Academic literature on the topic 'Markov Equivalence'
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Journal articles on the topic "Markov Equivalence"
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Tuncel, Selim. "Markov measures determine the zeta function." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 7, no. 2 (June 1987): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014338570000403x.
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AbstractWith the purpose of understanding when two subshifts of finite type are equivalent from the point of view of their spaces of Markov measures we propose the notion of Markov equivalence. We show that a Markov equivalence must respect the cycles (periodic orbits) of the subshifts. In particular, Markov equivalent subshifts of finite type have the same zeta function.
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DOYEN, LAURENT, THOMAS A. HENZINGER, and JEAN-FRANÇOIS RASKIN. "EQUIVALENCE OF LABELED MARKOV CHAINS." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 19, no. 03 (June 2008): 549–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054108005814.
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We consider the equivalence problem for labeled Markov chains (LMCs), where each state is labeled with an observation. Two LMCs are equivalent if every finite sequence of observations has the same probability of occurrence in the two LMCs. We show that equivalence can be decided in polynomial time, using a reduction to the equivalence problem for probabilistic automata, which is known to be solvable in polynomial time. We provide an alternative algorithm to solve the equivalence problem, which is based on a new definition of bisimulation for probabilistic automata. We also extend the technique to decide the equivalence of weighted probabilistic automata. Then, we consider the equivalence problem for labeled Markov decision processes (LMDPs), which asks given two LMDPs whether for every scheduler (i.e. way of resolving the nondeterministic decisions) for each of the processes, there exists a scheduler for the other process such that the resulting LMCs are equivalent. The decidability of this problem remains open. We show that the schedulers can be restricted to be observation-based, but may require infinite memory.
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MATSUMOTO, KENGO, and HIROKI MATUI. "Continuous orbit equivalence of topological Markov shifts and dynamical zeta functions." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 36, no. 5 (February 6, 2015): 1557–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/etds.2014.128.
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For continuously orbit equivalent one-sided topological Markov shifts $(X_{A},{\it\sigma}_{A})$ and $(X_{B},{\it\sigma}_{B})$, their eventually periodic points and cocycle functions are studied. As a result, we directly construct an isomorphism between their ordered cohomology groups $(\bar{H}^{A},\bar{H}_{+}^{A})$ and $(\bar{H}^{B},\bar{H}_{+}^{B})$. We also show that the cocycle functions for the continuous orbit equivalences give rise to positive elements of their ordered cohomology groups, so that the zeta functions of continuously orbit equivalent topological Markov shifts are related. The set of Borel measures is shown to be invariant under continuous orbit equivalence of one-sided topological Markov shifts.
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Ali, R. Ayesha, Thomas S. Richardson, and Peter Spirtes. "Markov equivalence for ancestral graphs." Annals of Statistics 37, no. 5B (October 2009): 2808–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/08-aos626.
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Kabayashi, Kingo, Shun-Ichi Amari, and Hisashi Ito. "Equivalence of hidden Markov models." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part III: Fundamental Electronic Science) 74, no. 7 (1991): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecjc.4430740709.
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Buchholz, Peter, and Miklós Telek. "Rational Processes Related to Communicating Markov Processes." Journal of Applied Probability 49, no. 1 (March 2012): 40–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1331216833.
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We define a class of stochastic processes, denoted as marked rational arrival processes (MRAPs), which is an extension of matrix exponential distributions and rational arrival processes. Continuous-time Markov processes with labeled transitions are a subclass of this more general model class. New equivalence relations between processes are defined, and it is shown that these equivalence relations are natural extensions of strong and weak lumpability and the corresponding bisimulation relations that have been defined for Markov processes. If a general rational process is equivalent to a Markov process, it can be used in numerical analysis techniques instead of the Markov process. This observation allows one to apply MRAPs like Markov processes and since the new equivalence relations are more general than lumpability and bisimulation, it is sometimes possible to find smaller representations of given processes. Finally, we show that the equivalence is preserved by the composition of MRAPs and can therefore be exploited in compositional modeling.
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Buchholz, Peter, and Miklós Telek. "Rational Processes Related to Communicating Markov Processes." Journal of Applied Probability 49, no. 01 (March 2012): 40–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200008858.
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We define a class of stochastic processes, denoted as marked rational arrival processes (MRAPs), which is an extension of matrix exponential distributions and rational arrival processes. Continuous-time Markov processes with labeled transitions are a subclass of this more general model class. New equivalence relations between processes are defined, and it is shown that these equivalence relations are natural extensions of strong and weak lumpability and the corresponding bisimulation relations that have been defined for Markov processes. If a general rational process is equivalent to a Markov process, it can be used in numerical analysis techniques instead of the Markov process. This observation allows one to apply MRAPs like Markov processes and since the new equivalence relations are more general than lumpability and bisimulation, it is sometimes possible to find smaller representations of given processes. Finally, we show that the equivalence is preserved by the composition of MRAPs and can therefore be exploited in compositional modeling.
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Verley, Gatien. "Dynamical equivalence classes for Markov jump processes." Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2022, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 023211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ac4981.
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Abstract Two different Markov jump processes driven out of equilibrium by constant thermodynamic forces may have identical current fluctuations in the stationary state. The concept of dynamical equivalence classes emerges from this statement as proposed by Andrieux for discrete-time Markov chains on simple graphs. We define dynamical equivalence classes in the context of continuous-time Markov chains on multigraphs using the symmetric part of the rate matrices that define the dynamics. The freedom on the skew-symmetric part is at the core of the freedom inside a dynamical equivalence class. It arises from different splittings of the thermodynamic forces onto the system’s transitions.
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Larget, Bret. "A canonical representation for aggregated Markov processes." Journal of Applied Probability 35, no. 2 (June 1998): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1032192850.
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A deterministic function of a Markov process is called an aggregated Markov process. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the equivalence of continuous-time aggregated Markov processes. For both discrete- and continuous-time, we show that any aggregated Markov process which satisfies mild regularity conditions can be directly converted to a canonical representation which is unique for each class of equivalent models, and furthermore, is a minimal parameterization of all that can be identified about the underlying Markov process. Hidden Markov models on finite state spaces may be framed as aggregated Markov processes by expanding the state space and thus also have canonical representations.
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Larget, Bret. "A canonical representation for aggregated Markov processes." Journal of Applied Probability 35, no. 02 (June 1998): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200014972.
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A deterministic function of a Markov process is called an aggregated Markov process. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the equivalence of continuous-time aggregated Markov processes. For both discrete- and continuous-time, we show that any aggregated Markov process which satisfies mild regularity conditions can be directly converted to a canonical representation which is unique for each class of equivalent models, and furthermore, is a minimal parameterization of all that can be identified about the underlying Markov process. Hidden Markov models on finite state spaces may be framed as aggregated Markov processes by expanding the state space and thus also have canonical representations.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Markov Equivalence"
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Louis, Pierre-Yves. "Ergodicity of PCA : equivalence between spatial and temporal mixing conditions." Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/658/.
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For a general attractive Probabilistic Cellular Automata on S-Zd, we prove that the (time-) convergence towards equilibrium of this Markovian parallel dynamics, exponentially fast in the uniform norm, is equivalent to a condition (A). This condition means the exponential decay of the influence from the boundary for the invariant measures of the system restricted to finite boxes. For a class of reversible PCA dynamics on {1,+1}(Zd), wit a naturally associated Gibbsian potential rho, we prove that a (spatial-) weak mixing condition (WM) for rho implies the validity of the assumption (A); thus exponential (time-) ergodicity of these dynamics towards the unique Gibbs measure associated to rho hods. On some particular examples we state that exponential ergodicity holds as soon as there is no phase transition.
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BIALAS, CIEZ LEOKADIA. "Sur l'inegalite de markov pour les compacts. Cas des ensembles de cantor - problemes de capacite logarithmique. Conjecture de wilhelmsen - equivalence avec l'inegalite de division." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA112017.
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L'inegalite de markov permet de majorer, sur un compact, la norme du gradient d'un polynome en fonction de la norme du polynome. Quatre resultats concernant cette inegalite sont etablis. (1) l'inegalite de markov est satisfaite sur les ensembles de cantor. Pour montrer ce resultat nous etablissons, a l'aide d'estimations sur la mesure harmonique, que pour un ensemble de cantor k la fonction de green avec pole a l'infini de la composante connexe du complementaire de k satisfait une condition qui implique que l'ensemble k preserve l'inegalite de markov. (2) les compacts sur lesquels on a une inegalite de markov sont reguliers. Nous prouvons que tout compact de c sur lequel l'inegalite de markov est satisfaite a une capacite logarithmique positive. Il en resulte qu'il est regulier (au sens du probleme de dirichlet de prolongement d'une fonction continue et bornee sur le bord du compact en une fonction harmonique). (3) la conjecture de wilhelmsen est fausse. Pour k compact convexe du domaine reel d'interieur non vide, wilhelmsen a conjecture que la meilleure constante possible m dans l'inegalite de markov est m = 2/a(k) ou a(k) designe le minimum de la distance de deux hyperplans paralleles entre lesquels on peut inserer k. Nous infirmons cette conjecture a l'aide d'exemples construits en plusieurs variables. (4) l'inegalite de markov est equivalente a une inegalite de division. Sur un ensemble k borne et d'interieur non vide du domaine reel l'inegalite de markov implique une inegalite de division par une fonction suffisamment reguliere et non plate. Nous prouvons la reciproque quand k est un compact de r ou c.
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Harlé, Flore. "Détection de ruptures multiples dans des séries temporelles multivariées : application à l'inférence de réseaux de dépendance." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT043/document.
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Cette thèse présente une méthode pour la détection hors-ligne de multiples ruptures dans des séries temporelles multivariées, et propose d'en exploiter les résultats pour estimer les relations de dépendance entre les variables du système. L'originalité du modèle, dit du Bernoulli Detector, réside dans la combinaison de statistiques locales issues d'un test robuste, comparant les rangs des observations, avec une approche bayésienne. Ce modèle non paramétrique ne requiert pas d'hypothèse forte sur les distributions des données. Il est applicable sans ajustement à la loi gaussienne comme sur des données corrompues par des valeurs aberrantes. Le contrôle de la détection d'une rupture est prouvé y compris pour de petits échantillons. Pour traiter des séries temporelles multivariées, un terme est introduit afin de modéliser les dépendances entre les ruptures, en supposant que si deux entités du système étudié sont connectées, les événements affectant l'une s'observent instantanément sur l'autre avec une forte probabilité. Ainsi, le modèle s'adapte aux données et la segmentation tient compte des événements communs à plusieurs signaux comme des événements isolés. La méthode est comparée avec d'autres solutions de l'état de l'art, notamment sur des données réelles de consommation électrique et génomiques. Ces expériences mettent en valeur l'intérêt du modèle pour la détection de ruptures entre des signaux indépendants, conditionnellement indépendants ou complètement connectés. Enfin, l'idée d'exploiter les synchronisations entre les ruptures pour l'estimation des relations régissant les entités du système est développée, grâce au formalisme des réseaux bayésiens. En adaptant la fonction de score d'une méthode d'apprentissage de la structure, il est vérifié que le modèle d'indépendance du système peut être en partie retrouvé grâce à l'information apportée par les ruptures, estimées par le modèle du Bernoulli DetectorThis thesis presents a method for the multiple change-points detection in multivariate time series, and exploits the results to estimate the relationships between the components of the system. The originality of the model, called the Bernoulli Detector, relies on the combination of a local statistics from a robust test, based on the computation of ranks, with a global Bayesian framework. This non parametric model does not require strong hypothesis on the distribution of the observations. It is applicable without modification on gaussian data as well as data corrupted by outliers. The detection of a single change-point is controlled even for small samples. In a multivariate context, a term is introduced to model the dependencies between the changes, assuming that if two components are connected, the events occurring in the first one tend to affect the second one instantaneously. Thanks to this flexible model, the segmentation is sensitive to common changes shared by several signals but also to isolated changes occurring in a single signal. The method is compared with other solutions of the literature, especially on real datasets of electrical household consumption and genomic measurements. These experiments enhance the interest of the model for the detection of change-points in independent, conditionally independent or fully connected signals. The synchronization of the change-points within the time series is finally exploited in order to estimate the relationships between the variables, with the Bayesian network formalism. By adapting the score function of a structure learning method, it is checked that the independency model that describes the system can be partly retrieved through the information given by the change-points, estimated by the Bernoulli Detector
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Craft, Colin N. "Applications of a Model-Theoretic Approach to Borel Equivalence Relations." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1538768/.
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The study of Borel equivalence relations on Polish spaces has become a major area of focus within descriptive set theory. Primarily, work in this area has been carried out using the standard methods of descriptive set theory. In this work, however, we develop a model-theoretic framework suitable for the study of Borel equivalence relations, introducing a class of objects we call Borel structurings. We then use these structurings to examine conditions under which marker sets for Borel equivalence relations can be concluded to exist or not exist, as well as investigating to what extent the Compactness Theorem from first-order logic continues to hold for Borel structurings.
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Börjesson, Mattias. "Från likvärdighet till marknad : En studie av offentligt och privat inflytande över skolans styrning i svensk utbildningspolitik 1969-1999." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-50648.
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For most of the 20th century the dominant aim of Swedish educational policy was an integrated public school system under national state control. During the post-war era (1945–1989) this policy led to Sweden having one of the most centralized and integrated school systems in the world. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, there was a profound change in Swedish education policy towards decentralization, deregulation and marketization of the school system. The aim of this thesis is to provide a deeper understanding of the nature and causes of this shift in education policy. The thesis draws from a theoretical framework consisting of Critical Realism, curriculum theory and Neo-Marxism. From a Neo- Marxist perspective the configuration of state education policy is understood as a dominant education ideology. The empirical material consists of state policy documents which are understood as an expression of the dominant education ideology in society. The results indicate a shift in the dominant education ideology in Sweden between 1969 and – 1999: from an emphasis on state governance and goals of equivalence, equality and participation in the school system during the 1970s, towards increasing skepticism regarding state regulation and an emphasis on decentralization and aims to increase parental and pupil influence in the school system during the 1980s, to a dominance of private influence via school choice and competition in the school system during the 1990s. From a theoretical perspective consisting of Critical Realism and curriculum theory, this shift in education policy and restructuring of the school system is understood in relation to economic crises, a rightward shift in politics and the dominance of neoliberal ideas in Sweden during the 1980s and 1990s.
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Rebelo, Diogo Bebiano de Sá Viana. "Assessing the performance of private equity investments." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/13462.
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This study presents an alternative investment projection model to estimate the future values of Private Equity (PE) investments. The performance of PE investments is assessed by analyzing the risk-return relationship relative to simulated Public Market (PM) investments that mimic the cash flow patterns of PE investments. The model allows for a quantified analysis of the underlying inputs that outline the PE performance and risks, and accounts for survivorship bias. These inputs include the fund manager’s decisions regarding the selection, leverage, size, duration and timing of investment and divestments.
Este estudo apresenta um modelo de projeção de investimentos alternativos para estimar os valores futuros de investimentos de Private Equity (PE). O desempenho dos investimentos de PE é avaliado pelo risco-retorno em relação a investimentos de Mercados Públicos simulados de forma a imitar os padrões de fluxo de caixa dos investimentos de PE. O modelo permite uma análise quantificada dos inputs que caraterizam o desempenho e riscos de investimentos de PE, e tem em consideração rácios de sobrevivência (survivorship bias) destes investimentos. Estes inputs incluem decisões dos gestores do fundo em relação à seleção, alavancagem, tamanho, duração e timings dos investimentos e desinvestimentos.
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Simmons, Nicholas A. "An investigation into the robustness of willingness to pay for non-market goods in relation to subjective well-being." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/23010.
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This thesis investigates the sensitivity of derived monetary valuations of the well-being effects of non-market goods, by considering, in turn, the four components that contribute to these calculations. Comparisons are made to the current subjective well-being (SWB) literature by altering one component at a time in a willingness to pay (WTP) function, in addition to varying the estimator used when calculating WTP. The first component varied is the measure of income used; a more robust, up-to-date measure is proposed that takes into account household size, economies of scale and composition, plus other improvements over current income scaling approaches including equivalence scales. Secondly, anticipation and adaptation effects are examined, in order to allow for the dynamics of SWB in WTP valuations. Thirdly, due to the ordered nature of the dependent variable, the effects of both cardinal and ordinal models on WTP derivations are investigated. Such models include the ordered logit fixed effects (FE) model (see for example Das and Van Soest (1999), Ferrer-i-Carbonell and Frijters (2004) and Baetschmann et al. (2011)). The final input to be varied is whether income endogeneity is accounted for. A control function approach is used in this case. A key finding is that all four inputs in the WTP calculation contribute significantly to the estimated WTP values. However, the degree to which each input influences the variation in WTP values differs substantially. The three main contributing factors to WTP variations are the income variable chosen, anticipation and adaptation effects, and controlling for endogeneity. Additionally, this thesis proposes a new way to define WTP that is also valid for ordered estimators. Whilst the standard WTP approach relies simply on coefficient ratios at a point in time, the method proposed here uses the finding that statistically significant anticipation and adaptation effects, along with adaptation to all non-market events (except for unemployment) suggest that there are concerns with taking WTP values as yearly valuations that assume constant effects on SWB. By instead defining WTP as the summation of the value of all WTP effects over all lag and lead effect periods, the total value of an event can be calculated. This definition presents further weaknesses of the original method by showing that because of significant lag and lead effects for events such as divorce and widowhood, these events have substantially larger WTP values than first thought. This leads to the major finding in this study that rank orders are not preserved when controlling for income endogeneity, even when comparing two model specifications that are identical in all other respects. Therefore, despite absolute WTP valuations appearing more similar for linear and ordered estimators when a more appropriate model specification is in place, the rank orders are affected. This finding argues against papers such as Powdthavee and van den Berg (2011) that find that rank orders are preserved for WTP valuations when modelling SWB. In conclusion, given rank orders are generally not preserved when a small change is made in the model specification, the validity of the WTP method is significantly reduced. Finally, the above methodology is applied to education, with the main contribution to the education literature being that the positive effects on SWB from education only exist in terms of lead effects.
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Alou, Ramis Damià. "El concepto de marcador estructural: su aplicación en el discurso poético de Phipil Larkin." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7588.
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La presente tesis consta de dos partes principales. En la primera se pretende definir y delimitar el concepto de marcador estructural como herramienta de análisis textual aplicada a la traducción poética. Tras una aproximación a la especificidad del texto poético, y tras repasar las principales aportaciones teóricas a la traducción poética, identificamos los marcadores estructurales con los rasgos estilísticos que marcan el armazón semántico del texto.Posteriormente, se aplica el análisis basado en los marcadores estructurales a 21 poemas de Philip Larkin, seleccionados por temas. El producto práctico de este análisis es la traducción al castellano de cada poema, acompañada de un mapa donde figuran los rasgos que forman la estructura; y el producto teórico una caracterización estilística de la poesía de Larkin, representada en un mapa donde figuran sus principales rasgos estilístico.
También se aporta un esbozo de crítica de la traducción basado en dicha herramienta.
This dissertation consists of two parts. The first one is an attempt to define and delimit the concept of structural marker as a tool of text analysis applied to poetic translation. After dealing with the specificity of the poetic text and re-examining the main theories about poetic translation, structural markers are identified with the stylistic features that mark the semantic frame of the text.
Afterwards, we apply the analysis based on the structural markers to 21 poems by Philip Larkin, put into groups by themes. The practical outcome of this analysis the translation to Spanish of this poems, accompanied with a map where the main structural features can be seen; and the theoretical outcome is a stylistic characterisation of Larkin's poetry, which we represent in a stylistic map.
We also find an outline of translation criticism based in this tool called structural marker.
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Mikutytė, Lyra. "Kiekybinių apribojimų ir jiems lygiaverčio poveikio priemonių draudimas, užtikrinantis laisvą prekių judėjimą EB." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070104_144837-36676.
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The aim of this work is to identify and analyze the legal problems arising from applying the articles of the EC Treaty on the prohibition of quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect. The author, referring to evolution of the case law of European Court of Justice, reveals problem aspects of the prohibition of quantitative restrictions on import and measures having equivalent effect, ensuring the free movement of goods in EC. The author analyzes the link between the list of mandatory requirements, introduced in Cassis, and the article 30 of the Treaty, looking for bonds between them and providing possible solutions of the problem. The author also presents the probable reasons of the large-scale criticism towards European Court of Justice due to its ambivalent decision in Keck, examines the arguments rehabilitating Keck and estimates the influence of Keck towards free movement of goods in EC. The author aims to reveal the tendencies of European Court of Justice in the context of market access and discrimination, comparing both tests and considering whether it is possible to apply one of them alternatively or use a synergy of both tests. The basics of this work are focused on legal doctrine given in monographs, articles and publications of various foreign legal authors.
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Ehrenberger, Patrik. "Trh administrativních prostor." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199533.
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Master`s thesis topic is characteristic of office market and it`s distinction among other segments of reality market. Inseparable part of the thesis is also analysis of development between years 1995 and 2013 with orientation toward prague office market and it`s comparison with other european cities. Furthermore thesis discusses options of applicability of initial, reversionary and equivalent yields as comparable figures across investment and geographical markets and application of exit yield for property valuation in discounted cash-flow model. Established facts are applied on office building Rivergarden II-III in dynamically developing district Karlín in Prague 8.
Books on the topic "Markov Equivalence"
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Koli︠a︡da, S. F. Dynamics and numbers: A special program, June 1-July 31, 2014, Max Planck Institute for Mathematics, Bonn, Germany : international conference, July 21-25, 2014, Max Planck Institute for Mathematics, Bonn, Germany. Edited by Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2016.
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Moloney, Niamh. Capital Markets Union, Third Countries, and Equivalence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813392.003.0006.
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The EU currently manages access by non-EU/-EEA states to the EU financial market through its ‘third country’ rules, which typically require that the financial governance regime of the state in question is ‘equivalent’ to the EU regime. However, the UK's departure from the EU by 31 March 2019 has raised questions about how UK, as a ‘third country,’ ensures access to the EU financial market, and how a related Free Trade Agreement (FTA) might be configured. This chapter first considers the current regulatory requirements governing third country access to the EU capital market and their implications for the Capital Markets Union. It then examines the evolution of third country/equivalence-related techniques internationally for capital markets and how they might be relevant for the EU. It also speculates as to how the EU's equivalence arrangements for third countries are likely to develop, including in the context of an EU/UK FTA.
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Fleurbaey, Marc. Equivalent Income. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.15.
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The notion of equivalent income has been elaborated in the specialized context of comparing living standards of individuals in different situations regarding non-income attributes (household size, quality of life, market prices). It is defined as the income that would provide the same satisfaction as the current situation if the non-income attributes took particular reference values. Beyond the comparison of living standards, it deserves to be considered as a philosophically promising solution to the problem of interpersonal comparisons of well-being, for the context of social welfare evaluation. It appears indeed attractive when interpersonal comparisons are meant to respect individual preferences while focusing on objective functionings rather than subjective levels of satisfaction or happiness. In this chapter it is scrutinized and compared to alternative approaches: extended preferences, subjective well-being, capabilities.
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Cernat, Alexandru, and Joseph W. Sakshaug, eds. Measurement Error in Longitudinal Data. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859987.001.0001.
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Understanding change is essential in most scientific fields. This is highlighted by the importance of issues such as shifts in public health and changes in public opinion regarding politicians and policies. Nevertheless, our measurements of the world around us are often imperfect. For example, measurements of attitudes might be biased by social desirability, while estimates of health may be marred by low sensitivity and specificity. In this book we tackle the important issue of how to understand and estimate change in the context of data that are imperfect and exhibit measurement error. The book brings together the latest advances in the area of estimating change in the presence of measurement error from a number of different fields, such as survey methodology, sociology, psychology, statistics, and health. Furthermore, it covers the entire process, from the best ways of collecting longitudinal data, to statistical models to estimate change under uncertainty, to examples of researchers applying these methods in the real world. The book introduces the reader to essential issues of longitudinal data collection such as memory effects, panel conditioning (or mere measurement effects), the use of administrative data, and the collection of multi-mode longitudinal data. It also introduces the reader to some of the most important models used in this area, including quasi-simplex models, latent growth models, latent Markov chains, and equivalence/DIF testing. Further, it discusses the use of vignettes in the context of longitudinal data and estimation methods for multilevel models of change in the presence of measurement error.
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Homewood, Matthew J. 5. Free movement of goods. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198815181.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses the law on the free movement of goods in the EU. Free movement of goods is one of the four ‘freedoms’ of the internal market. Obstacles to free movement comprise tariff barriers to trade (customs duties and charges having equivalent effect), non-tariff barriers to trade (quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect), and discriminatory national taxation. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) prohibits all kinds of restrictions on trade between Member States. Article 30 (ex Article 25 EC) prohibits customs duties and charges having equivalent effect; Article 34 (ex Article 28 EC) prohibits quantitative restrictions and all measures having equivalent effect; and Article 110 (ex Article 90 EC) prohibits discriminatory national taxation.
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Schütze, Robert. The Decline of the International Model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803379.003.0004.
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The creation of a common market was (and is) a central task of the European Economic Community and today the European Union. The 1957 EEC Treaty thereby offered a variety of legal instruments to unite the different national markets into a ‘common’ European market. Originally, it closely followed the GATT suggestions in Article XXIV and outlawed customs duties (and equivalent measures), while it equally prohibited quantitative restrictions (and equivalent measures). The EEC Treaty also contained a non-discrimination provision for imported goods, yet the latter was textually confined to fiscal measures; and the question therefore arose how the 1957 Rome Treaty would regard State regulatory measures that discriminated against out-of-State goods. This chapter explores the constitutional choices made by the original Rome Treaty and the early Court with regard to market integration.
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Back, Kerry E. Information, Strategic Trading, and Liquidity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0024.
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The chapter describes some asymmetric information models of liquidity. In these models, trades move prices because of the possibility that the trades are based on information not known to the market. A strategic trader is one who takes into consideration that her trades move prices. The chapter describes the Glosten‐Milgrom model of the bidask spread, the Kyle model of market depth, the Glosten model of limit‐order markets, and models of auctions. Except for the auction models, prices are set in these models by uninformed market makers who face adverse selection from informed traders. In the auction models, prices are set by informed individuals bidding against one another. The winner’s curse, the revenue equivalence theorem, and related aspects of auctions are explained.
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Jappelli, Tullio, and Luigi Pistaferri. Liquidity Constraints. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383146.003.0005.
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The theory of intertemporal choice that we have developed so far assumes that there are no imperfections in the credit market. The ability to borrow and save as much as needed—imposing only the intertemporal budget constraint—allows the transfer of resources over time and thus maintenance of a stable consumption profile through the life cycle. The chapter studies how the consumer’s problem changes in the presence of credit market frictions. The latter may explain why consumption growth is sensitive to expected changes in income (excess sensitivity of consumption) and why it is greater than predicted by the certainty equivalence model (excess growth of consumption).
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Ferrarini, Guido, and Davide Trasciatti. OTC Derivatives Clearing, Brexit, and the CMU. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813392.003.0007.
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This chapter contributes to the debate on the future of European over-the-counter (OTC) clearing and relevant infrastructures in light of the Capital Markets Union and its re-configuration after Brexit. It begins by introducing some basic notions about clearing dynamics. It then analyses the available divorce options between the EU and the UK once Article 50 has been triggered, and their impact on clearing particularly in light of the European Market Infrastructure Regulation's equivalence regime. Next, it examines the worst-case scenario that would materialize if UK central counterparties (CCPs) were excluded from the single market, and considers possible network strategies that CCPs could adopt to remedy the consequences of Brexit.
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Back, Kerry E. Equilibrium and Efficiency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0004.
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Pareto optima and competitive equilibria are defined. Allocations are functions of market wealth (sharing rules) in Pareto optima, which means that all risks except market wealth are perfectly shared. Equilibria in complete markets are shown to be equivalent to Arrow‐Debreu equilibria and to be Pareto optimal. If investors all have linear risk tolerance with the same cautiousness parameter, then equilibria are Pareto optimal, equilibrium prices are independent of the initial wealth allocation (Gorman aggregation), and two‐fund separation holds (all investors hold the risk‐free asset and the market portfolio).
Book chapters on the topic "Markov Equivalence"
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Buchholz, Peter. "Equivalence Relations for Stochastic Automata Networks." In Computations with Markov Chains, 197–215. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2241-6_13.
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Even-Dar, Eyal, and Yishay Mansour. "Approximate Equivalence of Markov Decision Processes." In Learning Theory and Kernel Machines, 581–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45167-9_42.
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He, Yang-Bo, Zhi Geng, and Xun Liang. "Learning Causal Structures Based on Markov Equivalence Class." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 92–106. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11564089_9.
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Bradley, J. T. "A Passage-Time Preserving Equivalence for Semi-Markov Processes." In Computer Performance Evaluation: Modelling Techniques and Tools, 178–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46029-2_11.
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Walrand, Jean. "Route Planning: B." In Probability in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 259–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49995-2_14.
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AbstractThere is a class of control problems that admit a particularly elegant solution: the linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) problems. In these problems, the state dynamics and observations are linear, the cost is quadratic, and the noise is Gaussian. Section 14.1 explains the theory of LQG problems when one observes the state. Section 14.2 discusses the situation when the observations are noisy and shows the remarkable certainty equivalence property of the solution. Section 14.3 explains how noisy observations affect Markov decision problems.
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Skelton, Robert E., and B. D. O. Anderson. "q-Markov Covariance Equivalent Realizations." In Modelling and Application of Stochastic Processes, 25–41. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2267-2_2.
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Sharma, Arpit. "Revisiting Trace Equivalences for Markov Automata." In Formal Aspects of Component Software, 252–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40914-2_14.
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Qin, Guangping, and Jinzhao Wu. "Branching Time Equivalences for Interactive Markov Chains." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 156–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30233-9_12.
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Boyle, Mike, and Wolfgang Krieger. "Almost Markov and shift equivalent sofic systems." In Dynamical Systems, 33–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0082823.
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Feller, William, and Henry P. Mckean. "A DIFFUSION EQUIVALENT TO A COUNTABLE MARKOV CHAIN." In Selected Papers II, 391–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16856-2_21.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Markov Equivalence"
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Jaber, Amin, Jiji Zhang, and Elias Bareinboim. "On Causal Identification under Markov Equivalence." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/859.
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In this work, we investigate the problem of computing an experimental distribution from a combination of the observational distribution and a partial qualitative description of the causal structure of the domain under investigation. This description is given by a partial ancestral graph (PAG) that represents a Markov equivalence class of causal diagrams, i.e., diagrams that entail the same conditional independence model over observed variables, and is learnable from the observational data. Accordingly, we develop a complete algorithm to compute the causal effect of an arbitrary set of intervention variables on an arbitrary outcome set.
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Vanluyten, Bart, Katrien De Cock, Jan C. Willems, and Bart De Moor. "Equivalence of state representations for hidden Markov models." In European Control Conference 2007 (ECC). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2007.7068890.
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Beutler, Frederick, and Keith Ross. "Discrete-time equivalence for constrained semi-Markov decision processes." In 1985 24th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.1985.268676.
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Buchholz, Peter, Jan Kriege, and Dimitri Scheftelowitsch. "Equivalence and Minimization for Model Checking Labeled Markov Chains." In 9th EAI International Conference on Performance Evaluation Methodologies and Tools. ICST, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.14-12-2015.2262622.
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Haiyang Jia, Dayou, Juan Chen, and Jinghua Guan. "Learning Markov equivalence classes of Bayesian Network with immune genetic algorithm." In 2008 3rd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea.2008.4582506.
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Azeraf, Elie, Emmanuel Monfrini, and Wojciech Pieczynski. "On Equivalence between Linear-chain Conditional Random Fields and Hidden Markov Chains." In 14th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010897400003116.
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Siyuan Peng, Guoyin Wang, Zhixing Li, and Jie Yang. "The application of Markov model Based Equivalence Class Generalization in network anomaly detection." In 2017 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Cloud Computing and Big Data Analysis (ICCCBDA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccbda.2017.7951944.
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Arabneydi, Jalal, and Amir G. Aghdam. "A certainty equivalence result in team-optimal control of mean-field coupled Markov chains." In 2017 IEEE 56th Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2017.8264116.
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Suchomski, P., and Z. Kowalczuk. "Markov-equivalent continuous-time GPC design." In 1997 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc.1997.7082526.
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Sattar, Yahya, Zhe Du, Davoud Ataee Tarzanagh, Samet Oymak, Laura Balzano, and Necmiye Ozay. "Certainty Equivalent Quadratic Control for Markov Jump Systems." In 2022 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc53348.2022.9867208.
Full textReports on the topic "Markov Equivalence"
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Balasubramanian, Vijay. Equivalence and Reduction of Hidden Markov Models. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada270762.
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Morris, M., and T. Jones. Marrow cell kinetics model: Equivalent prompt dose approximations for two special cases. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7175933.
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Morris, M., and T. Jones. Marrow cell kinetics model: Equivalent prompt dose approximations for two special cases. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10189151.
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Zhang, Hongbin, Shahal Abbo, Weidong Chen, Amir Sherman, Dani Shtienberg, and Frederick Muehlbauer. Integrative Physical and Genetic Mapping of the Chickpea Genome for Fine Mapping and Analysis of Agronomic Traits. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592122.bard.
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Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop in the world and ranks first in the Middle East; however, it has been subjected to only limited research in modern genomics. In the first period of this project (US-3034-98R) we constructed two large-insert BAC and BIBAC libraries, developed 325 SSR markers and mapped QTLs controlling ascochyta blight resistance (ABR) and days to first flower (DTF). Nevertheless, the utilities of these tools and results in gene discovery and marker-assisted breeding are limited due to the absence of an essential platform. The goals of this period of the project were to use the resources and tools developed in the first period of the project to develop a BAC/BIBAC physical map for chickpea and using it to identify BAC/BIBACcontigs containing agronomic genes of interest, with an emphasis on ABR and DTF, and develop DNA markers suitable for marker-assisted breeding. Toward these goals, we proposed: 1) Fingerprint ~50,000 (10x) BACs from the BAC and BIBAC libraries, assemble the clones into a genome-wide BAC/BIBAC physical map, and integrate the BAC/BIBAC map with the existing chickpea genetic maps (Zhang, USA); 2) fine-map ABR and DTFQTLs and enhance molecular tools for chickpea genetics and breeding (Shahal, Sherman and DaniShtienberg, Israel; Chen and Muehlbauer; USA); and 3) integrate the BAC/BIBAC map with the existing chickpea genetic maps (Sherman, Israel; Zhang and Chen, USA). For these objectives, a total of $460,000 was requested originally, but a total of $300,000 was awarded to the project. We first developed two new BAC and BIBAC libraries, Chickpea-CME and Chickpea- CHV. The chickpea-CMEBAC library contains 22,272 clones, with an average insert size of 130 kb and equivalent to 4.0 fold of the chickpea genome. The chickpea-CHVBIBAC library contains 38,400 clones, with an average insert size of 140 kb and equivalent to 7.5 fold of the chickpea genome. The two new libraries (11.5 x), along with the two BAC (Chickpea-CHI) and BIBAC (Chickpea-CBV) libraries (7.1 x) constructed in the first period of the project, provide libraries essential for chickpea genome physical mapping and many other genomics researches. Using these four libraries we then developed the proposed BAC/BIBAC physical map of chickpea. A total of 67,584 clones were fingerprinted, and 64,211 (~11.6 x) of the fingerprints validated and used in the physical map assembly. The physical map consists of 1,945 BAC/BIBACcontigs, with each containing an average of 39.2 clones and having an average physical length of 559 kb. The contigs collectively span ~1,088 Mb, being 1.49 fold of the 740- Mb chickpea genome. Third, we integrated the physical map with the two existing chickpea genetic maps using a total of 172 (124 + 48) SSR markers. Fourth, we identified tightly linked markers for ABR-QTL1, increased marker density at ABR-QTL2 and studied the genetic basis of resistance to pod abortion, a major problem in the east Mediterranean, caused by heat stress. Finally, we, using the integrated map, isolated the BAC/BIBACcontigs containing or closely linked to QTL4.1, QTL4.2 and QTL8 for ABR and QTL8 for DTF. The integrated BAC/BIBAC map resulted from the project will provide a powerful platform and tools essential for many aspects of advanced genomics and genetics research of this crop and related species. These includes, but are not limited to, targeted development of SNP, InDel and SSR markers, high-resolution mapping of the chickpea genome and its agronomic genes and QTLs, sequencing and decoding of all genes of the genome using the next-generation sequencing technology, and comparative genome analysis of chickpea versus other legumes. The DNA markers and BAC/BIBACcontigs containing or closely linked to ABR and DTF provide essential tools to develop SSR and SNP markers well-suited for marker-assisted breeding of the traits and clone their corresponding genes. The development of the tools and knowledge will thus promote enhanced and substantial genetic improvement of the crop and related legumes.
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Zhang, Hongbin B., David J. Bonfil, and Shahal Abbo. Genomics Tools for Legume Agronomic Gene Mapping and Cloning, and Genome Analysis: Chickpea as a Model. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586464.bard.
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The goals of this project were to develop essential genomic tools for modern chickpea genetics and genomics research, map the genes and quantitative traits of importance to chickpea production and generate DNA markers that are well-suited for enhanced chickpea germplasm analysis and breeding. To achieve these research goals, we proposed the following research objectives in this period of the project: 1) Develop an ordered BAC library with an average insert size of 150 - 200 kb (USA); 2) Develop 300 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with an aid of the BAC library (USA); 3) Develop SSR marker tags for Ascochyta response, flowering date and grain weight (USA); 4) Develop a molecular genetic map consisting of at least 200 SSR markers (Israel and USA); 5) Map genes and QTLs most important to chickpea production in the U.S. and Israel: Ascochyta response, flowering and seed set date, grain weight, and grain yield under extreme dryland conditions (Israel); and 6) Determine the genetic correlation between the above four traits (Israel). Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop in the world and ranks the first in the Middle East. Chickpea seeds are a good source of plant protein (12.4-31.5%) and carbohydrates (52.4-70.9%). Although it has been demonstrated in other major crops that the modern genetics and genomics research is essential to enhance our capacity for crop genetic improvement and breeding, little work was pursued in these research areas for chickpea. It was absent in resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. For instance, there were no large-insert BAC and BIBAC libraries, no sufficient and user- friendly DNA markers, and no intraspecific genetic map. Grain sizes, flowering time and Ascochyta response are three main constraints to chickpea production in drylands. Combination of large seeds, early flowering time and Ascochyta blight resistance is desirable and of significance for further genetic improvement of chickpea. However, it was unknown how many genes and/or loci contribute to each of the traits and what correlations occur among them, making breeders difficult to combine these desirable traits. In this period of the project, we developed the resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. In particular, we constructed the proposed large-insert BAC library and an additional plant-transformation-competent BIBAC library from an Israeli advanced chickpea cultivar, Hadas. The BAC library contains 30,720 clones and has an average insert size of 151 kb, equivalent to 6.3 x chickpea haploid genomes. The BIBAC library contains 18,432 clones and has an average insert size of 135 kb, equivalent to 3.4 x chickpea haploid genomes. The combined libraries contain 49,152 clones, equivalent to 10.7 x chickpea haploid genomes. We identified all SSR loci-containing clones from the chickpea BAC library, generated sequences for 536 SSR loci from a part of the SSR-containing BACs and developed 310 new SSR markers. From the new SSR markers and selected existing SSR markers, we developed a SSR marker-based molecular genetic map of the chickpea genome. The BAC and BIBAC libraries, SSR markers and the molecular genetic map have provided essential resources and tools for modern genetic and genomic analyses of the chickpea genome. Using the SSR markers and genetic map, we mapped the genes and loci for flowering time and Ascochyta responses; one major QTL and a few minor QTLs have been identified for Ascochyta response and one major QTL has been identified for flowering time. The genetic correlations between flowering time, grain weight and Ascochyta response have been established. These results have provided essential tools and knowledge for effective manipulation and enhanced breeding of the traits in chickpea.
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Medrano, Juan, Adam Friedmann, Moshe (Morris) Soller, Ehud Lipkin, and Abraham Korol. High resolution linkage disequilibrium mapping of QTL affecting milk production traits in Israel Holstein dairy cattle. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696509.bard.
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Original objectives: To create BAC contigs covering two QTL containing chromosomal regions (QTLR) and obtain BAC end sequence information as a platform for SNP identification. Use the SNPs to search for marker-QTL linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the test populations (US and Israel Holstein cattle). Identify candidate genes, test for association with dairy cattle production and functional traits, and confirm any associations in a secondary test population. Revisions in the course of the project: The selective recombinant genotyping (SRG) methodology which we implemented to provide moderate resolution QTL mapping turned out to be less effective than expected, due to problems introduced by incomplete marker informativity. This required a no-cost one-year extension of the project. Aside from this, the project was implemented essentially as envisaged, but only with respect to a single QTLR and single population association-test. Background to the topic. Dairy cattle breeders are looking to marker-assisted selection (MAS) as a means of identifying genetically superior sires and dams. MAS based on population-wide LD can be many times more effective than MAS based on within-family linkage mapping. In this proposal we developed a protocol leading from family based QTL mapping to population-wide LD between markers and the QTL Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. The critical importance of marker informativity for application of the SRG design in outcrossing random mating populations was identified, and an alternative Fractioned Pool Design (FPD) based on selective DNA pooling was developed. We demonstrated the feasibility of constructing a BAC contig across a targeted chromosomal region flanking the marker RM188 on bovine chromosome BTA4, which was shown in previous work to contain a QTL affecting milk production traits. BAC end sequences were obtained and successfully screened for SNPs. LD studies of these SNPs in the Israel population, and of an independent set of SNPs taken across the entire proximal region of BTA4 in the USA population, showed a much lower degree of LD than previously reported in the literature. Only at distances in the sub-cM level did an appreciable fraction of SNP marker-pairs show levels of LD useful for MAS. In contrast, studies in the Israel population using microsatellite markers, presented an equivalent degree of LD at a 1-5 separation distance. SNP LD appeared to reflect historical population size of Bostaurus (Ne=5000- 10,000), while microsatellite LD appeared to be in proportion to more recent effective population size of the Holstein breed (Ne=50-100). An appreciable fraction of the observed LD was due to Family admixture structure of the Holstein population. The SNPs MEOX2/IF2G (found within the gene SETMAR at 23,000 bp from RM188) and SNP23 were significantly associated with PTA protein, Cheese dollars and Net Merit Protein in the Davis bull resource population, and were also associated with protein and casein percentages in the Davis cow resource population. Implications. These studies document a major difference in degree of LD presented by SNPs as compared to microsatellites, and raise questions as to the source of this difference and its implications for QTL mapping and MAS. The study lends significant support to the targeted approach to fine map a previously identified QTL. Using high density genotyping with SNP discovered in flanking genes to the QTL, we have identified important markers associated with milk protein percentage that can be tested in markers assisted selection programs.
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Avis, William. Funding Mechanisms to Local CSOs. Institute of Development Studies, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.089.
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Civil society can be broadly defined as the area outside the family, market and state. As such, civil society encompasses a spectrum of actors with a wide range of purposes, constituencies, structures, degrees of organisation, functions, size, resource levels, cultural contexts, ideologies, membership, geographical coverage, strategies and approaches.This rapid literature review collates available literature on funding mechanisms and barriers to local CSOs gaining access to funding and the extent to which funding leads towards organisational development and sustainability. Broadly, it is asserted that in terms of funding, local CSOs often struggle to secure funding equivalent to that of INGOs and their local representatives. Kleibl & Munck (2017) reflect that indigenous non-state actors do not receive large shares of development funding. For example, only 10% of the total funding for US-funded health projects in Uganda was allocated to indigenous non-state actors.Given the diversity of CSOs and the variety of contexts, sectors they work in and the services they supply, it is challenging to summarise funding mechanisms available to local CSOs and the barriers to accessing these. Recent analyses of CSO funding report that while the total CSO funding in many contexts has continued to increase in absolute terms since 2015, its relative importance (as a share of total Overseas Development Assistance) has been decreasing (Verbrugge and Huyse, 2018). They continued that ODA funding channelled through CSOs (i.e., funding that is programmed by the donor government) remains far more important in volumes than ODA channelled directly to CSOs (which is programmed by CSOs themselves).The literature identifies three principal mechanisms by which donors provide financial support to civil society actors: a) Direct support to individual or umbrella organisations; b) Via Southern government; c) Via Intermediaries – largely Northern NGOs.
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Saarnio, Karri, Mika Vestenius, and Katriina Kyllönen. Attestation of conformity of particulate matter measurements (HIVATO) 2019–2020. Finnish Meteorological Institute, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361331.
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The National Reference Laboratory for Air Quality (NRL) ensures the high quality of air quality measurements in Finland by organising audits and intercomparison campaigns. In this project, the conformity of the particulate matter measurements was evaluated with a particular focus on the measurement used for calculating the average exposure index (AEI) of Finland. The representativity and applicability of the AEI measurements made at the Kallio station in Helsinki were evaluated. It was noticed that the results of the Kallio measurement represent well the average fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations and the yearly based trend of fine particles in Finland. In addition, the yearly average concentrations of fine particles have been smaller than the AEI limit value of 8.5 µg/m3, at all individual urban background stations in Finland since year 2015. The measurement results made with the PM monitor used for AEI measurement, i.e. TEOM 1405 analyser at the Kallio station, were compared to the results from the reference method that follows the standard SFS-EN 12341:2014. It was noticed that the uncertainty requirement of 25% was reached and therefore the quality of the measurement is sufficient to use it for the calculation of AEI. However, the fine particle concentrations were generally very low and therefore the requirements given in the standard SFS-EN 16450:2017 for an intercomparison against the reference method were not perfectly fulfilled. This report presents also results from intercomparison measurements made for automated continuous measurement systems (AMS). At the Virolahti station and at the Mäkelänkatu station in Helsinki, PM10 and PM2.5 measurements were compared. In Kuopio and in Lahti, intercomparison measurements were made for PM2.5 only. Based on the results from these intercomparisons, the calibration coefficients both for PM10 and PM2.5 were defined for the first time in Finland for a FIDAS 200 analyser that is a new PM monitor in the Finnish market. It was concluded that FIDAS 200 analysers can be used for the PM measurements in Finland when the calibration coefficients are applied for the data; however, one must note that the presented calibration coefficients do not fulfil the requirements given for the demonstration of equivalence (DoE). Nevertheless, these coefficients are recommended to be used until the official coefficients will be delivered from the next DoE campaign. Two AMS (SHARP 5030 and TEOM 1405) were compared to the reference method for the measurements of PM10 and PM2,5 in Virolahti and in Helsinki, respectively. It was revealed that the calibration coefficients based on the DoE in Kuopio (2014–2015) do not always fit ideally at different locations and seasons due to differences in the environmental characteristics of the measurement sites. Therefore, NRL recommends that DoE should be organised every five years and in between the DoE’s so called ongoing-intercomparison measurements should be carried out continuously. In the ongoing-intercomparison, suitability of the calibration coefficients from DoE will be verified in different locations with varying environmental characteristics. The ongoing-intercomparison campaigns should take place at one site from a half a year to one year and after that, the campaign should continue at a different location similarly. This would ensure that the influence of seasonal differences to the suitability of coefficients will be verified at each measurement site.
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Ruiz, Susana. ¿Quién paga la cuenta? Gravar la riqueza para enfrentar la crisis de la COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe. Oxfam, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6317.
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Las previsiones de retroceso económico y social en América Latina y el Caribe son alarmantes. La COVID-19 golpea con fuerza la región marcada que tendrá que afrontar una contracción del 9,4%, una de las más severas en todo el planeta. La desigualdad, la informalidad y la insuficiente dotación sanitaria lastran las posibilidades de hacer frente a la pandemia. Pero son los más vulnerables quienes asumen el costo, hasta 52 millones de personas que podrían caer en la pobreza y 40 millones podrían perder sus empleos, un retroceso de 15 años para la región. Pero la COVID-19 no afecta a todos por igual, una élite se mantiene inmune al contagio de la crisis económica. Desde el principio de los confinamientos, hay 8 nuevos milmillonarios en América Latina y el Caribe, personas con un patrimonio superior a los mil millones de dólares. Las personas más ricas han aumentado su fortuna en US$ 48 200 millones desde marzo 2020, lo que equivale a un tercio del total de los paquetes de estímulo de todos los países de la región. Para hacer frente a esta crisis tan profunda, Oxfam propone una serie de reformas que recaigan sobre quienes más tienen y menos han sufrido la pandemia. Entre otros un impuesto sobre el patrimonio neto de las personas más ricas con el que se podría recaudar al menos US$ 14 260 millones, 50 veces más de lo que ahora se estaría recaudando sobre esta élite de grandes fortunas. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, forecasts for economic and social decline in Latin America and the Caribbean are alarming. The region will face a 9.4% contraction in its economy, among the most severe in the world. Coping with the pandemic is hindered by inequality, weak and insufficient social protection and limited public health capabilities. Up to 52 million people could fall into poverty and 40 million could lose their jobs – a 15-year setback for the region. Yet, an elite remains ‘immune’ to the contagion of the economic crisis. Since the beginning of the pandemic, there have been 8 new billionaires in LAC: 1 every 2 weeks since the lockdowns began. The richest people have increased their fortune by $48.2bn since March 2020, equivalent to a third of the total stimulus packages of all countries in the region. In this paper, Oxfam proposes a series of reforms targeting those who have being less affected by the pandemic. They include a net wealth tax that could potentially generate $14.3bn, 50 times more than billionaires in the region pay now in theory, under current tax systems.
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Dubcovsky, Jorge, Tzion Fahima, and Ann Blechl. Positional cloning of a gene responsible for high grain protein content in tetraploid wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7695875.bard.
Full textAbstract:
High Grain Protein Content (GPC) is a desirable trait in breadmaking and pasta wheat varieties because of its positive effects on quality and nutritional value. However, selection for GPC is limited by our poor understanding of the genes involved in the accumulation of protein in the grain. The long-term goal of this project is to provide a better understanding of the genes controlling GPC in wheat. The specific objectives of this project were: a) to develop a high-density genetic map of the GPC gene in tetraploid wheat, b) to construct a T. turgidum Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library, c) to construct a physical map of the GPC gene and identify a candidate for the GPC gene. A gene with a large effect on GPC was detected in Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides and was previously mapped in the short arm of chromosome 6B. To define better the position of the Gpc-B1 locus we developed homozygous recombinant lines with recombination events within the QTL region. Except for the 30-cM region of the QTL these RSLs were isogenic for the rest of the genome minimizing the genetic variability. To minimize the environmental variability the RSLs were characterized using 10 replications in field experiments organized in a Randomized Complete Block Design, which were repeated three times. Using this strategy, we were able to map this QTL as a single Mendelian locus (Gpc-B1) on a 2.6-cM region flanked by RFLP markers Xcdo365 and Xucw67. All three experiments showed that the lines carrying the DIC allele had an average absolute increase in GPC of 14 g/kg. Using the RFLP flanking markers, we established the microcolinearity between a 2.l-cM region including the Gpc-B1 gene in wheat chromosome 6BS and a 350-kb region on rice chromosome 2. Rice genes from this region were used to screen the Triticeae EST collection, and these ESTs were used to saturate the Gpc-B1 region with molecular markers. With these new markers we were able to map the Gpc-B1 locus within a 0.3-cM region flanked by PCR markers Xucw83 and Xucw71. These flanking markers defined a 36-kb colinear region with rice, including one gene that is a potential candidate for the Gpc-B1 gene. To develop a physical map of the Gpc-B1 region in wheat we first constructed a BAC library of tetraploid wheat, from RSL#65 including the high Gpc-B1 allele. We generated half- million clones with an average size of l3l-kb (5.1 X genome equivalents for each of the two genomes). This coverage provides a 99.4% probability of recovering any gene from durum wheat. We used the Gpc-BI flanking markers to screen this BAC library and then completed the physical map by chromosome walking. The physical map included two overlapping BACs covering a region of approximately 250-kb, including two flanking markers and the Gpc-B1 gene. Efforts are underway to sequence these two BACs to determine if additional wheat genes are present in this region. Weare also developing new RSLs to further dissect this region. We developed PCR markers for flanking loci Xucw79andXucw71 to facilitate the introgression of this gene in commercial varieties by marker assisted selection (httQ://maswheat.ucdavis.edu/ orotocols/HGPC/index.hlm). Using these markers we introgressed the Gpc-B1 gene in numerous pasta and common wheat breeding lines.