Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Marlborough'

Maud Island (Te Hoiere - "a long paddle or mighty pull") is a moderately sized island of 309 hectares, located in the Pelorus Sound (41°, 02 'S, 173° 54 'E) Marlborough, at the north-east end of the South Island of New Zealand. It has a long history of human modification and impacts since its colonisation by Maori and early Europeans. The vegetation of Maud Island has been studied in the 1980's and again in the early 1990's. The objectives of this study were to (1) describe how the vascular plant communities vary in species composition across Maud Island, (2) determine which environmental factors are important predictors of the variation in species composition of Maud Island plant communities, and (3) describe the pattern of succession of the plant communities on Maud Island over the last twenty years. In this 2001 study, I comprehensively sampled the vegetation on Maud Island using a Reconnaissance Description Procedure in a total of 158 plots across the island and compared these results to previous descriptions. I also retook photos at permanent photo points to provide a visual comparison of vegetation change. In total, 219 plant species were identified; 177 species occurred within the plots and 42 additional species were observed while walking around the coastline and walking tracks. Six dominant plant species occurred in over 70% of the plots. They were Pteridium esculentum, Pseudopanax arboreus, Hebe stricta var. stricta, Melicytus ramiflorus, Ozothamnus leptophylla and Coprosma robusta. Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis resulted in the description of eight different plant communities on the island. Detrended correspondence analysis showed a high degree of turnover in species composition among these communities. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that slope and moisture were particularly important predictors of variation in plant species composition. The environmental factors that best predicted to variation communities were slope, moisture, and a gradient in historical disturbance. Comparisons of present and past vegetation maps and photos (ground and aerial) showed, in terms of the successional pathways of the vegetation on Maud Island, that over time, the vegetation is reverting from short stature grassland and scrub to predominantly forest scrub and young secondary forest.

A recent historical geography examining the development and evolution of a winegrowing region of New Zealand. The development of Marlborough as the nation's major viticultural location has been one of the most important developments of New Zealand’s continued growth as a wine producer. The major emphasis of this study is on the wine companies who got involved in Marlborough and have built wineries in the region. The scale of each operation and the many different reasons for each individual or companies involvement were examined and discussed. An important area of this study has been the principle reasons leading to Montana Wines deciding to plant vineyards in Marlborough in 1973. A major finding has been that there has been considerable over-emphasis on the physical characteristics of the Marlborough region and a neglect of the other “human factors” the major one being the availability of land and the price of land in explaining the region's development as a wine producer. The development of Marlborough has occurred over four stages. These are: a) The initial action by one company which pioneers a new landuse; b) If successful further development occurs by both small and large producers; c) International interest and participation; and d) end of first phase of development. Marlborough has yet to reach full maturity, because there is still some experimentation occurring with different vine varieties.

This thesis examines coastal form and sediments of the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. An important aspect of coastal behaviour in this landscape stems from linkages between catchment and coast. Focus is therefore placed on the manner in which sediment delivered from catchment sources is redistributed within the shore and offshore domains. Coastal response is shown to depend on two factors: the form of the receiving sites and the mobility of sediments within them. Investigation of coastal landforms at a range of scales identifies the framework within which sedimentation takes place. Consideration of landscape sediment redistribution at Quaternary, Holocene and human timescales establishes the locations in the coastal landscape in which change has taken place. A key factor in coastal response relates to the wide size range of sediments delivered. The fractionation of sediment within the coastal domains is used as an index by which to identify the controls on coastal sedimentation. A new conceptual model of coastal behaviour, the Ordered Response Model, is developed as a framework within which to investigate coastal response. The model is operationalised in three ways. This is done first with regard to coastal sediments and their grain-size interpretation, secondly in the context of shoreline form and sediment redistribution, and thirdly in relation to form and sediment trapping within coastal embayments. The patterns of sediment redistribution are seen to reflect trapping behaviour in the coastal landscape at a range of scales. Sediments are investigated from the viewpoint of the factors which determine their retention or accumulation in or rejection from a coastal site. Shore sites are distinguished on the basis of the extent to which they trap materials delivered to them from catchment sources. Governing factors are shoreline gradient and size grade of materials. A primary fractionation of sediments takes place at the shore and the finer fractions are by-passed to the nearshore. Sediment fractions that are relatively immobile under prevailing environmental conditions develop paved lag surfaces at a range of scales. Sediments that accumulate at the shore are distinctive in their mixed sand and xv gravel composition with a dominant mode in the granule and very coarse sand grades (-291 to 091). Sediment deposited on the intertidal surfaces is found to be redistributed by a distinctive mechanism. Migratory intertidal bedforms defined here as "clastic waves" are a means by which the low energy shores disperse sediment which is delivered to them. These waves are a distinctive form of the shoreline of the Marlborough Sounds, and have attributes different from other shoreline forms identified in the literature. Clastic waves are shore-parallel, crescentic or lunate forms with longshore crest dimensions of 0.5 to 30m, length dimension perpendicular to the crest of up to 20m, and crest heights of 0.05m to 0.5m. Rates of intermittent migration vary from 1m/day to 10m/year. Key factors in their development are identified as low wave energy, tidal range, intermediate to low intertidal gradients (<1:20) and a mixed sand and fine gravel grain-size. Bathymetric form is found to reflect the varying influence of sub-bottom morphology, sediment accumulation and hydraulic reworking. Analysis of sediment thickness identifies a mean thickness over sub-bottom of 7.33m in Pelorus Sound. Spatial variations in sediment thickness identifY marginal embayments as significant sediment traps. Mean sedimentation rates calculated over a 6,000 year timespan give Pelorus Sound a spatially averaged rate of 1.22mm/yr. Sub-bottom form is shown to have a stronger role in determining bathymetric form than previously reported. Due to the constraining effect of shallow sub-bottom form on sedimentary processes sediment thicknesses in the inner Pelorus Sound are not greater than those found in channels or embayments in the middle reaches of the Sound. A mean thickness of 5.75m from sub-bottom seismic profiles in the inner Pelorus equates to a sedimentation rate of 0.96mm/year over 6,000years, at about which time the river valleys of the Marlborough Sounds were drowned by postglacial rising sea-levels. Analysis of sub-bottom form reveals evidence of previously unreported drowned terrace remnants, which are correlated to subaerial terrace remnants. On the basis of both long profile patterns along these remnant surfaces and an analysis of bathymetric form of marginal bays and channels, an interpretation is developed of the origin of form in Pelorus Channel and Tory ChanneL Sediment trapping behaviour is identified as the most distinctive attribute of this coastal landscape, and shown to operate at a range of nested scales. As a XVI consequence of trapping behaviour, the operation of any part of this coastal landscape must be considered in relation to its operation as a whole.

The Marlborough Fault System is a zone of dextral transpression in continental crust at the southern end of the Hikurangi subduction system between the obliquely convergent Australian and Pacific plates. Detailed mapping of an area of deformed Tertiary cover sequence on the down thrown side of the Kekerengu Fault (the Kekerengu- Washdyke study area) has revealed two phases of deformation, D_e and D_l. In the study area De consists of nine kilometre scale thrust faults cutting sediments derived from extra- and intra-basinal uplift. The timing of this episode is constrained by the age of the first clastic deposits and by a previously unidentified unconformity in this area of Late Miocene age. A clear sequence of D_l events is recognized deforming all earlier structures including Pliocene aged sediments. Although elsewhere in Marlborough a regional post-Pliocene ca. 20° clockwise block rotation has been previously identified, in the Kekerengu-Washdyke study area one site suggested no post-Pliocene rotation and another a large ca. 100° clockwise rotation. This lack of D_l rotation was unexplained and the large rotation attributed to localized Early Miocene deformation. Palaeomagnetic work carried out in this study has identified six more sites which contain this large rotation (average ca. 118+11°). The rotation therefore appears to be a regional event, likely to be a result of the location of Marlborough in the hinge zone at the southern end of the Hikurangi Margin. One site from dykes in basement rocks does not record this large rotation, indicating that the rotation occurred in upper layers detached from unrotating rock below by an unknown structure (such as a thrust fault), or that the rotation did not occur in this area. The large rotation is believed to have been achieved by pinning of the D_e thrusts to the south of the Marlborough region. The data suggests that the D_e thrusts in Marlborough were initially NW-trending and seaward, not landward-directed as was previously supposed. Palaeomagnetic work has also added to the evidence for a lack of D_l regional rotation on the downthrown side of the Kekerengu Fault. A previously unidentified second phase of D_l folding and 'bending' within the study area appears to have accommodated the regional rotation and suggests that the Kekerengu Fault acted as the eastern boundary of the D_l rotating block.

An extensive study of the stratigraphy of the Amuri Limestone Group (Upper Cretaceous Upper Eocene) and the enclosing units in East Marlborough has been undertaken. The study includes regional correlation of detailed measured sections in conjunction with lithofacies descriptions, micropaleontological age determinations, petrographic examination, and geochemical analysis. A revised New Zealand Paleogene time scale has been compiled to take into account recent major revisions of international Cenozoic geochronology. The Amuri Limestone Group (c.660m maximum thickness) incorporates 6 formations: Mead Hill Formation (mid Haumurian - lower Waipawan); Teredo Limestone (mid Waipawan late Mangaorapan); Lower Limestone (mid Waipawan – mid Mangaorapan); Lower Marl (upper Waipawan - lower Heretaungan); Middle Limestone (lower Mangaorapan - lower Bortonian); Upper Marl (upper Porangan - upper Runangan). The Mead Hill Formation is diachronous and conformable on the Upper Iwitahi Group which includes the Woolshed Formation (lower - upper Haumurian) and the overlying Claverley Sandstone (upper Haumurian). The Mead Hill Formation contains the Flaxbourne Limestone Member (mid Haumurian) and Lower Chert Member (late Haumurian). The Lower Limestone contains the Upper Chert Member (mid Waipawan). The Fells Greensand Member (mid Bortonian) and Grass Seed Volcanics Member (upper Bortonian) are both intercalated within the Middle Limestone and Upper Marl. With the exception of post-unconformity sandy facies, the Amuri Limestone consists of dcm-bedded, light greenish grey, well indurated, foraminiferal biomicritic calcilutites and poorly indurated, smectite-rich marls. Macrofossils are extremely rare. Cretaceous sequences are characterized by a poorly developed Planolites - Teichichnus ichnoassemblage; Paleogene facies are dominated by a Zoophycos - Planolites ichnoassemblage. Pelagic limestone deposition was initiated within a central NW-trending trough and spread outwards onto the adjacent near-horizontal platform. Subsidence of the trough is inferred to have been maintained by reactivation of basement faults. Water depths on the platform are likely to have been relatively shallow (inner shelf) during the Late Cretaceous but much deeper (outer shelf - bathyal) during the Paleocene and Eocene. Basin morphology was the major control on lateral facies variations. Platform sediments are characteristically more thinly bedded, and the thickness of individual Formations is correspondingly attenuated, in comparison with trough facies. Chert and dolomite are restricted to the lower parts of the trough facies. Basin-wide unconformities are recognized in the late Haumurian, mid Waipawan (sub-Teredo Limestone unconformity), mid Bortonian, and mid Whaingaroan. Although these breaks are disconformable in platform areas, they regionally account for large amounts of differential erosion. Submarine erosion, hardground formation, development of a Thallasinoides-dominated ichnofauna, glauconitization, phosphatization, and accumulation of a thin sandy facies are typical of unconformities outside the trough. Within the trough, the Haumurian and Waipawan breaks in deposition are represented by paraconformities or coevally deposited siliceous, pyritic mudstones. The subfeldsarenitic Claverley Sandstone was intra-basinally derived from submarine erosion and reworking of the underlying Woolshed Formation. The detrital sand fraction of the Teredo Limestone was derived from reworking of the locally exhumed Claverley Sandstone, and from remobilization at depth and submarine extrusion of that unit. An extra-basinal source (possibly reworked quartzose coal measures) for the redeposited supermature quartzarenitic Fells Greensand is likely. Pulses of (compressional?) tectonic activity immediately preceded and possibly continued during unconformity development. These tectonic events may provide an independent estimate of the timing of some of the major (Late Cretaceous - Cenozoic) plate tectonic events affecting the New Zealand region. The amount of dextral movement on two of the major Marlborough Faults has been estimated from offsets in lithofacies and isopach patterns. 5-10km of transcurrent movement is recognized on the northern branch of the Hope Fault; 10-15km of right-lateral slip has occurred on the Kekerengu Fault.

Il settore dell’industria vinicola in Nuova Zelanda è in forte crescita con un aumento dell’export di circa il 24% ogni anno. Nella regione di Marlborough viene prodotto il 77% della produzione vinicola dell’intera nazione. Questa zona ha subito due eventi sismici, il terremoto di Lake Grassmere nel 2013 e di Kaikoura nel 2016, che hanno causato ingenti danni ai serbatoi d’acciaio utilizzati per lo stoccaggio e fermentazione delle uve. Questi danneggiamenti hanno evidenziato delle carenze nella progettazione di dettaglio. Per la progettazione sismica dei serbatoi d’acciaio esistono delle linee guida dal 1986 (aggiornate nel 2009) rilasciate dalla “New Zealand society of earthquake engineering” o NZSEE. Questa guida non offre indicazioni sul progetto dei dettagli costruttivi tipici dei serbatoi da vino o su come progettare secondo la gerarchia delle resistenze quando si ulizzano ancoraggi duttili per fissare il serbatoio alla fondazione. In questo elaborato vengono confronate le linee guida neo zelandesi con due norme internazionali sulla progettazione sismica dei serbatoi: l’Eurocodice 8 e le API650. Il confronto avvienen attravenso la progettazione di 6 serbatoi da vino tipici di Marlborogh in modo da evidenziare le differenze sugli sforzi. I risultati mostrano che gli sforzi calcolati con le diverse normative sono paragonabili. Inoltre le mancanze della linea guida neo zelandese non sono coperte neanche da EC8 o da API650. Vieni qui inoltre presentato un metodo per costruire la curva di capacità del serbatoio ancorato alla base attraverso l’uso della “Monolithic beam analiogy” o MBA. Questa permette di stimare la gerarchia delle resistenze e valori di sforzo sui vari elementi di dettaglio. Il modello viene applicato su 3 serbatoi che hanno subito danni dal terremoto di Kaikoura 2016 attraverso l’utilizzo del “Capacity spectrum method” che stima lo spostamento subito da una struttura in caso di evento sismico quando si conosce la curva di capacità della stessa.

Tunnel gully erosion is common in the loess deposits of the South Island of New Zealand. The loess deposits found on the Wither Hills (Marlborough) and Port Hills (Banks Peninsula) are prone to extensive tunnel gully erosion which has caused significant damage in both rural and urban areas. However, the loess deposits found on the Timaru Downs (South Canterbury) and the hills surrounding Akaroa (Banks Peninsula) are significantly less affected. Geotechnical tests including pinhole erosion, uniaxial expansion, crumb test and dispersion % were carried out to determine the erosive and dispersive characteristics of loess samples from locations in the aforementioned areas. From this data, the extent to which geotechnical properties influence the incidence of tunnel gully erosion was determined. Other geotechnical characteristics such as grain size, clay mineralogy, exchangeable sodium content and insitu dry density were also evaluated in order to determine the controlling factors on the erosive and dispersive characteristics of the different loess samples. In general, it was found that laboratory test results did not correlate fully with field erodibility. For instance, the two non tunnel gullied soils exhibited characteristics which suggested that they should be prone to tunnel gully erosion. The lack of correlation between laboratory test data and field erodibility suggests that other factors such as climate, land use and soil profile characteristics are important in determining the occurrence of sub-surface erosion. A comparison was made of the loess stabilising properties of an enzyme based product known as Endurazyme and quicklime (CaO), a commonly used loess stabiliser. Tests were carried out on samples from the Timaru Downs and the Ahuriri quarry on Banks Peninsula. It was found that Endurazyme has a negligible effect on important geotechnical properties such as erodibility, dispersivity, durability, strength and maximum dry density/optimum moisture content.

The short jaw kokopu (Galaxias postvectis) is a threatened New Zealand freshwater fish (family Galaxiidae) that migrates between freshwater habitat and the marine environment during its life cycle. The influence of this diadromous life-cycle, as well as the potential effect of introduced predatory fish on the population dynamics and habitat occupancy of short jaw kokopu were investigated in the Nelson Marlborough Department of Conservation conservancy. The distribution and abundance of short jaw kokopu were measured using spotlighting, substantially increasing their known range in this area. Juveniles (<100 mm FL) were recorded from the same stream reaches as adults using this method. Short jaw kokopu were positively associated with native forest, however they occupied a wide range of streams and habitat variables were not accurate predictors of their presence and absence. Diadromy had a large influence on fish communities at low- to mid- elevation sites. Short jaw kokopu were associated with the presence of other diadromous species, in particular other migratory galaxiids. Juvenile galaxiids were able to migrate through modified stream reaches, but the density of juvenile galaxiids significantly decreased with increasing distance from the sea. The number of juveniles recruiting to the adult population was probably influenced by the biomass of piscivorous fish species (e.g. introduced trout) and the cumulative effects of habitat modifications downstream. Short jaw kokopu and trout co-occurred at the reach scale, however short jaw kokopu were more likely to be absent when trout abundance was high. Negative interactions between short jaw kokopu and trout may be offset by diadromy, whereby individuals eaten or displaced are constantly replaced by juveniles returning from the marine environment. Conservation effort should be aimed at mitigating the deleterious effects of habitat degradation and migration barriers on short jaw kokopu and other migratory fish popUlations. Further research is needed to properly understand the effect that introduced trout have had on native migratory fish species.

The Cenozoic was a time of climatic, tectonic and eustatic change in the Southern Hemisphere. Cooling at the pole, glaciation and substantial sea ice formation occurred as latitudinal temperature gradients increased and tectonics altered Southern Hemisphere circulation patterns. During this same time frame, the tectonic regime of the New Zealand continental block transitioned from a passive margin to an active plate boundary, resulting in the reversal of a long-standing transgression and an influx of terrigenous sediment to marine basins. In this transition, depositional basins in the South Island became more localized; however, the influence of oceanographic and tectonic drivers is poorly understood on a local scale. Here we apply sedimentological, biostratigraphic and geochemical analyses to revise understanding of the effects of the changing climatic regime and active tectonics on the development of Oligocene and Miocene rocks in the Northern Canterbury Basin. The Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene sedimentary rocks of the northern Canterbury Basin record oceanographic and tectonic influences on basin formation, sediment supply and deposition. The Palaeocene to Late Eocene Amuri Formation in the basin are micrites and biogenic cherts recording deepwater, terrigenous-starved environments, and do not show any influence of active tectonics. The Early Oligocene development of ice on the Antarctic continent and the associated global sea level response is reflected in this basin as the Marshall Paraconformity, an eroded, glauconitized and phosphatised firm ground and hardground atop the Amuri. Sedimentation above this unconformity resumed in the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene with cleaner, deep-water, bathyal planktic foraminifera packstones and wackestones in eastern areas and Late Oligocene inner shelf volcaniclastic packstones in parts of the western basin. Post-unconformity sedimentation resumed earlier in western areas, as the currents responsible for scouring the sea floor moved progressively to the east. The development of tectonic uplift in terrestrial settings is first seen in the northwestern basin in Lower Miocene fine quartz-rich sandstones, and by the Middle Miocene, bathyal sandstones and quartz-rich wackestones appear in the basin, replacing earlier, more pure carbonates. The uplift caused shallowing to the west, in the form of shelf progradation due to sediment influx. This shallowing is not observed to the east; instead, the palaeoenvironments show a deepening as a result of sea level rise.

En nouvelle zelande, la transition structurale de la subduction d'hikurangi a la collision sur la faille alpine s'effectue par le systeme de failles de marlborough (sfm). A terre, l'analyse structurale du sfm revele qu'apres inversion tectonique, des decrochements et des failles inverses accommodent la convergence oblique. Les premiers sont associes a des structures en fleur, les secondes agissent en failles de transfert ou en relais compressifs. Le developpement de bassins sedimentaires contre les decrochements a enregistre la rapide propagation de la tectonique coulissante a tout le sfm des le miocene inferieur (24 ma). En mer, des structures transpressives actives sont reconnues dans la plate-forme continentale de marlborough. Elles delimitent ou recoupent d'epais bassins sedimentaires et connectent le sfm aux decrochements de l'ile nord ainsi qu'aux chevauchements frontaux de la subduction. La morphologie de la plaque plongeante controle fortement la geometrie et l'activite sismique des structures de la plaque superieure. Le couplage sismique, avec l'obliquite de la convergence, contribue largement a la geometrie des reliefs ainsi qu'a la distribution de la deformation decrochante. La topographie de la zone de transition traduit le partage de la deformation: il s'exprime au-dessus de la subduction par une chaine en decrochement et une chaine en compression. Le controle de la tectonique sur le relief permet de determiner les traces de nouvelles failles actives qui se connectent a la faille alpine. Le mnt suggere en outre que les coulissements cumules atteignent 15 a 50 km sur les decrochements

Marlborough is the largest wine region in New Zealand and Sauvignon blanc cultivars represented about 60 % of the vineyard area in 2009. The main compounds responsible for the most intense aromas in Sauvignon blanc wines had been assumed to be methoxypyrazines, responsible for the herbaceous, capsicum and asparagus aromas, and varietal thiols, responsible for fruity aromas such as grapefruit, citrus or passion fruit. However, the aromatic potential of Sauvignon blanc wines is too complex to be limited to just these two families of compounds. This study has shown that further groups of aroma compounds (esters, terpenes, C6- and higher alcohols, fatty acids, C13- norisoprenoids, cinnamates and anthranilates) could also be involved in the characteristic aroma of these wines. Winemakers divide the Marlborough Sauvignon blanc growing area into 7 sub-regions, and ascribe different aroma profiles to wines coming from these regions. An extensive study of the compounds that impact on Sauvignon blanc aroma has been undertaken with over fifty important impact aroma compounds quantified in 54 wines from different sub-regions within Marlborough. Some important variations with regard to the Marlborough sub-regions have been revealed, and the extent to which these differences in chemical composition can impact on wine sensory differences has been assessed. A further aim of this research was to assess the optimum small scale winemaking protocol in order to obtain aroma composition results in research wines comparable to those found in commercial wines. Different conditions in the early stages of the winemaking process were studied: destemming and crushing of the grapes, differences between hand-picked and machine-harvested grapes, and the use of maceration enzymes. The results have shown that both destemming and crushing of the grapes are needed to obtain wines with an aroma composition similar to the commercial wines.

This is the first study of cretaceous or Paleogene Radiolaria from on-land New Zealand. It is based on five Late Cretaceous to Paleocene sections within the Amuri Limestone Group of eastern Marlborough (NE South Island): Woodside Creek, Wharanui Point, Chancet Rocks, Flaxbourne River and Mead Stream. Faunas from coeval sediments at DSDP Site 208 (Lord Howe Rise, north Tasman Sea) are also reexamined. Because diverse and well-preserved radiolarian faunas are common, the location of the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary well-documented, and the earliest Paleocene relatively complete, these sections provide the most complete known record of radiolarian evolution from latest Cretaceous to mid Late Paleocene (c.70-60 Ma). Systematic treatment of K-T transitional faunas was hampered by a dichotomy between Cenozoic and Mesozoic methodologies and nomenclature. To resolve this schism, broad taxonomic definitions are adopted, numerous synonymies are identified, and several revised definitions are proposed for established taxa. Of the 94 taxa recorded, 65 are species or species groups, and 29 are undifferentiated genera or higher level categories. Three new species are described: Amphisphaera aotea n.sp., A. kina n.sp. and Stichomitra wero n.sp. A new latest Cretaceous to mid Late Paleocene zonation is proposed. Six new interval zones are defined by the first appearances of the nominated species. In ascending order these are: Lithomelissa? hoplites (RK9, Cretaceous), Amphisphaera aotea (RP1, Paleocene), A. kina (RP2), Stichomitra granulata (RP3), Buryella foremanae (RP4) and B. tetradica (RP5) Interval Zones. The Late Paleocene Bekoma campechensis Zone of Nishimura (1987) succeeds RP5 at Mead Stream. The K/T boundary does not mark an extinction event for radiolarians, but does coincide with a sudden change from nassellarian to spumellarian dominance. It also coincides with a sudden influx of diatoms in Marlborough, where a fall in sea level appears to have promoted upwelling. Thus, rather than marking a catastrophe, the K/T boundary heralded a period (from RP1 to lower RP3) of great productivity for siliceous plankton. With a return to conditions similar to those of the Cretaceous, later in the Paleocene (upper RP3-RP6), Cretaceous survivors were rapidly replaced by new Tertiary taxa in deep-water settings. However, in shallower settings, many Cretaceous taxa remained abundant throughout the Early Paleocene. Faunal changes at site 208 are similar to those of the deep-water Marlborough sections, but without clear evidence for increased fertilty in the earliest Paleocene.

In the Wairau Valley 40 km southwest of Blenheim, elevated salinities are present in the groundwater below a depth of approximately 15 m, to the north of the Wairau Fault. Saline water is present very close to the surface between the Southern Hills and the Wairau Fault. Highest concentrations are located in well O28/w/0219 with total dissolved solids concentrations approximately 31,000 mg/L. Only a few wells in the study area have intercepted the saline groundwater. A report by Taylor (2003) has identified the groundwater below the Holocene terrace surface is recharged from Southern Hills runoff, however the Wairau Fault has a significant impact on the groundwater flow on the south bank acting as a semi-permeable barrier to groundwater flow from the southern Hills streams identified by several spring which emerge on the fault trace. The scope of this investigation was to identify the extent of the saline groundwater in the Homelands area and to attempt to define the origin of the highly saline groundwater. Furthermore, to define the groundwater flow path below the upper terrace surface to recharge the Wairau Valley Aquifer. The Multi-Electrode Resistivity technique was used to define the extent of the saline groundwater. This shows the saline groundwater is ubiquitous at depth in the study area. The depth to the freshwater/saline water interface varies laterally in the resistivity profiles. A major control on the presence of the groundwater salinity is considered to be the permeability of the gravel. Gravels with a higher permeability are probably washed of any residual salinity that may have been present in the past. Investigations into the origins of the saline groundwater were completed using stable isotope analysis (¹⁸O, ²H, and ¹³C), hydrochemistry and age dating techniques (³H and ¹⁴C). Due to the complex chemistry a single source could not be identified, however two methods were identified as the most likely. This was evaporative concentration of fresh water in the Wairau Valley, or the upward migration from the Wairau Fault of formation water probably of seawater origin. The stable isotope data fits best with an evaporative concentration of freshwater within the Wairau Valley, however, ratios of chemical constituents are very similar to other formation waters found in other parts of the world. Stream gauging of streams on the south bank show no significant water loss in the reaches north of the Wairau Fault. Therefore, recharge must be crossing the Fault trace as groundwater. Boundary Creek looses all of its surface flow for most of the year upon reaching the valley floor. Bounday Creek has washed out sections of the Wairau Fault and Major terrace riser between Wr 1 and Wr 2 terrace surfaces. It is proposed that groundwater flowing in the gravels reworked by Boundary Creek is the major recharge source for the Wairau Valley Aquifer.

Chert and dolomite in sediments of coastal Marlborough occur in the detrital units of the Upper Iwitahi Group (Wool shed Formation (WF) and Claverley Sandstone - Late Cretaceous), and in Late Cretaceous – Early Tertiary micritic sediments (foraminiferal nannofossil oozes) of the Amuri Limestone Group (ALG). All sediments were deposited in a NW-SE trending trough. Chert and dolomite are generally restricted to what was the deepest part of the basin. There is a greater volume of chert than dolomite. Two chronologically and stratigraphically separated types of dolomite occur: concretions of aphanitic dolomite in the WF, and phaneritic, rhombic dolomite in beds, lenses, or disseminated in chert or micrite in the ALG. Both dolomite types are moderately well ordered but Ca-rich. Isotopic and elemental analyses indicate all dolomites formed in wholly marine sediments at temperatures <60°C, in association with sulphate reduction, in the upper sediment column. Concretions formed from the dolomitization of early diagenetic calcite whereas in the ALG primary depositional carbonate was dolomitized. Mg2+ was supplied by seawater, with dolomite formation restricted by the presence of dissolved SO42-. Chert formation in the WF is limited. Most chertification occurs in the lower ALG. Chert consists predominantly of quartz with rare opal-CT. SiO2 concentrations are usually ≥90 weight% with all other elements forming trace components, except in detrital-rich cherts where SiO2 concentrations may be <90 weight percent. The chert chemistry is consistent with replacement of primary carbonate and the expulsion of carbonate-bound elements from the site of chert formation, effectively diluting noncarbonate-bound insoluble residue. Formation was by precipitation of either opal-CT or quartz depending on SiO2 saturation conditions. Isotopic analyses indicate formation temperatures similar to those of dolomite. The SiO2 was initially derived from biogenic sources but large amounts are inferred to have been derived from the underlying WF. Clay mineral transformations in the WF produced SiO2-rich pore waters through which ALG sediments are thought to have compacted. Initiation of silica deposition resulted from localized oxidation of the H2S produced by SO42- reduction. Initially deposited silica provided sites for further chertification. Evidence for early chertification (such as differential compaction) have lead to development of a combined model for dolomite and chert formation in association with SO42- reduction. Although chert and dolomite both commenced nucleation early, the initial rate of dolomite crystallization exceeded that of silica. The extent of dolomitization was governed by the SO42- concentration in pore waters and by the availability of Mg2+. Where SO42- concentrations were too high no dolomite formed, only calcite recrystallized. Chertification, although slower than dolomitization, continued after the cessation of dolomite formation, certifying undolomitized beds or parts of beds, and the matrix between dolomite crystals. The extent of chertification was governed by the availability of SiO2 This model of contemporaneous chert and dolomite formation explains the alternation of chert and dolomite beds, the dissemination of dolomite in chert, and the distribution of chert and dolomite.

Geomorphological and paleoseismic studies provide insight into the fault geometry and kinematics of a series of dextral northeast striking faults, including the Porters Pass, Hawdon, Bullock Hill, and Esk faults, in the South Island of New Zealand. These faults show post-glacial offsets that are significantly larger than predicted from co-seismic displacement - surface rupture length regressions derived from empirical relationships. Geomorphological mapping reveals slip rates as high as 9 mm/year for the Hawdon fault and Bullock Hill fault over an expected fault length of c. 140 km. Surface expressions of some parts of the studied faults are obscured by glacial gravels, indicating that blind faults are present in parts of the Sourthern Alps and may be the source for a component of a reported slip deficit in North Canterbury. Concluding from comparing scaling relationship results for the individual faults I hypothesize that the Porters Pass, Hawdon, Bullock Hill and Esk faults are segments of an incipient fault system that stretches from the western tip of the Porters Pass fault to the Hope fault, east of Hanmer Springs. Considering the location, similar strike and dextral deformation mode, I suggest that this 140 km long dextral strike-slip fault system marks the southernmost extension of the Marlborough Fault System resulting from the ongoing southward propagation of the Pacific-Australian plate boundary in New Zealand's South Island.

Biofouling pests, including non-indigenous species, can have significant impacts on anthropogenic activities. This is particularly true for aquaculture industries, where biofouling communities grow on crop species and infrastructure, potentially reducing revenue and increasing processing and production costs. It is of interest to marine farmers and scientists to gain a better understanding of the processes facilitating the regional proliferation and spread of biofouling pests. The structure of biofouling communities associated with marine farms in New Zealand’s main mussel growing region, Pelorus Sound, are characterised in this thesis. The patterns of connectivity and gene flow among biofouling populations are also investigated. Images and video footage of biofouling on mussel farms (Perna canaliculus) indicate strong spatial variation in the structure of biofouling communities, with a dominance of known problematic taxa and high wave energy tolerant species, such as the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida and the calcareous tubeworm Pomatoceros sp., near the entrance of Pelorus Sound. Genetic analyses and simple GIS-based modelling of a case study biofouling organism, Didemnum vexillum, revealed genetic differentiation among populations with extreme outcrossing and low levels of connectivity. Genetic analyses also suggest that anthropogenic-assisted dispersal may be vital for connecting certain D. vexillum populations compared to natural spread. The present study illustrates how multidisciplinary research approaches can be used to identify geographical areas that are less prone to biofouling and to inform the management of biofouling pests and invasive species in aquaculture environments.

Contemporary tourism planning recognises that an integrated and sustainable development approach includes the participation of local communities and residents. Success depends on community level capacity for innovation and leadership which are important variables for the creation and implementation of new ideas as part of the development process. The main aim of this research is to determine the capacity of stakeholders to support integration of tourism and aquaculture through development of a themed seafood tourism trail in the Nelson/Marlborough/Golden Bay region of New Zealand as a means to promote sustainable tourism. In 2005 the Marine Farming Association developed and published the “Top of the South Aquaculture and Seafood Trail” as a brochure for tourists to promote a positive image of aquaculture in the region. The Trail integrates local tourism providers, restaurants, accommodation, seafood retail, as well as harvesting and processing businesses (mussel farms) as part of a themed driving route linking several peripheral communities. Themed driving routes are an innovative means for providing destinations with the opportunity to bring tourists and associated economic outcomes to remote locations. There is strong economic dependence on aquaculture and tourism in the region with both industries generating a combined NZ$402 million annually in the Nelson Region alone. The research involved interviews with 22 local stakeholders regarding their perceptions about strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities associated with the Trail as part of a mixed method, case study approach. The results show that tourism and aquaculture in the region are well developed, but that there are weaknesses in networking and collaboration within and among industrial sectors. In addition, there are differing perceptions of the aquaculture and tourism industries. The role of the university has been important in building community capacity for research and strategic planning linked to the Trail.

The economic impact of frost on agriculture remains a global problem. It is a particular concern for the New Zealand wine industry, where the consequences of an unexpected spring frost can be disastrous. Marlborough is located in the north-eastern corner of the South Island and is the largest grape-growing region in New Zealand. The region is surrounded by complex mountainous terrain that gives rise to extremes of climate, particularly large spatial variations of minimum temperature and the frequent occurrence of spring frost. The high spatial variation of near-surface minimum temperature can lead to under-preparedness among grape growers who rely on accurate frost forecasts as part of their frost mitigation systems. Field campaigns of the 1980’s and 90’s extended the understanding of the physical meteorological processes that affect cooling in complex terrain. More recent modelling efforts continue to refine this knowledge, although much less attention is given to the effects of different cooling processes on near-surface temperature. Agricultural developments in areas of complex terrain would benefit from an increased understanding of the meteorological processes that govern near-surface cooling, as this will help with the local prediction of frost. The spatial variation of near-surface minimum temperatures is first explored by identifying relationships with synoptic weather patterns using the Kidson (2000) synoptic classification scheme. Analysis revealed that Kidson types associated with the largest daily variations in near-surface minimum temperature (T, TNW and H) are not always associated with the occurrence of frost. Frost is more likely to occur during the cooler airflows of Kidson type HW, HNW and SW, or during the settled anticyclonic conditions that follow cooler airflows. The relationship between the spatial variation of near-surface minimum temperature and regional airflow patterns is explored using numerical weather prediction (NWP) modelling. Results indicated that a high σ Tmin around the region is a product of interaction between the region’s complex terrain and ambient meteorology, and it could occur in both settled weather and more dynamic synoptic conditions. A high regional σ Tmin during light ridge top winds could occur as a function of a location’s relative susceptibility to ventilation from thermally-induced drainage winds, and it may also occur as a result of the simultaneous ventilation and stagnation of near-surface air layers as synoptic wind interacts with local topography. The influence of the vertical structure of the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) on nearsurface minimum temperature was investigated with the University of Canterbury Sonic Detection And Ranging (SODAR). Measurements confirmed the formation of low-level jets (LLJ’s) in the Awatere and Wairau Valleys during settled weather conditions, and that shear-induced turbulence beneath the jets was sufficient to mix warmer air to the surface and increase local temperatures. The process is sufficient to reduce frost risk to some of the region’s upper valleys during clear settled weather. In stronger ridge top winds development of the LLJ’s can be suppressed or eliminated and this was found to reduce shear-induced turbulence near the surface, allowing increased near-surface cooling. While results from this study are of greatest value to the prediction of near-surface minimum temperature and frost in Marlborough, the results could be applied to improved prediction of near-surface minimum temperature in complex terrain around the world. Further research could be directed toward the interaction of synoptic winds with thermally-induced airflows, as the transition zone between these wind systems is believed to govern the temporal and spatial evolution of near-surface stagnation, and this is related to episodes of strong near-surface cooling.

The North Bank area lies on the north side of the Wairau River, Marlborough, New Zealand, bounded by the Richmond Ranges to the north and the Wairau River to the south. The North Bank is an interactive zone where groundwaters and surface waters from North Bank tributary valleys mix with waters of the Wairau River. This investigation aimed to define the nature and origin of groundwaters of the North Bank area. Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen, along with hydrogeochemistry, were utilised in order to define the spatial extent of the North Bank riparian margin and delineate the Wairau River-groundwater interface. Distinct stable isotopic signatures differentiate ground and surface waters that come from high mountain catchments versus those that arrive more locally at lower altitude. The results gathered by this study demonstrated stable isotopes to be the most powerful forensic tool capable of distinguishing Wairau River water from North Bank tributary groundwater sources. In contrast, hydrogeochemical characteristics of the waters of the North Bank were young and chemically dilute in nature, which made them chemically indistinguishable from waters of the Wairau River. Geomorphological mapping was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between groundwater flow patterns and geomorphology upon the North Bank. Geomorphology, in the form of prominent fluvial terraces, was found to play a role in limiting the extent of Wairau River influence to groundwater to either low-lying Q2 Speargrass Formation, Q1 Rapaura Formation alluvium or the Wairau River channel itself. Aquifer pump testing and water level observation carried out in the Waikakaho Valley revealed a plentiful groundwater resource in the local context. Like other tributary valleys within the North Bank study area, surface water and groundwater were found to be chemically and isotopically linked to one another which points to an interconnected ground and surface water resource, larger than first thought. Driven by recharge by the Waikakaho River, the groundwater resource has development potential, and continued monitoring will further define the hydrogeological system and ensure long term sustainable use.

In the northern South Island, the area northern Te Wai Pounamu (NTWP) is defined appropriate to a regional investigation of pre-European culture change. It is argued that the Maori sequence of this region is relevant to a range of interpretative problems in New Zealand�s archaeological past. Preparatory to this investigation, the international and New Zealand literature on culture change is reviewed. Two primary investigative foci of change are identified in NTWP; subsistence economy and stone tool manufacturing technology. A chronological scheme of Early, Middle and Late Periods based on firmly dated ecological events and/or independent radiocarbon ages is defined so as to order the archaeological data without recourse to unproven scenarios of cultural change and association. The Early Period subsistence economy is assessed in some detail. An Early Period settlement focus is documented along the eastern Tasman Bay coast in proximity to meta-argillite sources. Early Period midden remains suggest that several genera of seal and moa were exploited, and that people were fishing in eastern Tasman Bay during the warmer months of the year. From the Early Period fishhook assemblages of Tasman Bay, manufacturing change is inferred related to the increasing scarcity of moa bone over time. It is argued that lower Early Period settlement of the larger northern South Island was focused on the north-eastern coast to Rangitoto (D�Urville Island), while NTWP was characterized by smaller stone working communities operating in summer. In contrast, moa-free middens in Awaroa Inlet and Bark Bay of the western Tasman Bay granite coast present a physical dominance of Paphies australis, and finfish species suggesting, along with the dearth of Austrovenus stutchburyi, occupation outside of the warmer summer months. These middens also present an absence of seal and a paucity of bird bone, while sharing a robust 15th-16th centuries AD radiocarbon chronology. With the dearth of all bird species from granite coast middens in general, and evidence that the less preferred kokako (Callaeas c. cinerea) was caught during the occupation of Awaroa Inlet N26/214, it is suggested that cultural regulations beyond immediate subsistence needs were also operating at this time. From southern Tasman Bay, the archaeological investigation of the important Appleby site N27/118 suggests that the people associated with the extensive horticultural soils of Waimea West otherwise consumed finfish and estuarine shellfish in (non-summer) season, kiore (Rattus exulans), dog or kuri (Canis familiaris), and several small evidence of Maori tradition, archaeological charcoal, and the approximately 16th century radiocarbon chronology for N27/118 and the associated Appleby gravel borrow pit N27/122 places the advent of extensive Waimea horticulture within the post-moa, lower Middle Period Maori economy. The Haulashore Island archaeological assemblage of south-eastern Tasman Bay with a similar material culture to Appleby is also bereft of seal and any diagnostic moa bone. This Middle Period evidence is considered in a larger comparative perspective, where the absence of seal from 15th-16th centuries Tasman Bay middens is interpreted as a factor of human predation. A secure radiocarbon chronology suggests the convergence of this loss with the diminishment and loss of selected avifauna, and the subsequent advent of large horticultural complexes in the northern South Island compensated for the loss of faunal calories in a seasonally economy and a managed ecology. The evidence of stone tool use is also reviewed in some detail for NTWP, following the definition of an adze typology appropriate to the classification of meta-argillite tools. It is clear that meta-argillite is the dominant material of adze and (non-adze) flake tool manufacture throughout the Maori sequence of NTWP, while granite coast quartz remains generally subdominant. Beyound the apparent loss of the laterally-hafted adze, the evidence of adze change is generally subdominant. Beyond the apparent loss of the laterally-hafted adze, the evidence of adze change is generally reflected in shifting typological proportions, and in new manufacturing technologies and dressing techniques. Functional change may be inferred in the loss over time of large meta-argillite points and blade tools associated respectively with the manufacture of one-piece moa bone fishhooks and moa and seal butchery. The exclusive identification of hammer-dressed adzes with hump backs and steep bevels in Middle Period assemblages is related to the advent of horticultural intensification. More generally, adzes of the upper Early and Middle Periods are increasingly characterized by round sections, while hammer-dressing is employed more frequently and extensively reduced from riverine meta-argillite and recycled banks. Collectively, these changes reflect a developing emphasis on economy and opportunistic exploitation. From this interpretation, and evidence that meta-argillite adze length and the size of high quality Ohana source flakes diminish over time, it is suggested that accessible, high quality and appropriately shaped meta-argillite rock became increasingly scarce through intensive quarry manufacture. In conclusion, the coincidence of diminishing rock and faunal resources over time is related in a speculative anthropological model of culture change. It is proposed that the 14th-16th centuries Maori economy of NTWP, and by implication and inference, many other regions of New Zealand, was characterized by a resource crisis which either precipitated or reinforced a broader trajectory of culture change. It is suggested that influential leadears perceived a linkage in the loss of high quality rock and important subsistence fauna at this time, and that distinctive technologies, institutions and ideologies of Middle Period Maori society were influenced by, and/or developed from, this perception. Finally, it is recommended that the data of an archaeological Maori culture sequence be ordered and tested within a radiocarbon based chronological scheme, rather than the still generally used model of �Archaic� and �Classic� cultural periods. It is also suggested that New Zealand archaeologists should look beyond the functional-ecological imperative to consider more holistic anthropological explanations of change in the pre-European Maori past, with a focus on integrated regional sequences.

In our ever more populated world, the rapid expansion and intensification of agriculture is driving worldwide biodiversity loss, and the interactions between production landscapes and wildlife conservation are becoming increasingly important. Farming systems depend on ecosystem services such as biological control, while conservationists are calling for the establishment of conservation initiatives in non-preserve landscapes. Despite this, the goals of agriculture and the goals of predator-conservation are rarely mutual. Here, I demonstrate one of the first examples of a mutually beneficial scenario between agriculture and predator conservation. I used, as a case study, a reintroduction project that translocated individuals of the threatened New Zealand falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae) from the hills of Marlborough into vineyards, to determine if predators can survive within an agricultural landscape while simultaneously providing that landscape with biological control services. Examples of vertebrates providing biological control to agriculture are rare. I show that the presence of falcons in vineyards caused an economically important reduction in grape damage worth over US $230/ ha. Falcon presence caused a 78- 83% reduction in the number of introduced European pest birds, which resulted in a 95% reduction in the damage caused by these species. Falcon presence did not cause a reduction in the abundance of the native silvereye (Zosterops lateralis), but did halve the damage caused by this species. To assess the conservation value of the falcon translocations, I used remote videography, direct observations and prey analysis to measure the behavioural changes associated with the relocation of falcons from their natural habitat in the hills and into vineyards. Falcons in vineyard nests had higher nest attendance, higher brooding rates, and higher feeding rates than falcons in hill nests. Additionally, parents in vineyard nests fed their chicks a greater amount of total prey and larger prey items compared to parents in hill nests. I also found an absence of any significant diet differences between falcons in hill and vineyard habitats, suggesting that the latter may be a suitable alternative habitat for falcons. Because reintroduced juvenile falcons were released in areas devoid of adult falcons, it was possible that they were missing essential training normally provided by their parents. I used direct observations to demonstrate that the presence of siblings had similar effects to the presence of parents on the development of juvenile behaviour, with individuals flying, hunting, and playing more often when conspecifics were present. Finally, through the use of artificial nests and remote videography, I identified that falcons nesting in vineyards are likely to suffer lower predation rates. I also found that falcons in vineyards are predated by a less dangerous suite of animals (such as hedgehogs, Erinaceus europaeus, and avian predators), than their counterparts in the hills, which are predated by more voracious species (such as stoats, Mustela erminea, and feral cats, Felis catus). The work presented in this thesis has also added to the current knowledge of New Zealand falcon breeding behaviour, prey preferences, and behavioural development. Although agricultural regions globally are rarely associated with raptor conservation, and the ability of raptors to control the pests of agricultural crops has not been previously quantified, these results suggest that translocating New Zealand falcons into vineyards has potential for both the conservation of this species, and for providing biological control services to agriculture

Since the introduction of activity-based costing (ABC), researchers have identified situations where its implementation is deemed appropriate. Furthermore, a framework for implementation has been recommended. Additionally, it is suggested that the likelihood of installation failure increases when accounting staff sponsor the implementation of ABC, but Cotton (1994) did not find evidence to support this prediction. This indicates that the body of knowledge concerning the successful implementation process of ABC is incomplete. Consequently, two case studies on organisations that implemented ABC, Norwich Union Health Insurance (NZ) Limited (Norwich) and Nelson Marlborough Health Services Limited (NMH), were conducted to expand the existing body of knowledge of the implementation of ABC. The behavioural issues relating to individuals' reactions to the implementation ofABC were also examined. A number of anomalies between the existing body of knowledge and these practical examples of the implementation of ABC were found. In both cases, the decisions made prior to implementation and the installation processes used at these firms deviated from those recommended. Additionally, a number of previously unspecified symptoms indicating that a firm's costing system required alteration were identified. Similarly, additional reasons for implementing ABC were detected. Furthermore, the recommended methods for minimising individuals' reactions to change did not appear to be effective at NMH. Despite the lack of generalisability and other limitations of this research, the body of knowledge concerning the implementation of ABC has been expanded and areas for further research have been recommended.

La guerre de Succession d'Espagne, dernière guerre du règne de Louis XIV, est marquée par une série de défaites retentissantes : Blenheim (1704, Bavière), Ramillies et Turin (1706, Brabant et Piémont), Audenarde (1708, Flandre). L’approche qualifiée de « nouvelle histoire-bataille » permet de relativiser la vision traditionnelle qui explique ces défaites par le talent supérieur de John Churchill, duc de Marlborough, et du prince Eugène de Savoie, affrontant des généraux français courtisans et incompétents. Cette approche met l’événement-bataille au centre de l’étude et en aborde tous les aspects : dimensions politique, stratégique et tactique ; logistique ; techniques du combat et expériences ressenties sur le champ de bataille ; onde de choc.On constate que la guerre au début du XVIIIe siècle est à bien des égards limitée : les armées dépendent de leurs sources d’approvisionnement. Eugène et Marlborough, par leur audace et leur talent, accélèrent le rythme des opérations, mais sans renverser cet état de fait : aucune bataille n’est individuellement « décisive » et la guerre de Succession d'Espagne reste une guerre d’attrition. Les batailles sont le lieu d’une expérience du combat singulière, où se voient portées à leur paroxysme l’ensemble des formes d’affrontement et de violence que comporte la guerre de l’époque. Enfin, l’image d’une bataille se dégage lentement. Les courtisans doivent comparer nouvelles officielles, correspondances privées et gazettes pour comprendre ce qui s’est passé. Le roi mène des enquêtes pour déterminer qui a bien agi et qui a démérité. En définitive, c’est aux écrivains et aux artistes de fixer l’image que la postérité aura de ces batailles
The war of the Spanish Succession is the last war fought by Louis XIV. It begins with a succession of astonishing defeats: Blenheim (Bavaria, 1704), Ramillies and Turin (Brabant and Piedmont, 1706), Audenarde (Flanders, 1708). The method known as “new battle-history” lets us temper the traditional vision, which claims that French have been defeated because their armies where led by courtiers that faced two military geniuses: John Churchill, duke of Marlborough, and Prince Eugene of Savoy. This historiographic approach focuses on the battle as an event, and seeks to treat it in all its dimensions: political, strategic and tactical aspects; logistics; how soldiers fight and what they feel; shock wave.Early eighteenth-century warfare is in many ways limited: armies highly rely on their supply sources. Eugene and Marlborough, thanks to their audacity and their talent, are able to speed up the operations, but without changing the way war is fought. There is no single “decisive” battle: the war of the Spanish Succession remains as a war of attrition. Battles are rare and formidable events where a singular fighting experience takes place; all contemporary kinds of combat and violence are to be observed. The importance of a battle is not immediately obvious. Its image takes time to come out. Versailles’ courtiers need to compare official news, private letters, French or foreign gazettes, in order to understand what happened. The king conducts investigations to identify the generals and units that have served well, and those that have not. In the end, it is writers and artists who are in charge of fixing what image of these battles will be left for posterity

La guerre de Succession d'Espagne, dernière guerre du règne de Louis XIV, est marquée par une série de défaites retentissantes : Blenheim (1704, Bavière), Ramillies et Turin (1706, Brabant et Piémont), Audenarde (1708, Flandre). L’approche qualifiée de « nouvelle histoire-bataille » permet de relativiser la vision traditionnelle qui explique ces défaites par le talent supérieur de John Churchill, duc de Marlborough, et du prince Eugène de Savoie, affrontant des généraux français courtisans et incompétents. Cette approche met l’événement-bataille au centre de l’étude et en aborde tous les aspects : dimensions politique, stratégique et tactique ; logistique ; techniques du combat et expériences ressenties sur le champ de bataille ; onde de choc.On constate que la guerre au début du XVIIIe siècle est à bien des égards limitée : les armées dépendent de leurs sources d’approvisionnement. Eugène et Marlborough, par leur audace et leur talent, accélèrent le rythme des opérations, mais sans renverser cet état de fait : aucune bataille n’est individuellement « décisive » et la guerre de Succession d'Espagne reste une guerre d’attrition. Les batailles sont le lieu d’une expérience du combat singulière, où se voient portées à leur paroxysme l’ensemble des formes d’affrontement et de violence que comporte la guerre de l’époque. Enfin, l’image d’une bataille se dégage lentement. Les courtisans doivent comparer nouvelles officielles, correspondances privées et gazettes pour comprendre ce qui s’est passé. Le roi mène des enquêtes pour déterminer qui a bien agi et qui a démérité. En définitive, c’est aux écrivains et aux artistes de fixer l’image que la postérité aura de ces batailles
The war of the Spanish Succession is the last war fought by Louis XIV. It begins with a succession of astonishing defeats: Blenheim (Bavaria, 1704), Ramillies and Turin (Brabant and Piedmont, 1706), Audenarde (Flanders, 1708). The method known as “new battle-history” lets us temper the traditional vision, which claims that French have been defeated because their armies where led by courtiers that faced two military geniuses: John Churchill, duke of Marlborough, and Prince Eugene of Savoy. This historiographic approach focuses on the battle as an event, and seeks to treat it in all its dimensions: political, strategic and tactical aspects; logistics; how soldiers fight and what they feel; shock wave.Early eighteenth-century warfare is in many ways limited: armies highly rely on their supply sources. Eugene and Marlborough, thanks to their audacity and their talent, are able to speed up the operations, but without changing the way war is fought. There is no single “decisive” battle: the war of the Spanish Succession remains as a war of attrition. Battles are rare and formidable events where a singular fighting experience takes place; all contemporary kinds of combat and violence are to be observed. The importance of a battle is not immediately obvious. Its image takes time to come out. Versailles’ courtiers need to compare official news, private letters, French or foreign gazettes, in order to understand what happened. The king conducts investigations to identify the generals and units that have served well, and those that have not. In the end, it is writers and artists who are in charge of fixing what image of these battles will be left for posterity

Bibliography: pages 138-147.
In 1870, as a consequence of Bishop Robert Gray's controversy with Bishop William Colenso, the Church of the Province of South Africa (CPSA) had declared itself an autonomous part of the Anglican Communion independent of British legal control. That was the first major paradigm shift in the life of the Church of the Province of South Africa. After the Treaty of Vereeniging which ended the Anglo-Boer War the CPSA shared Milner's vision of a united South Africa within the British Empire. White unity and control was the political stratagem. However, the British colonial powers did not reckon with the resolve of the Afrikaner to recover political power. Afrikaner political groupings regained control of the Free State and the Transvaal and, when the union of the four provinces was enacted in 1910, a former Afrikaner general became the Prime Minister. The CPSA found itself in the unaccustomed position of no longer being the spiritual arm of the secular authority. William Marlborough Carter was elected Archbishop at the time when the CPSA was experiencing a second paradigm shift. During the period of Carter's archiepiscopate the notorious and oppressive Land Act, the Mines and Works Act, the Colour Bar Act and the Hertzog Bills sought to entrench segregation and the economic and political subjugation of blacks. At first the CPSA welcomed some, if not all, of the legislation, but it gradually became aware of the injustice of the political system and consequently found itself at odds with the majority of whites in its criticism of government policies. A process of transformation was taking place which prepared it for its subsequent prophetic role. This was the third paradigm shift in the life of the CPSA. The leaven in the process of transformation was the Anglo-Catholicism and Christian Socialism found in the theological formation of the leadership of the CPSA and specifically in the formation of the Archbishop. His convictions are reflected in his Charges to the provincial synods. The determinative transforming force was the challenges presented by black members of the Church. Questions were raised about the participation of blacks in the government of the Church and the need for blacks to hold positions of leadership. During this period there were concerted efforts to establish a separate black Church within the CPSA on the one hand and efforts by blacks from various denominations to form an independent black Church free from white domination. Black Anglicans took a lead in the agitation against white domination of Church structures. Arising out of my research I assess the adequacy of the analysis of the role of the CPSA during this period made by James Cochrane in Servants of Power - The Role of the English-speaking Churches 1903-1930. I show that his ideological analysis is inadequate because it does not take account of the contribution of Carter and others like him. My research seeks to explain how the CPSA changed from being a servant of those in power to serving the powerless.

A basin analysis was conducted at the Conway Flat coast (Marlborough Fault Zone, South Island, New Zealand) to investigate the interaction of regional and local structure in a transpressional plate boundary and its control on basin formation. A multi-tiered approach has been employed involving: (i) detailed analysis of sedimentary deposits; (ii) geomorphic mapping of terraces, fault traces and lineaments; (iii) dating of deposits by 14C and OSL and (iv) the integration of data to form a basin-synthesis in a sequence stratigraphy framework. A complex thrust fault zone (the Hawkswood Thrust Fault Zone), originating at the hinge of the thrust-cored Hawkswood anticline, is interpreted to be a result of west-dipping thrust faults joining at depth with the Hundalee Fault and propagating eastwards. The faults uplift and dissect alluvial fans to form terraces along the Conway Flat coast that provide the necessary relief to form the fan deltas. These terrace/fan surfaces are ~9 km long and ~3 km wide, composite features, with their upper parts representing sub-aerial alluvial fans. These grade into delta plains of Quaternary Gilbert-style fan deltas. Uplift and incision have created excellent 3D views of the underlying Gilbert-style fan delta complexes from topsets to prodelta deposits. Erosive contacts between the Medina, Rafa, Ngaroma and modern Conway fan delta deposits, coupled with changes in terrace elevations allow an understanding of the development of multiple inset terraces along the Conway Flat coast. These terraces are divided into five stages of evolution based on variations in sedimentary facies and geomorphic mapping: Stage I involves the uplift of the Hawkswood Range and subsequent increased sedimentation rate such that alluvial fans prograded to the sea to form the Medina fan delta Terrace. Stage II began with a period of incision, from lowering sea level or changes in the uplift and sedimentation rate and continued with the deposition of the Dawn and Upham fan deltas. Stage III starts with the incision of the Rafa Terrace and deposition of aggradational terraces in the upper reaches. Stage IV initiated by a period of incision followed by deposition of estuarine facies at ~8ka and Stage V began with a period of incision and continues today with the infilling of the incised valley by the modern fan delta of the Conway River and its continued progradation. New dates from within the Gilbert-type fan deltas along the Conway Flat coast are presented, using OSL and 14C dating techniques. Faulting at the Conway Flat coast began ~ 94 ka, based on the development of the Medina Terrace fan delta with uplift rates ~1.38~1.42 m/ka. The interplay of tectonics and sea level fluctuations continued as the ~79 ka Rafa Terrace fan deltas were created, with uplift rates calculated at ~1.39 m/ka. Detailed 14C ages from paleoforest (~8.4-~6.4 ka) in the Ngaroma Terrace and from the mouths of smaller streams have established uplift rates during the Holocene ~1-3 m/ka, depending on sea level.

Much public attention has been given lately to the concept of sustainability, a notion which is increasingly viewed as a desirable goal of viticulture development and environmental management. The emergence of the sustainability concept has seen a concomitant rise in the interest of its measurement. It has been suggested that through the analysis of regulatory and non-regulatory methods, the attainment of how sustainable freshwater use in vineyards can be assessed. Regulation has to date been the policy tool of choice in regards to environmental protection. While regulation is often necessary, non-regulatory approaches may, in some circumstances, serve as useful supplements to an effective regulatory regime. There are a number of stages to achieving the aim of this research. The first is designed at galvanising New Zealand‟s will to stride out down the sustainability road through the development of the sustainable vineyard concept. Investigations into regulatory freshwater policies were undertaken to assess the relative efficacy of such methods in guiding vineyards in sustainable freshwater use. The research then explored the elements of freshwater use as they relate to non-regulatory methods for achieving sustainable environmental outcomes. Qualitative research was undertaken through the instigation of an email questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to provide an understanding of freshwater use in vineyards within Marlborough. The research focuses on the discussion of the methodological considerations which are important in developing a working framework for assessing how vineyards achieve sustainable freshwater use. The ideal properties and characteristics of sustainability are identified and critically examined. An evaluation of the different types of regulatory and non-regulatory policies on freshwater management are considered. Both regulatory and non-regulatory methods were seen to be significant in developing an operational framework, as they are capable of representing the management of freshwater use and sustainability practices in vineyards. It is observed that the policy goal of both regulatory and non-regulatory organisations in achieving sustainable freshwater outcomes generally cannot be attained to the full satisfaction of all the dimensions of sustainability. Rather, sustainable freshwater use could be considered as a „road‟ and not a fixed destination. Along the way, trade-offs and balances have to be made. It is up to individual vineyard managers to weight the various alternatives, with the policy and decision makers providing information upon which rational choices can be based. This research demonstrates the efficacy of regulatory and non-regulatory methods in guiding sustainable environmental outcomes. It appears that the „ideals‟ of policies, as outlined in the literature and data collected, recommend an overall adaptive management approach if achieving sustainable freshwater use is the ultimate goal.