Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Marriage Indonesia'

[Truncated abstract] The 1974 Indonesian Marriage Law required all divorces to be ratified by courts and vested household leadership with husbands. This thesis examines the impact of this law upon the negotiation of divorce, and its implications for the constitution of state and social power. I argue that the New Order state used this law to attempt to control gender relations and reinforce political legitimacy, but that women and men resisted this project in a variety of ways. Divorce may entail the contestation of state ideological prescriptions on gender. It also reveals gender relations operating independently of the state. As such, it is a particularly fruitful site for an analysis of the location and constitution of state and social power. In order to analyse the complex relationship between marriage, divorce, and power, I have adopted several original strategies. I expand the definition of property to encompass

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: Sociology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

This thesis is an ethnography of Bugis marriage. It is concerned with aspects of gender, sexuality and marriage in a bilateral, highly competitive, hierarchical society. ¶ I examine the fundamental concept of siri’ in relation to gender socialisation, courtship, the importance of kinship and status in marriage, how sexuality is regulated between the sexes, sex within marriage, and the dynamics of marriage, divorce, and reconciliation. The analysis considers how Islam combines with local custom (adat) in everyday practices, and how Bugis cultural specificities are affected within the national ideology of contemporary Indonesia. ¶ This ethnography explores an interpretation of Bugis social and sexual experience through examination of the construction of gender identities and how they are manifested in marriage. The thesis explores the complementarity of gender for the Bugis. Despite the ideal of feminine passivity, I demonstrate that women exercise agency in a number of circumstances, including how they manage the sexuality of their husbands, defending siri’, the arrangement of marriage, remarrying, money management, divorce, and violent situations. I also examine the practices of illegal marriage (kawin liar) and illegal divorce (cerai liar) at local and personal levels. I analyse local and national debates on the legitimation of what is popularly known in Indonesia as ‘marriage based on religion’ (nikah secara agama) as part of the examination of Bugis marriage and marital relations. ¶ My thesis contributes to the understanding of Bugis notions of sexuality, gender and social location, and how these interact with siri’. I explore how and why violence occurs within marriage. I use a combination of informal interviews, participant observation and focus group discussions as well textual analysis of traditional manuscripts and incorporation of oral traditions.

The majority of children in the developing world are suffering from hardship and poverty, and are not able to reach their full potential. This thesis focuses on the relationship between parental resources and children’s outcomes in the areas of nutrition, cognition and physical health in Indonesia. The life-stages early childhood to young adulthood are crucial for human capital formation. Nutrition, cognition and physical health are key human capitals that are important both as a means to achieve wellbeing and as an end in their own right. They have been identified as some of the main routes for changes in well-being over the life-course and as significant pathways for breaking intergenerational poverty cycles. Disadvantages in these domains are especially salient in developing countries. Yet, evidence is still limited due to lack of appropriate data. Here, data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) is used, a rich panel data set consisting of four waves of data spanning a period of 14 years. I study a cohort of children who are less than three years old in the first wave of the IFLS and for whom relevant outcomes can be observed. While the availability of longitudinal data from IFLS is very important, the setup and design of the data presented an enormous challenge: unlike with longitudinal datasets from developed countries, such as the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) or the cohort studies, the IFLS data is presented more or less in raw form. In order to facilitate a critical and careful approach to working with this kind of complicated raw data, I completed two self-organized research stays with the IFLS team in which I witnessed the data collection and interviewed IFLS team members. This helped me to understand the questionnaire and measures better and to identify the strongest parts of the IFLS: the self-collected measures for children – namely the physical health measures height and lung capacity (collected by specially trained nurses) as well as a cognitive measure – the Raven’s coloured progressive matrices. These are unique features for a general household survey in a developing country context and constitute important child outcomes. As a starting point from which to ask more specific research questions concerning the three types of children's outcomes, I synthesized research from relevant domains such as neuroscience, social science, childhood studies and economics. Chapter 1, 2 and 3 constitute the setup of the research by detailing the motivation and background for the research, the conceptual frameworks, literature reviews, data and methodology as well as the research questions. Chapter 4, 5 and 6 are the empirical chapters investigating the aforementioned child outcomes in detail. Chapter 4 entitled: “Children’s nutritional status in early life and dynamics into adolescence” investigates firstly, to what extent parental resources are associated with children experiencing stunting in early childhood and in adolescence. Results for parental resources for stunting in early childhood reveal protective factors which include mother’s height and direct measures of living standards. For stunting in adolescence the importance of parental resources as protective factors increases (mother’s height is stronger related and father’s height is now significant as is household consumption as a measure of financial resources). The association with direct living standards decreases. Secondly, I investigate if there are stunting dynamics – that is, movement in and out of stunting between early childhood and adolescence. For dynamics of stunting I use transition matrices to show that entries and exits from stunting occur over children’s entire life-course (not just in early childhood). Movements into stunted growth decrease the older children get but are still around 6% between middle childhood (7-10 years old) and adolescence (14-17 years old). Movements out of stunted growth occur over the whole life-course of children with the highest exit rates of around 19% between ages 7-10 years and 14-17 years. My results support Adair’s study for the Philippines (1999) and Schott and Crookston’s recent research for Peru (2013). In Chapter 5, I investigate children’s cognitive outcomes – i.e. Raven’s coloured progressive matrices and math scores. Firstly, I examine to what extent children’s growth status in early childhood and change in growth is associated with cognitive test results in adolescence. Secondly, to what extent parental resources are associated with children’s cognitive test results. One key result indicates a significant positive association between initial/early height-for-age (HAZ) and cognitive test scores. This could support the hypothesis on early sensitive periods for cognitive development and the important role of pre– and post natal influences up to the early childhood measure. However, I also find evidence that changes in growth into middle childhood (i.e. the residual HAZ between early and later childhood) is significant positive associated with children’s cognitive test scores. This supports the hypothesis of the plasticity of the brain beyond early years. Chapter 6 is about children’s physical health measure of lung capacity. I investigate to what extent children’s growth status in early life and growth dynamics into adolescence are associated with children’s lung capacity. Further, I examine to what extent parental resources are associated with children’s lung capacity. A key result is that in terms of parental resources there is a strong positive association between father’s and mother’s lung capacity and their children in adolescence. Also maternal years of schooling is significantly associated. I do not find a significant positive association between initial/early height-for-age (HAZ) and lung capacity. This would work against the hypothesis on early sensitive periods and rather point to the importance of changes in growth after early childhood for children’s lung capacity development. The change in growth into middle childhood (residual HAZ) is significant positively associated with children’s lung capacity. These result differ from what I find for cognitive outcomes where early growth status and changes in growth are both relevant. Chapter 7 discusses recommendations for future research; for example, how new data collection efforts in Indonesia could contribute to closing evidence gaps on children’s life chances identified in this thesis by collecting birth cohort data or extending the IFLS. I also address implications for policy covering recommendations for more holistic childhood interventions, the kind of support provided and targeting of vulnerable children. Evidence on children’s life chances from Indonesia is very limited. I set out to make a contribution in providing evidence on child outcomes that are uniquely featured in the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS). My key concern is to study the intergenerational determinants of child outcomes – that is, asking to what extent parental resources are linked to the level of children’s nutrition, cognition, and health but also the intra-generational link – that is to what extent nutritional status is linked to later growth dynamics and other child outcomes such as cognitive and health outcomes. To the best of my knowledge, there are very few previous studies for Indonesia that investigate these important child outcomes, especially with the focus on the intergenerational and life-course determinants.

Les villages et les domaines coutumiers de la région de Riung, dans le centre-ouest de l'île de Florès (Indonésie orientale), constituent un ensemble hétérogène marqué par une variabilité culturelle, linguistique, et religieuse. Cette diversité prend place dans un contexte ethno-historique caractéristique du monde austronésien : un paysage traversé par des dynamiques structurantes de mobilité, de dispersion et d'agrégation de groupes humains ; autant de processus qu'accompagne une nécessaire flexibilité sociale et politique. S'éparpillant à partir d'une montagne locale ou débarquant sur la côte, les communautés de Riung s'organisent selon un mode essentiellement dualiste fondé sur un principe de préséance. L'altérité, conçue localement comme un invariant du « vivre ensemble », participe à l'émergence et à l'entretien d'une ethnicité. Cette thèse interroge la construction du paysage social Riung à travers trois axes d'analyse principaux : d'abord les élaborations culturelles et sociales liées à la conception locale de l' « origine », ensuite les processus ethno-historiques d'organisation sociale, enfin les pratiques, notamment matrimoniales, qui articulent et alimentent les espaces d'interrelations. A ces différents niveaux de la vie sociale correspondent par ailleurs des dynamiques identitaires elles-mêmes variées : la continuité d'une identité « ancestrale » de lignage ; la gestion d'une division religieuse de la population entre catholiques et musulmans ; et l'émergence d'une identité « ethnique »
The villages and traditional domains of the Riung region, in west-central Flores (eastern Indonesia) constitute a heterogeneous assemblage marked by cultural, linguistic, and religious variability. This diversity takes place in a typical Austronesian ethno-historical context: a landscape crossed by structuring dynamics of mobility, dispersion, and aggregation of human groups. Such processes necessarily go with a social and political flexibility. Scattered from a local mountain or landed on the coast, Riung communities are organized according to an essentially dualistic way founded on a principle of precedence. The ‘otherness', locally conceived as an invariant of the ‘togetherness', contributes to the emergence and the sustaining of an ethnicity. This dissertation questions the construction of Riung social landscape through three main analytical axes: the social and cultural elaborations concerned by the local conception of ‘origin', the ethno-historical processes of social organization, and the social practices, notably alliance and marriage, which articulate and maintain spaces of interrelations. To these different levels of social life corresponds a variety of dynamics of identity: the continuity of the lineage ‘ancestral' identity; the management of the religious division between Catholics and Muslims; and the emergence of an ‘ethnic' identity

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
應用經濟研究所
107
This paper investigate how marriage affects the wages and hours worked. By using data from Labor Force Survey Indonesia 2015, we are able to investigate the impact of marriage for Indonesia men. It finds that there are wage advantages associated with marriage. Married men earn 1,175,143 Rupiah per month, while not married men only earn 461,168 Rupiah per month. Married men work 38 hours per week, while not married men work only 19 hours per week. This research uses two models regression analysis. The first model is Ordinary Least Square model. By this OLS model, after controlling for other factors, the marriage wage premium is 35%. There is also effect of marriage on hours worked. The men worked more when they are getting married (hours worked increase by 19%). The second model is the Quantile Regression model. By this model, after controlling for other factors, the marriage wage premium is 56% (greater result obtained by using Quantile 0.1). The men worked more when they are getting married (hours worked increase by 39% with using Quantile 0.1). Overall, the marriage premium that obtained in this study was pretty high if we compare to previous study in other countries. When Indonesian men get married, they will have more responsibilities. Usually when getting married, his wife will leave her job and focus on home matter, so that married men will work harder and fully responsible for their new family. It thus confirmed the potentiality of Indonesian men will tend to get higher wage and work harder when getting married. Keywords: Marriage Premium, Ordinary Least Square Model, Quantile Regression Model, Wage and Hours Worked.

碩士
國立成功大學
護理學系碩博士班
94
The proportion of foreign spouses’ offspring has been steadily increasing in Taiwan. One out of ten newborns has belonged to this group since 2002 but this new social phenomenon lacks objective and effective assessment and parenting tools. The Indonesian M-CRPR parenting scale version was developed by Chuang (2005). There were three steps in developing the Indonesian M-CRPR. First, 21 Indonesian mothers participated in in-depth interviews and focus groups relating to their parenting experiences. Second, the mothers’ narratives were examined in order to determine whether their parenting experiences corresponded to the items on the M-CRPR. The items of the M-CRPR then were translated into Indonesian and back-translated into English by the bilingual experts. However, the reliability and validity of the Indonesian M-CRPR parenting scale was not verified. Thus, the purpose of this study was to verify the reliability and validity of the Indonesian M-CRPR parenting scale for Indonesian mothers with a transnational marriage living in Taiwan. Together with the Indonesian M-CRPR parenting scale is a 5-point Likert-type scale which consists of two dimensions: nurturance (18 items) and restrictiveness (22 items). The first method of study was based on the back-translation by Indonesian mothers in a transnational marriage and evaluating the exactitude of the translated instrument. In the second method, the scale was validated. Indonesian mothers in a transnational marriage and with 3 to 12 year old children were recruited. The third method of study consisted in validation by factor analysis. Based on the ratio of items and samples being 1: 5-10, we recruited 201 Indonesian mothers in a transnational marriage who gave their consent and filled out the Indonesian version of M-CRPR. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 11.0. A factor analysis based on principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation, internal consistency with Cronbach’s α, and test-retest with ICC (Intra-class Correlation Coefficient) was measured. From the outcome of the 39-item scale, we extracted three factors: nurturance (17items), restrictiveness (15items) and protection (7items). The total variance was 28.34%, for which factor loading was between 0.30 and 0.69. The total value of internal consistency reliability was 0.84, for which subscales were between 0.79 and 0.55. The test-retest interval for the current study was from 2 to 4 weeks with the ICC. The ICC was 0.88, for which subscales were between 0.87 and 0.63. The reliability and validity of the Indonesian M-CRPR was established. It may eventually prove valuable in identifying the scale best adapted for a specific sample group, to provide information for establishing policies or organizing services, and to provide an appropriate tool for studying in the interaction between parents and their children.

碩士
國立成功大學
護理學系碩博士班
93
Quality of parenting has great influence on individuals’ development. Yet the foreign mothers are under lots of pressure because they have to adapt to new circumstances and try to be good mothers at the same time. With the increasing number of foreign mothers, the subject of children’s parenting becomes more and more important. This research wants to explore foreign mothers’ parenting of experience, and to find out the M-CRPR in cross culture. This research used purposive sampling of nineteen mothers of Indonesian nationalities, who have children between three and twelve years old, in Kaohsiung County. Initially, the researcher carried out the interviews with semi-structured outlines; finally, to invite the mothers complete the questionnaires. The content recorded was immediately converted into writing after each interview, and analyze foreign mothers’ parenting of experience, that is compared with the dimension and scores of M-CRPR. 　Result: Indonesia mothers expect children to be obedient and self disciplined to achieve success and good moral. The children is very important to them, but they express their affections towards the children by providing them the best material lives, instead of using the spoken language. To emphasize that modified impropriety or misbehavior immediately, the method that can cause children’s anxiety, corporal punishment, spiritual and material reward, to threaten, ignore, punishment, are used to educate them. Indonesia mothers are regarded as outsiders by husband’s family, so their parents-in law constantly interfere indiscipline the children. Because of taking care of children and doing housework are all of mothers’ lives, their parenting style are authority that control and demand the children. The dimension of M-CRPR, “Restrictiveness” and “Nurturance” which are similar to the parenting concept of Indonesia mothers, but only corporal punishment can’t belong to M-CRPR. According to the content analysis and the scores of questionnaires to analyze their parenting style, which is “high restrictiveness low nurturance”, “high restrictiveness high nurturance”, “low restrictiveness high nurturance”, “low restrictiveness low nurturance”. 　This study can provide mental health professional to assess parenting of the foreign mothers for the further, then promote to their children growth and development.

Ensuring a high quality of life for all children is essential for the future human and social capital as well as for sustainable economic growth and development. Hence, child wellbeing has gained much attention in recent years and has also been the ultimate focus of the Sustainable Development Goals. In this context, this thesis primarily focuses on the mental and emotional wellbeing of children, an important but often overlooked aspect of overall child wellbeing. Specifically, the thesis investigates whether harmful practices such as child labour and child marriage can have an impact on children’s mental health, issues that remain largely unexplored in the current economics literature. Additionally, the thesis provides empirical evidence on the effectiveness of a social protection program in addressing such issues and ensuring child wellbeing. The thesis consists of three main chapters that examine three questions on child wellbeing, using longitudinal household data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). First, the thesis examines the impact of early marriage on the mental health of girls in Indonesia. Employing several identification strategies such as fixed effects, coarsened exact matching (CEM) combined with difference-in-differences and instrumental variable approach, this chapter seeks to assess the causal effect between an early marriage of a woman and her mental health status later in life. The results reveal that early marriage has a significant effect on women’s mental health status. More specifically, women who marry early (i.e. by the age of 18 years) are more likely to be depressed as well as affected by severe depressive symptoms. Additionally, it is also found that a one-year delay in marriage decreases the probability of having severe depression. These findings are robust to a variety of sensitivity checks. Second, the thesis investigates the long-term effect of child labour on adolescent mental health. To address the potential endogeneity bias of child work, two instruments - minimum wage and the number of family-owned businesses by the household are employed. Considering the nature of the main outcome variable of interest – the mental health score, this study applies an IV-Poisson model to estimate the effect of child work on mental health. The results reveal that child labour has a substantial negative impact on a child’s long-term mental health status. Moreover, we find heterogeneity in the effect of child labour where working as a child for wages increases the mental health score, leading to depressive symptoms. On the contrary, there is no significant impact of working as a child in family enterprises on adolescent mental health. This study further shows that religiosity and social capital can play a role in mediating the adverse long-term effects of child labour on mental health. Finally, the thesis evaluates the impact of one of the largest subsidised food programs known as ‘Raskin’ (or rice for the poor) in Indonesia on the labour supply and schooling of children. The main identification issue arises from selection bias due to non-random distribution of the subsidy and unobserved heterogeneity. To address this, coarsened exact matching (CEM) with the difference-in-differences (DD) estimator is implemented. Given that engaging in labour market activities and attending school is a joint decision competing for the child’s time, the study uses a bivariate probit model with a matched double-difference approach to estimate the effect of Raskin on the likelihood of child labour supply and school attendance. The results reveal that the subsidised rice program in Indonesia is effective in decreasing the probability of working for boys though there is no impact on the outcomes of girls. Specifically, it is found that the Raskin program significantly reduces the likelihood of working for boys who engage in both working and schooling. These findings provide an important policy implication on how social protection tools can indirectly influence the wellbeing of children.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Economics, 2020

In the face of rapid increases in women’s labour force participation and educational attainment, gender disparities in other measures of labour force outcomes in Indonesia remain persistent. Even for the tertiary educated sub-group of the urban population, sizeable gender disparities in hourly wage, total wage, and occupational segregation continue to materialize. This thesis is an extension of the existing international literature that points to traditional gender roles in marriage as the main supply-side drivers of the persistent gender gap in the labour market. Instead of focusing on the gender gap in observable labour force outcomes, the primary objective of this thesis ventures beyond the labour market, and adopts a micro-level approach to examine the gender dimensions of labour market aspirations in the context of expectations of gender roles in marriage amongst university students in urban Indonesia. The focal argument in this thesis is that gendered labour market expectations showing women’s lower intended labour force attachment relative to men, are a reflection of the prevailing norms in urban Indonesia denoting women’s secondary economic role in marriage. This thesis employs both secondary data sources and primary data collected through fieldwork. First, to provide context to primary data collection, the study utilises secondary data mostly drawn from the Population Module of the 2000 Indonesian Census, a nationally representative cross-sectional data set compiled by the Central Bureau of Statistics, to illustrate the labour market outcomes of the tertiary educated urban population and of tertiary educated couples. Second, fieldwork incorporating survey and in-depth interviews was conducted in 7 universities in Jakarta and 5 universities in Makassar between February – August 2004. The main data collection tool, The University Students Survey 2004: Expectations of Career and Marital Life, was administered among senior university students in the city of Makassar (N=674) and Jakarta (N=1087). The data collected through this research is argued to be of particular significance to the study of gender relations in Indonesia at a time when the country is undergoing a multifaceted transition: Economic development and the ongoing structural transformation of the economy and the labour market, (2) Political reforms and uncertainties following the fall of Soeharto, (3) Demographic transition in urban Southeast Asia denoting delayed age of first marriage and childbearing, and (4) Globalization and the emergence of an increasingly Western-dominated international culture in urban centres. Drawing from the fieldwork findings, the study highlights that there is a preference towards dual-earner marriage among the students surveyed in both Jakarta and Makassar. However, despite the seemingly egalitarian outlook towards marriage nominated by both male and female respondents, their work expectations in the context of marriage continue to underline women’s position as secondary earners. The study finds gender and study sites are factors that differentiate the respondents’ occupational intentions and earnings expectations. Most importantly, in both study sites, female respondents’ intended labour market attachment, as proxied by preference to work in the coming years, is inferior to that of the male respondents. Furthermore, as expected, women’s gender role attitudes, and not men’s, are found to be significant predictors of future work preference. Such findings confirm that there is a persistent perception of male breadwinning responsibility in the students’ expectations. Analysis of in-depth interviews suggests that labour market expectations embody the entrenched socialisation and institutionalisation of gender roles in marriage. This thesis proposes that in societies where cultural values and social control remain highly regarded, such social conditioning affecting the interplay between marriage and labour market expectations should be noted in further inquiries on the gender gap in the labour market.

This thesis is an ethnography of Bugis marriage. It is concerned with aspects of gender, sexuality and marriage in a bilateral, highly competitive, hierarchical society. ¶ I examine the fundamental concept of siri’ in relation to gender socialisation, courtship, the importance of kinship and status in marriage, how sexuality is regulated between the sexes, sex within marriage, and the dynamics of marriage, divorce, and reconciliation. The analysis considers how Islam combines with local custom (adat) in everyday practices, and how Bugis cultural specificities are affected within the national ideology of contemporary Indonesia. ¶ This ethnography explores an interpretation of Bugis social and sexual experience through examination of the construction of gender identities and how they are manifested in marriage. The thesis explores the complementarity of gender for the Bugis. Despite the ideal of feminine passivity, I demonstrate that women exercise agency in a number of circumstances, including how they manage the sexuality of their husbands, defending siri’, the arrangement of marriage, remarrying, money management, divorce, and violent situations. I also examine the practices of illegal marriage (kawin liar) and illegal divorce (cerai liar) at local and personal levels. I analyse local and national debates on the legitimation of what is popularly known in Indonesia as ‘marriage based on religion’ (nikah secara agama) as part of the examination of Bugis marriage and marital relations. ¶ My thesis contributes to the understanding of Bugis notions of sexuality, gender and social location, and how these interact with siri’. I explore how and why violence occurs within marriage. I use a combination of informal interviews, participant observation and focus group discussions as well textual analysis of traditional manuscripts and incorporation of oral traditions.

The aim of the study was to offer solutions for the enhancement of Indonesia’s HIV and AIDS policy and to suggest future possibilities. In the process, the gendered nature of the epidemic was explored. In light of the relatively lower rates of employment among Indonesian women, this study also sought to gain insights into the possible reasons for many women appearing to be attached to domesticity. In the first phase of the study, interviews with stakeholders in HIV and AIDS prevention were conducted, followed by a Delphi exercise involving 23 HIV and AIDS experts. In the second phase, 28 women from various ethnicities were interviewed, including those in polygamous and contract marriages. The overall results were interpreted through the lens of complexity theory. Fewer than half of the proposed objectives were approved by the experts in the Delphi round. These were interventions mainly aimed at the risk groups while most objectives relating to education about HIV and AIDS and safer sex for the general public failed to obtain consensus. Reasons for the lack of consensus were differences in perceptions associated with human rights, moral reasoning, the unfeasibility of certain statements and personal conviction about the control of the epidemic. Emphasis on men’s and women’s innate characteristics; men’s role as breadwinner; women’s primary role as wife, mother and educator of their children; and unplanned pregnancies emerged as major themes from the qualitative phase. While the adat and Islam revival movements may have endorsed the ideals of the New Order state ideology, Javanese rituals regarded as violating Islam teachings were abandoned. Ignorance about safer sex and HIV and AIDS was also established. Interpretation of the results through the lens of complexity theory revealed that the national HIV and AIDS policy needs to encompass interventions for the general population, which would include comprehensive sex education in schools and media campaigns focusing on women. It was found that women’s vulnerability to HIV and their penchant for domesticity appear to be associated with their perceived primary role as wife and mother, as promoted by the adat-based New Order state ideology.
Sociology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)

Migration within Indonesia has a long history, a history associated with the uneven distribution of population across the archipelago that has persisted over centuries. Throughout this history, out-migration has been associated with population policy and, in particular, with one province, Central Java. The main objective of the thesis is to investigate contemporary patterns of population movement within Indonesia and to situate Central Java in the overall migration pattern. Specifically the thesis examines patterns and changes in inter-provincial migration, calculates rates of primary, onward and return migration for Central Java, and investigates employment outcomes and marital assimilation of Central Java’s migrants in selected destinations. Utilising the five censuses of Indonesia from 1971 to 2010, the thesis found that Central Java was the largest source of out-migration in all the censuses, and was strongly connected with movements into two provinces: Jakarta and Yogyakarta. I argue that the connectedness between Central Java and Jakarta is related to economic opportunities while similarity in culture and proximity are the key connectivities between Central Java and Yogyakarta. Over time, the proportion of primary and onward migration to Jakarta declined substantially. At the same time, the proportion moving to West Java increased significantly. A substantial proportion of Central Java primary migrants was also found in Kepulauan Riau. I argue that the decline in the proportion of primary and onward migration to Jakarta is due to the economic extension of Jakarta to its peripheral regions in West Java and Banten. Comparing three destinations, Central Java primary migrants are less likely, as opposed to non-migrants, to be employed in Semarang Metropolitan Region (SMR) and are more likely to be employed in Jakarta Metropolitan Region (JMR) and Batam-Bintan-Karimun (BBK). In JMR, Central Java primary female migrants are less likely to work in manufacturing relative to Central Java primary male migrants. In contrast, in BBK, Central Java primary female migrants are more likely to work in manufacturing relative to Central Java primary male migrants. The nature of the manufacturing industry in the destination influences the gender of the migrants. I also find that private-assisted labour movement acts as a gateway for migrants to seek better opportunities in distant places. From a social perspective, patterns of marital assimilation of Central Javanese husbands and wives are higher when measured by ethno-migration status that is, province of birth than they are by ethnicity. I argue that ethnicity is a better variable for measuring patterns of inter-marriage than ethno-migration status. When they do inter-marry, Central Javanese migrants favour marriage with local people compared with marrying people from other groups. Exogamous marriage is lower in JMR than it is in BBK when measured by either ethno-migration status or ethnicity. While education homogamy is the norm in all ethnic pairing type marriages, I found that hyper-gamy is more likely to be found in exogamous marriages than in endogamous marriages. As the levels of educational differences between husband and wife increases the likelihood of inter-marrying increases. As opposed to Javanese intra-marriages, Javanese husbands and wives who are in inter-marriages are more likely to marry down than to marry equally on education in both BBK and JMR. This means that status exchange on education applies among Central Javanese who inter-married local people in BBK and JMR. By examining patterns and outcomes of migration out of Central Java, my thesis contributes to the literature in understanding contemporary patterns of inter-provincial migration, and employment and marital assimilation of migrants who originate from the same place of origin but who migrate to different places of destination.

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
東南亞研究所
93
Recently, more and more migrants from Southeast Asia immigrate into Taiwan in the trend of globalization. Apart from foreign laborers, there are now very common to find foreign spouses as well in Taiwan. In a similar vein, there are increasing foreign spouses appear in Nangang Village, which is a remote mountainous village in Guosing Township, Nantou County, since three decades before. Identified as a Hakka village, Nankang Village is occupied by about ninety-five percent of Hakka residents, and the marriageable males in the village are hard to get married with Taiwanese women as a result of their occupations and geographical location. Most of them are engaged in raising deer, cultivating crops, and living in the remote districts of Guosing Hsiang. The first man who went to Kalimantan Barat of Indonesia to marry his Indonesian wife after the matchmaking arranged by his Indonesian aunt in about twelve years ago. Then, the news about the man’s matchmaking experience and his happy marriage spread from mouth to mouth among the villagers, it was this experience that other male villagers began to ask the man and his Indonesian wife to search for Indonesian wives. The Indonesian women under their matchmaking are Chinese of Kalimantan Barat, most of them are of Hakka dialect group, only a small number are Teochew-speaking people, but all of them can speak very fluent Hakka dialect of certain tone. The Indonesian spouse in Nangang village is a peculiar phenomenon because it has more Indonesia spouse than the other Hakka villages in Nantou County. There is one Indonesian woman in every five females of the village. Therefore, we visited the agencies and the matchmakers between Nangang Village and Kalimantan, Taiwanese grooms, and the Indonesian brides by the methods of fieldwork, interviewing, and life-history. According to the information collected, we analyze the relations among the agencies, grooms and brides, the roles each plays, and the importance of the matchmaker in Nangang Village in the transnational marriage network. We found that the strength of the ties among the participants is different in the network, even though there are partnerships among them. Nevertheless, the community network of the Nangang Village is more intense and interactive than the others in the whole network. In that case, the study indicates that the social network and the types of the recruitment of the matchmakers of the Nangang Village resulted in the increasing number of Indonesian women in the village. In addition, the phenomenon of bringing Southeast Asian women to Taiwan waiting to date with Taiwanese men, is thought to be disappeared or ignored after 1984, as a result of government’s strict visa regulation. However, through the study of the process of matchmaking, this pattern of matchmaking is still existing in Nangang Village albeit in a different way. In the study, we call this phenomenon as the “waiting-for-marry brides”.

碩士
高雄醫學大學
護理學研究所
90
ABSTRACT The interracial marriage between Taiwanese men and Southeast Asian women is increasing rapidly in Taiwan. The main purpose of this kind of marriage is “to continue the family line”. This special social phenomenon will result in not only the health problems of these women but also the health and rearing problems of their children. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the health concerns of Indonesian women in Taiwan. Qualitative method was conducted. Snow-ball sampling was used to recruit participants. 12 Indonesian women aged between 18 and 44 living over 6 month in Taiwan participated in this study. The analytical method described by Miles and Huberman (1994) was used to analysis the texts. The major finding of this study were four themes of health concerns. They were：(1)immigration adaptation; (2) family continuity; (3)communication difficulty ; and (4)barriers to health care system utilization . The study findings can provide health care professions to create appropriate cultural-sensitivity educational health program for interracial marriage women in Taiwan.

碩士
臺北醫學大學
醫學人文研究所
97
From the perspective of medical anthropology, the immigration of Southeast Asian Marriage Migrants to Taiwanese society has augmented the diversified healthcare system of Taiwan. Because culture has adaptability, medical anthropologists see medical behavior as a part of culture. Our healthcare system also continuously changes to satisfy the needs of a diversified population. This study uses the social culture research path of medical anthropology, using the healthcare system and health-seeking as the framework, with the Indonesian Marriage Migrants as research subjects. On one hand, there is concern for their Chinese backgrounds; on the other hand, this clarifies the difference between healthcare cultures of different nationalities. This study seeks to present the views and actions of Indonesian Marriage Migrants in the Meinung region in using the healthcare system. The study finds that changes caused by transnational movement have created various phenomena in globalizing and cross-cultural trends. With the “transnational movements” of Indonesian Marriage Migrants, their actions and ideas have begun to be involved in “transnational healthcare.” This study compares their healthcare experiences and views before and after immigration to develop the process of diverse healthcare practices. They not only accept and utilize Taiwan’s healthcare resources, but also use Indonesia’s healthcare resources or cultural memories to maintain the health of themselves or of their families. At the same time, Indonesia’s healthcare system and interpersonal networks affect their views in using the healthcare system of Taiwan. Finally, this study uses resource sharing, cultural memory, and network media to explain how the transnational healthcare functions to improve Taiwanese knowledge about diverse healthcare cultures and broaden research on transnational healthcare systems. The conclusion describes the interactions between Indonesian Marriage Migrants and the healthcare system, and the views on diversified healthcare.

碩士
亞洲大學
心理學系
103
The aim of this research was to explore parenting practices of Indonesian mothers in their transnational marriages with Taiwanese men in order to understand their parenting experiences, including how they deal with differences with their spouse and in-laws, what they have done to face their difficulties, and the resources that might be provided in terms of parenting. Using qualitative design, this research was based on an in-depth interview method using semi-structured and open-ended guideliness. Participants were generated through purposive sampling which based on certain criteria. This research found that focus and expectations of Indonesian foreign mother in Taiwan can be classified to five major areas: religion, character, behavior, education, and cultural identity. This research argues that Indonesian mothers in Taiwan have their own way to manage challenges and difficulties as a foreign mother and do parenting practices that probably are different from Taiwanese.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
教學專業國際碩士學位學程
106
This study analyzes the identity of Indonesian Muslim religion: a case study of Indonesian Muslim marriage immigrants in Taiwan. It is based on six in-depth interviews with Taiwanese-Indonesian couples living in Taiwan. Most Indonesian women are from rural areas in Indonesia and generally have relatively lower levels of education. In this study, researchers have three research findings. First, the main reason Indonesian women choose to marry Taiwanese men rather than Indonesian men is to have a better life. Women say that living in Taiwan is better because of stronger economic conditions making it easier to find work. They can also support their families in Taiwan and the last reason for love between Indonesian women and Taiwanese men. Secondly, participants attain personal religious and social identities there are spiritual practices (praying, fast, etc.), good Muslim behavior and Muslim food (halal). Third, the main characteristic of religious identity is maintained by the participants. There are seven dimensions (Smart, 1998): the ritual dimension, narrative dimension, experimental dimension, doctrinal dimension, ethical dimension, social dimension, and material dimension. While praying, zakat, fasting in Ramadhan, read Qur'an, eat halal food, going to the mosque and wearing hijab. It is a religious practice that is often done by the participants’ continuously.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
地理研究所
90
During the whole composing process of marriage, different races will broke out tough problems in adjustability. Since the influence of varied language and culture, it is difficult to adjust to each international marriage. Due to the developing imbalance in Peng-Hu, amounts of males lose their marriage. Under this serious marriage squeezing, they have no option but to elect international marriage matching center. They must look for their brides from Indonesia and Vietnam by this way. While immigrating to Peng-Hu, the diversity between immigratory and emigratory area, results in different obvious concepts in adjustability in their life. In this matching cooperation, however, causes a lot of leaving problems. Matching Centers match so many couples, maybe at first they really desire to match a great marriage. But in the end, they simply consider about if they could receive the high profit or not. Certainly, they play important roles between these international marriages. After entering the immigratory place, how to adjust and communicate with local citizen, it is worthy to be thought deeply about.