Journal articles on the topic 'Marking weight'
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Yahya, Siti Aishah, Nor Azam Ramli, Syabiha Shith, and Nur Baitul Izati Rasli. "ASSESSMENT ON MARKING SPECIFICATION OF REAR SIDE OF HEAVY GOODS VEHICLES IN MALAYSIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 9 (October 7, 2020): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i9.2020.1572.
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A vehicle's conspicuity is determined by the colour and pattern of painted surfaces, height, lighting system, reflectorization and fluorescent markings. In Malaysia, the better visibility of heavy goods vehicles has to be marked with retroreflective marking. The objectives of the study to analyse percentages of marking requirement that compliant with the MS 828:2011. The study was conducted at Jawi Toll Plaza, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang from 9.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m for three days. As a result, the highest compliance level of marking requirement was 96% which is box truck two axles. Meanwhile, other categories were between 17% to 91%. Many HGVs were not installing rear-end marking type 5, while all trucks and trailers with a maximum gross vehicle weight (GVW) of 3500 kg and above had to be marked with Type 5 (contour marking) as of 1 July 2019. Some improvement needed to reduce the severity and the number of road accidents by recommended a safe following distance.
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Lambe, N. R., J. Conington, S. C. Bishop, A. Waterhouse, and G. Simm. "A genetic analysis of maternal behaviour score in Scottish Blackface sheep." Animal Science 72, no. 2 (January 2001): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800055922.
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AbstractUnder field conditions, ewe behaviour was quantified by maternal behaviour score (MBS)-a six-point scale which assesses ewe flight distance when lambs are handled for the first time, within 24 h of birth (adapted from O’Connor et al., 1985). MBS was measured on 847 Scottish Blackface ewes on two experimental hill farms, over a maximum of four parities. Live weights of lambs born to these ewes were measured at birth, marking (average age of 42 days) and weaning (average age of 120 days).MBS was significantly higher ( P < 0·05) for ewes with more lambing experience (multiparous ewes), for older ewes and for twin-bearing ewes compared with ewes with single lambs. MBS was under genetic control ( h2 = 0·13, permanent environmental effect = 0·19, when analysed as the same trait across parities) and the repeatability was 0·32.MBS had no significant effects on weight gain of lambs. However, a moderate, positive genetic correlation was estimated between MBS and the average weight gained by lambs from birth to marking ( rg = 0·4, s.e. 0·22), although the genetic correlation estimated between MBS and weight gained to weaning was close to zero ( rg = 0·02, s.e. 0·16). Ewes with a MBS of 1 (ewe flees and does not return to her lambs) had significantly more lambs dying before marking and weaning than ewes with a higher maternal behaviour score. Selection to reduce the proportion of ewes in this category may therefore be beneficial.
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Elliott, Sinikka, Josephine Ngo McKelvy, and Sarah Bowen. "Marking time in ethnography: Uncovering temporal dispositions." Ethnography 18, no. 4 (June 22, 2016): 556–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1466138116655360.
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In this paper, we reflect on how time is appraised, organized, and managed by a group of researchers conducting an ethnography of 12 low-income families. We develop the concept of temporal dispositions: perceptions and preferences around time that in turn shape temporal practices. The concept of temporal dispositions encapsulates individuals’ background and training, agency and reflexivity, and the dynamic nature of ongoing social life and interactions through which temporal meanings may change or take on new symbolic weight. Overlaid upon each of these are larger social structures and power relations that affirm some temporal dispositions and stigmatize others. We conclude by considering the implications for ethnographic fieldworkers. We argue that analyzing the many ways researchers and participants navigate and perceive time offers insight into unspoken temporal assumptions, ideologies, and inequalities.
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MARTINEZ KRAHMER, DANIEL OSVALDO, GERMAN ABATE, ALEJANDRO SIMONCELLI, NAZARENO ANTUNEZ, VITALIY MARTYNENKO, DANIELA PEREZ, and LUIS NORBERTO LOPEZ DE LA CALLE MARCAIDE. "GRID LASER MARKING INFLUENCE ON HIGH-STRENGTH STEELS TENSILE TEST BEHAVIOR." DYNA 96, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/9869.
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Automotive car companies are using AHSS (advanced high strength steels) over the last 20 years, to reduce vehicle weight and improve safety. The new steels can achieve higher strength and good fatigue resistance, but some issues related to springback and low formability are also a big concern. Thus, companies need to extend their know-how regarding material behaviour, design rules and manufacturing processes. Therefore, materials characterization laboratories are working to obtain the new formability charts of the steels. The grid laser marking of test pieces is a recent approach. However, the marking process must accomplish three main aspects: indelibility during the tensile testing procedure, precision, and of course, it must not affect the mechanical properties of studied steels. This work is focused on the laser marking of test pieces, using Ytterbium fiber laser. A dual phase steel (JFE CA 1180) is studied. Process parameter are defined. Keywords: grid marking, laser, advanced high-strength steels, AHSS, formability diagrams, mechanical properties
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Molineaux, Benjamin. "The diachrony of Mapudungun stress assignment." Papers in Historical Phonology 2 (April 18, 2017): 1–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/pihph.2.2017.1846.
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Stress assignment is one of the most widely-known and controversial aspects of present-day Mapudungun (aka Araucanian) phonology. Here, the diachrony of the phenomenon is explored based on the available written record spanning 1606–1936. Having surveyed these sparse but suggestive data, and contrasted them with present-day evidence, I suggest four distinct stages of development. Ultimately, I go on to argue that Mapudungun has undergone changes both to the morphological and metrical domains which determine stress assignment. At the level of the morphology, stress appears to have changed from marking the edge of verbal roots, to marking the edge of stems. In terms of metrical units, the apparent lack of weight-sensitivity in the earliest stages of the language is replaced by a decidedly weight-sensitive system towards the end. Finally, I argue that stress assignment in Mapudungun is subordinate to morpho-phonological transparency both synchronically and diachronically, allowing the position of stress to vary in order to highlight the morphology.
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Beaumont, Robin N., Isabelle K. Mayne, Rachel M. Freathy, and Caroline F. Wright. "Common genetic variants with fetal effects on birth weight are enriched for proximity to genes implicated in rare developmental disorders." Human Molecular Genetics 30, no. 11 (March 4, 2021): 1057–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddab060.
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Abstract Birth weight is an important factor in newborn survival; both low and high birth weights are associated with adverse later-life health outcomes. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 190 loci associated with maternal or fetal effects on birth weight. Knowledge of the underlying causal genes is crucial to understand how these loci influence birth weight and the links between infant and adult morbidity. Numerous monogenic developmental syndromes are associated with birth weights at the extreme ends of the distribution. Genes implicated in those syndromes may provide valuable information to prioritize candidate genes at the GWAS loci. We examined the proximity of genes implicated in developmental disorders (DDs) to birth weight GWAS loci using simulations to test whether they fall disproportionately close to the GWAS loci. We found birth weight GWAS single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) fall closer to such genes than expected both when the DD gene is the nearest gene to the birth weight SNP and also when examining all genes within 258 kb of the SNP. This enrichment was driven by genes causing monogenic DDs with dominant modes of inheritance. We found examples of SNPs in the intron of one gene marking plausible effects via different nearby genes, highlighting the closest gene to the SNP not necessarily being the functionally relevant gene. This is the first application of this approach to birth weight, which has helped identify GWAS loci likely to have direct fetal effects on birth weight, which could not previously be classified as fetal or maternal owing to insufficient statistical power.
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Borremans, Benny, Vincent Sluydts, Rhodes H. Makundi, and Herwig Leirs. "Evaluation of short-, mid- and long-term effects of toe clipping on a wild rodent." Wildlife Research 42, no. 2 (2015): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14109.
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Context Toe clipping is a widely used method for permanent marking of small mammals, but its effects are not well known, despite the ethical and scientific implications. Most studies do not find any clear effects, but there is some indication that toe clipping can affect survival in specific cases. Although effects on survival are arguably the most important, more subtle effects are also plausible, yet very few studies have included body condition and none has investigated effects on mobility. Aims We analysed the effects of toe clipping on free-living Mastomys natalensis, a common, morphologically and behaviourally intermediate small rodent. Methods Using a 17-year capture–mark–recapture dataset, we compared movement, body weight and survival between newly and previously clipped animals, and tested whether any of these parameters correlated with the number of clipped toes. Key results No evidence for a correlation between total number of clips and any of the variables was found. Newly clipped animals had a slightly smaller weight change and larger travel distance than did those that were already clipped, and we show that this is most likely due to stress caused by being captured, clipped and handled for the first time rather than to the actual clipping. Conclusions The combination of trapping, handling and marking has a detectable effect on multimammate mice; however, there is no evidence for a clear effect of toe clipping. Implications Our study suggests a re-evaluation of ethical guidelines on small-mammal experiments, so as to reach a rational, fact-based decision on which marking method to use.
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Schinckel, Allan P., Paul Preckel, Kenneth Foster, Nathanel Thompson, and Francisco Cabezón. "113 Current status of marking hogs in North America and future potential for refinement." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.080.
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Abstract Pork processors use marketing grids in which carcasses heavier or lighter than specified carcass weights (CW) are discounted in value. In North America most processors discount pigs further from the ideal CW at an increasing rate. To reduce sort loss, most commercial producers visually evaluate the body weight (BW) of each pig and try to identify the heaviest pigs in each pen for marketing on two- to four-day marketing windows. Carcass premiums/discounts are based on a predicted “percent lean” estimated using measurements of backfat depth and loin muscle depth. Usually, the premium for leanness has a nonlinear relationship with predicted percent lean. Optimal marketing maximizes daily return above variable costs including daily feed cost. Implementation requires that producers know: feed efficiency of their pigs relative to BW, variation in growth rates and BW amongst pigs within the herd, and the relationship between carcass leanness and CW. Sorting accuracy for marketing impacts the distribution of CWs, the sort loss, and depending on CW discounts, the optimal market BW’s. Thus, sorting decisions are interrelated with marketing decisions. In three large barns, percentages of pigs sold correctly for the first two marketing cuts were 56, 48, and 52%, and differences in sort loss increased to $5.74/pig as mean CW increased. Methods have been developed to evaluate sorting accuracy. Pork processors have an optimal distribution of cut weights and sizes to maximize their daily returns above costs. Current marketing systems provide little incentive for commercial producers to reduce the variation in CW and subsequent cut weights and do not optimize the distribution of CWs. Next steps are to implement the state-of-the-art decision making on test farms, evaluate performance, refine and replicate a successful platform. To satisfy heterogeneous consumer demand at minimum cost joint optimization of farm production with wholesale marketing will be required.
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Hinch, GN, JJ Lynch, JV Nolan, RA Leng, BM Bindon, and LR Piper. "Supplementation of high fecundity Border Leicester x Merino ewes with a high protein feed: its effect on lamb survival." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 2 (1996): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960129.
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Two hundred and fifty Border Leicester x Merino ewes (40% heterozygous for the Booroola Fec B gene) were used in an experiment, replicated over 2 years, to examine the effects of cottonseed meal-based supplementation on lamb survival, birth, marking and weaning weight, as well as, liveweight and fleece characteristics of ewes. From 50 to 100 days of pregnancy, half of the ewes were supplemented with 80 g/head.day. The supplemented group was then split according to litter size and, until 30 days after lambing, were offered pellets at 80, 160 and 220 g/head .day, respectively, for ewes bearing single, twin and triplet (or more) lambs. Over the 2 years, ewes averaged 2.11 lambs per parturition and supplementation significantly increased lamb survival to weaning (73 v. 58%) with no interaction with litter size. Although supplementation had a positive effect on birth weight of all but twins, the effects of supplementation on survival were independent of birth weight effects. Significant effects of year, sire breed and litter size on lamb survival and birth weight were also noted. No effects of supplementation were apparent on lamb growth while ewe age, sire breed, sex and rearing rank all significantly influenced growth rates. Ewe weights, fleece weights and staple strength were significantly influenced by year, ewe age and litter size but not by supplementation. These findings indicate the benefits to lamb survival of providing a 'bypass' protein supplement to high fecundity flocks even when ewes are grazing good quality pastures.
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Robertson, S. M., M. A. Friend, and B. J. King. "Mild congenital goitre increases lamb mortality in southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08005.
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Congenital goitre, symptomatic of iodine deficiency, can be associated with elevated levels of lamb mortality. This study details an outbreak east of Wagga Wagga in southern NSW, where goitre has previously not been documented. Measurements were taken on flocks at two sites near Ladysmith. Up to 82% of dead lambs had thyroid : weight ratios of more than 0.4 g/kg bodyweight, potentially large enough to affect survival. Up to 16% of lambs surviving to marking had enlarged thyroids (i.e. estimated by palpation). Lambs with enlarged thyroids may be more prone to dystocia, with ewes requiring assistance at delivery. Sex and birthweight were not related to thyroid size, but of lambs surviving to marking, a greater proportion of Merino than crossbred lambs had enlarged thyroids. At the second site, growth rate from birth to marking but not to weaning was reduced in lambs with higher thyroid scores. The high incidence of goitre in these flocks suggests that iodine deficiency may be an important factor in lamb mortality in some years in this region, but is unlikely to be detected due to the relatively small degree of thyroid enlargement.
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Jiao, Li, and To-Yat Cheung. "Characterizing Liveness Monotonicity for Weighted Petri Nets in Terms of Siphon-Based Properties." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 14, no. 04 (August 2003): 641–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054103001935.
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A Petri net (N, M0) is monotonically live (m-live) if it remains live when the values of its initial marking M0 are increased. N is structurally m-live if there exists an initial marking M0 such that (N, M0) is m-live. Three new siphon-based characterizations for these properties are obtained: (1) For a weighted net N, the ST-property (i.e., every siphon contains a trap) is a necessary but not sufficient condition for N to be structurally m-live. (2) For a weighted net N, a necessary but not sufficient condition for (N, M0) to be m-live is that every siphon of N contains an M0-controlled trap (i.e., for every reachable marking M, the trap contains a place whose token value is not smaller than the least weight of its outgoing arcs). (3) A homogeneous asymmetric choice net (N, M0) is m-live if and only if every minimal siphon of N contains an M0-controlled trap. Characterization (3) is a generalization of Commoner's Theorem from ordinary liveness for ordinary free choice nets to m-liveness for homogeneous asymmetric choice nets.
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Chalil, Diana, Mohammad Basyuni, Riantri Barus, and Lollie AP Putri. "Smallholders’ willingness to pay for dura marking oil palm seeds." E3S Web of Conferences 52 (2018): 00011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185200011.
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In 2018, around 4 million ha of oil palm smallholdings need to be replanted. Indonesia could utilize this moment to improve smallholdings’ productivity by ensuring the usage of good quality seeds. For the industry, Dura is considered as bad seeds as its thick shells can damage the machine and the oil content is low. Therefore, most mills do not want to buy it, hence the selling price is low. In fact, most smallholdings’ use uncertified seedlings that include many contaminated Dura. Unfortunately, smallholders can only detect this 3 years after the planting and spending a considerable amount of production costs. Actually, to avoid the unnecessary loss a Dura marking technique can be applied to the oil palm seeds. However, most smallholders are unlikely consider Dura usage as an important issue due to the higher weight and higher sales revenue. This study is conducted to analyse smallholders’ willingness to pay (WTP) for seed marking service. Data is collected from 60 independent smallholders in Labuhan Batu Utara, which mostly use the uncertified seedlings. The willingness to pay is measured with Conjectural Variations Approach, revealing 71% of the respondents are willing to pay the Dura seed marking service, although still with a minimum level of WTP. Pearson Chi Square Correlation Test shows that the WTP for Dura Marking Service is only significantly correlated with the smallholders’ knowledge and perception, but not with their land size and experience. Based on the results, a number of policy implication are included.
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Ferron, Jean, and Jean-Pierre Ouellet. "Développement physique post-natal chez le grand polatouche (Glaucomys sabrinus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 2548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-379.
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The objective of this paper is to study the postnatal physical development of the Northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) from birth to the age of 55 days, when it is weaned and its socialization period ends. The effect of growth on weight and on several linear measurements is presented with the corresponding instantaneous growth rates. The timing of different events marking the physical development is also reported. Comparison of our results with those on other sciurid species suggests that arboreal species have a slower physical development than terrestrial species, at least with regard to body weight. Our previous observations on behavioural ontogeny concurs with this hypothesis.
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Forbes, Jamin, Robyn J. Watts, Wayne A. Robinson, Lee J. Baumgartner, Prue McGuffie, Leo M. Cameron, and David A. Crook. "Assessment of stocking effectiveness for Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii) and golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) in rivers and impoundments of south-eastern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 10 (2016): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15230.
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Stock enhancement is a management tool used for fishery recovery worldwide, yet the success of many stocking programs remains unquantified. Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii) and golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) are important Australian recreational target species that have experienced widespread decline. Stocking of these species has been undertaken for decades, with limited assessment of effectiveness. A batch marking and recapture approach was applied to assess stocked Murray cod and golden perch survival, contributions to wild fisheries, and condition in rivers and impoundments. Stocked fish were marked with calcein. Marked fish were detected during surveys undertaken 3 years and 10 months from initial marking, and it is probable that marks will persist beyond this time. The proportion of calcein marked fish in the population sub-sample whose age was equal to, or less than, the number of years since release, varied by 7–94% for Murray cod, and 9–98% for golden perch. Higher proportions of marked fish were found in impoundments than rivers. Marked Murray cod had significantly steeper length–weight relationships (i.e. higher weight at a given length) to unmarked fish. Our results show that application of methods for discriminating stocked and wild fish provides critical information for the development of adaptive, location-specific stocking strategies.
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Campanella, Daniela, Angela Garriz, Dario C. Colautti, Gustavo M. Somoza, and Leandro A. Miranda. "Osmotic induction marking with Alizarin Red S on juveniles of pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis (Atherinopsidae)." Neotropical Ichthyology 11, no. 1 (March 2013): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252013000100011.
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Juveniles of pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis, were exposed to 0.1% Alizarin Red S (ARS) alone or with a previous immersion in 2.2% saline solution (Osmotic Induction, OI) to enhance the ARS marking method. Fish were marked in the field and immediately released in 1 m3 cages in "La Salada de Monasterio" lagoon, Chascomús, Buenos Aires , Argentina. After 73 days, clear marks were observed in the otoliths, caudal fin rays and scales with both treatments, being the intensity of the signal in the scales of OI+ARS treated fish higher. On the other hand, no marks were observed in the control group on the same structures. Approximately one year post-treatment (385 days), only marks in caudal fin rays were found clearly in OI+ARS treated fish. After this period, no significant differences in total length or weight between marked or control fish were observed and the mortality ranged between 30-40 % in all cages. These results provide strong evidence for the potential applicability of this cost-effective marking technique in differentiation of wild and hatchery-produced pejerrey. The success in the caudal fin rays marking is also important because it is easy to do and does not require the sacrifice of fish.
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Jiang, Shufeng, and Keqi Wang. "Image Processing and Splicing Method for 3D Optical Scanning Surface Reconstruction of Wood Grain." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 08 (November 20, 2019): 2054021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021800142054021x.
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Based on environment compensation, scanning image processing technology was employed to investigate point cloud data and space matching method for wood grain. Collision avoidance recognition algorithm was used to collocate mark points, when remarkably reduced the error matching of distance coincidence mark points. The proposed method used marking of flag sample points based on weight to compensate for the marking points ambiguity of distinguishing information in scanning environment, and select the optimal path for the weighted results. The same splicing points in different images was identified, solving the problem of fuzzy splicing by distance matching. Experimental results and three-dimensional (3D) printing wood cross-section model reconstructed by surface fitting were compared. Results showed that the 3D scanning image mosaic of wood growth texture at the cross-section had no obvious stereo characteristics. The proposed method has improved the accuracy of surface mosaic in reverse scanning imaging for wood grain. This method can be applied to support the application needs of reverse surface reconstruction.
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Piaggio, L., H. Deschenaux, F. Baldi, S. Fierro, G. Quintans, and G. Banchero. "Plane of nutrition of Corriedale ewe lambs from foetal life to the onset of breeding affects weight at service and reproductive outcome." Animal Production Science 55, no. 8 (2015): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13260.
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The objective of this study was to identify periods in the life (foetal and postnatal) of Corriedale ewe lambs where different nutrition levels can affect bodyweight at breeding and pregnancy rate in their first year of life. The effect of three different phases of nutrition on the growth and pregnancy rate (n = 133) of Corriedale ewe lambs of 7 months of age were evaluated. Phase 1 included the last phase of gestation of their mothers (30 last days of gestation, Day –30; partum = Day 0) until marking (Day 24). Phase 2 was between marking and weaning (Day 114) and phase 3 between weaning to the onset of breeding (Day 207). For phase 1, 350 adult ewes had access to improved pastures (phase 1, H) or native pastures (phase 1, L). After lambing, all ewes and their lambs were offered native pastures. After marking only ewes bearing females lambs were kept. In phase 2, 67 lambs born to H and 66 lambs born to L ewes were sorted in two new treatments: access to native pastures supplemented with ~1% of their bodyweight with soybean meal (phase 2, H) or access to native pastures alone (phase 2, L). In phase 3, each of the lambs of the four treatments applied during phase 2 were sorted in two new treatments: access to improved pastures (phase 3, H) or native pastures supplemented with 0.7% of liveweight with soybean meal (phase 3, L). Breeding period lasted 41 days and pregnancy diagnosis was performed 86 days after the onset of breeding. The pregnancy rate varied from 0% to 47%. Phase 3 of nutrition was the only phase that affected pregnancy rate (28% vs. 10% for female lambs offered H and L plane of nutrition respectively; P = 0.005). A discriminative analysis demonstrated that the liveweight at breeding was the only variable that affected the success of pregnancy in ewe lambs (P = 0.0025). Moreover, the ewe lambs that were heavier at the onset of breeding (more than 35 kg or in average 38 kg) were the most successful to get pregnant (35% of pregnancy for lambs over 35 kg and 13% for lambs under 35 kg, P = 0.0044). In conclusion, under the conditions of this experiment, the most important parameters to explain successful pregnancy of ewe lambs were the growth rate after weaning, and the liveweight at the onset of breeding.
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Broadbent, P. J., M. M. Alfuraiji, D. C. Macdonald, and D. F. Dolman. "Evaluation of a marking web device as an aid to detection of oestrus in cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (March 1989): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600011351.
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A simple and reliable aid to detection of oestrus in cattle would help to improve reproductive efficiency particularly where AI or embryo transfer is being used. A marking web, devised by Mr P M P Lumbar, was reported (Farmers Weekly, p40, 10 June 1988) to perform this function satisfactorily.The marking web device is constructed simply from a piece of calico (8.5 cm x 8.0 cm) and a 8.5 cm x 2.5 cm strip of red household tape covered by a layer of black mastic stuck across the calico (Figure 1). The device is fixed to the sacral region of the heifer or cow using a suitable adhesive. Some of the devices were supplied by Mr Lumbar and the remainder were made by us. Pressure from the chest of the animal mounting peels the adhesive mastic from the underlying tape.The marking web devices (MWD) were evaluated using two groups of maiden Hereford x British Friesian heifers. These heifers were 15 to 18 mo. old, they had a live weight of 421 kg and were in body condition score 2.4 units on average. Group I heifers (n=134) were housed in straw-bedded pens at a stocking rate of 4-5 m2 per head and fed on cut grass ad libitum supplemented with minerals and vitamins. Group II heifers (n=22) were set stocked on pasture at 6 heifers per ha.
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Lee, H. F., C. A. Morgan, M. C. Appleby, and N. K. Waran. "Creep feeding status of piglets can be identified by an automatic marking device." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200012631.
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Creep food intake of suckling piglets varies considerably between individuals (Pajor et al., 1991). The creep feeding status of individual piglets can be monitored by video recording or by combining the weight of the food removed from the electronic dispensers with monitoring by video recording. However, the analysis of videotapes is time-consuming, which limits its widespread use on farm. From a practical standpoint, monitoring the food intake by piglets either before or after weaning is important to provide useful information for a management strategy. Therefore a general, quick and valid method to detect the food intake experience of piglets would be valuable and is needed. The aim of this investigation was to determine if a device that automatically spray-marked piglets at the trough could reliably identify those pigs that had foraged the food in the trough.
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Lee, GJ, DC Harris, BD Ferguson, and RA Jelbart. "Growth and carcass fatness of ewe, wether, ram and cryptorchid crossbred lambs reared at pasture: effects of weaning age." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 6 (1990): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900743.
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The effects of weaning age and sex on growth, the carcass fatness and dressing percentage were studied in grazing Dorset x (Border Leicester x Merino) lambs. Entire male (ram and cryptorchid) lambs grew significantly (P<0.001) faster from marking to slaughter than did either wethers or ewes. They were also leaner than wethers, which were in turn leaner than ewes (mean � s.e. GR tissue depth: 11.4 � 0.16, 13.9 � 0.22 and 16.3 � 0.23 mm, respectively, at a carcass weight of 19.7 kg). Across all sex groups, the GR measurement increased 1.2 � 0.03 mm per kg increase in carcass weight. An earlier weaning (at 13-15 weeks of age) reduced (P<0.001) liveweight gains. There was also a small reduction (P<0.05) in the GR measurement associated with the earlier weaning, particularly in ewe and wether lambs. The dressing percentage of wethers increased with increasing liveweight over the entire range of weights. However, in ewes and entire males, there was little change in dressing percentage with increasing liveweight above 40 kg. An earlier weaning was associated with a small reduction in dressing percentage.
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Hatcher, S., J. Eppleston, K. J. Thornberry, and B. Watt. "High Merino weaner survival rates are a function of weaning weight and positive post-weaning growth rates." Animal Production Science 50, no. 6 (2010): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09187.
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Survival and subsequent productivity of Merino ewe weaners (weaned in 2006 and 2007, respectively) on commercial properties in the New South Wales Central Tablelands were monitored through routine liveweight measurement until weaning of their own progeny from their maiden joining. Growth rates were calculated from the regular liveweight measurements with survival determined by the continuing presence of an individual animal at subsequent measurements. This study demonstrates that high weaner survival rates are a function of both weaning weight and post-weaning growth rates. Importantly, it indicates that low post-weaning growth rates can negate the survival benefit conferred by a high weaning weight such that weaners who were unable to sustain positive post-weaning growth rates were at high risk of death. Furthermore, classification of weaners into liveweight profile groups based on their weaning weight and post-weaning growth rates identified another group of weaners that are also at high risk of death. These weaners (14% of the mob) had above average weaning weights but low post-weaning growth rates and a mortality rate nearly 1.5 times that of the lightest cohort of weaners. High weaner survival rates about the 95% industry benchmark are possible if weaners show positive growth rates post weaning. Weaning weight continues to have a residual influence on the subsequent productivity of ewe weaners until they wean their first lambs. Maiden ewes that were heavier at weaning tend to have higher scanning percentages and are more likely to successfully rear their progeny to marking than their lighter weight counterparts. This finding should be taken into account when economic analyses of the benefits of alternative management strategies to promote weaner survival are undertaken.
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Stoddart, D. M., A. J. Bradley, and J. Mallick. "Plasma testosterone concentration, body weight, social dominance and scent-marking in male marsupial sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps; Marsupialia: Petauridae)." Journal of Zoology 232, no. 4 (April 1994): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb04615.x.
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Man, W. Y. N., S. Brotherstone, B. G. Merrell, W. A. Murray, and B. Villanueva. "Associations of PrP genotypes with live weight and slaughter traits in an experimental flock of Swaledale sheep in Great Britain." Animal Science 82, no. 5 (October 2006): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc200673.
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AbstractPolymorphisms at codons 136, 154 and 171 of the gene encoding the prion protein (PrP) are associated with susceptibility to classical scrapie in sheep. Genetic selection for scrapie resistance based on PrP genotypes is central to the scrapie eradication programme in Great Britain but there are concerns about how this may affect other economically important traits. The objective of this study was to evaluate associations of PrP genotypes with live weight and slaughter traits in a hill sheep breed in Great Britain. Data used were from an experimental flock of Swaledale sheep in which the alleles ARR, ARQ, AHQ and VRQ were present. About 1450 genotyped lambs with birth, marking and weaning weights, and 620 with slaughter records were used for the study. Mixed models with various fixed effects and random direct genetic and maternal effects were tested to determine the appropriate model to use for each trait. None of the differences in lamb performance between PrP genotypes consistently reached significance. Therefore, this study does not support existence of significant relationships between PrP genotype and lamb performance traits in this breed.
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Platovsky, MD, Anna, and Benjamin T. Galen, MD. "Case File: Point-of-care ultrasound should end the outdated practice of “marking for a tap”." POCUS Journal 2, no. 2 (September 11, 2017): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/pocus.v2i2.13277.
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A 55 year old man with a history of alcoholic cirrhosis decompensated by esophageal varices status post banding presented to the emergency room with abdominal pain. He also noted increased abdominal girth with associated poor oral intake and early satiety as well as a 10 lb. weight gain over 2 weeks. On examination, the patient was afebrile with stable vital signs and no respiratory distress. His abdominal examination revealed tense ascites with mild tenderness to palpation of the left upper quadrant. There was no jaundice or asterixis. Laboratory testing was significant for mild thrombocytopenia but no leukocytosis or abnormal liver tests. Liver synthetic function was preserved.
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Golovchenko, O. V., M. Yu Abramova, I. V. Ponomarenko, and M. I. Churnosov. "Newborn weight is associated with the maternal F13A1 gene rs5985 polymorphism." Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction 15, no. 3 (July 9, 2021): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2021.189.
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Aim: to evaluate a relationship between newborn weight and single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs5918 ITGB3, rs1126643 ITGA2, rs5985 F13A1 in pregnant women with preeclampsia (PE) and fetal growth retardation (FGR).Materials and Мethods. In this prospective comparative study, molecular genetic testing for the three polymorphic loci of hereditary thrombophilia candidate genes – rs1126643 ITGA2, rs5918 ITGB3, and rs5985 F13A1 was performed in 70 pregnant women with PE and FGR. Newborn somatometry was performed using standard methods. To assess functional effects of the rs5985 polymorphism of the F13A1 gene associated with newborn weight, we applied online bioinformatic programs GTEx Portal and HaploReg (assessing a relationship between polymorphism and level of gene transcription and related epigenetic effects).Results. The rs5985 polymorphism of the maternal F13A1 gene is associated with newborn weight according to allelic (â = 156.60; pperm = 0.05) and additive (â = 155.20; pperm = 0.05) genetic models. The polymorphic locus rs5985 of the F13A1 gene is characterized by pronounced pleiotropic regulatory effects in vivo: it determines the amino acid substitution in the A1 subunit of coagulation factor XIII (Val35Leu), associated with the activity of blood clotting factor XIII, localized in the DNase 1 hypersensitivity region, determines DNA affinity to 11 transcription factors (AP-2, CACD, EBF, ERalpha-a, ESR2, Hic1, Klf4, Klf7, SP1, ESR1 and TFAP2C), located in the region of modified histones, marking enhancers and promoters in the culture of ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm cells, placenta, fetal brain and adrenal glands, progenitor cells and myoblasts in skeletal muscle, adipocytes, brain etc.Conclusion. The rs5985 polymorphism of the F13A1 gene in pregnant women with PE and FGR is associated with newborn weight.
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Pomantow, Frederik Joseph, Arthur Pinaria, and Wenny Tilaar. "KERAGAMAN FENOTIPE KELAPA DALAM DI KECAMATAN TENGA KABUPATEN MINAHASA SELATAN." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 12, no. 1A (March 21, 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.12.1a.2016.11541.
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North Sulawesi province is known as one of the biggest coconut production in Indonesia. South Minahasa Regency is the biggest coconut production in the North Sulawesi Province. District of Tenga is one of major coconut production in South Minahasa Regency. Therefore, effort should be conducted in order to maintain the coconut production in District of Tenga. One effort to maintain coconut production in District of Tenga is to cultivate coconut varieties which can result high yield. High yield production of coconut can be resulted through plant breeding. In plant breeding, variation is parameter of selection that can be used to evaluate population performance of breeding material. The variation of coconut in District of Tenga has not been investigated. In order to support selection program to produce good quality of coconut varieties it is important to assess coconut population in District of Tenga. Research was conducted by collecting samples at four villages namely Tawaang, Tawaang Barat, Radey and Malinow representing in District of Tenga. Sample was collected using purposive sampling. Twenty-five sampels of coconut tree were collected at each village. Samples of coconut tree were collected using purposive sampling followed by marking of each sample. Characters observed were number of fruit per tree, number of fruit per bunch, fruit weight per bunch, fruit weight without husk per bunch, fruit weight without water per bunch, coconut shell weight per bunch and fresh fruit meat (white flesh) weight per bunch. Data was analyzed using Bartlett homogeneity test. Result showed that characters of number of fruit per tree and fruit weight without husk per bunch were varied. Whereas, characters number of fruit per bunch, fruit weight without husk per bunch, fruit weight without water per bunch, coconut shell weight per bunch and fresh fruit meat (white flesh) weight per bunch were not varied.Keywords: Coconut, Variation, Fenotype, Tenga District, South Minahasa
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Schilman, Pablo E. "Trail-Laying Behaviour as a Function of Resource Quality in the AntCamponotus rufipes." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/139385.
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Chemical trails have been shown to act as an orientation cue in some ant species. Here, I report that the trail-laying behaviour in the nectar-feeding ant,Camponotus rufipes, varies with the concentration of the sucrose solutions collected. Single workers collected solutions of different sucrose concentrations (5%, 20%, and 40% in weight) during 4 consecutive visits to the resource, and their trail-marking behaviour was recorded on soot-coated slides during their first and last visits. Results suggest that these chemical trails provide both an orientation cue between the nest and the food source, as previously suggested forCamponotusants, as well as information about food quality.
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Santoro, Patrick. "Relationally Bare/Bear." Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2012): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532708611435213.
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This article is an autoethnographic account of the intricacies surrounding relational dissolution. In tracing moments of a four-year relationship, the author critically and reflexively examines his identity as a gay Bear, acknowledging how his culturally stigmatized hairy and husky body challenged his ability to love. Emphasizing the demanding and unending negotiations of body image, the narratives herein reveal how losing weight allowed the author to re-story the potential of his body, marking a shift in sexual desire for himself and other men. While this article paints a relationship’s end, it also captures a beginning—of what it means to seek a communicatively, emotionally, and physically fulfilling intimacy.
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Rong, Lili, and Kanglei Bi. "A study on the comprehensive carrying capacity and spatial optimization under the new development concept - an empirical study of Shandong province." E3S Web of Conferences 199 (2020): 00005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019900005.
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Scientific evaluation of the comprehensive carrying capacity of land is the condition for regional coordination and high-quality economic development. Applied entropy method and expert marking to determine weight, and adopted multi-objective comprehensive evaluation model to evaluate the comprehensive carrying capacity of land resources from 2008 to 2018 in Shandong province. The results show that the comprehensive carrying capacity level is located in the lower and intermediate critical level, which has obvious spatial differences, and carrying capacities of social economic, land resource, water resource and ecological environmental are not consistent. On this basis, according to obstacle characteristics of land comprehensive carrying capacity, puts forward the proposal for space optimization pattern.
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Conington, J., S. C. Bishop, A. Waterhouse, and G. Simm. "A genetic analysis of early growth and ultrasonic measurements in hill sheep." Animal Science 61, no. 1 (August 1995): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800013552.
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AbstractGenetic parameters were estimated for early lamb growth and ultrasonic measurements taken on Scottish Blackface lambs reared under extensive conditions on two Scottish hill farms. Measurements were taken on approximately 2000 lambs born to unselected ewes, and sired by 32 rams previously selected for divergent predicted carcass lean content. Heritabilities for birth weight, marking iveight (at approx. 6 weeks of age) and weaning weight (at 17 weeks) were 0·07 (s.e. 0·04), 0·02 (s.e. 0·03), and 0·14 (s.e. 0·05), respectively. Heritabilities for ultrasonic muscle and fat depths at weaning were 0·27 (s.e. 0·09) and 0·16 (s.e. 0·06), respectively. There was a strong maternal effect on weight which declined from birth with lamb age and was relatively unimportant for the ultrasonic measurements. The rearing environment of the lambs (hill pasturev.‘improved’ (or ‘inbye’) pasture) was an important environmental effect on the heritability estimate for backfat thickness, with that for lambs reared on improved pasture being twice that of hill-reared lambs. The implications of the results from this work on genetic improvement of sheep in liill environments are discussed.
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Cowan, D., L. M. Gosling, J. Hudson, and S. A. Collins. "Does Behaviour After Weaning Affect the Dominance Status of Adult Male Mice (Mus Domesticus)?" Behaviour 134, no. 13-14 (1997): 989–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853997x00359.
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AbstractTo investigate whether behaviour in the litter predicted later dominance status, male mice were observed whilst within their litters from three weeks old, and when paired with an unrelated male as an adult. We found that males that were dominant in their litter were not more likely to become dominant as an adult. The best predictor of adult dominance status was the relative scent marking rate when with littermates, males that marked more than their adult partner were more likely to become dominant. The high scent mark rate of dominant males may be the cause not the consequence of dominance, they scent mark at a higher rate before becoming dominant. It was also shown that there are strong family resemblances for scent mark rate, body weight and most urogenital gland weights. This indicates that scent mark rate and urogenital gland weights may be determined genetically, or partly determined by parental effects. As found in previous work the preputial gland was heavier in dominant males than subordinates. Furthermore, dominant males were lighter than subordinates at the end of the experiment indicating that there may be a cost to maintaining dominance.
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Siel, Daniela, María José Ubilla, Sonia Vidal, Alexandra Loaiza, John Quiroga, Federico Cifuentes, Timothy Hardman, Lisette Lapierre, Rodolfo Paredes, and Leonardo Sáenz. "Reproductive and Behavioral Evaluation of a New Immunocastration Dog Vaccine." Animals 10, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020226.
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Canine immunocastration development has been of interest for many years as a complementary strategy to surgical castration. The purpose of this paper was to verify the effect of a recombinant vaccine for dog immunocastration. Two tests were done, one under controlled conditions and a second under field conditions. Animals were injected with 1 mL of 500 µg GnRXG/Q recombinant protein; 500 µg of low molecular weight chitosan as adjuvant; 1 mL NaCl 0.9% q.s. In the first trial, eight Beagle male dogs between the ages of 1 and 3 comprised the sample, randomly divided into two groups: vaccinated group (n = 7) and control group (n = 2). The second trial had 32 dogs with owners. In the first controlled conditions trial, the vaccine produced specific antibodies that remained until the end of the trial (day 270), inducing reduced testosterone and spermiogram changes in the immunized animals. In a second trial, on the field, specific immunity was induced, which remained high up to day 150. The vaccine also reduced sexual agonistic and marking behaviors. This new vaccine proved to be safe, immunogenic, capable of reducing gonadal functionality, and had a positive effect on inducing reduced sexual, agonistic, and marking behavior of the animals.
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Refshauge, G., S. Hatcher, G. N. Hinch, S. Nielsen, and D. L. Hopkins. "The impact of clean fleece weight and bodyweight selection in Merinos on meat traits in the progeny." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 8 (2008): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07169.
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The carcasses of 136 Merino wether lambs from a single bloodline were studied to determine the impact of phenotypic selection for clean fleece weight (CFW) and bodyweight (BWT) on meat quality characteristics. The lambs were the progeny of sires and dams that were selected for high or low CFW and high or low BWT using hogget phenotypic data, where the dams were managed at 10 or 15 dry sheep equivalent/ha during gestation and from marking to weaning. Maternal stocking rate was found to have no significant effect on any meat traits, except to reduce fatness in high BWT lambs. High CFW selection led to increased glycolytic activity in muscle reflected by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Phenotypic BWT selection increased hot carcass weight and decreased fatness, lowered temperature at pH 6.0, and showed considerable variation in LDH activity and the ratio of LDH to isocitrate dehydrogenase. It is clear from this study that the stocking rate of the dam during gestation and lactation, and her selection on the basis of CFW or BWT phenotype had no large negative impact on the meat traits of her male progeny.
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Gadomsky, Lisa, Malena dos Santos Guilherme, Jakob Winkler, Michael A. van der Kooij, Tobias Hartmann, Marcus Grimm, and Kristina Endres. "Elevated Testosterone Level and Urine Scent Marking in Male 5xFAD Alzheimer Model Mice." Current Alzheimer Research 17, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205017666200217105537.
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Background: Function of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (AβPP) and its various cleavage products still is not unraveled down to the last detail. While its role as a source of the neurotoxic Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is undisputed and its property as a cell attachment protein is intriguing, while functions outside the neuronal context are scarcely investigated. This is particularly noteworthy because AβPP has a ubiquitous expression profile and its longer isoforms, AβPP750 and 770, are found in various tissues outside the brain and in non-neuronal cells. Objective: Here, we aimed at analyzing the 5xFAD Alzheimer’s disease mouse model in regard to male sexual function. The transgenes of this mouse model are regulated by Thy1 promoter activity and Thy1 is expressed in testes, e.g. by Sertoli cells. This allows speculation about an influence on sexual behavior. Methods: We analyzed morphological as well as biochemical properties of testicular tissue from 5xFAD mice and wild type littermates and testosterone levels in serum, testes and the brain. Sexual behavior was assessed by a urine scent marking test at different ages for both groups. Results: While sperm number, testes weight and morphological phenotypes of sperms were nearly indistinguishable from those of wild type littermates, testicular testosterone levels were significantly increased in the AD model mice. This was accompanied by elevated and prolonged sexual interest as displayed within the urine scent marking test. Conclusion: We suggest that overexpression of AβPP, which mostly is used to mimic AD in model mice, also affects male sexual behavior as assessed additional by the Urine Scent Marking (USM) test. The elevated testosterone levels might have an additional impact on central nervous system androgen receptors and also have to be considered when assessing learning and memory capabilities.
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Langman, Juliet, and Robert Bayley. "The acquisition of verbal morphology by Chinese learners of Hungarian." Language Variation and Change 14, no. 1 (March 2002): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394502141032.
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This article is the first variationist analysis of speakers of an analytic language acquiring an agglutinative language: we investigate the acquisition of the rich Hungarian verbal morphological system by adult Chinese immigrants to Budapest. Multivariate analyses of data extracted from sociolinguistic interviews with nine untutored Chinese learners of Hungarian suggest that the acquisition of verbal morphology is systematic. Factors that have been identified as significant in studies of the acquisition of other languages, such as frequency, perceptual salience, morphophonological regularity, and semantic complexity, all play a significant role in the acquisition of Hungarian as a second language. The marking of definiteness or indefiniteness of the object on the verb, a rare aspect of verbal morphology, also has a significant effect. Chinese learners are more likely to mark definite than indefinite forms of the verb, despite the fact that these forms express largely redundant functions and that indefinites are more frequent. Hence, our data allow for an analysis of relative weights of factors affecting acquisition and address the issue of the relative weight of frequency over other factors.
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Mendes-de-Almeida, Flavya, Maria Carolina Ferreira Faria, Aline Serricella Branco, Maria Lucia Serrão, Aline Moreira Souza, Nádia Almosny, Márcia Charme, and Norma Labarthe. "Sanitary conditions of a colony of urban feral cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) in a zoological garden of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 46, no. 5 (October 2004): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652004000500007.
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The colony of urban stray cats living in the Rio de Janeiro zoological garden was studied in order to develop a population and health control program. As many cats as possible were captured during two months (47 animals) and were classified according to gender, age, weight and coat markings. They were submitted to a general health evaluation, examined for the presence of ectoparasites and sent to a surgical neutering program. All animals had a blood sample drawn for CBC, platelet count, heartworm and retroviruses detection. Capillary blood smears were made for hemoparasites detection. Coat marking and colors were tabby (59.7%), followed by solid black (17%); torbie (10.6%); bicolor (10.6%) and harlequin (2.1%). The only ectoparasites found were fleas, which infested 28% of the animals. The hemoparasites found were Haemobartonella felis (38%) and piroplasmas that could not be differentiated between Cytauxzoon spp. and Babesia spp. (47%). No cat was found infected by Dirofilaria immitis or FeLV (Feline Leukemia Virus), although FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus) antibodies could be detected (21%). There was no correlation between hemoparasites and FIV infections. The estimated total cat population (mark-recapture method) was 59; 68% female and 32% male, suggesting that a neutering program is in fact needed.
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Pérez-Tattam, Ezeizabarrena, Stadthagen-González, and Mueller Gathercole. "Gender Assignment to Spanish Pseudowords by Monolingual and Basque-Spanish Bilingual Children." Languages 4, no. 3 (July 22, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages4030058.
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This study examines gender marking in the Spanish of Basque-Spanish bilingual children. We analyze data collected via a production task designed to elicit 48 DPs, controlling for gender of referents and for number and types of morphological cues to grammatical gender. The goals were to determine the extent to which participants rely on biological cues (female referent =>FEM gender, male referent =>MASC gender) and morpho-phonological cues (-a ending =>FEM, -o ending =>MASC, others =>MASC or FEM) to assign gender to pseudowords/novel words; and whether bilinguals’ language dominance (Spanish strong/weak) has an effect. Data were collected from 49 5- to 6-year-old Spanish-speaking children—28 monolingual L1 Spanish (L1Sp) and 21 Basque-dominant (L1 Basque-L2 Spanish) bilinguals (BDB). Results reveal a general preference for MASC gender across conditions, especially in BDB children, who produced masculine modifiers for 83% of items, while the L1Sp children did so for only 63% of items. Regression analyses show that for both groups, morphological cues have more weight than the nature of the referent in participants’ assignment of gender to novel words, and that the L1Sp group is more attentive to FEM morphological markers than the BDB group, pointing towards the existence of differences in the strength of cue-patterns for gender marking.
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Wang, Na, Jiacun Wang, and Xuemin Chen. "A Trust-Based Formal Model for Fault Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 23, 2019): 1916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081916.
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are prone to failures and malicious attacks. Trust evaluation is becoming a new method for fault detection in WSNs. In our previous work, a comprehensive trust model based on multi-factors was introduced for fault detection. This model was validated by simulating. However, it needs to be redeployed when adjustment to network parameters is made. To address the redeployment issue, we propose a Trust-based Formal Model (TFM) that can describe the fault detection process and check faults without simulating and running a WSN. This model derives from Petri nets with the characteristics of time, weight, and threshold. Basic structures of TFM are presented with which compound structures for general purposes can be built. The transition firing and marking updating rules are both defined for further system analysis. An efficient TFM analysis algorithm is developed for structured detection models. When trust factor values, firing time, weights, and thresholds are loaded, precise assessment of the node can be obtained. Finally, we implement TFM with the Generic Modeling Environment (GME). With an example, we illustrate that TFM can efficiently describe the fault detection process and specify faults in advance for WSNs.
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Kloepper, Joseph W., and Chantal J. Beauchamp. "A review of issues related to measuring colonization of plant roots by bacteria." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 1219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m92-202.
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Root colonization by introduced bacteria is an important step in the interaction of beneficial bacteria with the host plant. Investigators attempting to measure root colonization by bacteria must face several issues. A clear concept or definition of root colonization should be stated in each research summary, as several different definitions have been proposed. We consider true root colonists to be those bacteria that colonize roots in competitive conditions, i.e., natural field soils. Different methods of processing root samples are required if one is measuring external root colonization alone, internal colonization alone, or both. Given that most beneficial bacterial strains currently under investigation as root colonists are members of taxa naturally found in soils, a marking system is required to differentiate the introduced strain from members of the indigenous rhizosphere community. Spontaneous antibiotic resistance, immunological approaches, and foreign DNA sequences are among the marking systems that have been used and each has some possible advantages and disadvantages. More research is needed in the development and comparison of marking systems. The design of experiments to measure root colonization should take into account several statistical issues. One must decide what constitutes the sample unit for each replication of a given treatment, e.g., whole root systems or root segments. Consideration should also be given to how best to express the estimated population of root colonists (e.g., cfu/g fresh or dry weight root, cfu/cm root, or cfu/surface area root). Statistical analysis by standard analysis of variance tests should be used whenever possible to separate treatment means of colonization levels; however, one must determine that the underlying assumptions of these tests are correct for each experiment. Finally, in quantification of populations on roots, one will almost certainly encounter replications with no bacteria, i.e., zeros. There are several options for how to calculate treatment means when one or more replications is a zero, and the implications of these options are discussed. Key words: bioluminescence, genetic markers, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, rhizosphere bacteria, root, colonization.
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Kim, Sanggu, Robert E. Donahue, Aylin Bonifacino, Mark Metzger, Cynthia E. Dunbar, and Irvin Chen. "Long-Term, Clonal Tracking Comparing Autologous Transplantation of G-CSF/SCF-Primed Bone Marrow CD34+ Cells with G-CSF/SCF-Mobilized Peripheral Blood CD34+ Cells in Rhesus Macaques." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 4524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-117047.
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Abstract Introduction : Although autologous transplantation of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) - mobilized with a combination of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF) - has been well characterized, the efficacy of G-CSF/SCF-primed bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) transplantation, however, remains unclear and controversial. In our previous lentiviral vector-mediated PBSC and BMSC transplantation study, we reported efficient and long-term hematopoietic reconstitution by PBSC but not by BMSC - the later being associated with the gradual decline of vector markings in two BMSC-transplanted animals, with a loss of marking occurring in most lineages by 26 or 32 weeks after transplant. Follow-up analysis indicated that low-level yet consistent repopulation by BMSC continued in these animals for a longer period. Here we have compared peripheral blood (PB) markings and vector integration sites (VIS) in PBSC- and BMSC-transplanted animals for up to 12 years and 6 years, respectively. Methods : Young adult rhesus macaques were treated with G-CSF (10 mg/kg of body weight/day) and SCF (200 mg/kg/day) four days before the cell harvest for transplant. Mobilized PB leukapheresis cell products from five rhesus macaques (95E132, 2RC003, RQ5427, RQ3570, and 96E035) were harvested using a CS3000 Plus blood cell separator. Bone marrow (BM) cells from two animals (95E131 and 96E041) were surgically harvested from their femurs and iliac crests under anesthesia. After harvest, PBSC and BMSC were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation followed by immunoselection of CD34+ cells, and transduced with HIV-based self-inactivating lentiviral vectors expressing EGFP. Vector-marked cells were then autologously transplanted into the host after total body irradiation (10 Gy). No further priming treatment was provided after transplant. PB from the 5 PBSC- and 2 BMSC-transplanted animals were serially collected over time and cryo-preserved for PCR, flow cytometry, and VIS analyses. Results: Both PBSC- and BMSC-transplanted animals showed long-term repopulation for lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, platelets, and red blood cells. PBSC animals showed an average EGFP marking that ranged from 0.32 % to 10.24 %. From these animals, a total of 141 to 4,858 VIS were recovered. We found that the total number of VIS in each animal was proportional to the average EGFP marking in the same animals, and that both of these in turn were linearly correlated with the number of EGFP+ CD34+ cells initially transplanted (1.4 x106 - 28.8 x106 per animal). BMSC-transplanted animals did not show any such patterns. In two BMSC animals, the average EGFP marking levels remained at 0.05 % and 0.10 % until the end point (5 and 6 years) despite the fact that a comparatively large number of EGFP+ CD34+ cells had been transplanted (5.2 x106 and 17.7x106)and a large number of VIS recovered (793 and 680 VIS) in these animals. Temporal VIS analysis of PBSC animals showed that different groups of a large number of PBSC clones repopulated sequentially and reached a point of maximum repopulation at different time points, with some gradually declining after this. BMSC animals also showed a wave-like sequential repopulation similar to the patterns seen in PBSC animals. Unlike PBSC, however, nearly all BMSC clones were detected at a low frequency and at a single time point, except a few larger ones that were detected at multiple time points in a rising and falling pattern. There was no notable difference between the genomic features of VIS in PBSC- and BMSC-repopulating cells. Conclusions : Our data suggest that both the BMSC and PBSC consist of highly heterogeneous stem/progenitor cells that can provide long-term polyclonal repopulation through wave-like, sequential repopulation. Unlike PBSC, however, BMSC transplant was inefficient in PB repopulation resulting in only barely detectable markings in PB. The BMSC clonal profiles reflected the clonal patterns seen in PBSC animals, aside from BMSC animals having primarily low-frequency clones. We have previously shown significant differences in immunophenotype and cell cycle status between PBSC and BMSC, where BMSC were significantly lower in Thy-1 expression and had a higher percentage of cells in the S+G2/M phase of the cell cycle than PBSC. These differences may account for the inefficient differentiation and proliferation capabilities of BMSC compared to PBSC shown in this study. Disclosures Dunbar: National Institute of Health: Research Funding.
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Castro, Alan Carlos de Oliveira, Daniel Ferreira Caixeta, Marco Tulio Pimenta Oliveira, Maiara Geniffer dos Santos, Rodrigo Fernandes de Souza, and Matheus Vinicius Abadia Ventura. "Marcação, dispersão e capacidade de parasitismo de Cotesiaflavipes (CAMERON) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)." COLLOQUIUM AGRARIAE 16, no. 4 (August 19, 2020): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ca.2020.v16.n4.a383.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological aspects of C. flavipesyour markup, and the development of a methodology for adult capture. Sugarcane borers fed on artificial diet containing the dyes SudanRed7B and Solvent Blue 35 in concentrations of 200 and 400 ppm, vegetable oil at 200 and 400 ppm and without oil. Later, the caterpillars were parasitized in the above treatments. We evaluated the period between parasitism and larvae emergence, pupation, weight of the masses and pupae, sex ratio, adult longevity and marking. After the setting of the dye / marker suitable concentration for adult C. flavipes, we evaluated the dispersibility and parasitism of adult females under field conditions. We used the Dunnett test for the variables related to the development of larvae, pupae and adults of C. flavipesand the GLM procedure for analysis of variance and the LSMEANS to fit the media in each factor tested. Set up The SudanRed 7B dye at a concentration of 200 ppm is the best dye / concentration to mark the larval parasitoid C. flavipes after developed the methodology for capturing C. flavipes, which associated with marking, allowed evaluating the flight capacity by distance and capture these individuals accurately. It was defined bottle trap 600 as the best pet for evaluation capture and parasitism. The maximum flight distance field in individuals was 17 meters, and the captured number was increased up to five meters.80% of the traps with captured females were parasitized.
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Kelly, RW. "Lamb mortality and growth to weaning in commercial Merino flocks in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 6 (1992): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9921399.
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Eighteen farm flocks of four-tooth Merino ewes (average of 371 ewes at lamb marking, range 278 to 511) were studied in 1987/88 ( n =8 ) and 1988/89 (n=10) over the period from 2 to 4 weeks pre-joining until 12 weeks post-lambing. All farms were located in the south-west of Western Australia, and the flocks started lambing between mid-April and mid-July. The average liveweights of ewes pre-joining ranged over 40.2 to 61.8 kg, and average condition scores ranged from 2.2 to 4.2. Mean liveweight changes of the ewes ranged over losses of up to 8.5 kg to gains of up to 10.4 kg between consecutive recordings at 2 to 3 month intervals up to 12 weeks post lambing, and condition score changes ranged over minus 1.2 to plus 1.2. The greatest losses in liveweight and condition score in many flocks corresponded with the period from mid-pregnancy to marking, the time of greatest nutrient demand of the ewe. There was considerable variation between flocks in the percentage of dry ewes (2.9 to 17.7%), lambs born per ewe present at marking (83.0 to 147.3%), lambs alive per ewe present at marking (66.3 to 123.2%), and lamb deaths as a percentage of total lambs born (10.9 to 29.8%). For single and twin-born lambs, the percentage of lamb deaths between flocks ranged from 6.0 to 19.9% (mean = 11.0%) and 19.1 to 63.2% (mean = 33.1%) respectively. Of the ewes giving birth to twins, an average of 9.6% lost both lambs. The mean birthweights were 4.4 kg (range 3.6 to 5.1 kg) for singles and 4.0 kg (range 3.3 to 4.5 kg) for twins, and were highly correlated (r = 0 - 74, n = 13 flocks, P<0.01). Lamb growth to marking averaged 232 g head-1 day-1 and 205 g head-1 day-1, and from marking to weaning 198 g head-1 day-1 and 193 g head-1 day-1 for single and twin-born lambs respectively. The mortality rates of both single and twin-born lambs were highly correlated with mean liveweight of the ewes at mid-pregnancy (r = -0.64, P<0.01; r = -0.75, P<0.001; respectively). A kilogram increase in mean liveweight at mid-pregnancy was associated with declines in the mortality rates of single-born lambs of 0.7% units (s.e. = 0.23), and of twin-born lambs of 2.2% units (s.e. = 0.57). Mortality rates of the singles were highly correlated with that of twins (r = 0.86, P<0.001), with a 1% unit change in death rate of singles being associated with a 2.5% (s.e. = 0.41) unit change for twins. Mortality rates of twins were associated with mean cotyledon diameter measured in mid-pregnancy (r = -0.48, n = 13, P<0. l0), and mean umbilical resistance to blood flow (r = 0.78, n = 9, P<0.02). Growth from birth to weaning of single-born lambs was associated with the mean liveweight of the flock in mid-pregnancy (r = 0.72, P<0 .001). Clean fleece weight and mean fibre diameter of the fleeces from single.bearing and rearing ewes were correlated with mean ewe liveweight in mid-pregnancy (r = 0.56, P<0.05; r = 0.70, P<0.01; respectively). Staple strength was correlated with mean ewe liveweight at marking for both single and twin producing ewes (r = 0.72, n = 18, P<0.01; r = 0.74, n = 9, P<0.05; respectively). It was concluded that liveweight of the ewe in mid-pregnancy, which represents the sum of starting liveweight and liveweight change, is the most important single and practical criterion that can be used by a farmer to set the goals for nutritional management of the flock over pregnancy to improve lamb survival.
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Jones, Francis R. "On Aboriginal Sufferance." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 1, no. 2 (January 1, 1989): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.1.2.04jon.
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This paper presents an empirical model of the processes involved in translating poetry. I suggest three main stages: Understanding, Interpretation and Creation. The Understanding stage involves close ST analysis. At the Interpretation stage the translator works item by item, though with continual reference to ST and TT. An item may participate in one or more textual structures; hence it may be said to carry a number of marked valent features marking its role in the various structures. Valent features may be weighted differently depending on the importance of their structure to the image or the text. I suggest five main strategies of equivalence: Transference—TT item = ST item; Convergence/Divergence—TT item covers larger/smaller semantic space than ST item, but valency remains constant; Improvisation—TT feature is different from ST feature but has similar poetic role; Abandonment of a low-weight for a high-weight feature; Estrangement—equivalent retains an "untranslated" ST feature. The Creation stage is that of fashioning the target text as an artefact valid in target-culture terms. This informs and is informed by choices made during the Interpretation phase.
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Alkan, Gülsüm, Faik Ekmel Tekintaş, Halil Güner Seferoğlu, and Engin Ertan. "Niğde Altunhisar Yöresi Bademlerinin Seleksiyonu." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (February 12, 2014): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v2i1.51-55.47.
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This study was to carried out to determine of promosing almond genotypes in Altunhisar county of Niğde province in 2013. 280 genotypes in terms of nut size, suture opening of the shell, shell thickness, softness of the shell, kernel color intensity, shriveling of kernel, kernel pubescence, kernel taste, percentage of double kernel, percentage of sound kernel, nut weight, shell thickness, nut length, nut width, nut thickness, nut shape, marking of outer shell, shell color, kernel weight, kernel length, kernel width, kernel thickness, kernel ratio, kernel size, percentages of twin kernels, width indice and thickness indice were examined. The genotyips had more than 0.70 g kernel weight and %25 kernel rate were taken for evaluation, Total Weight-Ranked Points were calculated with considering genotype quality situations. Nut size, suture opening of the shell, softness of the shell, kernel color, shriveling of kernel, kernel pubescence, kernel taste, percentage of double kernel, percentage of sound kernel etc. characters were used. 15 genotypes (98, 160, 196, 187, 162, 191, 282, 168, 176, 261, 213, 6, 112, 147, 241 ) taken highest points were selected as promosing genotypes. Selected genotypes had 2.37 (no 187) – 3.80 (no 241) g nut weight; 0.71 (no 187) – 1.0 (no 241) g kernel weight; %25.17 (no 162) - 29.97 (no 6) kernel ratio; 1.96 (no 282) – 3.29 (no 162) mm shell thickness; %0.00 – 19.00 percentage of double kernel; %0.00 – 5.00 percentage of twin kernel. It was found that in terms of softness of the shell,15 genotype was very hard; in terms of kernel weight, 14 genotypes were small and 1 genotype was medium; in terms of kernel taste, 12 genotypes were sweet and 3 genotypes were intermediate; in terms of kernel pubescence, 6 genotypes were intermediate, 9 genotypes were low; in terms of color intensity, 8 genotypes were intermediate light and 1 genotype was light and 6 genotypes were dark. In the begining of vegetation in 2014, in promosing genotypes, phenological observations will be taken and in the end of the second year of the research, superior genotypes will be determined.
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Flavell, R. B., and M. O'Dell. "Variation and inheritance of cytosine methylation patterns in wheat at the high molecular weight glutenin and ribosomal RNA gene loci." Development 108, Supplement (April 1, 1990): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.108.supplement.15.
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Chromosome marking by cytosine methyiation has been examined in two gene systems in wheat – at the loci encoding high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits (seed proteins) and ribosomai RNA. Variation in cytosine methyiation occurs between progeny in highly inbred lines around the HMW glutenin locus. The variation is inherited through meiosis to F1, and F2 generations but occasionally a new variant arises. Specific cytosine residues lose their methyl group in the seed, the organ where the genes are expressed. Within the multigene family of ribosomai RNA genes, several subsets of genes can be defined based upon the cytosine methylation patterns. High activity of a ribosomai RNA gene locus is correlated with loss of methylation at specific cytosine residues, especially in the promoter and upstream regulatory regions. A model is described in which the subset of genes selected to be used are those to which specific regulatory proteins and transcription complexes bind most favourably. Binding of such proteins inhibits cytosine methylation and so marks the subset of genes for expression in subsequent cell generations. Examples are described where new types of RNA genes are introduced via sexual crosses that result in changes to the methylation patterns of the ribosomai RNA genes. The processes determining the changes begin, it is believed, in the fertilised egg.
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Bjelanovic, Jelena, Marija Jevtic, Radmila Velicki, Dragana Stojisavljevic, Snezana Barjaktarovic-Labovic, Milka Popovic, and Artur Bjelica. "Anthropometric and growth characteristics of schoolchildren in Novi Sad." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 145, no. 1-2 (2017): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh160108002b.
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Introduction/Objective. Growth, development and maturation are periods marked with individual physical characteristics, which provide the insight into the health status together with anthropometric indicators and physical appearance of an individual. The aim was to determine body height and body weight of a representative sample of schoolchildren from Novi Sad, to make a comparative analysis in relation to age and gender, and to determine the beginning of accelerated growth. Methods. Sample included 11,676 pupils aged 6?15 years, from Novi Sad, Serbia. The basic anthropometric measurements (body height and body weight) were performed according to recommended methodology. Results. The average values of boys? body height ranged from 125.39 cm in those aged up to six years, to 175.09 cm for boys aged 15, and in girls from 124.07 cm at the age of six, to 165.77 cm for the oldest examined girls. The average values of boys? body weight ranged from 25.58 kg at the age of six to 61.38 kg at the age of 15, and in girls from 23.94 kg in youngest to 54.46 kg, at the age of 15. The analysis of body weight and body height relation in the sample of boys and girls showed significant differences in all age groups, being most significant in boys aged from 11 to 13 years and in girls aged from nine to 12 years, marking the beginning of the rapid growth period. Conclusion. Having analyzed two basic anthropometric characteristics, i.e. body height and body weight, the authors found significant differences in the increase of these characteristics among the age groups of the study sample. In addition, the results of this research are in accordance with those reported in literature, which suggest that a sudden ponderal and statural growth starts earlier in girls than in boys.
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Conington, J., and A. Murphy. "A genetic analysis of wool characteristics and lamb performance traits in Scottish Blackface sheep." Animal Science 77, no. 3 (December 2003): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800054308.
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AbstractGenetic parameters were estimated for wool quality, fleece characteristics and lamb production traits for Scottish Blackface sheep reared under extensive hill conditions in the UK. In two separate studies, heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated for wool quality traits measured on lambs at 5 months of age and again on the shorn fleece a year later. The wool traits included birth coat length (BCT), 10-point scores for proportion of grey and kemp fibres present in the fleece (grey, kemp), British Wool Marketing Board (BWMB) recommendation (REC), greasy fleece weight (FLWT), BWMB fleece grade (FLGR), and average staple length (ASL). Genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated between lamb wool traits and lamb live weights at birth (BWT), marking (at mid lactation with an average age of 7 weeks) (MWT), weaning (at an average age of 17 weeks) (WWT) and slaughter (SLWT), average fat depth (AVFD) and average muscle depth (MD). Individual lamb carcass measurements included Meat and Livestock Commission (MLC) conformation score (CONF) and fat class (FATC). Heritability estimates measured on 2524 or more live lambs were 0·69, 0·52, 0·26, 0·42 and 0·31 for BCT, ASL, grey, kemp and REC respectively. Heritability estimates for traits measured on the shorn fleece a year later for 1415 ewes were 0·37, 0·02, 0·57, 0·43, 0·46 and 0·14 for ASL, grey, kemp, REC, FLWT and FLGR respectively. Genetic correlations between FLWT in hoggets and other wool were positive and moderate to high in magnitude, ranging from 0·22 for kemp in lambs to 0·48 for grey in hoggets. Genetic correlations between REC and live-weight traits were 0·39 for MWT, 0·37 for WWT and 0·44 for SLWT. Genetic correlation between ASL and ultrasonic fat depth was 0·15 and for ASL and ultrasonic muscle depth was -0·30. The results indicate that the simple scoring systems derived to assess these traits are useful indicators of fleece quality, are highly repeatable over time and are a good gauge of likely future wool production. The results indicate that selection for heavier, leaner lambs should not compromise fleece quality, as assessed in this study.
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Refshauge, G., S. Hatcher, G. N. Hinch, D. L. Hopkins, and S. Nielsen. "Fat depth, muscle depth, fat score and wool growth in Merino dams selected for high or low clean fleece weight and bodyweight." Animal Production Science 50, no. 6 (2010): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09210.
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Concerns exist that selection for increased clean fleece weight (CFW) is expected to reduce body fatness. Such an effect is likely to impact on reproduction; however, all previous studies have examined non-reproductive yearlings or hoggets. The present study, using adult reproductive dams examined the impact of phenotype [based on high or low phenotypic CFW and bodyweight (BWT) performance], stocking rate (high or low) and litter size on body composition and wool traits. High CFW dams were heavier (P < 0.01) with lower fat depth (P < 0.01) and muscle depth (P < 0.05). The high CFW twin-weaning dams had a lower fat score from lamb marking to pre-joining (P < 0.05), but tended to replete fat reserves faster (P < 0.1) between weaning and pre-joining. At these times of repletion these animals grew longer wool staples (P < 0.05). High BWT ewes had reduced staple length (P < 0.01), and when adjusted for maternal liveweight also reduced fat depth (P < 0.001) and muscle depth (P < 0.05). We conclude that the CFW phenotype impacts on fat reserves but that management of dams in groups according to their CFW performance is not warranted.
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Jing-Chen, Sun, Dai Wei-Jun, Tan Yu-Rong, Yang Yi-Feng, Zhang Qin-Fen, Xu Xing-Yao, and Zhang Jing-Qiang. "Cloning, expression and location of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene fromBombyx mori cypovirus 1." Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 2, no. 3 (December 2005): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cjb200577.
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AbstractThe RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene ofBombyx mori cypovirus 1(BmCPV-1) (China strain) was cloned in three fragments using step-by-step reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The wholeRdRpgene of 3691 bp was sequenced (GenBank accession number: AY496445). Vector pET-28b(+) was used to construct the expression vector pET28b–RdRpwhich was expressed inEscherichia coliBL21 (DE3) induced with isopropyl β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG). The molecular weight of the expression product was about 138 Da. The primary antibody employed was rabbit antibody against BmCPV–RdRp recombinant protein and the secondary antibody was 15 nm immunogold-labelled goat anti-rabbit IgG. Immunogold was mostly bound to the virions which were dispersed in a virus generation matrix and polyhedron in the columnar cells of the midgut of the silkworms, and the average marking ratio was about 35%. This result demonstrated that BmCPV–RdRp complexes are indeed located at the BmCPV capsid.
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Uys, Debbie C., and Douglas R. Wassenaar. "The Perceptual and Affective Components of Body Image Disturbances in Anorexic and Normal Females." South African Journal of Psychology 26, no. 4 (December 1996): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639602600406.
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The literature is inundated with studies reporting the body image experiences of anorexia nervosa patients and normal weight people. Such studies have not, however, yielded consistent results. The present study reinvestigated the issue bearing in mind the theoretical and methodological limitations of previous research. The perceptual and affective aspects of body image were investigated in 11 white, female anorexic patients and 51 white, female psychology undergraduate university students. A combination of the movable caliper technique and image-marking procedure was used to assess body size perception, that is, the perceptual aspect, and the Body Cathexis scale was used to assess body satisfaction, that is, the affective aspect. It was found that anorexic females overestimate the width of their waist and thighs significantly more than normal females ( p < 0.05) and that they have a significantly lower body satisfaction ( p < 0.001). It was concluded that the DSM IV criterion of a disturbance in body image has specific diagnostic relevance in anorexia nervosa.