History 72, no. 4 (December 14, 2012): 1015–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050712000678.
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England's post-Reformation demographic regime has been characterized as “low pressure.” Yet the evidence hitherto for the presence of a preventive check, defined as the short-run response of marriage and births to variations in living standards, is rather weak. New evidence in this article strengthens the case for the preventive check in both medieval and early modern England. We invoke manorial data to argue the case for a preventive check on marriages in the Middle Ages. Our analysis of the post-1540 period, based on parish-level rather than aggregate data, finds evidence for a preventive check on marriages and births.
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Dufek, Jaroslav. "The evaluation of the marriage rate, divorce rate and natality in the South Moravian Region." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53, no. 6 (2005): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200553060053.
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The aim of this article is to evaluate a marriage rate, divorce rate and natality in the South Moravian region in the period 1993–2003. There has been a major change in evolution of the population and standard of living. The number of marriages and live births has decreased and the number of divorces stagnated. The marriages and the childbirth advanced to the higher age level. The rate of engaged couples marital status, which is decreasing, is approximately on the same level, just the age of mothers is increasing. A high positive correlation has been proved between the number of married couples and live births children. At stagnation of divorces the numbers of divorces decrease at the beginning of the marriage on the contrary it increases after 15 years of marriage. Comparing to the Czech Republic the eva- luated demographic indicators reach quite low rates.
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Thang, Nguyen Minh, and Ingrid Swenson. "Variations in Vietnamese marriages, births and infant deaths by months of the Julian calendar and years of the Vietnamese and Chinese astrological calendars." Journal of Biosocial Science 28, no. 3 (July 1996): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000022434.
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SummaryThe timing of births and marriages in Vietnam appears to have some statistically significant relationships with the signs of the Chinese and Vietnamese astrological calendars. Years considered to be good years have significantly more births and marriages than years that are not considered as desirable. Births and marriages also have some significant variations with seasons of the year. Infant deaths do not appear to have any significant relationships with the astrological signs although infant mortality has some significant relationships with seasons of the year. The findings indicate that there is some purposeful planning for marriages and births to coincide with optimal times defined in the astrological calendars.
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Fafard St-Germain, Andrée-Anne, Russell S. Kirby, and Marcelo L. Urquia. "Reproductive health among married and unmarried mothers aged less than 18, 18–19, and 20–24 years in the United States, 2014–2019: A population-based cross-sectional study." PLOS Medicine 19, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): e1003929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003929.
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Background Studies in low- and middle-income regions suggest that child marriage (<18 years) is a risk factor for poor reproductive outcomes among women. However, in high-income-country contexts where childbearing before age 18 occurs predominantly outside marriage, it is unknown whether marriage is adversely associated with reproductive health among mothers below age 18. This study examined the joint associations of marriage and adolescent maternal age group (<18, 18–19, and 20–24 years) with reproductive, maternal, and infant health indicators in the United States. Methods and findings Birth registrations with US resident mothers aged ≤24 years with complete information on marital status were drawn from the 2014 to 2019 Natality Public Use Files (n = 5,669,824). Odds ratios for the interaction between marital status and maternal age group were estimated using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for covariates such as maternal race/ethnicity and nativity status, federal program participation, and paternal age. Marriage prevalence was 3.6%, 13.2%, and 34.1% among births to mothers aged <18, 18–19, and 20–24 years, respectively. Age gradients in the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were present for most indicators, and many gradients differed by marital status. Among births to mothers aged <18 years, marriage was associated with greater adjusted odds of prior pregnancy termination (AOR 1.64, 95% CI 1.52–1.77, p < 0.001), repeat birth (AOR 2.84, 95% CI 2.68–3.00, p < 0.001), maternal smoking (AOR 1.24, 95% CI 1.15–1.35, p < 0.001), and infant morbidity (AOR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01–1.14, p = 0.03), but weaker or reverse associations existed among births to older mothers. For all maternal age groups, marriage was associated with lower adjusted odds of late or no prenatal care initiation, sexually transmitted infection, and no breastfeeding at hospital discharge, but these beneficial associations were weaker among births to mothers aged <18 and 18–19 years. Limitations of the study include its cross-sectional nature and lack of information on marriage timing relative to prior pregnancy events. Conclusions Marriage among mothers below age 18 is associated with both adverse and favorable reproductive, maternal, and infant health indicators. Heterogeneity exists in the relationship between marriage and reproductive health across adolescent maternal age groups, suggesting girl child marriages must be examined separately from marriages at older ages.
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Sinelnikov, Alexander. "Transformation of marriage and fertility in Russia." Population 22, no. 2 (July 10, 2019): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/1561-7785-2019-00013.
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In Russia, as in other developed countries, the number of registered marriages is de- creasing, and the number of cohabitations and divorces is increasing. Chances of divorced women entering into a new legal and stable marriage are low. Remarriages are no more stable than the first marriages. All this leads to a further decrease in the birth rate. On the basis of the data from the sample survey of reproductive plans of the population conducted by the Federal State Statistics Service in 2017, the author shows that women in registered marriages have more children by the end of the reproductive age than women in unregistered partnerships. Women who remarried have more children than in the first marriage. But even they have the average number of children significantly less than the minimum required for a simple replacement of generations. Only one in five women of reproductive age, who ended their first marriage, was in legal marriage at the time of the survey. The average number of children of women in unregistered unions is higher than that of never married and divorced women, but less than that of married women. Doubts about the reliability of relationships with unofficial partners lead to postponement of giving birth to children. The demographic policy in Russia up to 2018 was mainly aimed at stimulating second and subsequent births in existing families, rather than creating new ones. Only in 2018 there were introduced significant benefits for children under the age of one and a half years. However, creation of a family begins not with the birth of a child, but with the entry into a legal marriage. According to the author, it is necessary to encourage registration of marriages.
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DUVANDER, ANN-ZOFIE E. "The Transition From Cohabitation to Marriage." Journal of Family Issues 20, no. 5 (September 1999): 698–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251399020005007.
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In Sweden, cohabitation is the norm before marriage and is in many ways equal to marriage. By investigating the transition from cohabitation to marriage, this study seeks to clarify how those who marry differ from those who do not. The study uses the Swedish Family Survey of 1992 together with register data of marriages and births for the following 2 years. Information on partner's attitudes and marriage plans is obtained from a self-administered questionnaire. The risk of marriage for women who were cohabiting at the time of interview is analyzed with event history analysis. The results show that life course stage, economic gains in marriage, and family socialization predict whether cohabiting women will turn their unions into marriages. In addition, attitudes toward leisure and parenthood influence marriage propensities. Marriage plans explain some, but not all, of those effects.
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Qasım oğlu Nağıyev, Saleh, and Günəş Elxan oğlu Orucov. "Modern demographic situation of Ganja city." SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 06, no. 2 (February 27, 2022): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2789-6919/06/7-11.
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Məqalədə Gəncə şəhərinin məskunlaşmasının formalaşması və inkişafı, urbanizasiya səviyyəsinin dinamikası təhlil edilmişdir. Gəncə şəhərinin demoqrafik proseslərin tədqiqi göstərir ki,son illərdə əhali arasında təbii artım,doğum və nikahların dinamikasında azalma, ölüm, körpə ölümü və boşanma proseslərində artım müşahidə edilmişdir. Doğulan uşaqların ümumi sayında rəsmi qeydə alınmamış nikahdan doğulan uşaqların xüsusi çəkisinin artımı baş vermişdir. Bəzi demoqrafik göstəricilərin nisbi əmsalı ölkə üzrə səviyyədən yüksək doğum və nikah, ölüm və körpə ölümü, aşağı səviyyə təbii artım və boşanmalar üzrə müşahidə olunmuşdur. Şəhərin demoqrafik inkişaf problemləri və onların həlli istiqamətləri üzrə təkliflər və tövsiyələr verilir. Açar sözlər: şəhər məskunlaşması, urbanizasiya, demoqrafik proses, təbii artım, doğum, ölüm, nikah Modern demographic situation of Ganja city Summary The article analyzes the formation and development of the settlement of Ganja and the dynamics of the level of urbanization. The study of demographic processes in Ganja shows that in recent years there has been a natural increase in the population, a decrease in the dynamics of births and marriages, an increase in deaths, infant mortality and divorce. The share of children born from unregistered marriages has increased in the total number of children born. The relative coefficients of some demographic indicators were higher than the national level for births and marriages, deaths and infant deaths, and low levels of natural increase and divorce. Suggestions and recommendations are given on the problems of demographic development of the city and their solutions. Key words: urban settlement, urbanization, demographic process, natural growth, birth, death, marriage
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Dufek, Jaroslav. "Analysis of the basic characteristics of demographic dynamics in the Czech Republic regions." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, no. 6 (2007): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755060055.
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The work deals with the evaluation of an achieved level of the basic characteristics of the demographic dynamic in the regions in 2005, dividing regions to homogenous groups always according to pairs of indicators having logical relationship between each other. As a pair characterizing population migration were selected a rate of marriages – divorces, marriages – births, births – mortalities, immigrations – emigrations, natural population growth – immigration population growth. According to a direction of the research intention a special attention was paid to South Moravia region and to Vysočina region. According to an expected reciprocal relationship of the rate of marriages – births the regression function was determined including a correlative index (I = 0,739*), confirming and quantifying the relationship.
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Bukovala, Jovan. "From Ljubica Atanasijevic to Ksenija Markovic." Theoria, Beograd 66, no. 2 (2023): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo2302151b.
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The main goal of this research is cognitive - exploratory-descriptive, thanks to the facts obtained through theoretical analysis, through the literature that consists of positive legal regulations (Law on Registration Books, General Administrative Procedure Act, Family Law). The subject and aim of this paper required the use of a qualitative empirical method - biographical (the fact of the birth of Ljubica Atanasijevic, the conclusion of the marriage between Milan Markovic and Ksenija Atanasijevic and the death of Ksenija Atanasijevic Markovic) and operational - analysis of the content of documents (certificates of births, marriages and deaths, registers of citizens).
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Skirbekk, Vegard, Hans-Peter Kohler, and Alexia Prskawetz. "Birth Month, School Graduation, and the Timing of Births and Marriages." Demography 41, no. 3 (2004): 547–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dem.2004.0028.
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Jacob, W. M. "The Impact of Legislative Reform on Baptisms, Marriages and Burials 1836–52, with particular reference to London." Studies in Church History 59 (June 2023): 265–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2023.11.
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This article considers, with particular reference to London, the impact of legislation during the second quarter of the nineteenth century on the churches’ practice of rites of passage in relation to births, marriages and deaths. It investigates the religious, political and social reasons for legislation relating to these rites which many contemporaries and subsequent historians considered an attack on the Church of England and evidence of advancing secularization. It shows that despite significant constitutional, social and religious changes during these years, religiously motivated politicians, sympathetic to the established church, achieved legislation introducing general registration of births, marriages and deaths, and providing for more satisfactory burial of London's rapidly growing population in the context of a high death rate. While satisfying some grievances of religious Dissenters, this protected the established church's interests, and evidence suggests that a high proportion of London's population continued to access its rites of passage for baptism, marriage and burial.
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Kennett, Wendy. "THE PLACE OF WORSHIP IN SOLEMNIZATION OF A MARRIAGE." Journal of Law and Religion 30, no. 2 (June 2015): 260–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlr.2015.17.
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AbstractThe recent decision of the United Kingdom Supreme Court in Regina (Hodkin and another) v Registrar General for Births, Deaths and Marriages concerned the registration of the premises belonging to the Church of Scientology in London as a place of worship, specifically for the purpose of enabling a marriage to take place there which would be valid in law. This article examines the continuing significance of a registered place of worship in the English law rules on formalities of marriage. It provides a brief history of the role of religion in the solemnization of marriages in England and Wales, and the emergence of the “place of worship” as a constituent element in the celebration of a valid marriage. The role of marriage at a registered place of worship in the current legislation governing the formalities of marriage is considered, along with the impact on that scheme of the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013. The exceptional character of the approach adopted by English law is highlighted by a comparative survey of laws on the solemnization of marriages, which also demonstrates some of the problems arising out of alternative solutions. Finally, recent attempts to reform the law are noted, followed by some concluding remarks on possible future developments.
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ALAM, NURUL, SAJAL K. SAHA, ABDUR RAZZAQUE, and JEROEN K. VAN GINNEKEN. "THE EFFECT OF DIVORCE ON INFANT MORTALITY IN A REMOTE AREA OF BANGLADESH." Journal of Biosocial Science 33, no. 2 (April 2001): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932001002711.
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The process of divorce is usually lengthy and hazardous, and can start quarrels that can lead to the abuse of women and their children. This study examines the effects of divorce on neonatal and postneonatal mortality of babies born before and after divorce in Teknaf, a remote area of Bangladesh. The longitudinal demographic surveillance system (DSS) followed 1762 Muslim marriages in 1982–83 for 5 years to record divorce, deaths of spouse, emigration and births. It recorded 2696 live births during the follow-up period, and their survival status during infancy. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the effect of divorce on neonatal and postneonatal mortality, controlling for maternal age at birth, parity, sex of the child and household economic status. The odds of neonatal and postneonatal deaths among babies born after divorce or less than 12 months before mothers were divorced were more than double the odds of those born to mothers of intact marriages. The odds of postneonatal deaths were two times higher among babies born more than 12 months before divorce happens than their peers. The high mortality of infants born before and after mothers were divorced may reflect how abusive marriage and divorce increase the vulnerability of women and children in rural Bangladesh. Divorce and abuse of women are difficult and intractable social and health problems that must be addressed.
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Nonaka, K., B. Desjardins, H. Charbonneau, J. Légaré, and T. Miura. "Slow Twin Conception at First Birth and Subsequent Maternal Twin Proneness in a Natural Fertility Population." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 44, no. 3-4 (October 1995): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000156600000163x.
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AbstractTo study whether apparently more fecund women having delivered twins at first birth have traits of higher twin-proneness, we performed a retrospective cohort study on population-based historical vital records of the 17-18th century French Canadian immigrants and their descendants under natural fertility conditions. Among 24896 mothers who had at least one child, 248 had twin maternities at their first birth (twinning rate = 1.0%). Among 21508 mothers with a valid marriage-first birth interval, twinning rate was 0.97% among prompt conceptions (7.0-11.0 months), with a particularly high rate at the interval of 7.0-8.0 months (2.2%). Marriages in August-October resulted in a higher twinning rate particularly for the slow conceptions than those in the other seasons. Promptly-conceived mothers of twins at the first delivery may seem to have higher fecundity, but subsequent births from these mothers (n = 88) show a lower twinning rate (1.7%) particularly at younger maternal age than from the other mothers who had slowly conceived twins at their first birth (n = 112). The latter show a 4.5% twinning rate as a whole among their second or later births. So-called twin-proneness of a mother, whether genetic or acquired, was not connected to higher conception rate of twin's mothers immediately after marriage. Reduced fecundity, which may have been imposed by some environmental factors, could raise the chance of twinning.
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Rodionova, L. A., and E. D. Kopnova. "Birth Seasonality in Russia: Regional Features." Voprosy statistiki 29, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2022-29-2-61-76.
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In the article based on statistical methods the authors evaluateinterregional differences in seasonality of births in Russia and attempt toexplain the differences in the seasonality of the number of births in the regions of Russia. The relevance of these issues is explained by the need to monitor changes in demographic indicators following the implementation of national projects for the period up to the mid-2020s.The authors considered the most fundamental results of some domestic and foreign studies on this subject. Some hypotheses regarding the causes of the seasonality of births were tested using econometric tools (based on official birth statistics in the regions of the Russian Federation for the period 2006–2020).The statistically significant factors that form the amplitude of seasonal fluctuations were the degree of urbanization, income and the climate based on the OLS model. The amplitude of fluctuations in births decreased with an increase in the level of urbanization (growth in the share of the urban population) and the population of the region. An increase in January temperature increased the amplitude of birth fluctuations. The positive impact of income on the amplitude of the fluctuation was explained by the active planning of the timing of childbearing in high-income regions, but further research was needed. Nutritional characteristics were found to be statistically insignificant factors. The number of marriages took a special place in the formation of the seasonality of births. On the whole for the Russian Federation, based on time series models, a cointegration relationship between the number of marriages and the number of births was found. This relationship had begun to weaken over the past five years.
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Rejman, Sabina. "The practice of faith in everyday life based on the metrical books of various denominations in the period of Galician autonomy (as illustrated by Rzeszów)." Galicja. Studia i materiały 9 (December 28, 2023): 118–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/galisim.2023.9.6.
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This article aims to highlight aspects of religious life based on metrical records. The research focuses on religious communities in Rzeszów: the Roman Catholic parish of Farna, the Jewish metrical district, and the Greek Catholic parish in Zalesie. In all of these communities, the choice of wedding dates was in accordance with the liturgical calendar, including holidays and fasting periods. Illegitimate births indicated that relationships typical of marriage were also established before the formal wedding ceremony. Illegitimate births were more common among Jews due to marriages concluded only according to their own ritual. Illegitimate births were also more prevalent in the urban-like Farna parish compared to the rural Greek Catholic parish, where their percentage was the lowest. Records of administering sacraments to the dying were also indicative of religiousness.
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Somcutean, Cristina. "Mass Weddings, Baby Boom and Full Employment?" Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 63, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 267–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2022-0010.
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Abstract In 1933, the German government introduced the marriage loan for newlyweds, a policy aimed at increasing marriages and births as well as male employment, which entailed a work ban for the wife and sizeable credit deductions for children. This paper illustrates that the policy was rather ineffective based on a critical evaluation of the existing literature on the topic, how the policy was implemented in practice, as well as a correlation and interrupted time series analysis and consideration of the historical context of the period between 1925 and 1939. This result starkly contrasts to the substantial changes expected at the time of the introduction. In theory, only a small fraction of newlyweds was eligible for the loan. In practice, the development of marriages postintroduction significantly differed from the period prior to the policy, but causation is unclear. While births increased, this can be attributed to a combination of policies and the improved economic environment compared to the crisis years. The sharp decrease in unemployment probably resulted from the introduction of several targeted policies and embellishment of unemployment statistics.
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Day, Cathy. "Illegitimacy and its Effects on Marriage Prospects in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Rural England." Local Population Studies, no. 106 (June 30, 2021): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35488/lps106.2021.43.
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All births, marriages and deaths that occurred in two rural parishes in south-west England in the period 1754–1914 were examined, using a wide array of source material. Records of individuals were linked together into large multi-generational family groups. There were 4,940 births, of which 319 were illegitimate. For the illegitimate cases, the rates of subsequent marriage of mothers and fathers were determined and compared with those for other people in the same parishes. Being the father of an illegitimate child did not impact the chances of subsequent marriage. Being the mother of an illegitimate child decreased the chances of subsequent marriage but only if the mother was co-resident with her children. Where the mother did not live with the illegitimate child(ren), her chances of marriage were similar to that of other women. Mothers of illegitimate children were more likely to marry their cousins and were less geographically mobile than other mothers.
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Gianfortoni, Emily Wells. "Marriage Customs in Lar: The Role of Women's Networks in Tradition and Change." Iran and the Caucasus 13, no. 2 (2009): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338410x12625876281181.
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AbstractOne reason many traditional Lari customs celebrating life cycle events, such as births, marriages, and pilgrimages were preserved well into the 1970s is that women, particularly the older women, have been the keepers of this knowledge. They maintained the practice of these customs and passed on the knowledge to their daughters and younger members of their social networks. This paper examines Lari marriage practices in the 1970s and contrasts them with earlier customs as reported by older women. It discusses also the role of social networks in maintaining, changing, and passing on marriage customs.
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Abbas, Beenish, Sana Abbas, Saadia Muneer Malik, Majida Rahim, Muhammad Umair, and Zohaib Khurshid. "Consanguineous Marriages and Dental Anomalies: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study." International Journal of Dentistry 2022 (April 6, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9750460.
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Objective. To determine the correlation between consanguineous marriages and dental anomalies. Study Design. A cross-sectional analytical study. Materials and Methods. This cross-sectional analytical multicentered study was carried out at Foundation University College of Dentistry after approval of the Ethical Research Committee (ERC) from September 2021 to November 2021 in Pakistan. All pediatric patients (4–10 years old) with dental malformations undergoing dental procedures or examinations and born with spontaneous vaginal delivery and uncomplicated cesarean section participated in the study. First, second, and third-degree relatives’ marriages of parents were used to define consanguinity. The Basic Pay Scale was the reference of estimation of socioeconomic status. Participants with a history of orofacial trauma, pertinent parental history (infertility, hormonal treatment, or infectious diseases during pregnancy, conception with assisted reproductive techniques, prolonged complicated labor, premature deliveries, and twin births), and prolonged hospital admission immediately after birth were excluded from the study. Results. The mean maternal and paternal age was recorded to be 23.86 ± 5.4 and 27.07 ± 9.6, respectively, whereas the mean age of participants was 6.60 ± 1.67. There were 297 children with congenital abnormalities, with 203 (68.4%) males and 94 (31.6%) females. The prevalence of consanguineous marriage was found to be in 210 (70.7%) participants. Congenital dental anomalies correlation was found to be significant with consanguineous marriages (p value <0.001). Consanguineous marriages were more frequent in the lower socioeconomic group when compared with the middle and upper socioeconomic groups, respectively (74.7% vs. 8.1% vs. 17.2%, p value 0.007). Conclusion. Congenital dental anomalies were significantly prevalent in consanguineous marriages with greater incidence in lower socioeconomic groups. Consanguineous marriages have the propensity to transmute population conformation, but due to religious and social beliefs, literature is hesitant to ascribe congenital dental anomalies persuasive relevance with consanguinity.
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Slabá, Jitka, and Barbora Janáková Kuprová. "The Marital Fertility of Men and Women in Czechia before the First Demographic Transition and in the Current Population." Demografie 66, no. 2 (March 2024): 130–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54694/dem.0339.
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The aim of this study is to analyse the changes in the marital fertility of men and women in Czechia before the first demographic transition (data obtained by excerpting the parish registers of Škvorec manor in the years 1760–1839) and in the current population (data from the Czech GGS II based on interviews between 2020 and 2022) using a unified methodology. The results confirm previous findings on historical and modern marital fertility – determining the overall intensity of marital fertility by the duration of marriage in the historical population, the decrease in marital fertility by the decrease in the number of higher-order births in the modern population, etc. The results show that the timing of the first childbirth in marriage is similar in both (the historical and the modern) populations. Historical marriages with the same number of children have a much shorter reproductive window than modern marriages, with no differences at the beginning of the reproductive period, but with differences especially at the end. The timing of reproduction (median age at birth of the first child) does not differ for first marriage in modern and historical populations. In the historical population, women’s fertility was limited at a lower age than men’s fertility. In the modern population, the intensity of fertility by sex does not differ. In both populations the median duration of the reproductive window does not differ according to either sex or marriage order.
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Stanojević, Saša, and Miloš Marsenić. "Parish records of Orthodox churches in Toplica from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century as a historical source." Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 52, no. 2 (2022): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp52-37080.
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Parish records are an important historical source for demographers and historians. They contain various data of importance for researchers: records of births, marriages, and deaths, then dates, names, surnames, occupations, diseases, etc. The paper analyses the archival material through the preserved parish records of the temples of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the Toplica area. Individual birth, marriage, and death records, are part of the Collection of Registers of the Historical Archive of Toplica in Prokuplje. Based on various data they contain, this original documentary material is suitable for research not only in this area, but also for wider demographic conditions, since the newly liberated parts of Serbia had been deserted since 1878 and inhabited by people from various parts of the Serbian ethnic area.
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England, Paula, Emily Fitzgibbons Shafer, and Lawrence L. Wu. "Premarital conceptions, postconception ("shotgun") marriages, and premarital first births." Demographic Research 27 (July 25, 2012): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2012.27.6.
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Архангельский, В. Н. "THE POSSIBILITIES OF USING INDICATORS FOR REAL GENERATIONS IN ASSESSING THE DYNAMICS OF FERTILITY." Human Progress 8, no. 2 (June 24, 2022): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.34709/im.182.4.
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В статье рассматриваются показатели рождаемости в реальных когортах по году рождения женщин и по году регистрации брака, а также доли вступивших в первый брак в реальных поколениях женщин. На основе их анализа оценивается наличие тайминговых сдвигов и их возможное влияние на динамику суммарного коэффициента рождаемости по первым и вторым рождениям в современной России. Автором рассчитаны суммарные коэффициенты рождаемости по номеру родов, проанализирована его динамика в период с 2012 по 2021 годы в России и в Свердловской области. Далее рассчитаны среднее число первых рождений к 25 годам в реальных поколениях в России, среднее число рожденных детей в поколениях по году регистрации брака в России и области; проанализированы доли вступивших в первый брак в реальных поколениях женщин в России и в области, и проведены расчеты среднего числа вторых рождений в реальных поколениях женщин в России к 30 и 32 годам. Результаты исследования доказали зависимость снижения суммарного коэффициента рождаемости в последние годы от сокращения среднего числа первых рождений к 25 годам. The article considers fertility rates in real cohorts by year of birth of women and by year of marriage registration, as well as the share of first marriages in real women generations. We estimate the presence of timing shifts and their possible impact on the total fertility rate dynamics by first and second births in modern Russia, on the basis of their analysis. We calculated the total fertility rates by the number of births, analyzed its dynamics in the period from 2012 to 2021 in Russia and the Sverdlovsk region. Next, we calculated the average number of first births by the age of 25 in real generations in Russia, the average number of children born in generations by the year of marriage in Russia and the region; the shares of women who entered into a first marriage in real women generations in Russia and in the region were analyzed, and calculations were made of the average number of second births in real women generations in Russia by the age of 30 and 32. The results of the study proved the dependence of the decline in the total fertility rate in recent years on the reduction in the average number of first births by the age of 25.
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Kalabikhina, Irina E., Vladimir N. Arkhangelsky, Uliana G. Nikolaeva, Anton V. Kolotusha, Victoria Sh Shamsutdinova, German A. Klimenko, Evgeny P. Banin, and Imiliya A. Abduselimova. "Short-term forecasting of demographic trends based on Google Trends data." Journal Of Applied Informatics 15, no. 90 (December 28, 2020): 91–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.37791/2687-0649-2020-15-6-91-118.
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Demographic indicators are important functions of state programs for the development of Russia, operational monitoring of demographic development is the key to the successful implementation of programs. Very often, government statistics data are published with a delay, which does not allow their use for operational monitoring and planning. In this work, the approach allows for the rapid assessment of demographic processes in the field of formation and forecasting of demographic trends in the short term based on data from query statistics from Google Trends. The relationships between the search queries and demographics are analyzed using Pearson's correlation. The analysis uses annual (total fertility rate, abortions per 100 births, abortions per 1000 women, marriages and divorces per 1000 population) and monthly data (number of births, number of marriages and divorces) by birth, marriages and abortions with and without lags. The analysis is carried out on data for Russia as a whole and for the eight most populated regions: Moscow, Moscow Region, Krasnodar Territory, St. Petersburg, Rostov Region, Sverdlovsk Region, Republic of Tatarstan, Republic of Bashkortostan. Using the temporal metrics available in Google Trends since 2004, some demographics can be predicted based on data from related queries to the Google search algorithm using the ARIMA model. Thus, it is possible to use query data as a supplement to demographic data, when building multiple regression models for demographic calculations, or use it as a proxy variable.
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Wang, Xinshu. "Impact of the One-child Policy on the Sex Ratio at Birth." Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences 5, no. 3 (December 10, 2023): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/86tqv3pr.
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The population problem cannot exist independently, and the number and structure of the population will inevitably have an impact on the economic level and social structure. As Birth-Control becomes an important part of Chinese policies, more and more researchers pay attention to the policy and its impacts on the population structure. Birth-Control is one of the basic state policies of China, it was decided to be a basic policy in Sept 1982, and added to constitution in December in the same year. The policy mainly encourages late marriages, late pregnancies, less births and better births to control population. While affecting the population positively, some serious social problems should be considered. This review aimed to comprehensively analyse the impact of the only child policy on Sex ratio at birth in China. The study included a discussion of the knowledge of other scholars. The only-child policy has severely changed the sex ratio at birth in China.
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TARIQ, SAADIA. "CONGENITAL ANOMALIES IN NEWBORN." Professional Medical Journal 17, no. 01 (March 10, 2010): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2010.17.01.2094.
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Objective: To determine congenital anomalies in newborn and associated maternal risk factors. Design: Cross sectionalobservational study. Setting: Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics unit 1 Lahore General Hospital Lahore. Period: From Jan 2007—Dec2007. Patients & methods: All the women who have given birth to babies with congenital abnormalities were recorded. Diagnosis of neonatalcongenital anomalies was based on clinical evaluation of newborn by experienced neonatologist. Results: During the study period, 2872patients delivered, of which 48 had congenitally malformed babies, makes the prevalence of 16 per 1000 births. Congenital anomalies weremost commonly 52.26% seen in the 21-30 years. The most frequent associated risk factor was history of consanguineous marriage in 45.83%.Neural tube defects were found to be commonest type of anomaly. Among the most frequent neural tube defect was hydrocephalus andanencephaly. Conclusion: The commonest associated risk factor was consanguineous marriage the frequency of which may be reduced bycreating awareness regarding the avoidance of consanguineous marriages. NTD were the most prevalent anomaly detected and early prenataldiagnosis is helpful in decreasing the indirect prevalence of perinatal mortality by offering early termination.
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Batychenko, Svitlana, and Liudmyla Melnyk. "MODERN FEATURES OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION IN UKRAINE." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 65 (2021): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2021.65.50-56.
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Goal. Analysis of the dynamics of demographic indicators in the regions of Ukraine. Method. The study is based on general scientific methods, namely, analysis and synthesis, descriptive, analytical. And also socio-geographical - comparative-geographical. Results. The dynamics and regional features of births, deaths, natural increase / decrease in population, life expectancy at birth, migration growth / decrease in population for the period 2001-2020 in Ukraine are analyzed. The main causes of population mortality in 2020 are revealed. The dynamics of indicators that characterize marital and family relations in Ukraine, namely, the coefficients of marriage, divorce, the average age of marriage registration for both men and women, the average age of the mother at birth, the share of illegitimate children. The new model of family and marital relations that is being formed in Ukraine is characterized by a high level of consensual marriages, an increase in the age of marriage, a high level of extramarital births, a low birth rate and high levels of economic and consumer activity. Accordingly, the demographic situation in Ukraine is characterized by a crisis in the birth rate, deteriorating health of the population (especially reproductive age), increased mortality and reduced life expectancy. The priority tasks for improving the demographic situation in Ukraine should be: stabilizing the birth rate and bringing it in the long run to a level that provides a simple mode of demographic reproduction; improving the health of the population, reducing mortality and increasing life expectancy; strengthening the institution of the family, as well as creating conditions for combining professional activities with family responsibilities for women; improving the regulation of migration processes. Scientific novelty. Analysis of traditional demographic indicators. However, the analysis of marital and family relations and the role of women in society, as well as their impact on the demographic situation. Practical significance. Analysis of indicators in space and time to identify trends. The introduction of demographic policy measures in domestic practice will help improve the demographic situation in the country.
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Borrego-Salcido, Carmen, Raymundo Juárez-Del-Toro, and Salvador Cruz.Aké. "Linear and nonlinear causality between marriages, births, and economic growth." Revista Mexicana de Economía y Finanzas 15, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21919/remef.v15i1.413.
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Este artículo representa el objetivo de identificar el número de nacimientos como indicador adelantado respecto a períodos de crisis para México y otros países con diferentes niveles de desarrollo económico. Para establecer el supuesto comportamiento del número de nacimientos, se utlizó evidencia gráfica simple, análisis de causalidad de Granger y sincronización de fase entre un conjunto de variables económicas y de decisiones de vida, tales como tener un bebé y matrimonio. Resultados para todos los países estudiados mostraron un comportamiento anticipado del número de nacimientos respecto a variables económicas importantes y algunas relaciones causales. La sincronización de fase mostró ausencia de sincronización durante períodos de crisis, coincidiendo con la evidencia gráfica. Estudios similares pudieran considerar otras variables demográficas como divoricio y suicidio. A pesar de que la disponibilidad y periodicidad de los datos fueron las principales limitaciones de este estudio y condujeron la selección de las economías estudiadas, la sincronización de fase nunca antes había utilizada con variables demográficas. Matrimonios resultó no relevante para determinar el número de nacimientos mientras que éste resultó ser una variable que impulsa el PIB.
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Hara, Toshihiko. "Recent Trends in “International Marriages” and “International” Births in Japan." Kazoku syakaigaku kenkyu 8, no. 8 (1996): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4234/jjoffamilysociology.8.67.
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JEON, YONGIL, and STEPHEN M. MILLER. "BIRTHS, DEATHS, AND MARRIAGES IN THE U.S. COMMERCIAL BANKING INDUSTRY." Economic Inquiry 45, no. 2 (April 2007): 325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2006.00037.x.
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Szkutnik, Piotr. "Regionalny poradnik genealogiczny – treść oraz przydatność do badań metryk i akt stanu cywilnego parafii rzymskokatolickich w gminie Uniejów." Biuletyn Uniejowski 2 (December 30, 2013): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2299-8403.02.09.
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Registers of births, marriages and deaths contain primary genealogical data, such as names, surnames, dates of birth and death, places of residence, names of parents, witnesses and church registrars. This type of information is a valuable source supplementing the history of a region. The data can be analysed from various angles and for different purposes: biographical, genealogical, demographic, anthroponomastic and toponomastic. The information obtained is particularly useful for researchers studying the history of the registry, medicine, material culture and ethnography.
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Knaap, Gerrit. "The Demography of Ambon in the Seventeenth Century: Evidence from Colonial Proto-Censuses." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 26, no. 2 (September 1995): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400007086.
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In modern Indonesia the demographic study of the population has become a major field of academic interest. The reason is obvious: the endeavour to develop the nation's economy in order to give every citizen a proper standard of living and to guarantee this in the future, bears a strong relation to the size of the population and the desire to stem the tide of excessive population growth. Demographic studies are only recent and the same is true for the statistical material with which these studies work: censuses at a national level and regular registrations of births, marriages and deaths at the basic local level. In Indonesia the first, still imperfect, censuses date from the final decades of the nineteenth century, while regular registration of births, deaths and marriages for the indigenous population has only taken place from the 1930s onwards.
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CAMERON, ANNE. "THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CIVIL REGISTRATION IN SCOTLAND." Historical Journal 50, no. 2 (May 9, 2007): 377–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x07006115.
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An act for registering births, deaths, and marriages was passed for England and Wales in 1836. Scotland, despite evident support for the principle of civil registration there, did not obtain equivalent legislation until 1854 – a paradox that has yet to be fully explained. Eight unsuccessful bills preceded the Scottish act, and this article explores the reasons for their failure. Although the Scottish churches and municipal authorities broadly favoured vital registration, their objections to particular clauses concerning the nomination and payment of registrars, the imposition of fees for registration and penalties for non-registration, and the provision of new administrative facilities repeatedly impeded the bills' progress through parliament. More importantly, four of the bills were linked to measures for reforming the marriage law, which were so offensive to Scottish sensibilities that the registration bills were damned by association. Only by altering these contentious clauses and eschewing any interference with the law of marriage did Lord Elcho's bill of 1854 succeed. The lengthy gestational period preceding the Scottish legislation did, however, result in the compulsory registration of births and deaths, unlike in England, and secured a greater breadth of detail in the Scottish registers.
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Turner, R. "Marriages, First Births Occur Early in Nigeria; High TFR Appears Firm." International Family Planning Perspectives 18, no. 4 (December 1992): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2133547.
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Ganchev, Oleksandr, and Oleksandr Prigarin. "Seasonality of Births and Marriages among Bessarabian Bulgarians in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries." Yearbook of Balkan and Baltic Studies 5 (December 2022): 163–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ybbs5.07.
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The article looks at the seasonality of birth and marriage rates among the Bulgarian population in Bessarabia in the nineteenth – early twentieth centuries. The authors argue that the transition from traditional to modern models of reproduction is accompanied by a transformation in the religious identity of Bulgarians. The work demonstrates that starting a family with children becomes more secular and not as dependent on the practices of the church calendar taboos. The main determinants of marriage and birth seasonality are the mechanisms of migration and further adaptation to new conditions. The calculations reveal the levelling and relative uniformity in the distribution of births through the months of the year. These trends highlight the transition from the traditional to the modern model. The dependence on religious factors is gradually weakening while the agricultural work cycle becomes dominant. It evidences the pronounced secularization of the worldview and social practices.
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Ildarhanova, Chulpan I., Vladimir N. Arkhangelsky, and Guzel N. Ershova. "Structural and Timing Transformations of Fertility ‒ Threats to Demographic Security of the Republic of Tatarstan." REGIONOLOGY 32, no. 1 (March 29, 2024): 126–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2413-1407.126.032.202401.126-143.
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Introduction. The relevance of the article is determined by the importance of assessing the determinants of fertility to determine the possible prospects for its change and the correct justification of the directions and measures of demographic policy aimed at increasing it. The aim of the study is to identify the determinants of fertility decline in the Republic of Tatarstan in 2020‒2022 in comparison with the pre-pandemic period and to predict their impact. Materials and Methods. The authors have calculated and analyzed the dynamics of age-specific fertility rates in the Republic of Tatarstan. The influence of the structural factor and the factor of birth intensity, as well as the indirect factor ‒ age-specific marriage rates ‒ was estimated. Using the method of age movement, the dynamics of fertility and the impact of these factors on it up to 2042 were forecasted. Results. The decrease in the total fertility rate in the Republic of Tatarstan in 2020‒2022 was due to changes in the sex and age structure of the population. The excess of the total fertility rate of the region over the indicators of the Volga Federal District and the Russian Federation is due to higher total coefficients for first and second births. The difference between the average number of first births for real generations and for calendar years is determined by temporal shifts associated with postponement of first births due to late entry into first marriage and registered marriages. Discussion and Conclusion. It is predicted that the number of young people will decrease until 2028 and the number of births until 2031. The negative impact of the factor of the gender and age structure of the population will last until 2030, in the 2030s the structural factor will contribute to an increase in the overall fertility rate. The research results presented in the article can be used to determine hypotheses regarding fertility prospects when developing forecasts for demographic and socio-economic development. Correct assessment of the determinants of fertility provides grounds for the development of effective measures of demographic policy with regard to fertility.
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Read, Dwight W. "Emergent Properties in Small-Scale Societies." Artificial Life 9, no. 4 (October 2003): 419–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454603322694852.
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A multi-agent simulation is used to explore the relationship between the micro and the macro levels in small-scale societies. The simulation demonstrates, using an African hunter-gatherer group (the !Kung san) as a case study, the way in which population stability may arise from culturally framed, micro-level decision making by women about spacing of births. According to the simulation, population stability as an emergent property has different implications, depending on resource density. Data on Australian hunter-gatherer groups are presented that support the implications of the simulation. !Kung san micro-level cultural rules on incestuous marriages are shown to have macro-level consequences in the form of marriages between residential camps. Between-camp marriages have significant implications for access to resources and thereby for population dynamics of the group as a whole.
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Cranmer, Frank. "February–May 2019." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 21, no. 3 (September 2019): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x19000656.
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The Civil Partnerships, Marriages and Deaths (Registration Etc.) Bill, originally introduced by Tim Loughton MP as a private Member's bill in the Commons, received Royal Assent on 26 March and came into force two months after it was passed. Section 1 empowers the Secretary of State to amend by regulations the Marriage Act 1949 to provide for a central register of marriages in England and Wales ‘which is accessible in electronic form’. Section 2 requires the Secretary of State to amend the Civil Partnership Act 2004 so that opposite-sex couples become eligible to form a civil partnership in England and Wales – and the amending regulations must be in force no later than 31 December 2019. Section 3 requires the Secretary of State to report on whether the law should be changed to allow the registration of pregnancy losses which cannot be registered as stillbirths under the Births and Deaths Registration Act 1953 and section 4 requires the Secretary of State to make arrangements for the preparation of a report on whether, and if so how, the law should be changed to enable or require coroners to investigate stillbirths.
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Perutz, M. F. "Long live the Queen's subjects." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1363 (December 29, 1997): 1919–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0178.
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In 1952, the Queen congratulated 255 people on their hundredth birthdays and 1135 couples on their sixtieth wedding anniversaries. By 1996, these numbers had risen to 5218 and 11 688, respectively. Semilogarithmic plots, normalized to constant numbers of births and marriages, show steady exponential rises in the number of centenarians with a doubling time of 11 years, and of diamond weddings with a doubling time of 19 years. An alternative plot of the numbers of those reaching a hundred between 1910 and 1990, based on registers of births and deaths and normalized to constant births, shows an annual rise of only 1% from 1910 to 1946, followed by a steady exponential rise with a doubling time of 12 years, closely matching that of 11 years derived from the Queen's figures. The exponential rise in the number of those born from 1846 onwards living to a hundred precedes by many years the general rise in the expectation of life at birth and the general drop in mortality from infectious diseases, but it coincides with the beginning of a steady rise in real wages. Another important factor may be improved medical treatment at old age from 1946 onwards.
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Nauck, Bernhard. "Immigrant families in Germany. Family change between situational adaptation, acculturation, segregation and remigration." Journal of Family Research 19, no. 1 (April 1, 2007): 34–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-336.
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Based on available register data and social surveys, an overview on changes in migrant families in Germany during the last 40 years is provided. Three major issues are selected, namely marriage behavior, fertility behavior and intergenerational relations. With regard to marriage, special emphasis is given to bi-national marriages, for which the typical U-curve shape is observed for Germany, too. Major changes have occurred in the nationalities of foreign marriage partners and in the willingness of immigrants to accept bi-national marriages. The fertility behavior is characterized by a fast decline of births of higher parity, depending in its speed on the migration career and formal education. Intergenerational comparisons show high level differences in acculturation between first and second generation immigrants. However, these generations are linked and pass the acculturation process as a convoy, thus maintaining intergenerational bonds.
Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag basiert auf amtlichen Statistiken und Ergebnissen sozialwissenschaftlicher Umfragedaten und gibt einen Überblick über den Wandel in Migrantenfamilien in den letzten 40 Jahren. Dabei werden drei Themen herausgegriffen: Heiraten, generatives Verhalten und Generationenbeziehungen. Bezüglich der Heirat wird der Wandel in den bi-nationalen Ehen nachgezeichnet, für die sich auch für Deutschland der typische U-kurvenförmige Verlauf zeigt. Das generative Verhalten ist durch einen starken Rückgang der Geburten höherer Parität gekennzeichnet, wobei die Geschwindigkeit von der Migrationskarriere und dem Bildungsniveau der Migrantinnen abhängt. Vergleiche zwischen den Generationen zeigen starke Niveauunterschiede in der Akkulturation der ersten und zweiten Migrantengeneration. Jedoch sind diese Generationen stark miteinander verbunden, durchlaufen den Akkulturationsprozess als Konvoi und erhalten sich so ihre intergenerationalen Bindungen.
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