Dissertations / Theses: 'Marmosets'

1

Kramski, Marit. "Infections of common marmosets with calpox virus." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15866.

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Die vorsätzliche Freisetzung von Variola Virus (VARV) und schwere Erkrankungen des Menschen durch zoonotische Affen- (MPXV) und Kuh- (CPXV) pocken Viren stellen nach wie vor eine Bedrohung für die Bevölkerung dar. Klassische Pockenimpfstoffe bergen die Gefahr einer schweren Erkrankung. Deshalb ist die Entwicklung neuer Impfstoffe und Therapeutika von entscheidender Bedeutung. Deren Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit muss zunächst in verschiedenen Tiermodellen bewiesen werden. Existierende Makakken-Primatenmodelle leiden unter sehr artifiziellen Bedingungen der letalen Krankheitsinduktion durch VARV oder MPXV. Aus diesem Grund wurde das Calpox Virus/Krallenaffen-modell etabliert, welches auf einem CPXV aus natürlich infizierten Neuweltaffen (Marmosets) basiert. Das neue Modell hat drei wesentliche Vorteile: Die Arbeit mit Calpox Virus kann unter Sicherheitsstufe 2 durchgeführt werden und ist folglich einfacher in der Handhabung. 2. Die intranasale (i.n.) Infektion von Marmosets (Krallenaffen; Callithrix jacchus) spiegelt den natürlichen Infektionsweg von VARV wieder. Infizierte Affen entwickelten Pocken ähnliche Symptome und verstarben innerhalb von 2-3 Tagen nach Auftreten erster Symptome. Hohe Viruslasten wurden im Blut, Speichel und allen untersuchten Organen nachgewiesen. 3. Die i.n. Titration des Calpox Virus ergab eine 50 % Affen-Infektions-Dosis (MID50) von 8.3x102 pfu. Diese ist um den Faktor 10000 niedriger als in anderen Pocken-Primatenmodellen. Neun bis zehn Wochen nach einer Immunisierung mit dem Lister-Elstree Impfstoff waren alle Krallenaffen gegen eine letale Dosis des Calpox Virus (10 MID50) geschützt. Damit konnte der Nutzen des Calpox Virus/Krallenaffen-modells für die Erforschung neuer Impfstoffe gezeigt werden. Das Calpox Virus/Krallenaffen-modell überwindet wesentliche Nachteile bestehender Primatenmodelle und ist somit ein geeignetes Model für die Evaluierung von neuen Impfstoffen, Impfstrategien und antiviralen Therapien.
The intentional re-introduction of Variola virus (VARV), the agents of smallpox, into the human population remains of concern today. Moreover, zoonotic infections with Cowpox (CPXV) and Monkeypox virus (MPXV) cause severe diseases in humans. Smallpox vaccines presently available can have severe adverse effects that are no longer acceptable. The efficacy and safety of new vaccines and antivirals have to be demonstrated by different animal models. The existing primate models, using VARV and MPXV, need very high viral doses that have to be applied intravenously to induce a lethal infection in macaque monkeys. To overcome these drawbacks, the main objective of this study was to develop a primate model in which a smallpox-like disease could be induced by a CPXV virus designated calpox virus which was isolated from a lethal orthopox virus (OPV) outbreak in New World monkeys (marmosets). The new non-human primate model has three major advantages: 1. Working with calpox virus is less challenging and can be done under bio-safety-level two. 2. Mimicking the natural route of VARV infection, intranasally infected marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) reproducibly developed clinical symptoms of an OPV infection and died within two to three days after onset of the first symptoms. High viral loads of calpox virus were detected in blood, saliva and all analyzed organs. 3. Intranasal titration of the virus resulted in a 50 % monkey infectious dose (MID50) of 8.3x102 pfu, a lethal infectious dose 10,000 lower than those used in any other primate model. Moreover, we showed the aptitude of the primate model for the testing of new vaccines since nine to ten weeks after immunization with Vaccinia virus Lister-Elstree marmosets were completely protected against intranasal challenge with 10 MID50 of calpox virus. As the calpox virus/marmoset model overcomes major limitations of current primate models it is suitable to evaluate new vaccines, new vaccination strategies and antiviral therapies.

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2

Ashworth, Jonathan F. "Immunohistochemical study of marmoset periodontal ligament microvasculature : a confocal laser scanning microscopic study." Title page, contents and summary only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09DM/09dma831.pdf.

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3

Lee, David. "A scanning electron microscopic study of the marmoset palate and periodontium microvasculature using corrosion casts /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09DM/09dml477.pdf.

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4

Blackwood, Nicholas Simon. "Variation in response behaviours in captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)." Thesis, Durham University, 2006. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2744/.

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Individual variation can be seen in many aspects of an organism, from its physical structure to its behaviour. Contributing factors to variation in behaviour may includes, age, genetic differences and even size. The response to new objects and environments is a varying behavioural trait found in a wide range of species. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the causes of variation in response to novel stimuli in the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus. The investigation focused on the effects of sex, age, genetic differences and size. Variation in response was tested by a simple novel stimulus presentation test paradigm. Sixty eight animals were each individually presented with nine novel stimuli in home cage tests. Five measures of response were recorded: latency to approach and contact, duration of proximity and contact, and visual attendance. Responses were analysed and stimuli were categorised as: mirror, food related stimuli, unattractive stimuli and novel stimuli. Response across the nine stimuli was investigated for variation due to sex, age or weight of the subjects. Across the analysis, limited significant sex differences were seen in response to food related stimuli, with males being more responsive. To investigate whether general measures of response could be derived from the individual behaviours recorded, principal component analysis was carried out on the response data, which was split into the four stimulus groups. Simple response continua were successfully derived from components from analysis of mean stimulus group scores. The mirror and food stimulus groups each had two continua, one reflecting latency to response, and one reflecting the duration of time spent near the stimulus. The responses to the unattractive stimulus group and novel stimulus group could each be described by one response continuum. In order to assess whether genetic variation contributed to response, heritability analyses were carried out on both the derived continua and the five response measures, separated by stimulus group. No significant heritabilities were found after correction for multiple comparisons. This study thus demonstrates that sex is a more important determinant of response that individual genetic differences, age or weight in the common marmoset.

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5

Mork, Amy Lovejoy. "EVOLUTIONARY MORPHOLOGY OF THE MASTICATORY APPARATUS IN TREE GOUGING MARMOSETS." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1342796212.

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6

Kühnel, Friederike. "Erhebung von Blutrichtwerten und deren Beeinflussung durch Haltung und Fütterung beim Weißbüschelaffen (Callithrix jacchus)." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-129437.

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Weißbüschelaffen (WBA) sind wissenschaftlich häufig genutzte Modelltiere für diverse Humanerkrankungen. Zur Gesunderhaltung dieser Primaten sind grundlegende diagnostische Blutparameter unverzichtbar. Bisher erhobene Daten zeichneten sich jedoch durch große Divergenz aus. Ob Veränderungen in Haltungsbedingungen einen Einfluss auf diese Blutparameter nehmen, ist bis heute unklar. Somit war ein Ziel dieser Arbeit die Erhebung aktueller hämatologischer und klinisch-chemischer Blutparameter von WBA. Zudem wurde der Einfluss der routinemäßigen Umsetzung in eine neue Behausung auf die erhobenen Parameter sowie den Kortisolspiegel im Kot untersucht. Des Weiteren leiden WBA in menschlicher Obhut rezidivierend an gastrointestinalen Erkrankungen, die mittels klinischer Standardparameter allein nicht diagnostizierbar sind. Dabei spielt vor allem die Sensitivität gegenüber Futtermittelinhaltsstoffen (z. B. Gluten) eine Rolle, welche ursächlich im Zusammenhang mit dem Wasting Marmoset Syndrome (WMS) diskutiert wird. Im zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit sollten deshalb die gastrointestinalen Erkrankungen von in menschlicher Obhut lebenden WBA ätiologisch beleuchtet werden, vor allem hinsichtlich einer möglichen Sensitivität gegenüber Gluten. Im ersten Teil dieser Studie wurden von 54 WBA hämatologische und klinischchemische Richtwerte erhoben. Die ermittelten hämatologischen Blutrichtwerte ähneln denen aus den achtziger Jahren, die Daten der klinischen Chemie nur bedingt: Die Richtwertbereiche von Laktatdehydrogenase, Alaninaminotransferase, Lipase sowie Alkalische Phosphatase und Gesamtbilirubin weichen von den ehemals erhobenen Daten ab. Zudem wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit geschlechtsabhängige Unterschiede ermittelt: Weibliche Tiere wiesen signifikant höheres mittleres Erythrozytenvolumen und mittleren Hämoglobingehalt des Einzelerythrozyten auf als männliche Tiere, wohingegen bei diesen ein signifikant höheres Gesamt- und Low density lipoprotein- Cholesterol im Vergleich zu weiblichen Affen messbar war. Des Weiteren wurden 16 Tiere über einen vierwöchigen Zeitraum in eine neue Umgebung verbracht, bevor sie in ihre Heimatbehausung zurückkehrten. Durch diese Umsetzung war bei den untersuchten Tieren die Leuko- und Lymphozytenzahl auch vier Wochen nach der Umsetzung erniedrigt. Zeitgleich lag ein erhöhter Kortisolspiegel vor, der im Kot bestimmt wurde. Im zweiten Teil der Studie wurden anhand humandiagnostischer Standards IgAAntikörper (AK) gegen Gliadin (AGA), Gewebstransglutaminase (tTG), deamidiertes Gliadin (ADGA) sowie Glykoprotein 2 (AGP2A) im Plasma von 24 WBA mittels eines ELISAs während glutenhaltiger (Diät 1) und glutenfreier Ernährung (Diät 2) bestimmt. Dabei wurden die klinische Symptomatik von WMS und das Körpergewicht der Tiere ebenfalls untersucht. Zudem erfolgte die Analyse von Kotproben antikörperpositiver Tiere hinsichtlich Qualität und Trockenmassegehalt während Diät 2 und einer darauf folgenden glutenhaltigen Provokationsdiät. Die serologische Diagnostik ergab einen signifikanten Rückgang von AGA, AK gegen tTG und AGP2A während Diät 2 bei Tieren, die nach Diät 1 erhöhte Werte aufwiesen. Diät 2 führte zu einem Rückgang der klinischen Symptome und einer signifikanten Gewichtszunahme bei antikörperpositiven WBA. Die glutenhaltige Provokationsdiät ergab eine verminderte Kotqualität mit einem niedrigeren Trockenmassegehalt. Es wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit aktuelle, hämatologische und klinisch-chemische Blutrichtwerte des WBA erhoben. Der durch Umsetzung in eine neue Behausung bedingte Stress ist bei WBA bis vier Wochen lang nachweisbar. Es ist sinnvoll, dies in der zeitlichen Planung wissenschaftlicher Studien zu berücksichtigen, um das Wohlbefinden der Tiere vor Versuchsbeginn sicherzustellen und den Einfluss von Stress auf experimentelle Ergebnisse zu minimieren. Der Nachweis grundlegender, an der Pathogenese der Zöliakie beteiligter Antikörper, in Kombination mit den klinischen Symptomen, deutet auf Glutensensitivität mit ätiologischer Beteiligung an WMS bei WBA hin. Die glutenfreie Ernährung von WBA in menschlicher Obhut ist daher sinnvoll und empfehlenswert
Common marmosets are often used as animal models for human diseases. For their health maintenance, diagnostic blood values are absolutely essential. Previously obtained reference values are characterized by great value-specific differences. Moreover, the influence of routine measures on these blood parameters, e. g. changes in housing conditions, has not been examined yet. Therefore, the first aim of the present study was to update haematological and clinical chemical blood parameters of common marmosets. Further, the influence of stress, caused by relocation to a new housing, on these parameters and the cortisol level in feces was examined. In addition to that, common marmosets under human management are often affected by gastrointestinal diseases, which are difficult to diagnose with basic standard blood values. In this context, sensitivity to nutritional elements, e. g. gluten, plays an important role and is discussed as a potential cause of wasting marmoset syndrome (WMS). In the second part of this study, the recurrent gastrointestinal diseases of common marmosets under human management were aetiologically investigated, with special regard to possible gluten sensitivity. In the first part of this study, blood samples were obtained from 54 female and male common marmosets to evaluate standard values of haematology and clinical chemistry. The determined haematological parameters are similar to the already obtained data, the clinical chemistry values differ somewhat: The enzyme activities of lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and lipase in addition to the ranges of alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin diverge from the data ascertained in this study. Moreover, female animals presented significantly higher mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin than males, whereas male common marmosets showed significantly higher total- and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, compared to females. Further, 16 animals were relocated to a new environment for a time period of four weeks, before they returned to their home cages. The change of housing caused a decreased leuko- and lymphocyte count in all examined animals that was still measurable four weeks after the relocation. At the same time, an increased fecal cortisol level was determined. The aim of the second study was to investigate the modification of plasma antibodies to gliadin (AGA), tissue transglutaminase (tTG), deamidated gliadin (ADGA) and glycoprotein 2 (AGP2A) during two successive diets in 24 animals: A gluten-containing diet (diet 1) and a gluten-free diet (diet 2). Further, clinical symptoms of WMS and the animals’ body weight were also examined. An analysis of the feces of antibody-positive animals regarding changes in quality and dry matter content was carried out with samples collected during diet 2 and a successive gluten challenge diet of two months duration. The serological diagnostics resulted in a significant decline of AGA, antibodies to tTG and AGP2A during diet 2 in animals that had shown increased antibody concentrations during diet 1. Diet 2 also caused an amelioration of clinical symptoms and an increased body weight in antibody-positive animals. The gluten challenge resulted in a decreased feces quality and a lower fecal dry matter, compared to fecal samples of diet 2. In the context of this dissertation, parameters of haematology and clinical chemistry of the common marmoset were updated. Stress caused by relocation to a new housing was still measurable for a period of four weeks. It is therefore essential to consider this time span in the design of scientific studies to secure animal welfare prior to the study and to reduce the influence of stress on experimental results. In combination with the clinical symptoms, the detection of antibodies that are part of the pathogenesis of coeliac disease in humans strongly suggests gluten sensitivity with an aetiological connection to WMS in common marmosets. Therefore, gluten-free nutrition of common marmosets under human management is highly recommendable

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7

Ash, Hayley. "Assessing the welfare of laboratory-housed marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) : effects of breeding and infant rearing background." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21794.

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The common marmoset is the most frequently used New World primate in laboratory research and testing. In the UK, their use is strictly controlled by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, which is underpinned by the principles of humane science: Replacement, Reduction and Refinement. Despite their use, there are a number of problems associated with the breeding of marmosets, including low dam longevity and increasing litter sizes. Large litters have led to high infant mortality and the need for human intervention to improve infant survival, which involves removal from the family for substantial periods of time. Previous research in a range of primate species shows that early life family separation is associated with numerous adverse behavioural and physiological effects. This project therefore sought to systematically investigate the effects of breeding and infant rearing practices, integrating a number of measures to assess the welfare of laboratory- housed marmosets. Potential predictors of dam longevity and litter size were first identified in three captive UK colonies, over four decades. Dam longevity was found to be approximately 6 years, with heavier dams living longer, but overall there was no consistent improvement in longevity over the decades. As longevity varied widely between colonies and over time, environment may be one of the most important factors. Approximately half of all births at each colony were litters larger than two, and these larger litters had greater infant mortality. Only dam weight at conception was useful in predicting litter size, with heavier dams producing larger litters. The consequences of large litters and early separation from the family for supplementary feeding were then investigated. Although twins had lower body weight than 2stays (two infants remaining with the family after death of the other littermate/s) and supplementary fed triplets, they also had the fewest health problems. There was also some evidence that animals from larger litters were more at risk of suffering from extreme low weight. Some minor differences were found in behavioural development between litter sizes. Singleton infants received more rejective rearing, while 2stays received more protective rearing, perhaps following the loss of an infant. While twin infants gained independence earlier than singletons or 2stays, they did not appear to cope better with stress in adulthood, displaying more significant increases in stress-related behaviour following the routine stressor of capture and weighing, compared to 2stays and supplementary fed triplets. While overall cortisol unexpectedly decreased from baseline to post capture, there were only significant fluctuations in 2stay marmosets. Instead, there were some increases in positive behaviour in supplementary fed triplets following the stressor, suggesting enhanced coping ability. However, in another group of supplementary fed triplets, there were subtle increases in depressive-like symptoms, measured using cognitive bias and preference tests, suggesting a reduced expectation of and interest in rewards. There were however no differences between family-reared and supplementary fed marmosets in time to learn a visual discrimination task, or in responses to temperament tests. Therefore, while it was hypothesised that early family separation would have adverse developmental consequences, there were actually very little differences between marmosets of different litter sizes and rearing backgrounds, across the range of measures. Results suggest that the current supplementary feeding programme, along with a regular human socialisation programme, minimises any potential negative effects. However, we should always be finding ways to improve the lives of animals in our care. Possible Refinements include reducing dam weight to increase twin births and improve infant survival, and training to allow supplementary feeding on the carrier’s back, to prevent infant separation and reduce disruption to the family. These Refinements could reduce fear and allow monkeys to become more resilient to the laboratory environment.

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8

Lloyd, S. A. C. "The neural control of masculine reproductive and social behaviours in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19056.

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9

Ferrari, Stephen Francis. "The behaviour and ecology of the buffy-headed marmoset, Callithrix flaviceps (O. Thomas, 1903)." Thesis, Online version, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.284007.

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10

Watson, Claire F. I. "Social contagion in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) : implications for cognition, culture and welfare." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3446.

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The social transmission of social behaviours in nonhuman primates has been understudied, experimentally, relative to instrumental, food-related behaviours. This is disproportional in relation to the comparatively high percentage of potential social traditions reported in wild primates. I report a systematic survey of the social learning literature and provide quantitative evidence of the discrepancy (Watson and Caldwell, 2009). Addressing the identified deficit in experimental work on social behaviours, I also report three empirical studies investigating the contagious nature of affective states in captive, socially housed marmosets. I carried out an observational study, to determine whether marmosets are influenced by spontaneously produced neighbour calls to perform a range of behaviours associated with similar affect. My results supported a neighbour effect for anxiety in marmosets. Consistent with previous findings for chimpanzees (Baker and Aureli, 1996; Videan et al., 2005), I also found evidence for neighbour effects for aggression and affiliation (Watson and Caldwell, 2010). Through experimental playback, I investigated contingent social contagion in the auditory and visual modalities. The playback of pre-recorded affiliative (chirp) calls was found to be associated with marmosets spending increased time in a range of affiliative behaviours. Playback of video showing conspecifics engaged in a positive affiliative behaviour (allogrooming) also appeared to cause marmosets to spend longer performing various affiliative behaviours. My results indicate that social contagion of affiliation is a multi-modal phenomenon in marmosets and also represent the first evidence that allogrooming is visually contagious in primates. Sapolsky (2006) conceptualised culture as the performance of species-typical behaviours to an unusual extent, termed ‘social culture’. Researchers have yet to directly investigate a transmission mechanism. I investigated whether a social culture of increased affiliation could be initiated in marmosets through the long-term playback, of positive calls, or of video of positive behaviour. The results were consistent with a relatively long-lasting influence of the playback of affiliative calls across several affiliative behaviours. The effect appeared to last substantially beyond the specific hours of playback, between playbacks, and after playback had ceased, potentially indicating a temporary shift in social culture. These results are preliminary but provide some support for the proposal that auditory social contagion may be a transmission mechanism for social culture. The long-term video playback of allogrooming appeared to result in a transitory shift in performance of the identical behaviour (increased allogrooming) after playbacks had ceased. In addition to theoretical implications for social cognition and social culture, my findings have potential practical application for the enhancement of welfare in captive marmosets through sensory, and non-contact social, enrichment.

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11

Bloomfield, Kelly Louise, and n/a. "Investigation of the Role of Thioredoxin in the Invasive Phenotype and its Interaction with the Transcription Factor Sp1." Griffith University. School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20031021.120018.

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Thioredoxin is a small ubiquitous oxido-reductase found in all species. The highly conserved active site, which facilitates thioredoxins redox activity, contains two redox active cysteine residues. Thioredoxin has numerous protein substrates to which it donates H+ ions and it can also function as a free radical scavenger. Through these activities thioredoxin is able to influence the redox state of not only its protein targets, but also the entire cellular environment. Thioredoxin has been implicated in many biological functions, and one mechanism by which it influences these functions is through interactions with a number of transcription factors including NF-kappa-B and p53. Thioredoxin also has numerous extracellular biological roles. It has been shown that thioredoxin is actively secreted from a number of normal and transformed cell lines including fibroblasts and activated B and T cells. This study investigates the role of thioredoxin in embryonic implantation and cancer cell metastasis, two physiological functions which rely on the same basic processes. Thioredoxin expression has previously been shown to be increased in many cancers. However it has not yet been established whether this increase is a causative or a side effect of the cancerous phenotype. Similarly thioredoxin expression has previously been shown to be increased during different phases of the oestrus cycle and pregnancy. This thesis describes the role of thioredoxin in embryonic implantation using a marmoset model. A thioredoxin cDNA was isolated and subsequently sequenced. Preliminary antibody experiments indicated that the anti human thioredoxin monoclonal antibodies available in our laboratory would recognise marmoset thioredoxin. Subsequently immunocytochemistry using anti human thioredoxin antibodies was carried out on sectioned marmoset uterus and embryonic tissue. The results indicated that thioredoxin is expressed by cells at the embryonic-maternal interface of early implantation sites. Further studies demonstrated that thioredoxin is also expressed and secreted by cultured blastocysts in vitro. This thesis also describes the role of thioredoxin in cancer cell metastasis. Results of this study indicate that thioredoxin is actively involved in facilitating the invasive phenotype of breast cancer cells. The two cell lines utilised were MCF-7, a well differentiated, relatively non-invasive breast cancer cell line; and MDA-MB-231, a poorly differentiated, highly invasive breast cancer cell line. The cell lines were transfected with thioredoxin sense, antisense and 1SS (encodes thioredoxin with both active cysteine residues mutated to serine residues and is thus redox inactive) constructs. The results demonstrate that when endogenous thioredoxin levels are increased, i.e. transfected with a sense thioredoxin construct, the invasive breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 becomes more invasive, conversely when endogenous levels are decreased, i.e. transfected with antisense or 1SS constructs, the invasive capacity of these cells decreases. However, when the endogenous level of thioredoxin was manipulated in the relatively non-invasive cell line MCF-7 very little effect was observed. Results also indicate that thioredoxin has the ability to act as a chemoattractant for actively invading breast cancer cells. Both of these functions appear to be dependent on thioredoxin's redox activity. Additional studies described in this thesis have shown that thioredoxin is involved in the regulation of Sp1 in vitro. Sp1 is a transcription factor known to regulate the transcription of a number of genes whose products are intimately involved in the invasive phenotype. The results in this study suggest that Sp1 DNA binding is regulated by thioredoxin such that when reduced by the enzyme its binding to DNA is facilitated. Results also indicate that Sp1 may regulate the transcription of thioredoxin by binding to Sp1 sites within the thioredoxin promoter.

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12

Bloomfield, Kelly Louise. "Investigation of the Role of Thioredoxin in the Invasive Phenotype and its Interaction with the Transcription Factor Sp1." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366170.

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Abstract:

Thioredoxin is a small ubiquitous oxido-reductase found in all species. The highly conserved active site, which facilitates thioredoxins redox activity, contains two redox active cysteine residues. Thioredoxin has numerous protein substrates to which it donates H+ ions and it can also function as a free radical scavenger. Through these activities thioredoxin is able to influence the redox state of not only its protein targets, but also the entire cellular environment. Thioredoxin has been implicated in many biological functions, and one mechanism by which it influences these functions is through interactions with a number of transcription factors including NF-_B and p53. Thioredoxin also has numerous extracellular biological roles. It has been shown that thioredoxin is actively secreted from a number of normal and transformed cell lines including fibroblasts and activated B and T cells. This study investigates the role of thioredoxin in embryonic implantation and cancer cell metastasis, two physiological functions which rely on the same basic processes. Thioredoxin expression has previously been shown to be increased in many cancers. However it has not yet been established whether this increase is a causative or a side effect of the cancerous phenotype. Similarly thioredoxin expression has previously been shown to be increased during different phases of the oestrus cycle and pregnancy. This thesis describes the role of thioredoxin in embryonic implantation using a marmoset model. A thioredoxin cDNA was isolated and subsequently sequenced. Preliminary antibody experiments indicated that the anti human thioredoxin monoclonal antibodies available in our laboratory would recognise marmoset thioredoxin. Subsequently immunocytochemistry using anti human thioredoxin antibodies was carried out on sectioned marmoset uterus and embryonic tissue. The results indicated that thioredoxin is expressed by cells at the embryonic-maternal interface of early implantation sites. Further studies demonstrated that thioredoxin is also expressed and secreted by cultured blastocysts in vitro. This thesis also describes the role of thioredoxin in cancer cell metastasis. Results of this study indicate that thioredoxin is actively involved in facilitating the invasive phenotype of breast cancer cells. The two cell lines utilised were MCF-7, a well differentiated, relatively non-invasive breast cancer cell line; and MDA-MB-231, a poorly differentiated, highly invasive breast cancer cell line. The cell lines were transfected with thioredoxin sense, antisense and 1SS (encodes thioredoxin with both active cysteine residues mutated to serine residues and is thus redox inactive) constructs. The results demonstrate that when endogenous thioredoxin levels are increased, i.e. transfected with a sense thioredoxin construct, the invasive breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 becomes more invasive, conversely when endogenous levels are decreased, i.e. transfected with antisense or 1SS constructs, the invasive capacity of these cells decreases. However, when the endogenous level of thioredoxin was manipulated in the relatively non-invasive cell line MCF-7 very little effect was observed. Results also indicate that thioredoxin has the ability to act as a chemoattractant for actively invading breast cancer cells. Both of these functions appear to be dependent on thioredoxin's redox activity. Additional studies described in this thesis have shown that thioredoxin is involved in the regulation of Sp1 in vitro. Sp1 is a transcription factor known to regulate the transcription of a number of genes whose products are intimately involved in the invasive phenotype. The results in this study suggest that Sp1 DNA binding is regulated by thioredoxin such that when reduced by the enzyme its binding to DNA is facilitated. Results also indicate that Sp1 may regulate the transcription of thioredoxin by binding to Sp1 sites within the thioredoxin promoter.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences
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13

Schmitt, Anne Elisabeth [Verfasser]. "Untersuchungen zur experimentellen Infektion von Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) mit dem Calpoxvirus / Anne Elisabeth Schmitt." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1080867910/34.

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14

Wagner, Wencke M. "Diagnostic imaging of the normal common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06282005-111803/.

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15

Shelton, Susan. "Morphological Differences in Mandible Form between Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and Cotton-Top Tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)." Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10843892.

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Mandible form in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) provides insight into effects of dietary differences. Mandible shape is due to both genetic factors as well as environmental, with functional differences included in the environmental (Klingenberg and Leamy, 2001). Forces associated with differences in food acquisition can be expected to lead to morphological changes. Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus ) and cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) have different feeding styles, and therefore, have different mandible and other craniofacial adaptations. Whether these taxa are wild-born or lab-born could also affect their mandible form. There is a lack of agreement whether there is sexual dimorphism between these two species, but this study indicates there is sexual dimorphism even after adjusting for size. Standardized lateral and superior views of mandible photographs of both species were analyzed at different mandibular regions and individual dimensions. Not only did it reveal intraspecific and interspecific sexual dimorphism, there is also a difference in mandible form whether a species is wild-born or lab-born. S. oedipus males and females are larger if born in the wild and C. jacchus are larger if born in the lab. This could have implications in the future on how lab-born monkeys are being cared for and fed to better mimic their natural habitat.

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Kureta, Yoichi. "Perception of species-specific vocalizations in common marmosets(Callithrix jacchus) : Experimental studies by operant-based discrimination paradigm." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181451.

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17

Mota, Maria Teresa da Silva. "Hormonal and behavioural studies of paternal and alloparental care, and reproductive success in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298752.

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18

Yamaguchi, Chieko. "Experimental studies on vocal modulation in common marmosets: Acoustic properties of contact calls during different social contexts." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/120715.

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19

Graham, Bryan. "Optical factors affecting post-natal growth of the Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) eye." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:efdf1daf-f853-4f35-bf55-7df9a32c6a50.

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20

Badihi, Inbal. "The effects of complexity, choice and control on the behaviour and the welfare of captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/120.

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There are numerous guidelines recommending that captive primates live in complex environments in which they have the opportunity to make choices and the ability to control aspects of the environment, despite the lack of quantitative evidence to suggest these qualities improve welfare. Complexity, choice and control (the ‘Three Cs’) are inter-related and therefore it is complicated to separate their effects. The main aim of this thesis was to examine how the ‘Three Cs’ affect welfare, using the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a model. Behavioural measures and preference tests were used to determine the impact and significance of the ‘Three Cs’ on welfare. Experimental manipulations were natural (i.e. access to outside runs), or unnatural (e.g. pressing a button to control additional illumination). In a series of different studies, marmosets were moved to larger and more complex enclosures, were allowed to choose between indoor cages and outdoor complex enclosures and were able to control additional white light or coloured lights in their home enclosures. The results of these studies show that appropriate levels of each of the ‘Three Cs’ had a positive influence on the welfare of the marmosets, especially on youngsters. Although having control over light, and increased illumination itself improved welfare, providing a choice of access to outside runs (which were more complex and allowed the marmosets greater control over their activities) resulted in the greatest welfare improvement for marmosets of all ages. Loss of access, or control, did not appear to have a negative impact. The marmosets were housed in pairs or in family groups, in the different studies. A cross-study comparison shows that the composition of the groups affected the behavioural response of adult marmosets to environmental enrichment. Unexpectedly, it was also found that, when housed in standard laboratory conditions, adult marmosets were more relaxed when housed in pairs than when housed with their offspring. A secondary aim of the thesis was to quantify welfare indicators and activity budgets of common marmosets in a range of different social and physical contexts, and to compare this with the behaviour of wild marmosets, to increase our understanding of what is “normal” in captive situations. It is concluded that it is critical to sub-divide locomotion and inactivity into different levels to interpret these measures accurately. Levels of calm locomotion increased in enriched environments, while levels of relaxed inactivity and scent marking decreased. A number of recommendations for the care and housing of marmosets are made.

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Kramski, Marit [Verfasser], Detlev H. [Gutachter] Krüger, Georg [Gutachter] Pauli, and Michael F. G. [Gutachter] Schmidt. "Infections of common marmosets with calpox virus / Marit Kramski ; Gutachter: Detlev H. Krüger, Georg Pauli, Michael F. G. Schmidt." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1208076493/34.

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22

Tel, Banu Cahide. "Biochemical changes in basal ganglia output pathways following chronic administration of L-dopa and dopamine agonists to MPTP-treated marmosets." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429211.

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23

Bassett, Lois. "Effects of predictability of feeding routines on the behaviour and welfare of captive primates." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3319.

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The effects of variations in the predictability of appetitive events, such as feeding, have rarely been studied in animals in general or primates in particular. Feeding animals on highly predictable temporal schedules often results in the performance of food anticipatory activity (FAA), characterised by increased arousal and activity and thought to be detrimental to welfare. Temporally unpredictable feeding schedules have been interpreted as resulting in improved welfare. However, if feeding is made unpredictable by preceding it with an unreliable signal, it may result in frustration and aggression. It is suggested here that two distinct but overlapping types of predictability exist. 'Temporal' predictability describes whether an event occurs at fixed or variable intervals, whereas 'signalled' predictability relates to the reliability of a signal preceding the event. This thesis examines the effects of each of these types of predictability in relation to feeding. Welfare was assessed in laboratory-housed common marmosets( Callithrix jacchus) using behavioural measures, which were identified in the context of the routine stressor of human handling and weighing. The signalled and temporal predictability of presentation of a desirable titbit was subsequently experimentally manipulated. It was found that temporally unpredictable presentation of food, preceded by an unreliable signal, was associated with substantially increased stress-related behaviours in this species. If no signal was used, stress increased to a moderate level, but if the food delivery followed a reliable signal there were few behavioural changes compared to control animals. Temporally predictable feeding, without a signal, was associated with lower rates of stress-related behaviour than temporally unpredictable, unsignalled feeding. However, deviations from this temporally predictable schedule, representing delays to feeding, resulted in marked increases in stress. The results were confirmed with a further study, worked around existing feeding routines and using a different primate species, the stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides). Based on these findings it is suggested that the most beneficial schedule for feeding captive primates is a temporally unpredictable one, which appears to buffer animals against the negative effects of delays as well as minimising FAA. Presentation of a reliable signal before food delivery appears to minimise the stress intrinsically associated with a temporally unpredictable routine. These recommendations represent a simple and inexpensive method of improving the welfare of captive primates.

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Ferraz, Myrna Campos 1969. "Própolis na dieta de primatas (callithrix sp) submetidos ao estresse e mantidos em cativeiro /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96659.

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Orientador: Ricardo de Oliveira Orsi
Banca: Luis Carlos Marchini
Banca: Nabor Veiga
Resumo: Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar o efeito da própolis sobre o peso e parâmetros comportamentais de saguis Callithrix sp mantidos em cativeiro e submetidos ao estresse. Foram utilizados 26 animais da espécie Callithrix jacchus (sagüi-de-tufo-branco) e Callithrix penicillata (sagüi-de-tufo-preto), com idade entre 8 e 18 meses, de ambos os sexos, os quais foram divididos em três tratamentos: T1- dieta de rotina; T2- dieta de rotina acrescida de 2% de própolis bruta e T3- dieta de rotina acrescida de 5% de própolis bruta da alimentação em relação ao consumo diário estimado por indivíduo. Os animais foram alimentados durante sete dias com ou sem o acréscimo de própolis (momento 1). Após este período, os animais continuaram recebendo o mesmo esquema alimentar e foram submetidos ao estresse intruso x residente, durante sete dias (momento 2), totalizando 14 dias. Em ambos os momentos foram avaliados os parâmetros comportamentais (brincadeiras social e lúdica, vocalização, catação e deslocamento) e a manutenção do peso dos animais. De acordo com os resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que a adição da própolis na dieta de sagüis mantidos em cativeiro promoveu maior ganho de peso nos animais, embora não tenha apresentado efeito na redução do estresse, avaliado através de parâmetros comportamentais. Sugere-se, no entanto, a necessidade de novas pesquisas no sentido de estudar outras concentrações de própolis e maiores tempos de observação dos animais.
Abstract : The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of propolis on the weight and behavioral parameters of Callithrix sp marmosets kept in captivity and subjected to stress. Twenty-six Callithrix jacchus (white-tuffed-ear marmoset) and Callithrix penicillata (black-tuffed ear marmoset), aged between 8 and 18 months, males and females, were divided into three treatment groups: T1- routine diet; T2- routine diet added of 2% crude propolis and T3- routine diet added of 5% crude propolis from daily diet, in relation to estimated daily consumption per individual. Animals were fed during seven days with or without the addition of propolis (moment 1). After this period, they continued receiving the same diet scheme and were subjected to intrusive x resident stress for seven days (moment 2), in 14 days of experiment. In both moments, behavioral parameters (social and playful activities, vocalization, catching and moving) and weight were evaluated. According to the obtained results, the addition of propolis to the diet of marmosets kept in captivity leads to greater weight gain in the animals although it had no effect on stress reduction, which was evaluated through behavioral parameters. Thus, there is the need for additional studies using other propolis concentrations and longer observation times.
Mestre

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25

Ferraz, Myrna Campos [UNESP]. "Própolis na dieta de primatas (callithrix sp) submetidos ao estresse e mantidos em cativeiro." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96659.

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar o efeito da própolis sobre o peso e parâmetros comportamentais de saguis Callithrix sp mantidos em cativeiro e submetidos ao estresse. Foram utilizados 26 animais da espécie Callithrix jacchus (sagüi-de-tufo-branco) e Callithrix penicillata (sagüi-de-tufo-preto), com idade entre 8 e 18 meses, de ambos os sexos, os quais foram divididos em três tratamentos: T1- dieta de rotina; T2- dieta de rotina acrescida de 2% de própolis bruta e T3- dieta de rotina acrescida de 5% de própolis bruta da alimentação em relação ao consumo diário estimado por indivíduo. Os animais foram alimentados durante sete dias com ou sem o acréscimo de própolis (momento 1). Após este período, os animais continuaram recebendo o mesmo esquema alimentar e foram submetidos ao estresse intruso x residente, durante sete dias (momento 2), totalizando 14 dias. Em ambos os momentos foram avaliados os parâmetros comportamentais (brincadeiras social e lúdica, vocalização, catação e deslocamento) e a manutenção do peso dos animais. De acordo com os resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que a adição da própolis na dieta de sagüis mantidos em cativeiro promoveu maior ganho de peso nos animais, embora não tenha apresentado efeito na redução do estresse, avaliado através de parâmetros comportamentais. Sugere-se, no entanto, a necessidade de novas pesquisas no sentido de estudar outras concentrações de própolis e maiores tempos de observação dos animais.
The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of propolis on the weight and behavioral parameters of Callithrix sp marmosets kept in captivity and subjected to stress. Twenty-six Callithrix jacchus (white-tuffed-ear marmoset) and Callithrix penicillata (black-tuffed ear marmoset), aged between 8 and 18 months, males and females, were divided into three treatment groups: T1- routine diet; T2- routine diet added of 2% crude propolis and T3- routine diet added of 5% crude propolis from daily diet, in relation to estimated daily consumption per individual. Animals were fed during seven days with or without the addition of propolis (moment 1). After this period, they continued receiving the same diet scheme and were subjected to intrusive x resident stress for seven days (moment 2), in 14 days of experiment. In both moments, behavioral parameters (social and playful activities, vocalization, catching and moving) and weight were evaluated. According to the obtained results, the addition of propolis to the diet of marmosets kept in captivity leads to greater weight gain in the animals although it had no effect on stress reduction, which was evaluated through behavioral parameters. Thus, there is the need for additional studies using other propolis concentrations and longer observation times.

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26

Lamp, Julika. "Etablierung nicht invasiver Testsysteme zur Darstellung von Beeinträchtigungen und Schmerzen in einem Primatenmodell für Endometriose." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-61348.

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Endometriose (EM) ist eine häufige gynäkologische Erkrankung, die bei betroffenen Frauen unter anderem mit chronischen Unterleibsschmerzen und Unfruchtbarkeit einhergeht (VALLE 2002). Bisher war es bei den zur Forschung verwendeten Modelltieren für EM (z.B. Rhesusaffe, ZONDERVAN et al. 2004; Weißbüschelaffe, EINSPANIER et al. 2006) nicht möglich festzustellen, ob bei ihnen schmerzhafte Beeinträchtigungen durch die Erkrankung bestehen. Um die Auswirkungen neuer Therapeutika auf das Wohlbefinden der Patientinnen bewerten zu können, werden Methoden benötigt, mit denen EM bedingte Beeinträchtigungen der Modelltiere dargestellt werden können. Daher war es das Ziel dieser Studie, bei einem Primatenmodell für EM, dem Weißbüschelaffen, neue nicht invasive Testsysteme zu etablieren, die zur Darstellung von EM bedingten Schmerzen und Beeinträchtigungen geeignet sind. Unter der Annahme, dass schmerzhafte Erkrankungen das Verhalten (WALLACE et al. 1990), die Beweglichkeit (FLECKNELL 1986) sowie die kognitiven Fähigkeiten (SMITH et al. 2006) der betroffenen Tiere beeinträchtigen können, wurden drei nicht invasive Testsysteme auf ihre Eignung untersucht, Schmerzen bei an EM erkrankten Weißbüschelaffen im Vergleich zu Kontrolltieren darzustellen. Zur Untersuchung des Verhaltens wurde die Videoüberwachung, für die motorischen Fähigkeiten der Futterbaum (modifiziert nach ROBERTS et al. 1993) und für die kognitiven Fähigkeiten der Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (WGTA, HARLOW 1949) sowie der Futterbaum verwendet. Im ersten Abschnitt dieser Studie wurde das Normalverhalten von neun Weißbüschelaffenpaaren per Videokamera über den gesamten Tagesverlauf von zwölf Stunden aufgezeichnet und unter anderem in Bezug auf Aktivität, soziale und eigene Körperpflege sowie Futter- und Wasseraufnahme analysiert. Der Verlauf der Tagesaktivität zeigte drei Maxima zwischen 7:00 und 8:00 Uhr, 11:00 und 12:00 Uhr sowie 14:00 und 15:00 Uhr, dabei war die ansteigende Aktivität als Futtersuchverhalten vor den Mahlzeiten zu werten. Das im ersten Abschnitt der Studie dargestellte Aktivitätsmuster wurde im zweiten Abschnitt verwendet, um die Versuche mit WGTA und Futterbaum besser in den Tagesverlauf der Tiere einzuordnen und darüber ihre Kooperativität zu steigern. Die Tiere führten die Tests immer zur gleichen Tageszeit durch, deshalb wurde somit eine optimale Vergleichbarkeit und Homogenität der Ergebnisse gewährleistet. Bei der Auswertung der Videodokumentation im zweiten Abschnitt dieser Studie zeigte sich, dass erkrankte Weibchen ihren Partner im Gegensatz zu den Kontrolltieren gar nicht pflegen (p=0,029) und die Aktivität der erkrankten Weibchen zwar deutlich, aber nicht signifikant (p=0,057) verringert war. Diese verringerte Aktivität ist möglicherweise ein Hinweis auf Schmerzen der an EM erkrankten Weibchen, während die nicht vorhandene soziale Körperpflege den partnerschaftlichen Problemen betroffener Frauen entsprechen könnte. In den ersten beiden kognitiven Tests mit dem WGTA führten die erkrankten Weibchen signifikant weniger Versuche pro Tag durch als die Kontrolltiere (p=0,006/ p=0,008). Darüber hinaus benötigten die erkrankten Tiere signifikant mehr Versuche, um den ersten Test zu verstehen (p=0,008). Diese Unterschiede zu den Kontrolltieren ließen sich in den folgenden drei Versuchsabschnitten nicht mehr nachweisen. Daraus lässt sich ableiten, dass die Weibchen mit EM sich schlecht auf neue Anforderungen einstellen und sich weniger lange auf eine gestellte Aufgabe konzentrieren können. Nach der International Primatological Society (MC CANN et al. 2007) kann eine verminderte Fähigkeit, sich auf neue Situationen einzustellen, als Anzeichen für Beeinträchtigungen gewertet werden. Bei der Auswertung der Futterbaum Testreihen, in denen sowohl kognitive als auch motorische Fähigkeiten der Tiere mit einer Art „Kletterbaum“ überprüft wurden, ergaben sich demgegenüber keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der EM-Gruppe und den Kontrolltieren. Zusammenfassend eignen sich die Videodokumentation und der WGTA zur Darstellung von Beeinträchtigungen bei an EM erkrankten Weißbüschelaffen. Die beiden Testsysteme können in folgenden pharmakologischen Studien verwendet werden, um erstmals die Auswirkungen neuer Therapeutika auf das Wohlbefinden der Modelltiere zu bewerten. Zusätzlich ermöglichen die Ergebnisse dieser Studie ein Refinement (RUSSELL und BURCH 1959), da die bisher verwendeten invasiven Methoden (Laparoskopie, Laparotomie) zur Bewertung des Verhaltens der EM Läsionen unter einer Therapie ergänzt und sogar ersetzt werden könnten
Endometriosis (EM) is a common gynecological disease, which is known to cause chronic pelvic pain and infertility in women (VALLE 2002). Up to now, it was not possible to assess, whether the animal models for research (e.g. rhesus macaque, ZONDERVAN et al. 2004; common marmoset, EINSPANIER et al. 2006) suffer from pain or impairments due to the disease. Therefore, new test systems are needed to obtain pain and discomfort in animal models for EM to enable the validation of new therapeutic agents with a view to the patients well being. It was the aim of this study, to establish new non invasive test systems to investigate signs of discomfort in an animal model for EM, the marmoset monkey. Assuming that painful diseases can influence the behaviour (WALLACE et al. 1990), the mobility (FLECKNELL 1986) and the cognitive abilities (SMITH et al. 2006) of animals, three non invasive test systems were reviewed for their ability to detect EM associated pain in common marmosets. They were based on behaviour (videotaping), mobility and exploratory behaviour (food tree, modified after ROBERTS et al. 1993) and cognitive abilities (Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (HARLOW 1949) and food tree). In the first part of this study, the daily activity patterns, allo- and autogrooming as well as water and food intake of nine common marmoset couples were monitored over a 12-hour light phase by video recording. The animals showed a trimodal course of activity per day with maxima from 7:00-8:00h, 11:00-12:00h and 15:00-16:00h. These activity maxima represented foraging behaviour, as they were followed by frequent food intake phases. The knowledge of the daily activity patterns allowed to optimize the experimental conditions for the tasks with the food tree and the Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (WGTA; HARLOW 1949) in the second part of this study. As every animal solved the tasks at the same time of day, the comparability and homogeneity of the results were optimized. By analysing the video documentation in the second part of this study, the females with EM, in contrast to the control females, did not show any social grooming behaviour (p=0.029). Furthermore, their activity level was almost significantly decreased (p=0.057). This reduced activity could indicate towards pain in the diseased females, while the lack of social grooming is similar to partnership problems in diseased women. The WGTA tasks revealed, that the females with EM performed significantly less trials per day in the first two settings (p=0.006/ p=0.008) and needed more trials to solve the first setting than the control animals (p=0.008). Those differences between diseased females and control animals were not detectable in the following three settings of the WGTA tasks. These results demonstrate, that EM affected marmosets have difficulties to concentrate on cognitive tasks and to cope with new situations. According to the International Primatological Society (MC CANN et al. 2007), these difficulties to cope with new situations can be interpreted as signs of distress. The food tree, a kind of jungle gym, was used to assess the animals` cognitive abilities as well as their mobility, but there were no significant differences between the EM diseased females and the control animals. In conclusion, the videotaping and the WGTA are suitable methods to demonstrate signs for impairments due to EM in marmoset monkeys. In following pharmacological studies, both test systems will allow to evaluate the benefit of new therapeutic agents on the animal model`s well being. In addition, the results of this study can help to refine procedures by replacing invasive methods like laparotomy according to the Refinement of RUSSELL and BURCH (1959)

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27

McKinley, Jean. "Training in a laboratory environment : methods, effectiveness and welfare implications for two species of primate." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/23412.

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The use of Positive Reinforcement Training (PRT) for co-operation during routine husbandry and laboratory procedures is widely advocated as a means of promoting the welfare of nonhuman primates. However, while research originating in US zoos provide qualitative descriptions of how PRT may be used in the training of a wide variety of species, quantitative data and evidence to support the view that PRT reduces stress predominately comes from laboratory studies of primates whose training may have used other methods. Despite official guidelines, training is rarely carried out in the UK and the educational and wider organisational structures concerning training, present in the US are largely absent. The techniques used in the UK were assessed through detailed observations recorded when four stump-tailed macaques were trained to co-operate during venipuncture. Data recorded during training sessions showed that although food rewards were given, their delivery was slow and inconsistent. A certain amount of coercion was used which violates a principle of PRT which states that co-operation should be voluntary. The macaques showed increasing resistance to the process and a mild but detrimental effect on the subsequent behaviour of the study animals. When training resumed 18 months later there were considerable improvements in the techniques used. The macaques showed a greater willingness to participate and there were no significant changes in their behaviour when training days were compared to those when training did not take place. The behaviour of the macaques during venipuncture was judged to be arising from engineered compliance rather than voluntary co-operation. However, it was concluded that the technique observed, if carried out correctly, was a reasonable compromise between forced restraint and voluntary co-operation given the paucity of evidence showing the effectiveness of PRT for invasive procedures. However, it was also concluded that the use of coercion should be recognised and provide a focus for future refinement. The effectiveness and welfare implications ofPRT was assessed through the training of common marmosets to target and allow in-homecage weighing and to provide urine samples. It was found that the trained animals perfonned reliably and that time invested in training could be recouped through faster data collection. Following a period of training or increased positive contact with humans, observations of marmoset behaviour showed a decrease in stress related behaviours and an increase in allogrooming supporting the view that improved relations with humans had a beneficial effect. Following exposure to a mild stressor, trained marmosets showed no elevation in levels of urinary cortisol or stress related behaviours. Untrained animals showed increased levels of locomoting and selfscratching following exposure to the same stressor. It was concluded that PRT successfully reduced the stress associated with the presence of, and manipulation by, humans. Final recommendations were that training can promote the welfare of nonhuman primates and should be used in UK laboratories to a greater extent than is currently the case. However, the lack of educational opportunities for animal trainers in the UK needs to be addressed. It was also recommended that in light of the growing evidence showing the benefits that can arise from training and good relations with humans, the zero-handling policy practiced in many UK zoos should be reassessed.

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Dias, Derlan Angelim. "Hierarquia social e sucesso alimentar em callithrix jacchus (Primates, Callithrichidae), sob condi??es naturais." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2007. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17257.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The competition for resources is one of the costs of group living. The scramble competition is considered an indirect type of competition, mainly associated with factors like group size and distribution of resources. Contest competition occurs when individuals compete directly for resources. In species that exibit this type of competition the establishment of dominance hierarchy can occur, resulting in differences on feeding and reproductive benefits for each member of the group. In these cases, aggressive and submissive behaviors are expected as a way to signal social status. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of social hierarchy over food ingestion in Callithrix jacchus. Data recording was from September/2006 to March/2007, eight days by month, at Floresta Nacional de A?u do Instituto Chico Mendes de Biodiversidade. The observation time started at 05:00 AM and finished after the last animal was on the sleeptree. Analyses of aggressive interactions, behavioral profile and diet, reveals a lot of advantages for dominat animals in the study group. Dominant individuals had higher intake of animal matter that subordinates. The last ones, consumed fruits, exsudate and, eventually, explored itens that were not common to the diet. We suggest that dominance hiearchy enable the reproductive female to assure priority on access to food resources, a important caracteristc to supply tha costs to maintain tha high reproductive taxa of the specie. We also suggest that reproductive male, due to the participation on food transfer, had the forage efficience reduced
A vida em grupo implica em competi??o por recursos entre os indiv?duos. Competi??o do tipo Scramble ? considerada um modo indireto de competi??o, associado principalmente a fatores como tamanho do grupo e distribui??o dos recursos no ambiente. Competi??o do tipo Contest ocorre quando indiv?duos competem diretamente por recursos. Em esp?cies sujeitas a esse modo de competi??o pode ocorrer estabelecimento de hierarquia de domin?ncia, resultando em diferen?as nos benef?cios obtidos pelos indiv?duos no ?mbito alimentar e reprodutivo. Intera??es agressivas, bem como exibi??es de submiss?o, s?o esperadas como forma de sinalizar status social. Neste estudo investigamos o modo como a hierarquia social atua sobre o sucesso alimentar em Callithrix jacchus. De setembro de 2006 a mar?o de 2007 observamos um grupo selvagem de sag?is na Floresta Nacional de A?u do Instituto Chico Mendes de Biodiversidade, 8 dias por m?s. As observa??es tinham inicio ?s 05:00 e t?rmino ap?s todos os indiv?duos se recolherem ? ?rvore de dormir. A coleta de dados foi realizada atrav?s da t?cnica animal focal com registro instant?neo a cada minuto, durante 15 minutos consecutivos. Analisando as intera??es agon?sticas, perfil comportamental e perfil alimentar do grupo, verificamos que a hierarquia social em C. jacchus, al?m dos benef?cios reprodutivos, tamb?m confere uma s?rie de vantagens no ?mbito alimentar ao casal reprodutor. Em nosso estudo, intera??es agressivas, incluindo persegui??es, arranh?es e mordidas, foram pouco freq?entes de modo intragrupo. As rela??es de domin?ncia, portanto, foram mais evidentes atrav?s de comportamentos de submiss?o. N?o constatamos diferen?as significativas entre os animais em rela??o ? taxa de ingest?o total. Todavia, a an?lise do perfil alimentar (propor??o de mat?ria animal e vegetal na dieta) revelou que dominantes asseguraram maior ingest?o de mat?ria animal, enquanto subordinados utilizaram frutos, exsudado e, eventualmente, exploraram itens que n?o eram comuns ? dieta. Sugerimos que atrav?s da hierarquia social, a f?mea reprodutora assegura acesso preferencial a recursos alimentares, sendo esta uma importante caracter?stica para suprir os custos envolvidos com a manuten??o da alta taxa reprodutiva verificada para a esp?cie. O macho reprodutor, apesar de tamb?m assegurar acesso a recursos, tem sua efici?ncia de forrageio reduzida devido ? participa??o na partilha de alimentos direcionada aos filhotes

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Martins, Ism?nia Gurgel. "Padr?o de atividades do sag?i callithrix jacchus numa ?rea de caatinga." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2006. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17357.

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Callithrix jacchus, as the other species in the family Callitrichidae, lives in social groups. The groups cam be found in different habitats, whose distinct floristic physiognomies and communities are intrinsically related to their behavioral ecology and social relations. Our objective was to describe the social relations and feeding behavior of Callithrix jacchus in the Bioma Caatinga. We observed a group at the FLONA (National Forest IBAMA), in A?u-RN, in northeastern Brazil, compose of five adults (2 females and 3 males) at the beginning of the study. The birth of five animals was registered along the study. The following behavioral categories were registered along eleven months, once a week, through instantaneous focal animal sampling: social grooming, contact, proximity, foraging, feeding, locomotion and rest. Foraging presented the highest levels comparing to other activities, and was more frequent in the dry season. Social grooming was the second more frequent activity, with higher levels in the rainy season, and between the reproductive couple. We found similar results for proximity. The most explored feeding item was the gum, specially in the rainy season. The most explored species for exudates feeding were Cirus limon (lim?o) and Pitecolobiun foliolosum (jurema branca). The comparision of fruit and insect ingestion between the seasons showed higher percentage for both in the dry season. The general activity pattern was similar to what is registeded in groups the inhabit the Atlantic Forest. These results indicate the flexibility of the species which survives and reproduces in such physically and biologically different environments
Callithrix jacchus ? um primata da fam?lia Callitrichidae que vive em grupos sociais. Pode ser encontrado em v?rios tipos de habitat, cujas fisionomias e comunidades flor?sticas distintas est?o intrinsecamente relacionadas com a ecologia comportamental e rela??es sociais. Nosso objetivo foi descrever as rela??es sociais e h?bitos alimentares do sag?i Callithrix jacchus no Bioma Caatinga. Observamos um grupo de sag?i na Floresta Nacional de A?u-IBAMA/RN, composto no in?cio do estudo por cinco animais adultos, 2 f?meas e 3 machos. Foi registrado o nascimento de 5 filhotes ao longo do estudo. A t?cnica de amostragem foi o animal focal, ao longo de 11 meses, uma vez/semana, com registro das seguintes categorias comportamentais: cata??o social, contato, proximidade, forrageio, ingest?o, locomo??o e descanso. O forrageio foi a atividade mais realizada pelos animais, sendo significativamente mais freq?ente na seca. J? a cata??o social, foi significativamente mais elevada no per?odo chuvoso, e com os maiores ?ndices entre os reprodutores. Esse mesmo padr?o foi observado com rela??o a proximidade. O alimento mais ingerido pelo grupo foi o exsudado, sendo mais expressivo no per?odo chuvoso. A esp?cie vegetal mais procurada foi o lim?o Cirus limon e a jurema branca Pitecolobium foliolosum. Quando comparada a ingest?o de frutos e insetos ao longo das esta??es, foram observados n?veis mais elevados no per?odo seco. O padr?o de atividades do grupo foi de um modo geral, semelhante ao registrado em grupos estudados em ambiente de Mata Atl?ntica, o que indica a flexibilidade da esp?cie, que sobrevive e se reproduz em ambientes t?o diferentes f?sica e biologicamente

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Santana, Kathiane dos Santos. "Efeitos da cafe?na sobre a mem?ria de saguis (Callithrix jacchus)." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2009. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17286.

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Caffeine is considered the most consumed psychostimulant in the world, presenting several central and peripheral effects. In the Central Nervous System the major effect occur by its antagonistic activity at the A1 and A2a subtypes of the adenosine receptors. These receptors are responsible for the slow-wave sleep induction, and their binding, caused by the consumption of foods and beverages that contain caffeine, cause behaviors like increase of alertness, mood and locomotion. The effects of caffeine on memory are still discussed because of the diversity of experimental protocols. Also, it does not have the same effects on all stages of the processing of memory - acquisition, consolidation and recall. Thus, using the marmoset (Callitrhix jacchus) as subject, we aim to evaluate the effects of caffeine on the memory of this primate through the conditioned place preference paradigm, where the animal selects a context by presence of food. This cognitive task consists of five phases. The first phase was two sessions of pre-exposure, in which they were evaluated for preference for any compartment of the apparatus. Then, we proceeded the training, conditioning the animals to the food-present context for 8 days. Then, there was administration of caffeine or placebo (10mg/kg) for 8 consecutive days, during the pre-sleep phase, where the 20 animals were distributed in two groups: placebo and repeated. The forth phase was one day of retraining, a re-exposure of the apparatus to the marmosets followed by the administration of caffeine (for the repeated group and a new group called abstinence) or placebo (for placebo and abstinence groups). Finally, was the test where we evaluated if the subjects learned where the food was present. Moreover, in this work we evaluate the existence of differences between females and males on the task, and the locomotor activity for the experimental groups. The results showed that in the pre-exposure phase the animals were habituated on the apparatus and did not present differences for any contexts. In training, they were able to learn the conditioning task, independent of gender. For the retraining, the two groups exhibited more interactions in rewarded context than that in non-rewarded context. Nevertheless, in the locomotor activity, the repeated group moved similarly in contact with the apparatus and outside of it. In the other hand, the animals of the placebo group moved more when in contact with the apparatus. In the test phase, the marmosets under influence of caffeine presented an increase in the locomotor activity when compared with the placebo group, corroborating works that show this increase in locomotion. In the learning evaluation, the continuous and abstinence groups had a bad performance in the task in relation to the placebo and acute groups. This suggests that the prolonged administration of caffeine disrupts the memories because it affected sleep, which is largely responsible offline processing of memories
A cafe?na ? considerada a droga psicoativa mais utilizada no mundo, apresentando diversos efeitos centrais e perif?ricos. No Sistema Nervoso Central, o principal efeito ocorre via bloqueio de receptores para adenosina A1 e A2a, que mediam a indu??o do sono de ondas lentas. O bloqueio destes receptores por alimentos ou bebidas que contenha cafe?na acarreta em comportamentos como aumento do estado de alerta, ?nimo e atividade locomotora. Na mem?ria, os efeitos da cafe?na s?o muito controversos, visto a diversidade de protocolos experimentais e o fato dela n?o ter o mesmo efeito para todas as fases do processamento da mem?ria aquisi??o, consolida??o e evoca??o. Assim, tendo como sujeito o sagui (Callitrhix jacchus), nosso objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos da cafe?na na mem?ria deste primata atrav?s do paradigma de prefer?ncia condicionada pelo lugar, onde o animal escolhe um contexto devido ? presen?a de comida. Avaliamos tamb?m a atividade locomotora. Para o experimento foram utilizados 20 animais (10 machos e 10 f?meas) com idade entre 3 e 9 anos, oriundos do N?cleo de Primatologia da UFRN (IBAMA, N?1/24/92/0039-0). O experimento contou com cinco fases: dois dias de pr?-exposi??o ao aparato. Treinos, onde os saguis foram condicionados a discriminar um contexto refor?ado (CR) de um n?o-refor?ado (CNR) durante 8 dias. Em seguida houve administra??o oral da cafe?na ou placebo, ambos a 10mg/kg, por oito dias consecutivos (? 1,5 horas antes do in?cio do sono), com distribui??o dos animais em grupos: placebo (recebendo a subst?ncia placebo) e repetido (ingerindo cafe?na). Ap?s isso, foi realizado o retreino ao aparato, seguido da administra??o do placebo (surgindo os grupos abstin?ncia e placebo) ou cafe?na aos novos grupos repetido e agudo. Por ?ltimo, o dia do teste, sem o refor?o, afim de avaliar o sujeito quanto ? aprendizagem ao CR. As sess?es no aparato duravam 8 min, e iniciavam ?s 6:15h para a pr?-exposi??o, treinos e teste. O retreino come?ou ?s 15:15h para que a consolida??o da tarefa fosse dependente de sono. Os dados comportamentais foram constitu?dos pelo tempo gasto (em %), frequ?ncia de contatos e lat?ncia (em segundos) para o primeiro contato no CR e CNR. Na locomo??o foram registrados a atividade geral e locomo??o em contato com o aparato e fora dele (em quadrantes). Adicionalmente avaliamos poss?veis diferen?as entre machos e f?meas na tarefa. Os resultados mostraram que na fase de pr?-exposi??o os animais se habituaram ao aparato e n?o apresentaram diferen?a a quaisquer contextos. Nos treinos eles foram capazes de aprenderem a tarefa de condicionamento, independente do sexo. Para o retreino, os 2 grupos exibiram maior intera??o no contexto refor?ado em rela??o ao n?o-refor?ado. Todavia, na atividade locomotora, animais do grupo repetido se locomoveram de forma semelhante tanto em contato com o aparato e fora dele, enquanto que animais do grupo placebo se locomoveram mais em contato com o aparato. Na fase de teste os saguis que ingeriram cafe?na apresentaram maior atividade locomotora em rela??o ao placebo, corroborando com trabalhos que demonstram aumento na locomo??o. Quanto ? aprendizagem, os grupos repetido e abstin?ncia tiveram pior desempenho desta tarefa espec?fica se comparado aos animais placebo e agudo. Isso sugere que a administra??o prolongada da cafe?na prejudicou a mem?ria por afetar o sono, que ?, em grande parte, respons?vel pelos processos consolidativos

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Silva, Crhistiane Andressa da. "Saguis (Callithrix jacchus) sob ciclo claro-escuro de 21 h: um modelo de dessincroniza??o for?ada em primata diurno." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17224.

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The circadian system consists of multiple oscillators organized hierarchically, with the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master oscillator to mammalians. There are lots of evidences that each SCN cell is an oscillator and that entrainment depends upon coupling degree between them. Knowledge of the mechanism of coupling between the SCN cells is essential for understanding entrainment and expression of circadian rhythms, and thus promote the development of new treatments for circadian rhythmicity disorders, which may cause various diseases. Some authors suggest that the dissociation model of circadian rhythm activity of rats under T22, period near the limit of synchronization, is a good model to induce internal desynchronization, and in this way, enhance knowledge about the coupling mechanism. So, in order to evaluate the pattern of the motor activity circadian rhythm of marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, in light-dark cycles at the lower limit of entrainment, two experiments were conducted: 1) 6 adult females were submitted to the LD symmetric cycles T21, T22 and T21.5 for 60, 35 and 48 days, respectively; 2) 4 male and 4 female adults were subjected to T21 for 24 days followed by 18 days of LL, and then back to T21 for 24 days followed by 14 days of LL. Vocalizations of all animals and motor activity of each one of them were continuously recorded throughout the experiments, but the vocalizations were recorded only in Experiment 1. Under the Ts shorter than 24 h, two simultaneous circadian components appeared in motor activity, one with the same period of LD cycle, named light-entrained component, and the other in free-running, named non-light-entrained component. Both components were displayed for all the animals in T21, five animals (83.3%) in T21.5 and two animals (33.3%) in T22. For vocalizations both components were observed under the three Ts. Due to the different characteristics of these components we suggest that dissociation is result of partial synchronization to the LD cycle, wherein at least one group oscillator is synchronized to the LD by relative coordination and masking processes, while at least another group of oscillators is in free-running, but also under the influence of masking by the LD. As the T21 h was the only cycle able to promote the emergence of both circadian components in circadian rhythms of all Callithrix jacchus, this was then considered the lower entrainment limit of LD cycle promoter of dissociation in circadian rhythmicity of this species, and then suggested as a non-human primate model for forced desynchronization
O sistema circadiano ? formado por m?ltiplos osciladores organizados hierarquicamente, sendo o n?cleo supraquiasm?tico (NSQ) o oscilador principal nos mam?feros. H? v?rias evid?ncias de que cada c?lula do NSQ seja um oscilador e que a sincroniza??o resulte do grau de acoplamento entre elas. O conhecimento do mecanismo de acoplamento entre as c?lulas do NSQ ? essencial para se entender a sincroniza??o e a express?o dos ritmos circadianos e, dessa forma, propiciar o desenvolvimento de novos tratamentos para os dist?rbios da ritmicidade circadiana que podem gerar v?rias doen?as. V?rios autores sugerem o modelo de dissocia??o do ritmo circadiano da atividade motora de ratos sob T22, per?odo pr?ximo ao limite de sincroniza??o, como um bom modelo animal para promover dessincroniza??o interna, propiciando um maior conhecimento sobre o mecanismo de acoplamento. Ent?o, com o objetivo de avaliar o padr?o do ritmo circadiano de atividade motora de saguis, Callithrix jacchus, em ciclos claro-escuro no limite inferior de sincroniza??o, foram realizados dois experimentos: 1) 6 f?meas adultas foram submetidas aos ciclo CE sim?tricos T21, T21.5 e T22 durante 60, 35 e 48 dias, respectivamente; 2) 4 machos e 4 f?meas adultos foram submetidos a T21 por 24 dias, seguido de CC por 18 dias, depois voltaram ao T21 por mais 24 dias seguido de CC durante 14 dias. As vocaliza??es de todos os animais e a atividade motora de cada um foram registradas continuamente ao longo dos experimentos, sendo que as vocaliza??es foram registradas apenas no Experimento 1. Sob os Ts menores que 24 h foram observados dois componentes circadianos simult?neos na atividade motora, sendo um com o mesmo per?odo do ciclo CE, nomeado como componente sincronizado pela luz, e outro em livre-curso, nomeado como componente n?o sincronizado pela luz. Os dois componentes foram exibidos por todos os animais sob T21, cinco animais (83,3%) sob T21.5 e dois animais (33,3%) sob T22. Para as vocaliza??es foram observados os dois componentes sob os tr?s Ts. Devido ?s diferentes caracter?sticas desses componentes, sugerimos que a dissocia??o ? resultado de sincroniza??o parcial ao ciclo CE, onde pelo menos um grupo de osciladores est? sincronizado ao ciclo CE por processos de coordena??o relativa e mascaramento, enquanto pelo menos outro grupo de osciladores est? em livre-curso, mas tamb?m sob influ?ncia de mascaramento do CE. Como o T21 foi o ?nico a promover o surgimento dos dois componentes circadianos nos ritmos circadianos de todos Callithrix jacchus, este foi ent?o considerado o per?odo de ciclo CE promotor de dissocia??o na ritmicidade circadiana dessa esp?cie, sendo ent?o sugerido como modelo de dessincroniza??o for?ada em primatas n?o humanos diurnos

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Castro, Dijenaide Chaves de. "Caracteriza??o comportamental end?crina das fases ontogen?ticas de sag?i comum (Callithrix jacchus)." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17222.

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The use of animal models in biomedical research is ever increasing. Models that use primates might also have advantages in terms of low maintenance costs and availability of biological knowledge, thereby favoring their use in different experimental protocols. Many current stress studies use animal models at different developmental stages since biological response differs during ontogeny. The aims of this study were to perform a detailed characterization of the developmental stages of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a very important animal model used in biomedical research. Ten subjects, 6 females and 4 males, were followed from birth to initial adult age (16 months). Behavioral and fecal collection for measurement of adrenal (cortisol) and sex (progesterone, estradiol and androgens) hormones took place twice a week during the first month of life and once a week for the remainder of the study. Behavior was observed for 30 minutes in the morning (0700-09:00h) and afternoon (12:00-14:00h). Behavioral profile showed changes during ontogeny, characterizing the 4 developmental stages and the respective phases proposed by Le?o et al (2009).. Differentiation of developmental stages was considered using the onset, end, change and stabilization of the behavioral profile parental care (weaning and carrying), ingestion (solid food), affiliation (social grooming) and autogrooming, agonism (scent marking and piloerection) and play behavior and endocrine profile. Infant weaning and carrying terminated within the infantile stage and the peak of solid food ingestion was recorded in the infantile III phase. Receiving grooming was recorded earlier than grooming performed by the infant and autogrooming. The first episode of scent marking was recorded in the 4th week and it was the least variable behavior, in terms of its onset, which, in almost all animals, was between the 5th and 7th week of life. Solitary play and play with the twin started around the 7th week and play with other members of the group started 8 weeks later. Sex hormone secretion started to differ from basal levels between the 21st and 23rd week of life, in males and females, suggesting that puberty occurs simultaneously in both sexes. Basal cortisol, even at an early age, was higher in females than in males. However, cortisol was not correlated with the juvenile stage, as expected, since this stage corresponds to the transition between infancy and adult age and most behaviors are intensified by this time. The behavioral and endocrine profile of subadult animals did not differ from that of the adults. These results provide more detailed parameters for the developmental process of C. jacchus and open new perspectives for the use of experimental approaches focused on the intermediate ontogenetic phases of this species
O uso de modelos animais em pesquisa biom?dica ? cada vez mais crescente e os modelos utilizando primatas devem apresentar vantagens em termos de custos de manuten??o e caracter?sticas relacionadas ao maior conhecimento da sua biologia para uso em diferentes protocolos experimentais. Diferentes modelos atuais de pesquisa em estresse utilizam animais em diferentes est?gios do desenvolvimento e in?meros estudos demonstram a diferen?a na resposta biol?gica diante de agentes estressores ao longo da ontog?nese. Com o objetivo de caracterizar de maneira mais detalhada as fases do desenvolvimento do sagui comum, Callithrix jacchus, importante modelo utilizado em pesquisa biom?dica, utilizou-se 10 animais, 6 f?meas e 4 machos, que foram acompanhados desde o nascimento at? o in?cio da idade adulta (16 meses). A coleta de dados comportamentais e de fezes para a mensura??o dos horm?nios esteroides de origem adrenal (cortisol) e gonadais (progesterona, estradiol e andr?genos) foram realizadas duas vezes por semana no primeiro m?s de vida dos filhotes e semanalmente no restante do estudo. As observa??es comportamentais tiveram dura??o de 30 minutos e foram realizadas nos turnos matutino (07:00-09:00h) e vespertino (12:00-14:00h).O perfil comportamental de C. jacchus apresentou modifica??es ao longo da ontog?nese caracterizando cada um dos 4 est?gios ontogen?ticos e suas respectivas fases propostas na classifica??o de Le?o (2009). A diferencia??o das etapas do desenvolvimento foi feita a partir do surgimento, t?rmino, varia??o e estabiliza??o no perfil comportamental - cuidado parental (amamenta??o, transporte) ingest?o de alimentos (alimenta??o s?lida), afilia??o (cata??o social recebida e feita e autocata??o) agonismo (marca??o de cheiro e piloere??o) e brincadeira - e no perfil end?crino. O comportamento de amamenta??o e transporte terminou na fase infantil II e a ingest?o alimentar apresentou seu pico na fase infantil III. A cata??o social recebida antecedeu a cata??o feita e a autocata??o, e o comportamento de marca??o de cheiro foi o que apresentou menor variabilidade em rela??o ao seu in?cio, que se concentrou, em quase todos os animais, entre a 5? e 7? semanas de vida. A brincadeira solit?ria e com o g?meo principiaram ao redor da 7? semana e a brincadeira com outros membros do grupo se iniciou 8 semanas depois. A secre??o dos horm?nios sexuais passou a se diferenciar dos valores basais entre a 21? e 23? semanas em machos e f?meas, sugerindo que a puberdade acontece simultaneamente para os dois sexos. O cortisol basal de f?meas mesmo em idade imatura foi mais elevado do que nos machos. Contudo, as varia??es do cortisol n?o se correlacionaram com o est?gio juvenil como esperado uma vez que esse est?gio corresponde ? transi??o entre a idade infantil e a idade adulta, e que se expressou com a intensifica??o da maioria dos comportamentos. Os padr?es comportamentais e end?crinos dos adultos n?o diferiram entre as idades subadulta e adulta. Estes resultados disponibilizam par?metros de desenvolvimento mais detalhados para C. jacchus e abrem perspectivas para a utiliza??o de abordagens experimentais focadas em determinadas etapas da ontog?nese dessa esp?cie

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Silva, Crhistiane Andressa da. "Efeitos de vocaliza??es de co-espec?ficos e do escuro sobre o ritmo circadiano da atividade motora em sag?is (Callithrix jacchus)." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2007. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17254.

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The principal zeitgeber for most of species is the light-dark photocycle (LD), though other environment factors as food availability, temperature and social cues may act. Daily adjustment of the circadian pacemaker may result from integration of environmental photic and non-photic cues with homeostatic cues. Characterization of non-photic effects on circadian timing system in diurnal mammals is scarce in relation to nocturnal, especially for ecologically significant cues. Thus, we analyzed the effect of conspecific vocalizations and darkness on circadian activity rhythm (CAR) in the diurnal primate Callithirx jacchus. With this objective 7 male adults were isolated in a room with controlled illumination, temperature (26,8 ? 0,2?C) and humidity (81,6 ? 3,6%), and partial acoustic isolation. Initially they were under LD 12:12 (~300:2 lux), and subsequently under constant illumination (~2 lux). Two pulses of conspecific vocalizations were applied in total darkness, separated by 22 days, at 7:30 h (external time) during 1 h. They induced phase delays at circadian times (CTs) 1 and 10 and predominantly phase advances at CTs 9 and 15. After that, two dark pulses were applied, separated by 14 days, during 1 h at 7:30 h (external time). These pulses induced phase delays at CTs 2, 3 and 18, predominantly phase advances at CTs 8, 10 and 19, and no change at CT 14. However, marmosets CAR showed oscillations in endogenous period and active phase duration influenced by vocalizations from animals outside the experimental room, which interfered on the phase responses to pulses. Furthermore, social masking and relative coordination with colony were observed. Therefore, phase responses obtained in this work cannot be attributed only to pulses. Afterwards, pulses of conspecific vocalizations were applied in total darkness at 19:00 h (external time), during 1 h for 5 consecutive days, and after 21 days, for 30 consecutive days, on attempt to synchronize the CAR. No animal was synchronized by these daily pulses, although oscillations in endogenous period were observed for all. This result may be due to habituation. Other possibility is the absence of social significance of the vocalizations for the animals due to random reproduction, since each vocalization has a function that could be lost by a mixture of sounds. In conclusion, conspecific vocalizations induce social masking and relative coordination in marmosets CAR, acting as weak zeitgeber
O principal zeitgeber para a maioria das esp?cies ? o ciclo claro-escuro (CE), por?m outros fatores ambientais como disponibilidade de alimento, temperatura e pistas sociais podem atuar. O ajuste di?rio do marcapasso circadiano deve resultar da integra??o de pistas ambientais, f?ticas e n?o-f?ticas, com pistas homeost?ticas. Como a caracteriza??o do efeito de est?mulos n?o-f?ticos sobre o sistema de temporiza??o circadiano em mam?feros diurnos ? escassa em rela??o aos noturnos, principalmente em rela??o a pistas com significado ecol?gico, analisamos o efeito de vocaliza??es de co-espec?ficos e do escuro sobre o ritmo circadiano de atividade motora (RCA) do primata diurno Callithrix jacchus. Com esse objetivo, foram isolados 7 machos adultos em uma sala com ilumina??o, temperatura (26,8 ? 0,2?C) e umidade (81,6 ? 3,6%) controladas e isolamento ac?stico parcial. Inicialmente os animais ficaram sob CE 12:12 (~300:2 lux) e posteriormente sob claro constante (~2 lux). Foram aplicados dois pulsos de vocaliza??es de co-espec?ficos em escuro total, com um intervalo de 22 dias, ?s 7:30 h (hor?rio local) durante 1 h. Esses pulsos desencadearam atrasos de fase nas horas circadianas (HCs) 1 e 10 e predominantemente avan?os de fase nas HCs 9 e 15. Depois foram aplicados dois pulsos de escuro, com um intervalo de 14 dias, ?s 7:30 h (hor?rio local) durante 1 h. Esses pulsos desencadearam atrasos de fase nas HCs 2, 3 e 18, predominantemente avan?os de fase nas HCs 8, 10 e 19, e nenhuma resposta na HC 14. Contudo, o RCA dos sag?is apresentou modula??es no per?odo end?geno e na dura??o da fase ativa por influ?ncia de vocaliza??es emitidas pelos animais de fora da sala, que interferiram nas respostas aos pulsos. Inclusive, foram observados mascaramento social positivo e coordena??o relativa com a col?nia. Portanto, as respostas de fase obtidas nesse trabalho n?o podem ser atribu?das apenas aos pulsos. Posteriormente foram aplicados pulsos de vocaliza??es de co-espec?ficos em escuro total ?s 19 h (hor?rio local), durante 1 h por 5 dias consecutivos, e ap?s 21 dias, por 30 dias consecutivos, para sincronizar o RCA. Nenhum animal sincronizou o RCA aos pulsos di?rios, embora tenham ocorrido modula??es no per?odo end?geno de todos. Esse resultado pode ter sido decorrente de habitua??o ao est?mulo. Outra possibilidade ? a falta de significado social para os animais devido ? reprodu??o aleat?ria das vocaliza??es, visto que cada vocaliza??o tem uma fun??o que pode ter sido perdida com a mistura dos sons. Concluindo, vocaliza??es de co-espec?ficos induzem mascaramento social e coordena??o relativa no RCA de sag?is, atuando como zeitgebers fracos

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34

Young, Fiona Margaret. "Luteal regression in the marmoset monkey." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23277.

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Ovaries were studied on luteal days 10, 18 and 22 (corresponding to the mid luteal phase, functional luteal regression and structural luteal regression respectively), and also 12 and 24 hours after administration of either PGF2a or GnRH antagonist. Decreased progesterone concentrations indicative of functional luteal regression were apparent 12 hours later. Analysis of haematoxylin and eosin stained sections of corpora lutea indicated that the administration of PGF2a or GnRH antagonist resulted in apoptosis, and also in the formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles in steroidogenic cells. Apoptosis in corpora lutea was further investigated by 3' end labelling DNA extracted from corpora lutea, and by in situ 3' end labelling of sections of ovarian tissue. Apoptosis was found to occur after induced luteolysis and in naturally regressing corpora lutea but only after progesterone had decreased to follicular phase values. Therefore the decline in progesterone characteristic of functional luteal regression was not caused by the apoptotic cell death of steroidogenic cells. However, apoptosis played a role in structural luteal regression. Ubiquitin is expressed only by live cells undergoing a process of non-apoptotic cell death. Ubiquitin expression was only found in PGF2a, but not in GnRH antagonist treated luteal tissue, suggesting three possible explanations: that the cells in GnRH antagonist treated animals were dead prior to the collection point of 12 hours, or that the cells were not in a cell death pathway, or that cell death was occurring via different mechanisms in PGF2a and GnRH antagonist treated animals. The importance of the vasculature in luteal regression was investigated by labelling endothelial cells with an antibody against von Willebrand Factor VIII Antigen. Endothelial cell numbers remained constant after administration of luteolytic agents, indicating that induced luteal regression was not effected by vascular changes. Similarly, the vascualture did not change during functional regression in untreated animals. Vascular remodelling, however, occurred during structural luteal regression, when the vasculature changed from an extensive network of small capillaries to a system comprised of a lower number of larger blood vessels.

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Jobim, Camila Mendonça Netto. "Efeito do enriquecimento ambiental no comportamento e no cortisol fecal de Callithrix penicillata (É. Geoffroy, 1812) de cativeiro." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2011. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2083.

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Pela proximidade filogenética com os seres humanos os primatas não humanos são utilizados freqüentemente em estudos comparativos sobre o comportamento e como modelos experimentais na pesquisa biomédica. Contudo, o uso destes primatas implica numa série de questões éticas, incluindo as condições de seu cativeiro e os potenciais fatores da experimentação que podem acarretar dor, injúrias e estresse, interferindo diretamente no bem-estar do animal. O presente trabalho buscou avaliar as respostas comportamentais e endócrinas de sagüis-de-tufos-pretos (Callithrix penicillata) cativos, machos e fêmeas, frente à técnica de enriquecimento ambiental do tipo alimentar (tubo) e isolamento visual (barreira). As observações foram realizadas em uma amostra de seis fêmeas e seis machos adultos de C. penicillata mantidos no Centro de Biologia da Reprodução da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil. As observações comportamentais foram realizadas antes, durante e depois da aplicação da técnica de enriquecimento, no período da manhã, iniciando entre 10 e 11 horas. A avaliação endócrina foi realizada através da mensuração dos níveis de cortisol presente nas amostras fecais dos animais. Tais análises foram realizadas no Laboratório de Dosagens Hormonais da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Para o enriquecimento alimentar foram encontradas alterações significativas que indicam que este foi eficaz reduzindo comportamentos de alimentação durante a exposição ao enriquecimento e reduzindo a agitação. Para este tipo de enriquecimento os machos se mostraram comportamentalmente mais reativos que as fêmeas e não houve diferença significativa para os níveis de cortisol. Com a utilização do enriquecimento social, foi verificado o conflito gerado com a proximidade entre indivíduos do mesmo sexo, sendo a fase com a barreira a que menos apresentou comportamentos indicativos de estresse, e as fêmeas apresentaram os menores valores para o cortisol. No confronto dos dados de machos e fêmeas, estas se mostraram mais reativas à presença de outras fêmeas, possivelmente pelo fato que sua estratégia reprodutiva ser reflexo do status social. Para os machos o isolamento foi um fator de estresse, uma vez que tiveram maior concentração de cortisol.
Non-human primates are often used in behavioral studies and in biomedical research as a model mainly because their phylogenic proximity to human beings. However, the use of non-human primates in researches implies in many ethical issues, including the captivity conditions and the potential aspects of the procedures that may cause pain, injuries and stress which can interfere with their welfare. The present research intended to analyze the behavioral and endocrine responses of six males and six females of captive black-tuffed marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) to a feeding (tube) and a visual isolation (barrier) environmental enrichment techniques. The animals belong to the colony maintained by Centro de Biologia da Reprodução of Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais state, in Brazil. The behavior and hormonal data were collected before, during and after the exposure to environmental enrichment. The hormonal analysis of fecal cortisol was performed in the Laboratorio de Dosagens Hormonais of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. During the exposure to the feeding enrichment technique – FASE II, it was observed a decrease in movement and in ingestion of the regular diet by the animals. Besides, in this experiment, the male marmosets were more reactive than the females and no significant differences on cortisol levels were detected. Using the social enrichment (a visual barrier between the cages), it was verified the existence of conflicts between close same-sex animals, which decreased cortisol when the barrier was used. In this case, the marmoset females were more reactive to the enrichment probably because they compete to reproductive as a consequence of social dominance. For males the isolation seems to be a stressful situation since they increase cortisol on this situation.

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Zöller, Martina. "Pathogenetische Untersuchungen zum Wasting-Marmoset-Syndrom bei Weissbüschelaffen (Callithrix jacchus)." Giessen DVG-Service, 2005. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=978259653.

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37

Dias, R. "Functional organisation of the prefrontal cortex of the common marmoset." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598525.

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In the past, two main theories of prefrontal function in animals have been proposed. The first implicates the prefrontal cortex in working memory, the second in the inhibitory control of behaviour. However, to date the organisation of the prefrontal cortex in the control of these functions is largely unknown. To address the issue of functional organisation within the prefrontal cortex of the marmoset, this thesis focused on the inhibitory control of behaviour. The initial study demonstrated that attentional set-shifting and visual discrimination reversal learning are sensitive to global prefrontal damage in the marmoset in a qualitatively similar manner to that observed previously in man and Old World monkeys respectively. The deficit was interpreted to be one of inhibitory control but, given the cognitive processing demands of these two tasks are different from one another, it is highly probable that the type of inhibitory control required is also different. Subsequently, the effects of discrete lesions specific to either the lateral or orbital regions of the prefrontal cortex on performance of attentional set-shifting and discrimination reversal learning were examined. Whereas the lateral, but not the orbital, prefrontal cortex was the critical locus in shifting an attentional set between perceptual dimensions; in contrast, the orbital, but not the lateral, prefrontal cortex was the critical locus in reversing a stimulus-reward association within a particular perceptual dimension. Both deficits were interpreted as constituting disinhibition or loss of inhibitory control, but a different levels. The inhibitory control required in attentional set-shifting appears to be at the level of attentional selection whereas the inhibitory control required in reversal learning is likely to be at the level of stimulus-reward associations or 'affective' processing.

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38

Dalrymple, Annette. "Prolactin receptor expression and signalling in the marmoset monkey uterus." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23319.

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Immunohistochemical studies localised PRL expression to the stromal compartment of the marmoset endometrium. Expression was minimal during the proliferative phase and was up-regulated during the mid-late secretory phase of the ovulatory cycle. Similarly to PRL, PRL-R expression was minimal during the proliferative phase and was dramatically up-regulated during the mid-late secretory phase. However, expression of the PRL-r was localised to the glandular epithelium of the endometrium. The temporal pattern of PRL-R gene expression in the marmoset uterus across the ovulatory cycle was further confirmed by ribonuclease protection assay. The role of Jak2, Stat1 and Stat5 in the intracellular signalling pathway of PRL were also assessed in the mid-late secretory phase. Jak2/Stat1/Stat5 proteins were co-localised with the PRL-R to the glandular epithelial compartment. Moreover within the marmoset uterus, Jak2, Stat1 and Stat5 were temporarily phosphorylated in response to PRL. The pattern of expression of the IRF-1 gene, a PRL target gene, and the effect of PRL on transcription of IRF-1 were also investigated. IRF-1 expression in the marmoset uterus was encoded by a protein of 48 kDa and was localised to the glandular epithelial compartment, as was observed for the PRL-R and Jak2/Stat1/Stat5 proteins. Incubation of mid-late secretory uterine tissue with PRL for 3 hours resulted in 2.4 ± 0.5 (P<0.05) fold induction of IRF-1 gene expression. These studies confirm (a) high sequence and functional similarity between the marmoset and human PRL-R and (b) the expression of both PRL and its receptor in the uterus of the marmoset monkey. Expression of both genes is up-regulated during the mid-late secretory phase of the ovulatory cycle. PRL function in the marmoset uterus is linked to the Jak/Stat signalling pathway leading to the regulation of expression of PRL-responsive genes such as IRF-1. The site of expression of PRL, PRL-R and IRF-1 in the marmoset uterus suggest that PRL may influence glandular epithelial function and direct gene transcription in these cells in a paracrine fashion. In conclusion, the data strongly suggest that the marmoset monkey may provide a useful tool to investigate the role of PRL in human reproduction.

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39

Zaluar, Marina Trancoso. "Comportamento e utilização do habitat em grupos de Callithrix sp. (Primates, Callithrichidae) no Instituto de Pesquisas do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7053.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
As populações introduzidas de saguis preocupam biólogos e conservacionistas, por causa do seu potencial de ocupação de hábitat, hibridação com congêneres nativos, predação de representantes da fauna local, transmissão de doenças e competição com outras espécies. É necessário entendermos o que favorece essa flexibilidade na utilização do suporte e no padrão comportamental que possibilita que os saguis sobrevivam em ambientes florestais tão diversos e até mesmo em regiões muito alteradas e antropizadas, como as grandes metrópoles. Foram acompanhados indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no arboreto do JBRJ. O trabalho de campo foi feito entre agosto de 2012 e agosto de 2013 e acumulou 205 horas de observações e 400 horas de esforço amostral. O método de amostragem utilizado foi o Animal Focal, no qual apenas um indivíduo do grupo foi analisado por sessão amostral, de 3 minutos com 7 minutos de intervalo. A cada dez minutos, em uma nova sessão amostral, o foco era mudado para outro indivíduo do grupo. Adultos, subadultos e jovens foram observados. Os indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no JBRJ utilizam de forma diferenciada as categorias de utilização de habitat, com maior frequência a estratificação vertical inferior (entre 0 e 4,9m), suportes de diâmetro fino (até aproximadamente 14 cm de diâmetro), superfície média e inclinação horizontal (0 a 30), corroborando a outros estudos realizados que também verificaram estes padrões. Houve diferenças comportamentais dos indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no JBRJ entre as classes de machos e fêmeas adultos, subadultos e jovens. Os indivíduos machos realizaram com maior frequência todos os comportamentos. Resultados que contribuem para o conhecimento aprofundado sobre o comportamento desses primatas, no qual até então não tinham sido feitas comparações diretas entre as classes consideradas. Principalmente o resultado encontrado de que os machos são mais ativos que as demais classes, o que não é mencionado na literatura até o presente e favorece para compreendermos mais sobre essas espécies
Introduced populations of marmosets concern biologists and conservationists because of its potential occupancy of habitat, hybridization with native congeners, predation on representatives of the local fauna, disease transmission and competition with other species. It is necessary to understand which favors this flexible use of habitat and behavioral pattern which enables marmosets to survive in such diverse forest environments and even much altered and disturbed areas, such as large cities. Individuals of Callithrix sp.were followed at the Arboretum JBRJ. The fieldwork was done between August 2012 and August 2013 and accumulated a total of 205 hours of observations and 400 hours of sampling effort. The sampling method used was the " Focal Animal ", in which only one individual in the group was analyzed at a three minutes sampling session with 7 minutes apart. Every ten minutes, in a new sampling session, the animal focus was shifted to another individual in the group. Adults, sub-adults and young were observed. Individuals of Callithrix sp. in JBRJ use the categories of habitat differently, most often the lower vertical stratification (between 0 and 4.9 m), thinner supports (to about 14 cm diameter), with an average surface and a horizontal tilt (0 to 30 ), corroborating other studies that also found these patterns. There were also behavioral differences of individuals of Callithrix sp. in JBRJ between classes of male and female adults, sub-adults and youth. Male individuals used more frequently all behaviors. Results that contribute to the knowledge about the behavior of these primates, which had not been direct comparisons made between the classes considered. Mainly the result found that males are more active than the other classes, which is not mentioned in the literature to date and helps to understand more about these species.

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Bogner, Katja. "Untersuchungen zur Lokalisation und Funktion von ZP-Proteinen im Marmoset-Modell." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=976072076.

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41

Cooke, Brian Roger. "The marmoset as a potential surrogate for human in drug development." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521715.

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42

Seehase, Sophie [Verfasser]. "Marmoset monkeys as a preclinical model in respiratory research / Sophie Seehase." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1030452954/34.

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43

Davy, C. W. "Studies on some enzymes of diagnostic interest in the marmoset liver." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382216.

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44

Barbier-Kuyas, Aysegül. "The lung of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): ultrastructure and morphometric data /." [S.l : s.n.], 1994. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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45

Winkelmann, Julia Marie [Verfasser]. "Nierenveränderungen bei Weißbüschelaffen (Callithrix jacchus) mit Wasting Marmoset Syndrom / Julia Marie Winkelmann." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2010. http://d-nb.info/100966011X/34.

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46

Jones, Belinda Sumner. "Vocal behaviour of the common marmoset : structure and function of selected calls." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297086.

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The vocal behaviour of the captive common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus jacchus, was investigated with particular reference to three call types; phee, twitter and trill calls. The aim of the study was to determine the functional significance of these vocalizations by relating the behavioural and social contexts of calling to the detailed acoustic structure of each call type. The study first examined the effects of housing environment and social status within family groups on vocal and related behaviours. Each call type was found to be given in distinctly different circumstances and at differing rates according to the status of the vocalizer and the social and physical environment in which the call was given. The role of vocal communication in the establishment and maintenance of male-female pairs was also examined. Newly formed pairs were monitored for the initiation of vocal contact and subsequent call exchange. Changes in levels of interaction were most evident in measures of vocal behaviour. Partners in both new and established pairs appeared to exchange trill calls when in close proximity and exchange phee calls when separated. Finally, the study examined vocalizations for individual, gender and contextual differences in acoustic structure. Quantitative analysis revealed individual differences in phee, twitter and trill call structure indicating that these calls carry information on the identity of the vocalizer. Phee and trill calls also showed considerable intra-individual variation under changing social conditions, suggesting that these vocalizations may also convey information on the caller's internal state. In addition, differential responses to playbacks of twitter calls demonstrated the recognition of structural differences present in this call type. These results indicate that the functions of vocal signals in the common marmoset are complex and confirm that vocal communication plays an important role in influencing social interactioris in this species.

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47

Ronacher, Katharina. "Internalisation of the type II gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor of marmoset monkey." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8599.

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Bibliography: leaves 102-124.
The mammalian type II GnRH receptor has a C-terminal tail unlike the mammalian type I GnRH receptor, which uniquely lacks the cytoptasmic C- terminal domain. lnternalisation of a mammalian type ll GnRH receptor has never been investigated, therefore this thesis studies the internalisation pathway of the type ll GnRH receptor. As the C-terminal tail mediates rapid internalisation of many G protein-coupled receptors this research investigates the functional role of the C-terminal tail and intracellular loop in receptor internalisation. The internalisation pathway of the type ll GnRH receptor in COS-1 cells was investigated by co expressing dominant negative mutants and wild- type constructs of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), dynamin-1 and β-arrestin 1 and 2 with the type II GnRH receptor. The results show that internatisation of the receptor requires GRK 2 and dynamin but does not require β-arrestin 1 and 2. Furthermore, inhibitors to both the caveolae pathway as well as the clathrin coated vesicle endocytosis abolished receptor internalisation indicating that both structures are involved in internalisation of the receptor. Even though in COS-1 cells the type ll GnRH receptor internatises in a β-arrestin independent manner, internalisation of this receptor can be enhanced by over-expression of wild type β-arrestin. This indicates that the type ll GnRH receptor is able to utilise a β-arrestin mediated internaltsation pathway if high levels of β-arrestin are present in the cell. The mammalian type ll GnRH receptor internalises with enhanced rate and extent compared to the tail-less human type I GHRH receptor. The role of the C-terminal tail of the type ll GnRH receptor in internalisation was investigated by measuring internalisation of C-terminally truncated mutants. It was found that the region between Gly 343 and Ser 335 within the C-terminal domain is important for receptor internalisation. Substitution of putative phosphorylation sites within this region revealed that Ser 338 and Ser 339 are critical for rapid receptor internalisation. Furthermore a serine residue in intracellular loop three (Ser 251) was shown to play a role in signalling as well as in internalisation. Since dominant negative GRK 2 could not inhibit internalisation of a mutant lacking all three serine residues, but could reduce internalisation of the wild-type receptor, we suggest that Ser 251, 338 and 339 are target of phosphorylation by GRK. However these phosphorylation sites as well as the C-terminal tail are not necessary for β-arrestin dependent internalisation. Taken together this thesis elucidates the internalisation pathway of a mammalian type lI GnRH receptor and identified residues within the C-terminal tail and intracellular loop three that are critical for rapid internalisation.

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Solomon, Selina Sharmalar. "Population signals in the middle temporal (MT) area of marmoset visual cortex." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12685.

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In primates, including humans, the perception of motion and the control of eye movements depend on the population activity of neurons in the middle temporal (MT) area of the visual cortex. Much is known about the responses of individual neurons in area MT, but it is unclear how neurons work together to provide motion analysis. In the work of this thesis, I use electrophysiological recordings from area MT of a New World monkey, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), to provide knowledge of the spatial and temporal structure of spiking activity and local field potentials (LFP). I first establish that the functional properties of neurons in area MT of the marmoset are similar to those in the major primate model of visual processing, the macaque monkey. I then use multi-electrode arrays to examine co-variability in spiking activity and LFP during rest, and during presentation of visual stimuli. There are three main findings of this thesis. First, correlated variability is affected by the presentation of a visual stimulus, and its structure depends on whether the visual stimulus is a dot field or a grating. Second, correlated variability has local and global components; the local component is largely independent of the type of visual stimulus used, but the global component depends on whether the stimulus is a dot field or a grating. Third, the distinct structures of spiking co-variability observed during presentations of dot fields and gratings do not reflect distinct local mechanisms, but instead distinct global interactions between local mechanisms that are similarly employed during presentation of a stimulus. Together, these results suggest that visual processing in area MT involves stable neural circuitry that is local, and global neural circuitry that is dynamically modulated by a visual stimulus.

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Gameau, Louise J. "The effect of cytokines on chorionic gonadotrophin expression in the marmoset monkey embryo /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg192.pdf.

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Jackson, Stacey Anne Winifred. "Modelling the neuropsychopharmacology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/288835.

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This thesis extends the understanding of the neural and neurochemical contributions to two forms of behavioural adaptation, reversal learning and contingency degradation, in which stimulus/action-reward contingencies are altered. The results are interpreted within the psychological framework of the compulsivity construct, and their implications for the pathological behaviour of obsessive-compulsive-disorder (OCD) are considered. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and striatum are key brain structures involved in reversal learning, as are the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and dopamine (DA) within those respective regions. However, there has been little empirical evidence of how these two structures and neurochemical systems interact, especially in the functional context of reversal learning. In Chapter Three, the impact of experimentally-induced reductions of 5-HT in the anterior OFC on monoamine levels in subcortical structures such as the striatum and amygdala was determined, DA being found to be significantly up-regulated in the amygdala. Functionally, 5-HT depletion of the OFC has previously been shown to induce deficits in reversal learning. To determine the possible causal significance of amygdala dopamine up-regulation for said reversal learning deficit, the effects of blocking the upregulation with the infusion of intra amygdala DA receptor antagonists following bilateral OFC 5-HT depletion were investigated in a reversal learning paradigm. In Chapter Four, the differential roles of regions of striatum were examined in visual reversal learning. Two recent investigations in non-human primates highlighted the role of the striatum in reversal learning,but pinpointed the critical region to be either the ventromedial caudate or the putamen. Marmosets were trained on a serial reversal task that allowed multiple acute neural manipulations, and the ventromedial caudate and putamen were then reversibly inactivated using the GABAA agonist muscimol. Results indicated dose-related impairments specifically in reversal learning within the putamen, with sparing of discrimination retention. By contrast, similar reversible inactivation of the caudate nucleus produced marked deficits in visual discrimination performance (retention). In Chapter Five, the neural basis of action-outcome contingency knowledge was investigated by inactivating distinct regions of the PFC, the perigenual ACC (pgACC; area 32) and the anterior OFC, and determining response sensitivity to the degradation of action-outcome contingencies. In previous work, excitotoxic lesions of either the pgACC or the OFC had been found to induce insensitivity to contingency degradation in marmosets. However, the design of that experiment did not allow specification of whether stimulus- or action-outcome associations were disrupted, and a precise neural locus could not be determined for the behavioural effects as the OFC lesions included parts of the lateral and medial OFC. I therefore developed a novel contingency degradation paradigm that distinguished between stimulus- and action-outcome associations to enable the study of acute pharmacological manipulations in both brain regions. The pgACC and OFC were reversibly inactivated using GABAA-GABAB agonists (muscimol-baclofen). Whereas the pgACC inactivation produced selective deficits in sensitivity to action-outcome contingency degradation, OFC inactivation reduced the suppressive effect of noncontingent reward on responding more generally but left intact sensitivity to degradation of the contingencies. These results are discussed in terms of different theories of the functions of the pgACC and OFC. In the final discussion the findings on the neural substrates of reversal learning and contingency degradation are drawn together in terms of their significance for theories of PFC involvement in cognitive control, and for the understanding of OCD and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Marmosets'

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