Journal articles on the topic 'Marmoset'
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Correia-Caeiro, Catia, Anne Burrows, Duncan Andrew Wilson, Abdelhady Abdelrahman, and Takako Miyabe-Nishiwaki. "CalliFACS: The common marmoset Facial Action Coding System." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): e0266442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266442.
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Facial expressions are subtle cues, central for communication and conveying emotions in mammals. Traditionally, facial expressions have been classified as a whole (e.g. happy, angry, bared-teeth), due to automatic face processing in the human brain, i.e., humans categorise emotions globally, but are not aware of subtle or isolated cues such as an eyebrow raise. Moreover, the same facial configuration (e.g. lip corners pulled backwards exposing teeth) can convey widely different information depending on the species (e.g. humans: happiness; chimpanzees: fear). The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is considered the gold standard for investigating human facial behaviour and avoids subjective interpretations of meaning by objectively measuring independent movements linked to facial muscles, called Action Units (AUs). Following a similar methodology, we developed the CalliFACS for the common marmoset. First, we determined the facial muscular plan of the common marmoset by examining dissections from the literature. Second, we recorded common marmosets in a variety of contexts (e.g. grooming, feeding, play, human interaction, veterinary procedures), and selected clips from online databases (e.g. YouTube) to identify their facial movements. Individual facial movements were classified according to appearance changes produced by the corresponding underlying musculature. A diverse repertoire of 33 facial movements was identified in the common marmoset (15 Action Units, 15 Action Descriptors and 3 Ear Action Descriptors). Although we observed a reduced range of facial movement when compared to the HumanFACS, the common marmoset’s range of facial movements was larger than predicted according to their socio-ecology and facial morphology, which indicates their importance for social interactions. CalliFACS is a scientific tool to measure facial movements, and thus, allows us to better understand the common marmoset’s expressions and communication. As common marmosets have become increasingly popular laboratory animal models, from neuroscience to cognition, CalliFACS can be used as an important tool to evaluate their welfare, particularly in captivity.
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Hori, Yuki, Justine C. Cléry, Janahan Selvanayagam, David J. Schaeffer, Kevin D. Johnston, Ravi S. Menon, and Stefan Everling. "Interspecies activation correlations reveal functional correspondences between marmoset and human brain areas." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 37 (September 7, 2021): e2110980118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110980118.
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The common marmoset has enormous promise as a nonhuman primate model of human brain functions. While resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) has provided evidence for a similar organization of marmoset and human cortices, the technique cannot be used to map the functional correspondences of brain regions between species. This limitation can be overcome by movie-driven fMRI (md-fMRI), which has become a popular tool for noninvasively mapping the neural patterns generated by rich and naturalistic stimulation. Here, we used md-fMRI in marmosets and humans to identify whole-brain functional correspondences between the two primate species. In particular, we describe functional correlates for the well-known human face, body, and scene patches in marmosets. We find that these networks have a similar organization in both species, suggesting a largely conserved organization of higher-order visual areas between New World marmoset monkeys and humans. However, while face patches in humans and marmosets were activated by marmoset faces, only human face patches responded to the faces of other animals. Together, the results demonstrate that higher-order visual processing might be a conserved feature between humans and New World marmoset monkeys but that small, potentially important functional differences exist.
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Zühlke, U., and G. Weinbauer. "The Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a Model in Toxicology." Toxicologic Pathology 31, no. 1_suppl (January 2003): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926230390175002.
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The common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, is the smallest nonhuman primate commonly used in biomedical research. Marmoset characteristics and propensities have enabled them to be used in a wide range of research as a model of human disease, physiology, drug metabolism, general toxicology, and reproductive biology. This paper provides a general overview of the marmoset with special emphasis on the benefits and disadvantages of this species as a model for inclusion in preclinical drug development programmes. In view of its small size in comparison with other nonrodent species marmosets have become of value for toxicology studies with biotechnology products where compound supply is limited. In general toxicology studies, marmosets have been successfully used to meet regulatory endpoints also for specific investigatory purposes. The widespread use of this species has allowed extensive background information to become available and a summary of the most frequently measured parameters are presented. Marmosets apparently represent an interesting animal model for comparative research on primate reproductive physiology. However, several basic aspects of reproductive processes exhibit cardinal discrepancies to those described for macaques and human. Thus, from the viewpoint of reproductive toxicology, the relevance of the marmoset primate model for human reproduction remains unclear to date and further research is obviously needed. Given our current knowledge of marmoset reproductive features, the use of this animal model cannot be recommended for reproductive toxicology assessment.
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Woller, Michael J., Pam L. Tannenbaum, Nancy J. Schultz-Darken, Bruce D. Eshelman, and David H. Abbott. "Pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone release from hypothalamic explants of male marmoset monkeys compared with male rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 298, no. 1 (January 2010): R70—R78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00193.2009.
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The present study was conducted to quantify in vitro gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release parameters in the male marmoset. We established primary cultures of marmoset hypothalamic tissues for ∼2 days (marmosets) to assess GnRH release profiles in vitro in hypothalamic explants from testis-intact and gonadectomized males. Pulsatile GnRH release profiles were readily demonstrated from in vitro hypothalamic explants isolated from adult male marmoset monkeys. Gonadectomy of male marmosets resulted in elevated mean GnRH and pulse amplitude from hypothalamic explants on the 1st day of culture ( day 0). GnRH pulse amplitude increased by day 2 in ∼67% of hypothalamic explants from testis-intact marmosets, suggesting release from an endogenous regulator of GnRH. We also measured GnRH release profiles in vitro in hypothalamic explants from testis-intact and gonadectomized rats. Male rats showed no changes in any concentration or frequency release parameters for GnRH following gonadectomy or during successive days in culture. The present study represents a unique examination of GnRH release from male marmoset monkey hypothalamic tissue and compares release dynamics directly with those obtained from male rat, suggesting a species difference in feedback regulation of GnRH release.
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Schaeffer, David J., Ramina Adam, Kyle M. Gilbert, Joseph S. Gati, Alex X. Li, Ravi S. Menon, and Stefan Everling. "Diffusion-weighted tractography in the common marmoset monkey at 9.4T." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 1344–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00259.2017.
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Although significant progress has been made in mapping white matter connections in the marmoset brain using ex vivo tracing techniques, the application of in vivo virtual dissection of major white matter fiber tracts has been established by few studies in the marmoset literature. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of whole-brain diffusion-weighted tractography in anesthetized marmosets at ultrahigh-field MRI (9.4T) and propose protocols for isolating nine major white matter fiber tracts in the marmoset brain.
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Cloherty, Shaun L., Jacob L. Yates, Dina Graf, Gregory C. DeAngelis, and Jude F. Mitchell. "Motion Perception in the Common Marmoset." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 4 (December 11, 2019): 2659–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz267.
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Abstract Visual motion processing is a well-established model system for studying neural population codes in primates. The common marmoset, a small new world primate, offers unparalleled opportunities to probe these population codes in key motion processing areas, such as cortical areas MT and MST, because these areas are accessible for imaging and recording at the cortical surface. However, little is currently known about the perceptual abilities of the marmoset. Here, we introduce a paradigm for studying motion perception in the marmoset and compare their psychophysical performance with human observers. We trained two marmosets to perform a motion estimation task in which they provided an analog report of their perceived direction of motion with an eye movement to a ring that surrounded the motion stimulus. Marmosets and humans exhibited similar trade-offs in speed versus accuracy: errors were larger and reaction times were longer as the strength of the motion signal was reduced. Reverse correlation on the temporal fluctuations in motion direction revealed that both species exhibited short integration windows; however, marmosets had substantially less nondecision time than humans. Our results provide the first quantification of motion perception in the marmoset and demonstrate several advantages to using analog estimation tasks.
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Minton, Dennis M., Angela J. Marolf, Kelly S. Santangelo, Adam B. Salmon, and Adam R. Konopka. "DEVELOPING THE COMMON MARMOSET AS A TRANSLATIONAL MODEL OF AGE-RELATED OSTEOARTHRITIS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.390.
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Abstract Age is a primary risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA). The mechanisms that contribute to OA are poorly understood and disease modifying treatments have not been identified. A critical shortcoming in developing therapies is the limited number of translational models available to identify the causes of naturally occurring OA. Our goal is to use the common marmoset as a non-human primate (NHP) model of age-related OA. NHP are the closest evolutionary relative to humans and share many characteristics of human aging. The marmoset has advantages over other NHP for aging research because of their relatively short maximal lifespan and small size. Micro-computed tomography (uCT) was performed on whole-knee joints obtained from young (10 yrs, n=3) marmosets at necropsy. OA was evaluated using a clinical uCT scoring system and quantitative assessments of subchondral bone structure and ossified meniscal volume. Advancing age was positively correlated to increased uCT OA score (p<0.05, r=0.59 ), mainly through increased number and size of osteophytes and progressive subchondral bone sclerosis from the medial to both medial and lateral compartments. For marmosets displaying meniscal ossification, older marmosets had greater (p<0.05) ossified meniscal volume than middle-aged and younger marmosets, respectively. Trabecular (p=0.05) and cortical bone thickness (p<0.05) were also lower in older marmosets. These data are the first to indicate that the marmoset develops naturally occurring, age-related OA and support the pursuit of additional studies using the marmoset to identify OA mechanisms and test potential interventions.
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Ma, Liya, Janahan Selvanayagam, Maryam Ghahremani, Lauren K. Hayrynen, Kevin D. Johnston, and Stefan Everling. "Single-unit activity in marmoset posterior parietal cortex in a gap saccade task." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 896–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00614.2019.
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Abnormal saccadic eye movements can serve as biomarkers for patients with several neuropsychiatric disorders. The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) is becoming increasingly popular as a nonhuman primate model to investigate the cortical mechanisms of saccadic control. Recently, our group demonstrated that microstimulation in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of marmosets elicits contralateral saccades. Here we recorded single-unit activity in the PPC of the same two marmosets using chronic microelectrode arrays while the monkeys performed a saccadic task with gap trials (target onset lagged fixation point offset by 200 ms) interleaved with step trials (fixation point disappeared when the peripheral target appeared). Both marmosets showed a gap effect, shorter saccadic reaction times (SRTs) in gap vs. step trials. On average, stronger gap-period responses across the entire neuronal population preceded shorter SRTs on trials with contralateral targets although this correlation was stronger among the 15% “gap neurons,” which responded significantly during the gap. We also found 39% “target neurons” with significant saccadic target-related responses, which were stronger in gap trials and correlated with the SRTs better than the remaining neurons. Compared with saccades with relatively long SRTs, short-SRT saccades were preceded by both stronger gap-related and target-related responses in all PPC neurons, regardless of whether such response reached significance. Our findings suggest that the PPC in the marmoset contains an area that is involved in the modulation of saccadic preparation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY As a primate model in systems neuroscience, the marmoset is a great complement to the macaque monkey because of its unique advantages. To identify oculomotor networks in the marmoset, we recorded from the marmoset posterior parietal cortex during a saccadic task and found single-unit activities consistent with a role in saccadic modulation. This finding supports the marmoset as a valuable model for studying oculomotor control.
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Uehara, Shotaro, Toru Oshio, Kazuyuki Nakanishi, Etsuko Tomioka, Miyu Suzuki, Takashi Inoue, Yasuhiro Uno, Erika Sasaki, and Hiroshi Yamazaki. "Survey of Drug Oxidation Activities in Hepatic and Intestinal Microsomes of Individual Common Marmosets, a New Nonhuman Primate Animal Model." Current Drug Metabolism 20, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200219666181003143312.
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Background: Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are potentially useful nonhuman primate models for preclinical studies. Information for major drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes is now available that supports the use of this primate species as an animal model for drug development. Here, we collect and provide an overview of information on the activities of common marmoset hepatic and intestinal microsomes with respect to 28 typical human P450 probe oxidations. Results: Marmoset P450 2D6/8-dependent R-metoprolol O-demethylation activities in hepatic microsomes were significantly correlated with those of midazolam 1′- and 4-hydroxylations, testosterone 6β-hydroxylation, and progesterone 6β-hydroxylation, which are probe reactions for marmoset P450 3A4/5/90. In marmosets, the oxidation activities of hepatic microsomes and intestinal microsomes were roughly comparable for midazolam and terfenadine. Overall, multiple forms of marmoset P450 enzymes in livers and intestines had generally similar substrate recognition functionalities to those of human and/or cynomolgus monkey P450 enzymes. Conclusion: The marmoset could be a model animal for humans with respect to the first-pass extraction of terfenadine and related substrates. These findings provide a foundation for understanding individual pharmacokinetic and toxicological results in nonhuman primates as preclinical models and will help to further support understanding of the molecular mechanisms of human P450 function.
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Wang, Xiaoqin, and Siddhartha C. Kadia. "Differential Representation of Species-Specific Primate Vocalizations in the Auditory Cortices of Marmoset and Cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 5 (November 1, 2001): 2616–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.5.2616.
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A number of studies in various species have demonstrated that natural vocalizations generally produce stronger neural responses than do their time-reversed versions. The majority of neurons in the primary auditory cortex (A1) of marmoset monkeys responds more strongly to natural marmoset vocalizations than to the time-reversed vocalizations. However, it was unclear whether such differences in neural responses were simply due to the difference between the acoustic structures of natural and time-reversed vocalizations or whether they also resulted from the difference in behavioral relevance of both types of the stimuli. To address this issue, we have compared neural responses to natural and time-reversed marmoset twitter calls in A1 of cats with those obtained from A1 of marmosets using identical stimuli. It was found that the preference for natural marmoset twitter calls demonstrated in marmoset A1 was absent in cat A1. While both cortices responded approximately equally to time-reversed twitter calls, marmoset A1 responded much more strongly to natural twitter calls than did cat A1. This differential representation of marmoset vocalizations in two cortices suggests that experience-dependent and possibly species-specific mechanisms are involved in cortical processing of communication sounds.
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Teixeira, Bruno, Andre Hirsch, Vinicius D. L. R. Goulart, Luiza Passos, Camila P. Teixeira, Philip James, and Robert Young. "Good neighbours: distribution of black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in an urban environment." Wildlife Research 42, no. 7 (2015): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14148.
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Context Primates are one of the most charismatic and widely studied vertebrate groups. However, the study of new world primates in green patches within urban areas has been neglected. Such primates have been viewed as a source of human–animal conflict; however, their ecological importance to urban ecosystems and their role in human well being is poorly understood. Aims To increase understanding of both ecological and socioeconomical factors affecting the distribution, density and group sizes of urban marmosets in a large Brazilian city (Belo Horizonte). Methods A map of vegetation cover and land use was produced and employed to investigate the distribution of marmosets. An online questionnaire was extensively publicised, which permitted the public to report the occurrence or not of marmosets near their residences. For sites with low salary levels and low internet availability, face-to-face interviews were conducted. Additionally, field surveys were conducted in 120 green areas identified by spatial analysis as potential areas of occurrence. The human population density, salary levels and green areas were posteriorly correlated with marmoset distribution. Key results Despite the urbanisation and high human population density, green fragments within the city still housed marmoset groups. However, the presence of green areas did not always indicate primate presence. Group presence was significantly related to the size of parks or green areas and negatively related to built-up areas, and human density. Salary levels were related to more forested streets and possibly tolerance. Marmosets were classified as urban utilisers. Conclusions The human–wildlife conflict with marmoset species was relatively low, owing to marmoset avoidance of built-up areas. The interaction of marmoset species and city dwellers was mainly limited to borders of forest fragments and inside city parks, and appeared to be human motivated. Implications This study showed the importance of public involvement in wildlife studies in urban environments; clarifying the interaction between city dwellers and wild species is essential to mitigate negative interactions.
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Oliveira, Ayisa R. de, Emy Hiura, Flaviana L. Guião-Leite, Mayra C. Flecher, Fábio R. Braga, Laryssa P. C. Silva, Thiago Sena, and Tayse D. de Souza. "Pathological and parasitological characterization of Prosthenorchis elegans in a free-ranging marmoset Callithrix geofroyi from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 12 (December 2017): 1514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017001200025.
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ABSTRACT: Prosthenorchis elegans is an acanthocephalan intestinal parasite reported in neotropical primates. Despite parasitism by P. elegans having already been described in wild marmosets in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, there are no reports of this infection in wild Geoffroy’s marmoset (Callithrix geofroyi). The aim of this study is to report one case of P. elegans parasitism in a free-ranging C. geoffroyi from Brazilian Atlantic Forest in Espírito Santo state, and characterize the pathological and parasitological findings of this infection. One Geoffroy’s marmoset necropsied at the Vila Velha University’s Veterinary Pathology Laboratory presented intense chronic transmural ulcerative enteritis associated with twenty cylindrical helminths present in the jejunum and ileum. We can conclude that parasitism by P. elegans occurs in free-ranging groups of Geoffroy’s marmosets. Its infection produced severe intestinal lesions even in free-ranging marmoset and therefore is a threat to this animal’s survival in wildlife and can have some impact on primate conservation in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.
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Alexandrino, Eduardo Roberto, Daniela Tomasio Apolinario da Luz, Erica Vanessa Maggiorini, and Katia Maria Paschoaletto Micchi de Barros Ferraz. "Nest stolen: the first observation of nest predation by an invasive exotic marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in an agricultural mosaic." Biota Neotropica 12, no. 2 (June 2012): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032012000200021.
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Invasive exotic species can negatively impact local biodiversity. We present here a report of a nest predation of an endemic bird species, variable oriole (Icterus pyrrhopterus) by the introduced black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in an agricultural landscape highly disturbed by human activities. Two nestlings were predated, by adults of the introduced marmoset during two alternate days. Antipredator behavior and vocal mimicry were observed in variable oriole, while copulation was observed in black-tufted marmoset during the predation. The use of mobbing against predators by I. pyrrhopterus was observed and it is described here by the first time. The potential impact of the introduced marmosets to local biodiversity is discussed.
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Gonda, Sae, Shuichi Matsumura, Shoichiro Saito, Yasuhiro Go, and Hiroo Imai. "Expression of taste signal transduction molecules in the caecum of common marmosets." Biology Letters 9, no. 4 (August 23, 2013): 20130409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0409.
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The extraoral presence of taste signal transduction proteins has recently been reported in rodents and humans. Here, we report for the first time the presence of these signal transduction proteins in the caecum of a non-human primate, the common marmoset. Quantitative RT-PCR data on the gene expression of taste signal transduction molecules (gustducin and TRPM5) in common marmosets suggested high expression in the caecum, which was not observed in other non-human primates. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the specific presence of gustducin and taste receptors in marmoset caecal cells. These results may relate to the specific feeding behaviour of marmosets, which consume plant exudates, primarily gums.
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Tardif, Suzette, and Corinna Ross. "MARMOSET MONKEYS AS A MODEL OF AGING." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S8—S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.028.
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Abstract Interest in the New World Monkey, the common marmoset, as a nonhuman primate aging model is growing. Because marmosets have a fast maturation and short life span compared with more commonly used Old World monkey models, the aging research community began to explore the potential of this model species. In addition, the relative ease with which marmosets can be bred in a barrier environment enhances their value as a life-span model. Since that time, efforts to better define what aging actually looks like in marmosets has intensified. Important findings of the past decade include: (1) a refined definition of lifespan in this species and what affects age-specific survival; (2) assessments of age-related pathological changes; (3) development of functional phenotyping relevant to aging, such as activiyy, strength, body composition, cytokine profiling; (4) support of studies using the marmoset as a preclinical model to test intervention that may modulate the aging process.
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Bleyer, Martina, Marius Kunze, Eva Gruber-Dujardin, and Kerstin Mätz-Rensing. "Spontaneous lung pathology in a captive common marmoset colony (Callithrix jacchus)." Primate Biology 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/pb-4-17-2017.
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Abstract. Data on spontaneous pathology are substantially scarce for common marmosets, compared to other laboratory animals, but is essential for the interpretation of histological findings in the context of toxicological and experimental studies. Especially if common marmosets are used as experimental animals in respiratory research, detailed knowledge on the spectrum, occurrence, and incidence of spontaneous histopathological pulmonary lesions in this non-human primate species is required. In this study, lung tissue of 638 common marmosets from the marmoset colony of the German Primate Center was examined histologically. The analysis revealed a high incidence of predominantly mild and multifocal interstitial pneumonia (32.99 %) of unknown etiology in most cases. Only few marmosets exhibited lobar pneumonia (1.41 %) and bronchopneumonia (0.94), which were mainly caused by bacterial pathogens such as Bordetella bronchiseptica and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Lung immaturity and atelectasis were common histological findings in newborn marmosets. Typical background lesions included anthracosis (8.15 %), hemosiderosis (1.72 %), extramedullary hematopoiesis (11.6 %), mineralization (10.97 %), and inflammatory cell foci (10.34 %). In addition, three cases of pulmonary arteriopathy (0.47 %) and 1 case of foreign-body granuloma (0.16 %) were detected in the marmoset study cohort. The high prevalence of circulatory disturbances (congestion, edema, hemorrhage) and changes in air content (secondary atelectasis, alveolar emphysema) could partly be explained by euthanasia-related artifacts or agonal changes. The present study provides a comprehensive overview of the range and incidence of spontaneous pulmonary histopathology in common marmosets, serving as valuable reference data for the interpretation of lung lesions in toxicological and experimental marmoset studies.
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Weatherford, Trudie, Deborah Chavez, Kathleen M. Brasky, Stanley M. Lemon, Annette Martin, and Robert E. Lanford. "Lack of Adaptation of Chimeric GB Virus B/Hepatitis C Virus in the Marmoset Model: Possible Effects of Bottleneck." Journal of Virology 83, no. 16 (May 27, 2009): 8062–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00032-09.
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ABSTRACT Approximately 3% of the world population is chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). GB virus B (GBV-B), a surrogate model for HCV, causes hepatitis in tamarins and is the virus phylogenetically most closely related to HCV. Previously we described a chimeric GBV-B containing an HCV insert from the 5′ noncoding region (NCR) that was adapted for efficient replication in tamarins (Saguinus species). We have also demonstrated that wild-type (WT) GBV-B rapidly adapts for efficient replication in a closely related species, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Here, we demonstrate that the chimeric virus failed to adapt during serial passage in marmosets. The chimeric virus was passaged four times through 24 marmosets. During passage, two marmoset phenotypes were observed: susceptible and partially resistant. Although appearing to adapt in a resistant animal during a prolonged and gradual increase in viremia, the chimeric GBV-B failed to replicate efficiently upon passage to a naïve marmoset. The resistance was specific to the chimeric virus, as the chimeric virus-resistant animals were susceptible to marmoset-adapted WT virus during rechallenge studies. Three isolates of the chimeric virus were sequenced, and 20 nucleotide changes were observed, including eight amino acid changes. Three unique changes were observed in the 5′ NCR chimeric insert, an area that is highly conserved in HCV. We speculate that the failure of the chimeric virus to adapt in marmosets might be due to a bottleneck that occurs at the time of infection of resistant animals, which may lead to a loss of fitness upon serial passage.
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Virley, David, Sarah J. Hadingham, Jenny C. Roberts, Belinda Farnfield, Heather Elliott, Greg Whelan, Jackie Golder, Chris David, Andrew A. Parsons, and A. Jackie Hunter. "A New Primate Model of Focal Stroke: Endothelin-1—Induced Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion and Reperfusion in the Common Marmoset." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 24, no. 1 (January 2004): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000095801.98378.4a.
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The purpose of the present set of studies was to develop a new primate model of focal ischemia with reperfusion for long-term functional assessment in the common marmoset. Initially, the cerebral vascular anatomy of the marmoset was interrogated by Araldite-cast and ink-perfusion methods to determine the feasibility of an intravascular surgical approach. The methods showed that the internal carotid artery was highly tortuous in its passage, precluding the development of an extracranial method of inducing temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in the marmoset. A pilot dose-response study investigated an intracranial approach of topically applying endothelin-1 (ET-1) to the M2 portion of the middle cerebral artery in a small sample of marmosets for up to 6 hours (n = 2 or 3 per group). Dose-dependent reductions in middle cerebral artery vessel caliber followed by gradual reperfusion were inversely related to increases in corrected lesion volume after ET-1 treatment, relative to vehicle control application. Finally, the functional consequences of ET-1–induced lesions to the M2 vascular territory were assessed up to 24 hours after surgery using the optimal dose established in the pilot study (2.5 nmol/25 μL). ET-1–treated marmosets (n = 4) showed marked contralateral motor deficits in grip strength and retrieval of food rewards and contralateral sensory/motor neglect towards tactile stimulation, relative to their ipsilateral side and vehicle-treated marmosets (n = 4). Strong correlations were shown between contralateral impairments and histopathologic parameters, which revealed unilateral putamen and cortical damage to the middle cerebral artery territory. No deficits were shown on general mobility, and self-care was promptly resumed in ET-1 marmosets after surgery. These results show that this novel model of ischemia with reperfusion in the marmoset has the potential to assess long-term function and to gauge the efficacy of novel therapeutic strategies targeted for clinical stroke.
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Fernández-Oliva, Alberto, Andrés Finzi, Hillel Haim, Luis Menéndez-Arias, Joseph Sodroski, and Beatriz Pacheco. "HIV-1 Adapts To Replicate in Cells Expressing Common Marmoset APOBEC3G and BST2." Journal of Virology 90, no. 2 (October 28, 2015): 725–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02431-15.
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ABSTRACTPrevious studies have shown that a major block to HIV-1 replication in common marmosets operates at the level of viral entry and that this block can be overcome by adaptation of the virus in tissue-cultured cells. However, our current studies indicate that HIV-1 encounters additional postentry blocks in common marmoset peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Here, we show that the common marmoset APOBEC3G (A3G) and BST2 proteins block HIV-1 in cell cultures. Using a directed-evolution method that takes advantage of the natural ability of HIV-1 to mutate during replication, we have been able to overcome these blocks in tissue-cultured cells. In the adapted viruses, specific changes were observed ingag,vif,env, andnef. The contribution of these changes to virus replication in the presence of the A3G and BST2 restriction factors was studied. We found that certain amino acid changes in Vif and Env that arise during adaptation to marmoset A3G and BST2 allow the virus to replicate in the presence of these restriction factors. The changes in Vif reduce expression levels and encapsidation of marmoset APOBEC3G, while the changes in Env increase viral fitness and discretely favor cell-to-cell transmission of the virus, allowing viral escape from these restriction factors.IMPORTANCEHIV-1 can infect only humans and chimpanzees. The main reason for this narrow tropism is the presence in many species of dominant-acting factors, known as restriction factors, that block viral replication in a species-specific way. We have been exploring the blocks to HIV-1 in common marmosets, with the ultimate goal of developing a new animal model of HIV-1 infection in these monkeys. In this study, we observed that common marmoset APOBEC3G and BST2, two known restriction factors, are able to block HIV-1 in cell cultures. We have adapted HIV-1 to replicate in the presence of these restriction factors and have characterized the mechanisms of escape. These studies can help in the development of a novel animal model forin vivoinfection of marmosets with HIV-1-like viruses.
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Burns, Monika, and Afonso C. Silva. "Current Topics in Research, Care, and Welfare of Common Marmosets." ILAR Journal 61, no. 2-3 (2020): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilac001.
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Abstract Although the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has been maintained in captivity in biomedical research settings for decades, interest and use of the species as an animal model for a diverse array of purposes has increased in the 21st century. Unfortunately, the development of validated animal care standards such as nutrition, husbandry, and clinical care has not expanded with the same rapidity as the use of the species in research. The goal of this themed issue of the ILAR Journal is to review current literature relevant to topics that impact marmoset health, welfare, and use in research. As the population of captive marmosets increases worldwide, the editors urge scientists, veterinary clinicians, and colony managers to continue conducting and publishing robust studies to develop evidence-based standards related to marmoset care and use. The editors also encourage IACUCs and other institutional review bodies to seek training on topics relevant to marmoset welfare and develop related policies prior to acquiring animals as a novel species.
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Weatherford, Trudie, Deborah Chavez, Kathleen M. Brasky, and Robert E. Lanford. "The Marmoset Model of GB Virus B Infections: Adaptation to Host Phenotypic Variation." Journal of Virology 83, no. 11 (March 11, 2009): 5806–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00033-09.
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ABSTRACT Worldwide, approximately 170 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), and chronic infection frequently progresses to serious liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. GB virus B (GBV-B), the virus phylogenetically most closely related to HCV, causes hepatitis in tamarins. We have demonstrated the suitability of the tamarin as a host for GBV-B and as a surrogate nonhuman primate model for HCV infection, and we have initiated studies of GBV-B infection in a closely related species, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Here, we demonstrate that marmosets exhibit two phenotypes upon infection with GBV-B: the susceptible phenotype and the partially resistant phenotype. In addition, we identify changes that may correlate with adaptation of the virus to the partially resistant host. GBV-B was serially passaged five times through 14 marmosets as one lineage and two times through 6 marmosets as a second lineage. Virus adapted to the marmosets and eventually exhibited robust infections in two separate lineages, lineages 1 and 2. A third lineage was initiated with a molecular clone, and again, susceptible and partially resistant phenotypes were observed. Three isolates were fully sequenced (from lineage 1), and 21 nucleotide changes were observed, with six amino acid changes. We speculate that the marmoset partially resistant phenotype may be due to a polymorphism in the marmoset population that affects critical virus-host interactions and that wild-type GBV-B is capable of rapidly adapting to this altered host.
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Riesche, Laren, Suzette D. Tardif, Corinna N. Ross, Victoria A. deMartelly, Toni Ziegler, and Julienne N. Rutherford. "The common marmoset monkey: avenues for exploring the prenatal, placental, and postnatal mechanisms in developmental programming of pediatric obesity." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 314, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): R684—R692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00164.2017.
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Animal models have been critical in building evidence that the prenatal experience and intrauterine environment are capable of exerting profound and permanent effects on metabolic health through developmental programming of obesity. However, despite physiological and evolutionary similarities, nonhuman primate models are relatively rare. The common marmoset monkey ( Callithrix jacchus) is a New World monkey that has been used as a biomedical model for well more than 50 years and has recently been framed as an appropriate model for exploring early-life impacts on later health and disease. The spontaneous, multifactorial, and early-life development of obesity in the common marmoset make it a valuable research model for advancing our knowledge about the role of the prenatal and placental mechanisms involved in developmental programming of obesity. This paper provides a brief overview of obesity in the common marmoset, followed by a discussion of marmoset reproduction and placental characteristics. We then discuss the occurrence and utility of variable intrauterine environments in developmental programming in marmosets. Evidence of developmental programming of obesity will be given, and finally, we put forward future directions and innovations for including the placenta in developmental programming of obesity in the common marmoset.
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Walker, Jeffrey D., Friederice Pirschel, Nicholas Gidmark, Jason N. MacLean, and Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos. "A platform for semiautomated voluntary training of common marmosets for behavioral neuroscience." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00300.2019.
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Generally behavioral neuroscience studies of the common marmoset employ adaptations of well-established training methods used with macaque monkeys. However, in many cases these approaches do not readily generalize to marmosets indicating a need for alternatives. Here we present the development of one such alternate: a platform for semiautomated, voluntary in-home cage behavioral training that allows for the study of naturalistic behaviors. We describe the design and production of a modular behavioral training apparatus using CAD software and digital fabrication. We demonstrate that this apparatus permits voluntary behavioral training and data collection throughout the marmoset’s waking hours with little experimenter intervention. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of this apparatus to reconstruct the kinematics of the marmoset’s upper limb movement during natural foraging behavior. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The study of marmosets in neuroscience has grown rapidly and presents unique challenges. We address those challenges with an innovative platform for semiautomated, voluntary training that allows marmosets to train throughout their waking hours with minimal experimenter intervention. We describe the use of this platform to capture upper limb kinematics during foraging and to expand the opportunities for behavioral training beyond the limits of traditional training sessions. This flexible platform can easily incorporate other tasks.
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Ghahremani, Maryam, Kevin D. Johnston, Liya Ma, Lauren K. Hayrynen, and Stefan Everling. "Electrical microstimulation evokes saccades in posterior parietal cortex of common marmosets." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 1765–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00417.2019.
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The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) is a small-bodied New World primate increasing in prominence as a model animal for neuroscience research. The lissencephalic cortex of this primate species provides substantial advantages for the application of electrophysiological techniques such as high-density and laminar recordings, which have the capacity to advance our understanding of local and laminar cortical circuits and their roles in cognitive and motor functions. This is particularly the case with respect to the oculomotor system, as critical cortical areas of this network such as the frontal eye fields (FEF) and lateral intraparietal area (LIP) lie deep within sulci in macaques. Studies of cytoarchitecture and connectivity have established putative homologies between cortical oculomotor fields in marmoset and macaque, but physiological investigations of these areas, particularly in awake marmosets, have yet to be carried out. Here we addressed this gap by probing the function of posterior parietal cortex of the common marmoset with electrical microstimulation. We implanted two animals with 32-channel Utah arrays at the location of the putative area LIP and applied microstimulation while they viewed a video display and made untrained eye movements. Similar to previous studies in macaques, stimulation evoked fixed-vector and goal-directed saccades, staircase saccades, and eyeblinks. These data demonstrate that area LIP of the marmoset plays a role in the regulation of eye movements, provide additional evidence that this area is homologous with that of the macaque, and further establish the marmoset as a valuable model for neurophysiological investigations of oculomotor and cognitive control. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The macaque monkey has been the preeminent model for investigations of oculomotor control, but studies of cortical areas are limited, as many of these areas are buried within sulci in this species. Here we applied electrical microstimulation to the putative area LIP of the lissencephalic cortex of awake marmosets. Similar to the macaque, microstimulation evoked contralateral saccades from this area, supporting the marmoset as a valuable model for studies of oculomotor control.
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Smith, K. B., S. F. Lunn, and H. M. Fraser. "Inhibin secretion during the ovulatory cycle and pregnancy in the common marmoset monkey." Journal of Endocrinology 126, no. 3 (September 1990): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1260489.
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ABSTRACT Changes in plasma concentrations of immunoreactive inhibin in the reproductively cyclic, pregnant and ovariectomized female marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) were measured with a heterologous radioimmunoassay. The pattern of inhibin secretion in five marmosets studied individually during four consecutive cycles was shown to resemble that of progesterone. In these animals, data were pooled according to stage of cycle on the basis of plasma progesterone concentrations. Mean values for inhibin were 5465 and 4972 U/l during the early and late follicular phase. Concentrations rose during the luteal phase to 8431, 12 246 and 12 557 U/l for the early, mid- and late luteal phase respectively. The hormonal profile of inhibin during the normal cycle is similar in both marmoset and stumptailed macaque; however, the marmoset has a 28-fold greater level of inhibin during the luteal phase. In six marmosets in which pregnancy occurred, inhibin concentrations showed no decline at the end of the conceptual cycle and remained increased with respect to the follicular phase throughout the subsequent gestation. Inhibin levels were non-detectable (< 1000 U/l) in ovariectomized and acyclic marmosets. These results suggest that the corpus luteum is the major source of inhibin in this New World monkey, in common with man and the Old World primates. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 126, 489–495
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Lin, Zachary Yu-Ching, Masanori Imamura, Chiaki Sano, Ryusuke Nakajima, Tomoko Suzuki, Rie Yamadera, Yuji Takehara, Hirotaka James Okano, Erika Sasaki, and Hideyuki Okano. "Molecular signatures to define spermatogenic cells in common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)." REPRODUCTION 143, no. 5 (May 2012): 597–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-11-0215.
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Germ cell development is a fundamental process required to produce offspring. The developmental program of spermatogenesis has been assumed to be similar among mammals. However, recent studies have revealed differences in the molecular properties of primate germ cells compared with the well-characterized mouse germ cells. This may prevent simple application of rodent insights into higher primates. Therefore, thorough investigation of primate germ cells is necessary, as this may lead to the development of more appropriate animal models. The aim of this study is to define molecular signatures of spermatogenic cells in the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus. Interestingly, NANOG, PRDM1, DPPA3 (STELLA), IFITM3, and ZP1 transcripts, but no POU5F1 (OCT4), were detected in adult marmoset testis. Conversely, mouse testis expressed Pou5f1 but not Nanog, Prdm1, Dppa3, Ifitm3, and Zp1. Other previously described mouse germ cell markers were conserved in marmoset and mouse testes. Intriguingly, marmoset spermatogenic cells underwent dynamic protein expression in a developmental stage-specific manner; DDX4 (VASA) protein was present in gonocytes, diminished in spermatogonial cells, and reexpressed in spermatocytes. To investigate epigenetic differences between adult marmoset and mice, DNA methylation analyses identified unique epigenetic profiles to marmoset and mice. Marmoset NANOG and POU5F1 promoters in spermatogenic cells exhibited a methylation status opposite to that in mice, while the DDX4 and LEFTY1 loci, as well as imprinted genes, displayed an evolutionarily conserved methylation pattern. Marmosets have great advantages as models for human reproductive biology and are also valuable as experimental nonhuman primates; thus, the current study provides an important platform for primate reproductive biology, including possible applications to humans.
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Moi, Meng Ling, Tomohiko Takasaki, Tsutomu Omatsu, Shinichiro Nakamura, Yuko Katakai, Yasushi Ami, Yuriko Suzaki, Masayuki Saijo, Hirofumi Akari, and Ichiro Kurane. "Demonstration of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) as a non-human primate model for secondary dengue virus infection: high levels of viraemia and serotype cross-reactive antibody responses consistent with secondary infection of humans." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.060384-0.
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There are four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes. Primary infection with one does not confer protective immunity against the others. We have reported previously that the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a useful primary DENV infection model. It has been reported that secondary DENV infection with a heterotypic serotype induces viraemia kinetics and antibody responses that differ from those in primary infection. Thus, it is important to determine the utility of the marmoset as a model for secondary DENV infection. Marmosets were infected with heterologous DENV by secondary inoculation, and viraemia kinetics and antibody responses were analysed. The marmosets consistently developed high levels of viraemia after the secondary inoculation with heterologous DENV serotypes. IgM responses were lower compared with primary inoculation responses, whilst IgG responses were rapid and high. Neutralizing activities, which possessed serotype cross-reactive activities, were detected as early as 4 days after inoculation. In addition, infectious viraemia titres were higher when assayed with Fcγ receptor-expressing baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells than when assayed with conventional BHK cells, suggesting the presence of infectious virus–antibody immune complexes. After secondary infection with heterotypic DENV, the marmosets demonstrated viraemia kinetics, IgM and IgG responses, and high levels of serotype cross-reactive neutralizing antibody responses, all of which were consistent with secondary DENV infection in humans. The results indicate the marmoset as a useful animal for studying secondary, as well as primary, DENV infection.
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Pattison, J. Christina, David H. Abbott, Wendy Saltzman, Ann D. Nguyen, Gary Henderson, Hongwu Jing, Christopher R. Pryce, Amy J. Allen, Alan J. Conley, and Ian M. Bird. "Male Marmoset Monkeys Express an Adrenal Fetal Zone at Birth, But Not a Zona Reticularis in Adulthood." Endocrinology 146, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0689.
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Neonatal human males produce high levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfo-conjugated form (DS) that decline within a few months of birth, due to regression of the adrenal fetal zone (FZ). Adult male humans and rhesus monkeys produce C19 steroids in abundance from the adrenal zona reticularis (ZR). Male marmoset monkeys produce DS at birth, but unlike humans and rhesus monkeys, do not produce comparable amounts of DHEA and DS in adulthood. To determine whether male marmosets express a functional ZR in adulthood, we examined adult and neonatal male marmosets for the presence of a ZR and FZ, respectively. Exogenous ACTH failed to stimulate DHEA or DS in adults, and dexamethasone treatment failed to suppress DHEA and DS, although cortisol levels changed as expected. In steroidogenic tissues, the key proteins necessary to synthesize C19 steroids from pregnenolone are P450c17, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) oxido-reductase cytochrome P450 (reductase), and cytochromeb5 (cytb5). Adult adrenal cross sections showed P450c17 and reductase protein expression throughout the cortex but showed no expected decrease in 3β-HSD and increase in cytb5 in the innermost region. Western analysis confirmed these data, demonstrating comparable P450c17 expression to rhesus monkeys, but not cytb5. HPLC analysis revealed similar 17α-hydroxylase action on pregnenolone for adult marmoset and rhesus adrenal microsomes but greatly diminished 17,20-lyase activity in marmosets. Neonatal marmoset adrenals exhibited staining indicative of a putative FZ (with P450c17, reduced 3β-HSD and increased cytb5). We conclude that neonatal marmosets exhibit a C19 steroid-secreting FZ similar to humans, but adult males fail to acquire a functional ZR.
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Preuss, Todd M. "Critique of Pure Marmoset." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 93, no. 2-3 (2019): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000500500.
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The common marmoset, a New World (platyrrhine) monkey, is currently being fast-tracked as a non-human primate model species, especially for genetic modification but also as a general-purpose model for research on the brain and behavior bearing on the human condition. Compared to the currently dominant primate model, the catarrhine macaque monkey, marmosets are notable for certain evolutionary specializations, including their propensity for twin births, their very small size (a result of phyletic dwarfism), and features related to their small size (rapid development and relatively short lifespan), which result in these animals yielding experimental results more rapidly and at lower cost. Macaques, however, have their own advantages. Importantly, macaques are more closely related to humans (which are also catarrhine primates) than are marmosets, sharing approximately 20 million more years of common descent, and are demonstrably more similar to humans in a variety of genomic, molecular, and neurobiological characteristics. Furthermore, the very specializations of marmosets that make them attractive as experimental subjects, such as their rapid development and short lifespan, are ways in which marmosets differ from humans and in which macaques more closely resemble humans. These facts warrant careful consideration of the trade-offs between convenience and cost, on the one hand, and biological realism, on the other, in choosing between non-human primate models of human biology. Notwithstanding the advantages marmosets offer as models, prudence requires continued commitment to research on macaques and other primate species.
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Bright, Helen, Anthony R. Carroll, Paul A. Watts, and Robert J. Fenton. "Development of a GB Virus B Marmoset Model and Its Validation with a Novel Series of Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protease Inhibitors." Journal of Virology 78, no. 4 (February 15, 2004): 2062–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.4.2062-2071.2004.
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ABSTRACT GB virus B (GBV-B), a flavivirus closely related to HCV, has previously been shown to infect and replicate to high titers in tamarins (Saguinus sp.). This study describes the use of GBV-B infection and replication in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) for the successful development and validation of a surrogate animal model for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Infection of marmosets with GBV-B produced a viremia that peaked at 108 to 109 genome copies/ml for a period of 40 to 60 days followed by viral clearance at 60 to 80 days postinfection. Passage of the initial tamarin-derived GBV-B in marmosets produced an infectious stock that gave a more reproducible and consistent infection in the marmoset. Titration of the virus stocks in vivo indicated that they contained 1 infectious unit for every 1,000 genome copies. Cultures of primary marmoset hepatocytes were also successfully infected with GBV-B, with high levels of virus detected in supernatants and cells for up to 14 days postinfection. Treatment of GBV-B-infected hepatocyte cultures with a novel class of HCV protease inhibitor (pyrrolidine 5,5 trans-lactams) reduced viral levels by more than 2 logs. Treatment of GBV-B-infected marmosets with one such inhibitor resulted in a 3-log drop in serum viral titer over 4 days of therapy. These studies provide the first demonstration of the in vivo efficacy of a small-molecule inhibitor for HCV in an animal model and illustrate the utility of GBV-B as a surrogate animal model system for HCV.
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Selvanayagam, Janahan, Kevin D. Johnston, Raymond K. Wong, David Schaeffer, and Stefan Everling. "Ketamine disrupts gaze patterns during face viewing in the common marmoset." Journal of Neurophysiology 126, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00078.2021.
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Face processing, an important social cognitive ability, is impaired in neuropsychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia. The highly social common marmoset model presents an opportunity to investigate these impairments. We administered subanesthetic doses of ketamine to marmosets to model the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. We observed a disruption of scan paths during viewing of conspecifics’ faces. These findings support the use of ketamine in marmosets as a model for investigating social cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Budoff, Samuel, Kim Yano, Fernanda de Mesquita, Jhulimar Doerl, Maxwell de Santana, Manuela Nascimento, Ana Kunicki, and Mariana de Araújo. "Astrocytic Response to Acutely- and Chronically-Implanted Microelectrode Arrays in the Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Brain." Brain Sciences 9, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9020019.
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Microelectrode implants are an important tool in neuroscience research and in developing brain–machine interfaces. Data from rodents have consistently shown that astrocytes are recruited to the area surrounding implants, forming a glial scar that increases electrode impedance and reduces chronic utility. However, studies in non-human primates are scarce, with none to date in marmosets. We used glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining to characterize the acute and chronic response of the marmoset brain to microelectrodes. By using densitometry, we showed that marmoset astrocytes surround brain implants and that a glial scar is formed over time, with significant increase in the chronic condition relative to the acute condition animal.
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LaBonte, Jason A., Gregory J. Babcock, Trushar Patel, and Joseph Sodroski. "Blockade of HIV-1 Infection of New World Monkey Cells Occurs Primarily at the Stage of Virus Entry." Journal of Experimental Medicine 196, no. 4 (August 12, 2002): 431–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20020468.
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HIV-1 naturally infects chimpanzees and humans, but does not infect Old World monkeys because of replication blocks that occur after virus entry into the cell. To understand the species-specific restrictions operating on HIV-1 infection, the ability of HIV-1 to infect the cells of New World monkeys was examined. Primary cells derived from common marmosets and squirrel monkeys support every phase of HIV-1 replication with the exception of virus entry. Efficient HIV-1 entry typically requires binding of the viral envelope glycoproteins and host cell receptors, CD4 and either CCR5 or CXCR4 chemokine receptors. HIV-1 did not detectably bind or utilize squirrel monkey CD4 for entry, and marmoset CD4 was also very inefficient compared with human CD4. A marmoset CD4 variant, in which residues 48 and 59 were altered to the amino acids found in human CD4, supported HIV-1 entry efficiently. The CXCR4 molecules of both marmosets and squirrel monkeys supported HIV-1 infection, but the CCR5 proteins of both species were only marginally functional. These results demonstrate that the CD4 and CCR5 proteins of New World monkeys represent the major restriction against HIV-1 replication in these primates. Directed adaptation of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to common marmoset receptors might allow the development of New World monkey models of HIV-1 infection.
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Tian, Yamin, Yan Dong, Seiichiro Kobayashi, Manabu Ozawa, Kiyoko Izawa, Yuansong Bai, Yasushi Soda, et al. "Leukemogenic Fusion Gene (p190 BCR-ABL) Transduction Into Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells In the Common Marmoset." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 4323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.4323.4323.
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Abstract Abstract 4323 [Introduction] Patients with Philadelphia chromosome (p190 BCR-ABL fusion gene)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia have a poor prognosis despite intensive therapeutic intervention. Although a rodent model of this leukemia was previously established, the genetic and physiological differences between humans and rodents make it difficult to extrapolate the results from these models and apply these findings to human cases. Primates are more genetically related to humans than rodents. In this study, we attempted to develop a leukemia non-human primate model that mimics various human systems. [Methods and results] (1) A third-generation VSV.G pseudotyped lentiviral vector expressing the p190 BCR-ABL fusion gene driven by CMV or PGK promoter was produced (HIV-CMV/PGK-BCR-ABL). Ba/F3 cells, a mIL-3-dependent murine hematopoietic cell line, were transfected with this vector and cultured without mIL-3. These cells rapidly expanded after 12 days, indicating that p190 BCR-ABL gene expression allowed the Ba/F3 cells to grow autonomously. Next, using a biotin-labeled anti-marmoset CD34 monoclonal antibody (clone MA24) which was produced in our laboratory, MACS-sorted bone marrow CD34+ cells were transduced with the lentiviral vector (HIV-CMV/PGK-BCR-ABL) and subjected to the colony formation assay. In the majority of examined colonies, p190 BCR-ABL gene was detected regardless of the promoter. Taken together, the above findings indicate that p190 BCR-ABL gene was efficiently transduced into marmoset hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. (2) Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) were collected from individual marmosets after mobilizing the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells with G-CSF. These cells were stimulated with cytokines (hIL3, hSCF and hTPO), followed by the transduction with the lentiviral vector. These cells were transplanted into marmosets preconditioned with busulfan. In this ex vivo transduction method, p190 BCR-ABL gene expression which was detected in PBMNCs by nested RT-PCR disappeared after day 56 and 100 in two marmosets. (3) Concentrated lentiviral vector was directly injected into the bone marrow cavity of individual marmosets pretreated with 5-fluorouracil and prednisolone. In this in vivo direct injection method, p190 BCR-ABL gene expression was maintained for more than one year and a half. Transduction of p190 BCR-ABL gene into hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells was confirmed by colony forming assay. In this model, one marmoset unexpectedly developed myelofibrosis-like disease. However, none of the marmosets have developed leukemia to date. [Conclusion] We successfully achieved sustained p190 BCR-ABL gene expression in vivo. This novel in vivo approach will help to develop a marmoset leukemia model in the future. Because a multiple-hit model of oncogenesis has been proposed for various human cancers, a genetic mutation in addition to p190 BCR-ABL may be required for the malignant transformation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in the common marmoset. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Azees, Parveez Ahamed Abdul, Juan Pablo Palavicini, Xianlin Han, Adam Salmon, and Amrita Kamat. "Feasibility of a Novel Nonhuman Primate Model of Age-Related Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A287—A288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.584.
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Abstract The objective of the proposed study is to investigate the feasibility of the marmoset as an animal model to study age-associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This chronic liver disease includes a spectrum of disorders ranging from increased triglyceride accumulation in the liver or hepatic steatosis to the more severe inflammatory form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis that can lead to cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma in individuals who do not have a history of alcohol abuse. Aging increases the prevalence of NAFLD and is strongly associated with the progression and severity of this disease. End-stage hepatic failure and liver cancer resulting from advanced NAFLD are leading indications for liver transplantation enhancing the burden on our healthcare systems. Accumulating clinical evidence also suggests that patients with NAFLD have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease. Pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the development and progression of NAFLD are poorly understood and as such, there is a lack of effective therapies. The common marmoset is a relatively short-lived non-human primate that recapitulates many of the physiological changes that occur in human aging. We hypothesized an age-associated increase in hepatic steatosis and alterations in serum lipid profile in the marmoset model. An increase in triglyceride levels and oil red o staining in liver tissues of old marmosets compared to young animals was observed suggesting an age-associated increase in hepatic steatosis in marmosets as observed in humans. Lipidomic studies were also performed using blood samples from male and female marmosets to investigate age-associated changes in specific lipid species, which are characteristic of aberrant lipid metabolism. Analysis of the results revealed significant decreases in several phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin species in the plasma of old marmosets compared to young marmosets. We are now performing studies to determine whether the observed changes in different lipid species could influence the development of cardiovascular disease and provide new insights underlying the mechanisms of NAFLD development with aging.
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Hsu, Eric C., Farida Sarangi, Caterina Iorio, Mohinderjit S. Sidhu, Stephen A. Udem, Dirck L. Dillehay, Wenbo Xu, Paul A. Rota, William J. Bellini, and Christopher D. Richardson. "A Single Amino Acid Change in the Hemagglutinin Protein of Measles Virus Determines Its Ability To Bind CD46 and Reveals Another Receptor on Marmoset B Cells." Journal of Virology 72, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 2905–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.4.2905-2916.1998.
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ABSTRACT This paper provides evidence for a measles virus receptor other than CD46 on transformed marmoset and human B cells. We first showed that most tissues of marmosets are missing the SCR1 domain of CD46, which is essential for the binding of Edmonston measles virus, a laboratory strain that has been propagated in Vero monkey kidney cells. In spite of this deletion, the common marmoset was shown to be susceptible to infections by wild-type isolates of measles virus, although they did not support Edmonston measles virus production. As one would expect from these results, measles virus could not be propagated in owl monkey or marmoset kidney cell lines, but surprisingly, both a wild-type isolate (Montefiore 89) and the Edmonston laboratory strain of measles virus grew efficiently in B95-8 marmoset B cells. In addition, antibodies directed against CD46 had no effect on wild-type infections of marmoset B cells and only partially inhibited the replication of the Edmonston laboratory strain in the same cells. A direct binding assay with insect cells expressing the hemagglutinin (H) proteins of either the Edmonston or Montefiore 89 measles virus strains was used to probe the receptors on these B cells. Insect cells expressing Edmonston H but not the wild-type H bound to rodent cells with CD46 on their surface. On the other hand, both the Montefiore 89 H and Edmonston H proteins adhered to marmoset and human B cells. Most wild-type H proteins have asparagine residues at position 481 and can be converted to a CD46-binding phenotype by replacement of the residue with tyrosine. Similarly, the Edmonston H protein did not bind CD46 when its Tyr481 was converted to asparagine. However, this mutation did not affect the ability of Edmonston H to bind marmoset and human B cells. The preceding results provide evidence, through the use of a direct binding assay, that a second receptor for measles virus is present on primate B cells.
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Nuara, Stephen G., Lori A. Burgess, Adjia Hamadjida, Jim C. Gourdon, and Philippe Huot. "The neuro-toxin MPTP does not prevent reproduction in marmosets." MNI Open Research 3 (April 26, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/mniopenres.12818.1.
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1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a neuro-toxin that has been employed to model Parkinson’s disease in non-human primates for over 3 decades. Despite its use for such a long period, little is known about the effects of MPTP on reproductive function. Here, we report the case of a male marmoset which was able to procreate 1.5 year after having been administered the toxin. We also report on 1 male and 1 female MPTP-lesioned marmosets which produced babies after being housed together for 5 years. These cases suggests that MPTP may not interfere with marmoset reproductive function or that if it does, it may be for a limited period of time.
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Nuara, Stephen G., Lori A. Burgess, Adjia Hamadjida, Jim C. Gourdon, and Philippe Huot. "The neuro-toxin MPTP does not prevent reproduction in marmosets." MNI Open Research 3 (May 22, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/mniopenres.12818.2.
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1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a neuro-toxin that has been employed to model Parkinson’s disease in non-human primates for over 3 decades. Despite its use for such a long period, little is known about the effects of MPTP on reproductive function. Here, we report the case of a male marmoset which was able to procreate 1.5 year after having been administered the toxin. We also report on 1 male and 1 female MPTP-lesioned marmosets which produced babies after being housed together for 5 years. These cases suggest that MPTP may not interfere with marmoset reproductive function or that if it does, it may be for a limited period of time.
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Otsuki, Fukuda, Inoue, Mineshige, Otsuki, Horikoshi, Endo, and Abe. "Preclinical Study of DNA-Recognized Peptide Compound Pyrrole-Imidazole Polyamide Targeting Human TGF-β1 Promoter for Progressive Renal Diseases in the Common Marmoset." Molecules 24, no. 17 (September 1, 2019): 3178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173178.
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Pyrrole-imidazole (PI) polyamides are novel gene silencers that strongly bind the promoter region of target genes in a sequence-specific manner to inhibit gene transcription. We created a PI polyamide targeting human TGF-β1 (hTGF-β1). To develop this PI polyamide targeting hTGF-β1 (Polyamide) as a practical medicine for treating progressive renal diseases, we examined the effects of Polyamide in two common marmoset models of nephropathy. We performed lead optimization of PI polyamides that targeted hTGF-β1 by inhibiting in a dose-dependent manner the expression of TGF-β1 mRNA stimulated by PMA in marmoset fibroblasts. Marmosets were housed and fed with a 0.05% NaCl and magnesium diet and treated with cyclosporine A (CsA; 37.5 mg/kg/day, eight weeks) to establish chronic nephropathy. We treated the marmosets with nephropathy with Polyamide (1 mg/kg/week, four weeks). We also established a unilateral urethral obstruction (UUO) model to examine the effects of Polyamide (1 mg/kg/week, four times) in marmosets. Histologically, the renal medulla from CsA-treated marmosets showed cast formation and interstitial fibrosis in the renal medulla. Immunohistochemistry showed strong staining of Polyamide in the renal medulla from CsA-treated marmosets. Polyamide treatment (1 mg/kg/week, four times) reduced hTGF-β1 staining and urinary protein excretion in CsA-treated marmosets. In UUO kidneys from marmosets, Polyamide reduced the glomerular injury score and tubulointerstitial injury score. Polyamide significantly suppressed hTGF-β1 and snail mRNA expression in UUO kidneys from the marmosets. Polyamide effectively improved CsA- and UUO-associated nephropathy, indicating its potential application in the prevention of renal fibrosis in progressive renal diseases.
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Nelson, Michelle, Mark S. Lever, Rachel E. Dean, Peter C. Pearce, Daniel J. Stevens, and Andrew J. H. Simpson. "Bioavailability and Efficacy of Levofloxacin against Francisella tularensis in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 9 (July 12, 2010): 3922–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00390-10.
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ABSTRACT Pharmacokinetic and efficacy studies with levofloxacin were performed in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) model of inhalational tularemia. Plasma levofloxacin pharmacokinetics were determined in six animals in separate single-dose and multidose studies. Plasma drug concentrations were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-electrospray ionization. On day 7 of a twice-daily dosing regimen of 40 mg/kg, the levofloxacin half-life, maximum concentration, and area under the curve in marmoset plasma were 2.3 h, 20.9 μg/ml, and 81.4 μg/liter/h, respectively. An efficacy study was undertaken using eight treated and two untreated control animals. Marmosets were challenged with a mean of 1.5 × 102 CFU of Francisella tularensis by the airborne route. Treated animals were administered 16.5 mg/kg levofloxacin by mouth twice daily, based on the pharmacokinetic parameters, beginning 24 h after challenge. Control animals had a raised core body temperature by 57 h postchallenge and died from infection by day 5. All of the other animals survived, remained afebrile, and lacked overt clinical signs. No bacteria were recovered from the organs of these animals at postmortem after culling at day 24 postchallenge. In conclusion, postexposure prophylaxis with orally administered levofloxacin was efficacious against acute inhalational tularemia in the common marmoset. The marmoset appears to be an appropriate animal model for the evaluation of postexposure therapies.
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Nelson, M., and M. Loveday. "Exploring the Innate Immunological Response of an Alternative Nonhuman Primate Model of Infectious Disease; the Common Marmoset." Journal of Immunology Research 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/913632.
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The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is increasingly being utilised as a nonhuman primate model for human disease, ranging from autoimmune to infectious disease. In order to fully exploit these models, meaningful comparison to the human host response is necessary. Commercially available reagents, primarily targeted to human cells, were utilised to assess the phenotype and activation status of key immune cell types and cytokines in naive and infected animals. Single cell suspensions of blood, spleen, and lung were examined. Generally, the phenotype of cells was comparable between humans and marmosets, with approximately 63% of all lymphocytes in the blood of marmosets being T cells, 25% B-cells, and 12% NK cells. The percentage of neutrophils in marmoset blood were more similar to human values than mouse values. Comparison of the activation status of cells following experimental systemic or inhalational infection exhibited different trends in different tissues, most obvious in cell types active in the innate immune response. This work significantly enhances the ability to understand the immune response in these animals and fortifies their use as models of infectious disease.
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Fogg, Mark H., Angela Carville, Jennifer Cameron, Carol Quink, and Fred Wang. "Reduced Prevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Lymphocryptovirus Infection in Sera from a New World Primate." Journal of Virology 79, no. 15 (August 1, 2005): 10069–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.15.10069-10072.2005.
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ABSTRACT The recent discovery of an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related lymphocryptovirus (LCV) naturally infecting common marmosets demonstrated that gamma-1 herpesviruses are not limited to human and Old World nonhuman primate hosts. We developed serologic assays to detect serum antibodies against lytic- and latent-infection marmoset LCV antigens in order to perform the first seroepidemiologic study of LCV infection in New World primates. In three different domestic colonies and in animals recently captured from the wild, we found that the seroprevalence of marmoset LCV infection was not as ubiquitous as with EBV or Old World LCV. These biologic differences in LCV infection of New World versus human and Old World primate hosts correlate with the evolution of the LCV viral gene repertoire.
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Hori, Yuki, David J. Schaeffer, Kyle M. Gilbert, Lauren K. Hayrynen, Justine C. Cléry, Joseph S. Gati, Ravi S. Menon, and Stefan Everling. "Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity Between Awake and Isoflurane Anesthetized Marmosets." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 11 (June 18, 2020): 5943–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa168.
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Abstract The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a New World primate that is becoming increasingly popular as a preclinical model. To assess functional connectivity (FC) across the marmoset brain, resting-state functional MRI (RS-fMRI) is often performed under isoflurane anesthesia to avoid the effects of motion, physiological stress, and training requirements. In marmosets, however, it remains unclear how isoflurane anesthesia affects patterns of FC. Here, we investigated the effects of isoflurane on FC when delivered with either medical air or 100% pure oxygen, two canonical methods of inhalant isoflurane anesthesia delivery. The results demonstrated that when delivered with either medical air or 100% oxygen, isoflurane globally decreased FC across resting-state networks that were identified in awake marmosets. Generally, although isoflurane globally decreased FC in resting-state networks, the spatial structure of the networks was preserved. Outside of the context of RS networks, we indexed pair-wise functional connectivity between regions across the brain and found that isoflurane substantially altered interhemispheric and thalamic FC. Taken together, these findings indicate that RS-fMRI under isoflurane anesthesia is useful to evaluate the global structure of functional networks, but may obfuscate important nodes of some network components when compared to data acquired in fully awake marmosets.
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Johnston, Kevin D., Kevin Barker, Lauren Schaeffer, David Schaeffer, and Stefan Everling. "Methods for chair restraint and training of the common marmoset on oculomotor tasks." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 1636–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00866.2017.
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The oculomotor system is the most thoroughly understood sensorimotor system in the brain, due in large part to electrophysiological studies carried out in macaque monkeys trained to perform oculomotor tasks. A disadvantage of the macaque model is that many cortical oculomotor areas of interest lie within sulci, making high-density array and laminar recordings impractical. Many techniques of molecular biology developed in rodents, such as optogenetic manipulation of neuronal subtypes, are also limited in this species. The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) possesses a smooth cortex, allowing easy access to frontoparietal oculomotor areas, and may bridge the gap between systems neuroscience in macaques and molecular techniques. Techniques for restraint, training, and neural recording in these animals have been well developed in auditory neuroscience. Those for oculomotor neuroscience, however, remain at a relatively early stage. In this article we provide details of a custom-designed restraint chair for marmosets, a combination head restraint/recording chamber allowing access to cortical oculomotor areas and providing stability suitable for eye movement and neural recordings, as well as a training protocol for oculomotor tasks. We additionally report the results of a psychophysical study in marmosets trained to perform a saccade task using these methods, showing that, as in rhesus and humans, marmosets exhibit a “gap effect,” a decrease in reaction time when the fixation stimulus is removed before the onset of a visual saccade target. These results are the first evidence of this effect in marmosets and support the common marmoset model for neurophysiological investigations of oculomotor control. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The ability to carry out neuronal recordings in behaving primates has provided a wealth of information regarding the neural circuits underlying the control of eye movements. Such studies require restraint of the animal within a primate chair, head fixation, methods of acclimating the animals to this restraint, and the use of operant conditioning methods for training on oculomotor tasks. In contrast to the macaque model, relatively few studies have reported in detail methods for use in the common marmoset. In this report we detail custom-designed equipment and methods by which we have used to successfully train head-restrained marmosets to perform basic oculomotor tasks.
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Omorphos, S. C., C. Rice-Evans, and C. Hawkey. "Heinz bodies do not modify the membrane characteristics of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) erythrocytes." Laboratory Animals 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367789780886876.
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The possibility was examined that the membrane function of erythrocytes obtained from healthy common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus) was modified by the presence in the cells of Heinz bodies. No significant differences were found in erythrocyte endogenous free malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) or reduced glutathione (GSH) between normal human erythrocytes and marmoset erythrocytes containing Heinz bodies. Membrane fluorescent chromolipids, surface charge and thiol levels were similar in both species but average membrane bulk lipid fluidity was slightly elevated in the marmosets. It was concluded that, in contrast to the situation in human erythrocytes, the presence of Heinz bodies in red cells of marmosets does not adversely affect the properties of the membrane.
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Amato, F., AP Simula, LJ Gameau, and RJ Norman. "Expression, characterisation and immunoassay of recombinant marmoset chorionic gonadotrophin dimer and beta-subunit." Journal of Endocrinology 159, no. 1 (October 1, 1998): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1590141.
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A specific and sensitive ELISA for measuring marmoset chorionic gonadotrophin (mCG) in culture medium, urine and plasma was developed using a polyclonal antibody raised against recombinant mCG, tagged with six histidine molecules (rmCG-6His), as the capture antibody. A well-characterised monoclonal antibody (518B7), which was generated against bovine luteinising hormone (bLH) and has been shown to detect CG and LH in Callithrichid monkeys, was biotinylated and used as the secondary antibody. Purified rmCG, calibrated against human CG (hCG; CR127) by bioassay, or the beta-subunit (rmCGbeta), quantified from amino acid analysis and carbohydrate analysis, was used as the standard. The assay was able to detect CG activity in medium collected from cultured marmoset embryos before attachment and through to the trophoblastic vesicle stage, plasma and urine collected from pregnant marmosets, marmoset placenta and pituitary homogenates. The assay was validated and its performance compared with a bioassay based on MA10 cell response to CG, with hCG as the standard. The sensitivity was 103 pg/ml (5 pg/well) of rmCGbeta and 476 pg/ml (24 pg/well) of the heterodimer rmCG. The mean recovery of standard added to embryo culture medium, marmoset urine and plasma was 104, 112 and 92% respectively. The intra- and interassay variation was less than 10 and 16% respectively. The low cross-reactivity with cynomolgus monkey and baboon LH, their beta-subunits, cynomolgus monkey and baboon follicle-stimulating hormone and hCG suggests that the assay is specific for mCG.
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Costa-Araújo, Rodrigo, Fabiano R. de Melo, Gustavo Rodrigues Canale, Sandra M. Hernández-Rangel, Mariluce Rezende Messias, Rogério Vieira Rossi, Felipe E. Silva, et al. "The Munduruku marmoset: a new monkey species from southern Amazonia." PeerJ 7 (July 25, 2019): e7019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7019.
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Although the Atlantic Forest marmosets (Callithrix spp.) are among the best studied Neotropical primates, the Amazonian marmosets (Callibella humilis, Cebuella spp. and Mico spp.) are much less well-known. Even species diversity and distributions are yet to be properly determined because field data and materials currently available in scientific collections do not allow comprehensive taxonomic studies of Amazonian marmosets. From 2015 to 2018, we conducted 10 expeditions in key-areas within southern Amazonia where little or no information on marmosets was available. In one such region—the Tapajós–Jamanxim interfluve—we recorded marmosets with a distinctive pelage pigmentation pattern suggesting they could represent a new species. We tested this hypothesis using an integrative taxonomic framework that included phylogenomic data (ddRAD sequences), pelage pigmentation characters, and distribution records. We found that the marmosets of the northern Tapajós–Jamanxim interfluve have unique states in pelage pigmentation characters, form a clade (100% support) in our Bayesian and Maximum-Likelihood phylogenies, and occur in an area isolated from other taxa by rivers. The integration of these lines of evidence leads us to describe a new marmoset species in the genus Mico, named after the Munduruku Amerindians of the Tapajós–Jamanxim interfluve, southwest of Pará State, Brazil.
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Kiyotaki, M., R. C. Desrosiers, and N. L. Letvin. "Herpesvirus saimiri strain 11 immortalizes a restricted marmoset T8 lymphocyte subpopulation in vitro." Journal of Experimental Medicine 164, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 926–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.164.3.926.
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Herpesvirus saimiri induces a fatal lymphoproliferative syndrome in a variety of New World primate species. We now show that cell lines derived from PBL of the common marmoset by in vitro-immortalization with H. saimiri strain 11 represent a remarkably restricted lymphocyte population. These cell lines have NK cell function, phenotypically express both suppressor/cytotoxic (T8) and NK cell (NKH1)-associated antigens, and express a T cell receptor. This subpopulation of lymphocytes is a very minor population of cells in the peripheral blood of common marmosets (less than or equal to 3%). The specificity in the interaction between H. saimiri strain 11 and a subpopulation of common marmoset lymphocytes represents an example of a restricted viral lymphotropism and may have important implications for the disease induced by this virus in New World monkeys.
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Yang, Chentao, Yang Zhou, Stephanie Marcus, Giulio Formenti, Lucie A. Bergeron, Zhenzhen Song, Xupeng Bi, et al. "Evolutionary and biomedical insights from a marmoset diploid genome assembly." Nature 594, no. 7862 (April 28, 2021): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03535-x.
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AbstractThe accurate and complete assembly of both haplotype sequences of a diploid organism is essential to understanding the role of variation in genome functions, phenotypes and diseases1. Here, using a trio-binning approach, we present a high-quality, diploid reference genome, with both haplotypes assembled independently at the chromosome level, for the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), an primate model system that is widely used in biomedical research2,3. The full spectrum of heterozygosity between the two haplotypes involves 1.36% of the genome—much higher than the 0.13% indicated by the standard estimation based on single-nucleotide heterozygosity alone. The de novo mutation rate is 0.43 × 10−8 per site per generation, and the paternal inherited genome acquired twice as many mutations as the maternal. Our diploid assembly enabled us to discover a recent expansion of the sex-differentiation region and unique evolutionary changes in the marmoset Y chromosome. In addition, we identified many genes with signatures of positive selection that might have contributed to the evolution of Callithrix biological features. Brain-related genes were highly conserved between marmosets and humans, although several genes experienced lineage-specific copy number variations or diversifying selection, with implications for the use of marmosets as a model system.
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Lin, Carol, Abduqodir Toychiev, Reynolds Ablordeppey, Nefeli Slavi, Miduturu Srinivas, and Alexandra Benavente-Perez. "Myopia Alters the Structural Organization of the Retinal Vasculature, GFAP-Positive Glia, and Ganglion Cell Layer Thickness." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 6202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116202.
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To describe the effect of myopic eye growth on the structure and distribution of astrocytes, vasculature, and ganglion cell thickness, which are critical for inner retinal tissue homeostasis and survival, astrocyte and capillary distribution, retinal nerve fiber (RNFL), and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thicknesses were assessed using immunochemistry and spectral domain optical coherence tomography on eleven retinas of juvenile common marmosets (Callithrix Jacchus), six of which were induced with lens-induced myopia (refraction, Rx: −7.01 ± 1.8D). Five untreated age-matched juvenile marmoset retinas were used as controls (Rx: −0.74 ± 0.4D). As control marmoset eyes grew normally, there was an age-related increase in astrocyte numbers, which was associated with RNFL thickening. Marmosets with induced myopia did not show this trend and, on the contrary, had reduced astrocyte numbers, increased positive GFAP-immunopositive staining, thinner RNFL, lower peripheral capillary branching, and increased numbers of string vessels. The myopic changes in retinal astrocytes, vasculature, and ganglion cell layer thickness suggest a reorganization of the astrocyte and vascular templates during myopia development and progression. Whether these adaptations are beneficial or harmful to the retina remains to be investigated.