Journal articles: 'Marking timing'

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Gurumurthy, Sathyavel, Surya Kamal Thakur, and Sachin Mohan. "Automation in Spillcut Marking." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.880.

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The project involves elimination of rejection of H-engines during testing by improved methods of automation in spill cut using pneumatics which control the injection timing and is subsequently used at a later state in the engine assembly to set the valve timing. Improper injection timing leads to excess smoke. The new method which we have opted reduces man power, time consumption and the fuel wastage an optimum level which increases the productivity of the engine.

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Li, Hui Fang, and Fu Jian Feng. "Schedulability Analysis Algorithm of Timing Constraint Petri Nets." Advanced Materials Research 532-533 (June 2012): 1810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.532-533.1810.

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A novel approach to the schedulability analysis is presented in this paper for timing constraint Petri nets, which have wide applications in the workflow management, software engineering, reliability engineering, and so on. The analysis can be conducted in two phases: finding firing sequences and timing constraint analysis, among which the first one is to find the transition sequences that transform the initial marking to a certain marking by using incidence matrix in the underlying Petri net, and the second one is to verify whether the reachable marking found in the first step is reachable with the timing constraints. The proposed method is able to pinpoint out non-schedulable transitions and adjust the timing constraints to make all the transitions schedulable within complex task sequences, while meeting the needs of the managers to schedule the tasks.

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Ghainani, Alireza Tavakholi, Abdullah Asuhaimi Mohd Zin, and Nur ‘Ain Maiza Ismail. "Fuzzy Timing Petri Net for Fault Diagnosis in Power System." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/717195.

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A model-based system for fault diagnosis in power system is presented in this paper. It is based on fuzzy timing Petri net (FTPN). The ordinary Petri net (PN) tool is used to model the protective components, relays, and circuit breakers. In addition, fuzzy timing is associated with places (token)/transition to handle the uncertain information of relays and circuits breakers. The received delay time information of relays and breakers is mapped to fuzzy timestamps,π(τ), as initial marking of the backward FTPN. The diagnosis process starts by marking the backward sub-FTPNs. The final marking is found by going through the firing sequence,σ, of each sub-FTPN and updating fuzzy timestamp in each state ofσ. The final marking indicates the estimated fault section. This information is then in turn used in forward FTPN to evaluate the fault hypothesis. The FTPN will increase the speed of the inference engine because of the ability of Petri net to describe parallel processing, and the use of time-tag data will cause the inference procedure to be more accurate.

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WALBAUM, SHARLENE D. "Marking Time: The Effect of Timing on Appointment Keeping." Applied Cognitive Psychology 11, no. 4 (August 1997): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0720(199708)11:4<361::aid-acp478>3.0.co;2-k.

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Gósy, Mária, and Jacques Terken. "Question marking in Hungarian: timing and height of pitch peaks." Journal of Phonetics 22, no. 3 (July 1994): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4470(19)30204-9.

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Fitzgerald, Colleen E., Matthew Rispoli, and Pamela A. Hadley. "Case marking uniformity in developmental pronoun errors." First Language 37, no. 4 (March 21, 2017): 391–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723717698007.

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The purpose of this study was to determine if children acquire grammatical case as a unified system or in a piecemeal fashion. In English language acquisition, many children make developmental errors in marking case on subject position pronouns (e.g., Me do it, Him like it). It is unknown whether children who produce pronoun case errors with first person pronouns also produce errors with third person pronouns. This finding would be expected if case were acquired uniformly across person through building a paradigm for an abstract case feature. Spontaneous pronoun case errors were collected from language samples of 43 typically developing toddlers at 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, and 36 months of age. A chi-square test was used to determine whether children were more likely to make both first and third person errors, indicating an association. The uniformity of the case marking system was further investigated by asking whether pronoun case errors in first and third person occurred at the same time using a Wilcoxon signed-ranks test. Most children treated case uniformly across person, producing both first and third person pronoun case errors or producing no case errors at all, resulting in a significant association. Additionally, errors were not significantly different in timing. The results of this investigation are compatible with the notion that children systematically extend case marking in a unified paradigm. Pronoun case is not acquired separately for each grammatical person in a piecemeal fashion.

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Williams, Nikolas S., Genevieve M. McArthur, and Nicholas A. Badcock. "It’s all about time: precision and accuracy of Emotiv event-marking for ERP research." PeerJ 9 (February 9, 2021): e10700. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10700.

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Background The use of consumer-grade electroencephalography (EEG) systems for research purposes has become more prevalent. In event-related potential (ERP) research, it is critical that these systems have precise and accurate timing. The aim of the current study was to investigate the timing reliability of event-marking solutions used with Emotiv commercial EEG systems. Method We conducted three experiments. In Experiment 1 we established a jitter threshold (i.e. the point at which jitter made an event-marking method unreliable). To do this, we introduced statistical noise to the temporal position of event-marks of a pre-existing ERP dataset (recorded with a research-grade system, Neuroscan SynAmps2 at 1,000 Hz using parallel-port event-marking) and calculated the level at which the waveform peaks differed statistically from the original waveform. In Experiment 2 we established a method to identify ‘true’ events (i.e. when an event should appear in the EEG data). We did this by inserting 1,000 events into Neuroscan data using a custom-built event-marking system, the ‘Airmarker’, which marks events by triggering voltage spikes in two EEG channels. We used the lag between Airmarker events and events generated by Neuroscan as a reference for comparisons in Experiment 3. In Experiment 3 we measured the precision and accuracy of three types of Emotiv event-marking by generating 1,000 events, 1 s apart. We measured precision as the variability (standard deviation in ms) of Emotiv events and accuracy as the mean difference between Emotiv events and true events. The three triggering methods we tested were: (1) Parallel-port-generated TTL triggers; (2) Arduino-generated TTL triggers; and (3) Serial-port triggers. In Methods 1 and 2 we used an auxiliary device, Emotiv Extender, to incorporate triggers into the EEG data. We tested these event-marking methods across three configurations of Emotiv EEG systems: (1) Emotiv EPOC+ sampling at 128 Hz; (2) Emotiv EPOC+ sampling at 256 Hz; and (3) Emotiv EPOC Flex sampling at 128 Hz. Results In Experiment 1 we found that the smaller P1 and N1 peaks were attenuated at lower levels of jitter relative to the larger P2 peak (21 ms, 16 ms, and 45 ms for P1, N1, and P2, respectively). In Experiment 2, we found an average lag of 30.96 ms for Airmarker events relative to Neuroscan events. In Experiment 3, we found some lag in all configurations. However, all configurations exhibited precision of less than a single sample, with serial-port-marking the most precise when paired with EPOC+ sampling at 256 Hz. Conclusion All Emotiv event-marking methods and configurations that we tested were precise enough for ERP research as the precision of each method would provide ERP waveforms statistically equivalent to a research-standard system. Though all systems exhibited some level of inaccuracy, researchers could easily account for these during data processing.

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Fasoli, Marianna, Chandra L. Richter, Sara Zenoni, Edoardo Bertini, Nicola Vitulo, Silvia Dal Santo, Nick Dokoozlian, Mario Pezzotti, and Giovanni Battista Tornielli. "Timing and Order of the Molecular Events Marking the Onset of Berry Ripening in Grapevine." Plant Physiology 178, no. 3 (September 17, 2018): 1187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.18.00559.

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Williams, Kathleen, Lavon Williams, and H. Scott Strohmeyer. "Stair Climbing in Young Boys: A Longitudinal Study." Pediatric Exercise Science 6, no. 3 (August 1994): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.6.3.246.

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This longitudinal investigation examined the shift from use of a marking time to an alternating stepping pattern by young children. A set of twin males was videotaped between ages 37 and 46 months climbing stairs of 3.8-17.8 cm height. One boy began to alternate consistently on the highest steps at 41 months, the other at 46 months. Anthropometries (leg lengths) and a measure of foot overshoot (maximum height of the foot over the stair) were used to investigate the timing of the shift for the 2 boys. Magnitude of overshoot decreased with age and with increased use of the more advanced pattern. Immature balance and an initial need to visually guide the foot to the next step may be important factors in the timing of the pattern shift.

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Reichel, Marlene, Tino Köster, and Dorothee Staiger. "Marking RNA: m6A writers, readers, and functions in Arabidopsis." Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 11, no. 10 (July 23, 2019): 899–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmcb/mjz085.

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Abstract N6-methyladenosine (m6A) emerges as an important modification in eukaryotic mRNAs. m6A has first been reported in 1974, and its functional significance in mammalian gene regulation and importance for proper development have been well established. An arsenal of writer, eraser, and reader proteins accomplish deposition, removal, and interpretation of the m6A mark, resulting in dynamic function. This led to the concept of an epitranscriptome, the compendium of RNA species with chemical modification of the nucleobases in the cell, in analogy to the epigenome. While m6A has long been known to also exist in plant mRNAs, proteins involved in m6A metabolism have only recently been detected by mutant analysis, homology search, and mRNA interactome capture in the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Dysregulation of the m6A modification causes severe developmental abnormalities of leaves and roots and altered timing of reproductive development. Furthermore, m6A modification affects viral infection. Here, we discuss recent progress in identifying m6A sites transcriptome-wide, in identifying the molecular players involved in writing, removing, and reading the mark, and in assigning functions to this RNA modification in A. thaliana. We highlight similarities and differences to m6A modification in mammals and provide an outlook on important questions that remain to be addressed.

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Humphreys, Glyn W., Derrick G. Watson, and Pierre Jolicœur. "Fractionating the preview benefit in search: Dual-task decomposition of visual marking by timing and modality." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 28, no. 3 (2002): 640–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.28.3.640.

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Brook, Rodney W., James O. Leafloor, Kenneth F. Abraham, C. Davison Ankney, and Keith A. Patton. "Canada Goose Gosling Mortality During Prefledging and Early Migration on Akimiski Island, Nunavut." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/102018-jfwm-098.

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Abstract Mortality rates for precocial avian species are highest during their first year of life. For harvested species, including waterfowl, it is particularly difficult to determine causes of mortality using standard mark–recapture techniques. The timing and cause of nonhunting mortality is difficult for researchers to distinguish, and therefore, difficult to incorporate into management decisions. We marked flightless Canada goose Branta canadensis interior goslings with radio transmitters to determine the timing of mortality prior to harvest during the fall migration. We tracked survival of 206 goslings for 2 mo from an average of 50 d of age to just prior to the fall migration departure from the breeding grounds in 1999 and 2000. The most parsimonious model from a set of candidate models describing probability of survival showed clear differences between years and suggested that survival was affected by gosling size (largest survived better) and hatch timing disparity. We indexed hatch timing disparity by measuring the difference between gosling hatch date and the date of the estimated peak in forage quality as determined by the normalized difference vegetation index. The latest hatched goslings presumably had the lowest quality forage available to them. Both size and hatch timing disparity concur with a mortality cause that is most likely from complications due to malnutrition. The estimated survival probability of goslings to 51 d post marking was 0.31 (95% confidence limit = 0.22 to 0.44) in 1999 and 0.69 (95% confidence limit = 0.57 to 0.83) in 2000. Managers can make better informed decisions concerning the utility of harvest regulation in the conservation of juvenile Canada geese by better understanding the timing, causes, and annual variation of their mortality.

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Strybel, Thomas Z., and Diane L. Guettler. "Marking the starting and ending points of auditory apparent motion: Effect of timing, spatial separation, and azimuth." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, no. 2 (February 1999): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.426375.

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Beguy, Donatien, Caroline W. Kabiru, Eliya M. Zulu, and Alex C. Ezeh. "Timing and Sequencing of Events Marking the Transition to Adulthood in Two Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya." Journal of Urban Health 88, S2 (February 23, 2011): 318–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9547-8.

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Otterstrom, Samuel M., and Carville Earle. "The Settlement of the United States from 1790 to 1990: Divergent Rates of Growth and the End of the Frontier." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 33, no. 1 (July 2002): 59–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/00221950260029020.

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The timing of the American frontier's closing can be determined through an analysis of the patterns and rates of settlement growth in the United States—based on historical county boundaries, population data from U.S. censuses, and a minimum of two people per square mile to classify a region as settled. Trends in the settlement of the contiguous areas of the country indicate three periods of population settlement—1790 to 1840, 1840 to 1910, and 1910 to 1990. The first period of rapid frontier growth ended in 1840, and a second, more moderate, one ended in 1910, marking the final closure of the frontier.

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Banerjee, Neil. "Ellipsis as obliteration: Evidence from Bengali negative allomorphy." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4692.

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Bengali has two negative markers: ni with perfects, and na everywhere else. When a perfect is elided, however, only the elsewhere form is permissible. Hence, in Bengali, ellipsis bleeds allomorphy. Ellipsis in Bengali is analysed as PF deletion, since differential object marking and quirky case are preserved out of ellipsis sites. Given these facts, this paper argues that in a Distributed Morphology framework, ellipsis in Bengali is implemented as terminal obliteration prior to Vocabulary Insertion. This contrasts with Irish, where it appears stress placement bleeds ellipsis. Some implications for the timing of ellipsis cross-linguistically are discussed.

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Arnaus Gil, Laia, Johanna Stahnke, and Natascha Müller. "On the Acquisition of French (Null) Subjects and (In)Definiteness: Simultaneous and Early Sequential bi-, tri- and Multilinguals." Probus 33, no. 2 (April 9, 2021): 181–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prbs-2021-0004.

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Abstract The French non-null-subject parameter is set very early, irrespective of the number of languages acquired. By contrast, the acquisition of (in)definiteness marking takes place at age 11;0. For early parametrized grammatical phenomena, Tsimpli (Tsimpli, Ianthi Maria. 2014. Early, late or very late? Timing acquisition and bilingualism. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4(3). 283–313.) argues that age of onset (AoO) matters. For late acquired phenomena, language experience is crucial. We recruited 23 simultaneous and 34 early sequential L2 (eL2) learners of French (mean age 4;6). Using an elicitation task, we examined the production of French subjects and (in)definite articles. All children behaved similarly with respect to the (early) setting of the null-subject parameter. In contrast, (in)definite marking was sensitive to number of languages and age; AoO or input effects did not affect the results. Simultaneous multilinguals diverge from eL2 children, showing subject spell-out preferences, interpreted in terms of acquisition phases. We will discuss this result against a model of language acquisition in which the child proceeds in acquisition stages.

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Ferron, Jean, and Jean-Pierre Ouellet. "Développement physique post-natal chez le grand polatouche (Glaucomys sabrinus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 2548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-379.

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The objective of this paper is to study the postnatal physical development of the Northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) from birth to the age of 55 days, when it is weaned and its socialization period ends. The effect of growth on weight and on several linear measurements is presented with the corresponding instantaneous growth rates. The timing of different events marking the physical development is also reported. Comparison of our results with those on other sciurid species suggests that arboreal species have a slower physical development than terrestrial species, at least with regard to body weight. Our previous observations on behavioural ontogeny concurs with this hypothesis.

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Marson, J. M., I. Wainer, Z. Liu, and M. M. Mata. "The impacts of Meltwater Pulse-1A in the South Atlantic Ocean deep circulation since the Last Glacial Maximum." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 6 (November 22, 2013): 6375–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-6375-2013.

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Abstract. Since 21 000 yr ago, the oceans have received large amounts of freshwater in pulses coming from the melting ice sheets. A specific event, known as meltwater pulse 1A (MWP-1A), has been identified in sea-level and temperature proxy records as responsible for the increase of ~20 m in sea level in less than 500 yr. Although its origin and timing are still under discussion, MWP-1A seems to have had a significant impact on several components of the climatic system. The present work aims to elucidate these impacts on the water mass distribution of the South Atlantic Ocean through the analysis of a transient simulation of the climate evolution from the Last Glacial Maximum to Present Day using a state-of-art CGCM, the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model version 3 (NCAR CCSM3). Results show that the freshwater discharge associated with the timing of MWP-1A was crucial to establish the present thermohaline structure associated with the North Atlantic Deep Water, marking the transition between a shallower and a deeper Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.

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Sofia, Gandhi, Abdulhaq Al-Haddad, and Israa Saeed Al-Haydari. "Improvement of traffic performance at intersections in Karbala city." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816201032.

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This study deals with the evaluation of traffic performance at the road network around the old city of Karbala from the southern side, at Al-Tarbia Street and Fatima Al-Zahraa Street, through the evaluation of intersections performance. This is followed by suggestions of some improvement proposals, which vary from changing timing plan, geometric improvement, to change intersection type completely. The study area composed of seven intersections, three intersections are four legs signalized, and the other four are roundabouts. The video recording technique is used to collect the traffic data for 27 approaches. These data are abstracted from video films using EVENT program, and processed by prepared EXCEL sheets. While, the spot speed data for each entire link in the network are collected using pavement marking method. SYNCHRO software was used for evaluation and analysis of signalized intersections, suggestion of best timing plan, and coordination. SIDRA INTERSECTION software was used for evaluation and analysis of both signalized intersections and roundabouts. The best proposal was also evaluated for the target year.

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Ridgway, Sam H., Dianna S. Dibble, and Jaime A. Kennemer. "Timing and context of dolphin clicks during and after mine simulator detection and marking in the open ocean." Biology Open 7, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): bio031625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/bio.031625.

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Assel, R. A., D. M. Robertson, M. H. Hoff, and J. H. Selgeby. "Climatic-change implications from long-term (1823-1994) ice records for the Laurentian Great Lakes." Annals of Glaciology 21 (1995): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500016104.

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Long-term ice records (1823-1994) from six sites in different parts of the Laurentian Great Lakes region were used to show the type and general timing of climatic changes throughout the region. The general timing of both freeze-up and ice loss varies and is driven by local air temperatures, adjacent water bodies and mixing, and site morphometry. Grand Traverse Bay and Buffalo Harbor represent deeper-water environments affected by mixing of off-shore waters; Chequamegon Bay, Menominee, Lake Mendota, and Toronto Harbor represent relatively shallow-water, protected environments. Freeze-up dates gradually became later and ice-loss dates gradually earlier from the start of records to the 1890s in both environments, marking the end of the “Little lce Age”. After this, freeze-up dates remained relatively constant, suggesting little change in early-winter air temperatures during the 20th century. Ice-loss dates at Grand Traverse Bay and Baffalo Harbor but not at the other sites became earlier during the 1940s and 1970s and became later during the 1960s. The global warming of the 1980s was marked by a trend toward earlier ice-loss dates in both environments.

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Assel, R. A., D. M. Robertson, M. H. Hoff, and J. H. Selgeby. "Climatic-change implications from long-term (1823-1994) ice records for the Laurentian Great Lakes." Annals of Glaciology 21 (1995): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500016104.

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Long-term ice records (1823-1994) from six sites in different parts of the Laurentian Great Lakes region were used to show the type and general timing of climatic changes throughout the region. The general timing of both freeze-up and ice loss varies and is driven by local air temperatures, adjacent water bodies and mixing, and site morphometry. Grand Traverse Bay and Buffalo Harbor represent deeper-water environments affected by mixing of off-shore waters; Chequamegon Bay, Menominee, Lake Mendota, and Toronto Harbor represent relatively shallow-water, protected environments. Freeze-up dates gradually became later and ice-loss dates gradually earlier from the start of records to the 1890s in both environments, marking the end of the “Little lce Age”. After this, freeze-up dates remained relatively constant, suggesting little change in early-winter air temperatures during the 20th century. Ice-loss dates at Grand Traverse Bay and Baffalo Harbor but not at the other sites became earlier during the 1940s and 1970s and became later during the 1960s. The global warming of the 1980s was marked by a trend toward earlier ice-loss dates in both environments.

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Hinnell, Jennifer. "The multimodal marking of aspect: The case of five periphrastic auxiliary constructions in North American English." Cognitive Linguistics 29, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 773–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2017-0009.

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AbstractCognitive linguistics (CL) has, in recent years, seen an increase in appeals to include multiple modalities in language analyses. While individual studies have incorporated gesture, gaze, facial expression, and prosody, among other modalities, CL has yet to completely embrace the systematic analysis of face-to-face interaction. Here, I present an investigation of five aspect-marking periphrastic constructions in North American English. Using naturalistic interactional data (n=250) from the Red Hen archive, this study establishes a multimodal profile for auxiliary constructions headed by one of five highly aspectualized verbs: continue, keep, start, stop, and quit, as in The jackpot continued to grow and He quit smoking. Results show that gesture timing, the structure of the gesture stroke, and gesture movement type, are variables that iconically and differentially represent distinctive aspectual conceptualizations. This study enhances our understanding of aspectual representation in co-speech gesture and informs the ongoing debate within CL and construction grammar circles of what constitutes conventionalization, or what constitutes a construction (mono- or multimodal).

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Hora, Milan, Ivan Trávníček, Štěpánka Nykodýmová, Jiří Ferda, Denisa Kacerovská, Květoslava Michalová, Ondřej Hes, and Suks Minhas. "VEILND (Video Endoscopic Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection) with Florescence Indocyanine Green (ICG): A Novel Technique to Identify the Sentinel Lymph Node in Men with ≥pT1G2 and cN0 Penile Cancer." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2021 (October 29, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5575730.

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Introduction. In men with ≥pT1G2 cN0, penile cancer lymph node sampling is recommended with either (1) scintigraphically labelled Dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy (DSLNB) or (2) modified inguinal lymph node dissection (MILND). Although DSLNB is a minimally invasive technique, the false negative rate can be about 10%, and a further operative procedure is required if positive. Open MILND is a diagnostic and therapeutic option but has a much higher morbidity. A potential compromise is the technique of LND-VEILND (video endoscopic inguinal LND) that can be combined with ICG florescence marking of sentinel lymph node (SLN). We present a pilot study of ICG-VEILND. The aim was to validate the applicability of a combination ICG marking of SLN in VEILND (to increase probability to excise SLN) and determine the optimal timing and dosage of ICG. Materials and Methods. 15 patients with VEILND (24 groins) underwent ICG application with fluorescence near-infrared (NIR 803⟶830 nm) detection. ICG is applied subcutaneously adjacent to the penile cancer or residual stump of penis or suprapubic region (in a history of total penectomy: 5 cases). The dose of 1.25 mg (ICG) was applied in one case with invisible SLN, the dose of 2.5 mg in 1 mL in 8 cases, and 5 mg in the remaining 6 patients (10 groins). Results. Failure of marking SLN with ICG occurred in 25.0% of cases (6/24): due to application of 1.25 mg ICG, extensive metastasis to SLN, in 4 cases, the cause was unknown (16.7%, 4/24). In the short follow-up period, no local recurrence was seen in the pN0 ICG group. Conclusion. Fluorescence infrared image with ICG dye increases the probability of removal of the SLN during VEILND. The dose of ICG is 2.5 (5) mg diluted in 1 ml and can be applied preoperatively even in the suprapubic region in men with a history of total penectomy, with an unexplainable failure of ICG marking in 16.7%.

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Kipp, Larry R., and Greg C. Lonergan. "COMPARISON OF TOPICALLY APPLIED RUBIDIUM CHLORIDE AND FLUORESCENT DYE MARKERS ON SURVIVAL AND RECOVERY OF FIELD-RELEASED MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS." Canadian Entomologist 124, no. 2 (April 1992): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent124325-2.

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AbstractThe influence of topical applications of fluorescent dyes or rubidium chloride (RbCl) solution, or both, on adult male spruce budworm longevity and attraction to and capture by pheromone-baited traps was investigated. Both marks persisted for at least 8 days in the field (duration of tests) and for at least 3 weeks in the laboratory. Recoveries of marked moths were similar to unmarked moths with respect to total recovery and timing and location (within the canopy) of recovery. The results validate the assumption implicit in previous mark–release–recapture studies on spruce budworm males that fluorescent dyes have no measurable effect on male trapping. A 0.41 M RbCl solution topically applied to laboratory-reared adult males is an efficient mass-marking technique for the spruce budworm.

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Hao, QL, FT Thiemann, D. Petersen, EM Smogorzewska, and GM Crooks. "Extended long-term culture reveals a highly quiescent and primitive human hematopoietic progenitor population." Blood 88, no. 9 (November 1, 1996): 3306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v88.9.3306.bloodjournal8893306.

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Long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC) are hematopoietic progenitors able to generate colony-forming unit-cells (CFU) after 5 to 8 weeks (35 to 60 days) of culture on bone marrow (BM) stroma and represent the most primitive progenitors currently detectable in vitro. We have recently reported that long-term cultures initiated with CD34+CD38- cells from BM or cord blood are able to continue generating CFU for at least 100 days, ie, beyond the standard LTC-IC period. In this report, single-cell cultures from cord blood and retroviral marking of cord blood and BM were used to study whether the subpopulation of CD34+CD38- cells able to generate CFU beyond 60 days (“extended long-term culture-initiating cells” or ELTC-IC) are functionally distinct from LTC-IC in terms of timing of initial clonal proliferation and generative capacity. All cord blood LTC-IC formed clones of greater than 50 cells by day 30. In contrast, cord blood ELTC-IC proliferated later in culture, 50% forming clones after day 30. Although efficient retroviral marking of LTC-IC was seen (25% to 45%), marking of ELTC-IC was inefficient (< 1%), consistent with a more quiescent progenitor population. There was a positive correlation between time of clonal proliferation and generative capacity. ELTC-IC generated threefold to fourfold more progeny than did LTC-IC (P < .002). These studies show that there is a functional hierarchy of progenitors in long-term culture which correlates with their level of quiescence. By extending the LTC-IC assay, a more primitive progenitor may be studied that may be functionally closer to the human long-term repopulation stem cell in vivo.

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Nair, Kajal, John Singleton, Christopher Holm-Denoma, and Sven Egenhoff. "Detrital Zircon Geochronology of Pennsylvanian-Permian Strata in Colorado: Evidence for Appalachian-Derived Sediment and Implications for the Timing of Ancestral Rocky Mountains Uplift." Mountain Geologist 55, no. 3 (July 2018): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31582/rmag.mg.55.3.119.

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Pennsylvanian-Permian time in north-central Colorado corresponds with uplift of the Ancestral Front Range and deposition of the Fountain, Ingleside, and Lyons Formations along its flanks. In southwestern Colorado, deposition of the Molas and Hermosa Formations along the flanks of the Uncompahgre Highlands largely represents Pennsylvanian time. We present new detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology data for the Ingleside and Lyons Formations in north-central Colorado and the Molas and Hermosa Formations in southwestern Colorado to understand sediment provenance and dispersal patterns. We determined U-Pb ages using LA-ICPMS on 120-150 zircon grains from five sandstone samples collected from shallow marine and eolian facies within the Ingleside, Lyons, Molas, and Hermosa Formations. All sandstone samples display a mixed Laurentian derivation, with age populations that record local and distal sediment sources. All samples also contain between 5% and 10% concordant Paleozoic-age zircon grains ranging from 330–490 Ma, coinciding with high magmatic flux during the Taconic and Acadian orogenies in the Appalachian orogen. Ultimate derivation from the Appalachians are also interpreted for zircon age populations ranging from 500-750 Ma and 1000-1300 Ma that likely originated from Pan-African and Grenville terranes respectively. This study detects the earliest documented appearance of Paleozoic zircons along the northern Ancestral Front Range, corresponding to deposition of the lower Ingleside Formation. We compare our data along the Front Range to previous detrital zircon studies from the underlying Fountain Formation to conclude that the Fountain-Ingleside transition was accompanied by a decrease in locally sourced detrital zircons, most likely marking the cessation of Ancestral Front Range uplift. Conversely, deposition across the Molas-Hermosa contact in southwestern Colorado was accompanied by an increase in locally-sourced detrital zircon grains, most likely marking the initiation of the Uncompahgre uplift.

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Sturges, R. H. "Monitoring Milling Processes Through AE and Tool/Part Geometry." Journal of Engineering for Industry 114, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899763.

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This paper discusses an approach to monitoring cutting tool/part interactions in milling processes using processed acoustic emission (AE) signals and the combined geometric aspects of the tool and the part. The expected events marking interactions of the tool edge with respect to the part during a cut are computed from a priori knowledge of tool and part geometry. Each event period is characterized by its timing and expected AE spectrogram. During cutting, AE signals are periodically converted to spectrograms to determine the peak signal frequency band. This band then defines a bandpass filter through which AE signals pass in real time, reporting the levels and event times of the actual process. Comparison of expected and actual event times and levels forms the basis for a continuous on-line tool/part interaction monitor which detects workholder failure and certain tool failure conditions.

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McConnell, Kristopher H., Philipp Müller, and Catherine A. Fox. "Tolerance of Sir1p/Origin Recognition Complex-Dependent Silencing for Enhanced Origin Firing at HMRa." Molecular and Cellular Biology 26, no. 5 (March 1, 2006): 1955–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.26.5.1955-1966.2006.

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ABSTRACT The HMR-E silencer is a DNA element that directs the formation of silent chromatin at the HMR a locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sir1p is one of four Sir proteins required for silent chromatin formation at HMR a. Sir1p functions by binding the origin recognition complex (ORC), which binds to HMR-E, and recruiting the other Sir proteins (Sir2p to -4p). ORCs also bind to hundreds of nonsilencer positions distributed throughout the genome, marking them as replication origins, the sites for replication initiation. HMR-E also acts as a replication origin, but compared to many origins in the genome, it fires extremely inefficiently and late during S phase. One postulate to explain this observation is that ORC's role in origin firing is incompatible with its role in binding Sir1p and/or the formation of silent chromatin. Here we examined a mutant HMR-E silencer and fusions between robust replication origins and HMR-E for HMR a silencing, origin firing, and replication timing. Origin firing within HMR a and from the HMR-E silencer itself could be significantly enhanced, and the timing of HMR a replication during an otherwise normal S phase advanced, without a substantial reduction in SIR1-dependent silencing. However, although the robust origin/silencer fusions silenced HMR a quite well, they were measurably less effective than a comparable silencer containing HMR-E's native ORC binding site.

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Zhu, Xingyi, Ziwei Dai, Feng Chen, Xiaodong Pan, and Ming Xu. "Using the visual intervention influence of pavement marking for rutting mitigation – Part II: visual intervention timing based on the finite element simulation." International Journal of Pavement Engineering 20, no. 5 (April 13, 2017): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2017.1316646.

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Karrach, Ladislav, Elena Pivarčiová, and Yury Rafailovich Nikitin. "Comparing the impact of different cameras and image resolution to recognize the data matrix codes." Journal of Electrical Engineering 69, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2018-0040.

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Abstract Data matrix codes are two-dimensional (2D) matrix bar codes, which are the descendants of the well known 1D bar codes. However, compared to 1D bar codes, they allow to store much more information in the same area. Comparing data matrix codes with QR codes, for example, we find them much more effective in marking small objects or in the case that you have only a very small area for placing a code in. Their capacity and ability of decoding also a code that is partly damaged make them an appropriate solution for industrial applications. In the following paper we compare the impact of various cameras on the detection and decoding of data matrix codes in real scene images. The location of the code is based on the fact that typical bordering of a data matrix code forms a region of connected points which create “L”, the so-called finder pattern, and the parallel dotting, the so-called timing pattern. In the first step, we try to locate the finder pattern using adaptive thresholding and connecting neighbouring points to continuous regions. Then we search for the regions where 3 outer boundary points form a isosceles right triangle that could represent the finder pattern. In the second step, we have to verify the timing pattern. We look for an even number of crossings between the background and foreground. Experimental results show that the algorithm we have proposed provides better results than competitive solutions.

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Delcourt, Charlotte, Brice Van Liefferinge, Matt Nolan, and Frank Pattyn. "The climate memory of an Arctic polythermal glacier." Journal of Glaciology 59, no. 218 (2013): 1084–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013jog12j109.

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AbstractKnowledge of glacier equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) changes and trends in time is essential for future predictions of glacier volumes. We present a novel method for determining trends in ELA change at McCall Glacier, Alaska, USA, over the last 50 years, based on mapping of the cold–temperate transition surface (CTS), marking the limit between cold and temperate ice of a polythermal glacier. Latent heat release from percolating meltwater and precipitation keeps the ice column temperate in the accumulation area. A change from accumulation to ablation zone reduces this heat release, leading locally to glacier ice cooling. By mapping the CTS along the whole glacier length using radio-echo sounding and employing a thermodynamic model, the timing of the cooling was determined, from which past ELAs were constructed. These are in accord with mass-balance measurements carried out on McCall Glacier since the 1950s. We show that with a warming climate, McCall Glacier tends to cool in a counter-intuitive way.

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Mitgutsch, Christian, Michael K. Richardson, Rafael Jiménez, José E. Martin, Peter Kondrashov, Merijn A. G. de Bakker, and Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra. "Circumventing the polydactyly ‘constraint’: the mole's ‘thumb’." Biology Letters 8, no. 1 (July 13, 2011): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0494.

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Talpid moles across all northern continents exhibit a remarkably large, sickle-like radial sesamoid bone anterior to their five digits, always coupled with a smaller tibial sesamoid bone. A possible developmental mechanism behind this phenomenon was revealed using molecular markers during limb development in the Iberian mole ( Talpa occidentalis ) and a shrew ( Cryptotis parva ), as shrews represent the closest relatives of moles but do not show these conspicuous elements. The mole's radial sesamoid develops later than true digits, as shown by Sox9 , and extends into the digit area, developing in relation to an Msx2 -domain at the anterior border of the digital plate. Fgf8 expression, marking the apical ectodermal ridge, is comparable in both species. Developmental peculiarities facilitated the inclusion of the mole's radial sesamoid into the digit series; talpid moles circumvent the almost universal pentadactyly constraint by recruiting wrist sesamoids into their digital region using a novel developmental pathway and timing.

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Stover*, Ed, Scott Ciliento, and Gene Albrigo. "Copper Fungicide Spray Timings for Melanose Control in Grapefruit: Comparison of Computer Modelling of Copper Residues vs. Calendar Sprays." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 886A—886. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.886a.

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Grapefruit are susceptible to melanose from initial set until fruit diam. is 6-7 cm, which can span 3 months. Common Indian River melanose-control practice has been application of Cu fungicides at petal fall, with reapplication every three wks. through the infection period. Research data were previously used to develop a computer model to estimate Cu levels on fruit and indicate when reapplication is needed to prevent potential infection. The purpose of this study was to compare melanose control using spray timings suggested by the computer model vs. standard 3 week intervals vs. non-sprayed checks and was conducted over 3 years in mature grapefruit groves near Ft. Pierce, Fla. All applications were made using airblast at 1180 L· ha-1. Melanose and melanose-like Cu injury could not be distinguished and were combined in a melanose/Cu marking (MCM) score for each fruit. Separate fruit samples from the interior and exterior of tree canopies were randomly selected from each tree. In no year was there a significant difference in interior fruit MCM from computer model vs. calendar spray timings when treated with standard rates of Cu fungicide. However, rainfall never occurred when calendar-sprayed fruit were projected to be at low Cu levels. In 2 of 3 yrs. exterior fruit in the non-sprayed checks had less MCM than those from trees treated with Cu, indicating that Cu injury predominated over melanose on exterior fruit. In these fruit, MCM increased linearly with maximum fruit Cu concentration, which was lower on trees managed using the computer model. The computer model appears to be a sound approach to managing melanose, but economic benefit over calendar-based spray timing may only become apparent when practiced over numerous groves and seasons.

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Zhang, Z. Q., G. P. Wang, X. G. Lv, H. J. Jia, and Q. H. Xu. "The sharp decline of East Asian summer monsoon at mid-Holocene indicated by the lake-wetland transition in the Sanjiang Plain, northeastern China." Climate of the Past Discussions 10, no. 6 (December 18, 2014): 4595–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-10-4595-2014.

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Abstract. The timing of the waxing and wining of the East Asian summer monsoon during the Holocene is still under debate. In present study, we present the high-resolution grain-size and LOI records from a well-dated mud/peat profile to reveal the lake-wetland transition in the Sanjiang Plain and discuss its significance to Holocene monsoon evolutions. The results show that the shallow-water lakes have developed in low-lying areas of the plain before 4600 yr BP, corresponding to the Holocene monsoon maximum. Thereafter, the wetlands began to initiate with the extinction of the paleolakes, marking a lake-shrinking stage with the relative dry climate. Considering the prevalent monsoon climate in the Sanjiang Plain, we suggest the lake-wetland transition at 4600 yr BP indicate a sharp decline of the summer monsoon rather than the basin infilling process. Such a remarkable monsoon weakening event has been widely documented in northern China, and we associated it with the ocean–atmosphere interacting processes in low-latitude regions.

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Barnett, Heidy K., Thomas P. Quinn, Kurt L. Fresh, Michele E. Koehler, Karl D. Burton, Mary Bhuthimethee, and N. Phil Peterson. "Differential Marking of Embryos by Location and Date of Release Reveals Within‐River Natal Homing and Parental Influence on Progeny Return Timing in Sockeye Salmon." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 148, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10138.

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Balatsky, Evgeny V., Natalia A. Ekimova, and Maxim A. Yurevich. "Price Regulation Under Sanctions: International Experience." Journal of Economic Regulation 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 053–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2078-5429.2022.13.3.053-064.

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The object of the article is price shocks in Russia resulting from international sanctions imposed in connection with military action in Ukraine. The aim of the paper is to examine the most useful international experience of administrative price regulation for vital commodities. In particular, the study describes price control in India, China, Kyrgyzstan, Venezuela, Iran, Bolivia, Saudi Arabia, as well as in Russia itself. The synthesis of regulatory practices forms the basis of a generalised scheme, taking into account the stages, scale, timing and methods of government intervention. Furthermore, the need to combine static and dynamic price regulation for different product groups is stressed. Among the countries considered, the most interesting and original experience is that of India's regulation of corporate stocks (e.g. retail chains) to give rhythmic sales and the practice of marking the Maximum Retail Price (MRP) for certain types of goods. The authors argue for the possibility of adjusting the utility price index to account for sharp spikes in inflation in the initial period of sanctions, and for reducing the operational period for monitoring prices for decision-making from 60 to 30 days.

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Pardeshi, Soham, Madhuvanti Apar, Chaitanya Khot, and Atharv Deshmukh. "Air Doodle: A Realtime Virtual Drawing Tool." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40919.

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Abstract: The most fascinating and challenging research area in the field of image processing and pattern recognition in upcoming years is hype for drawing characters or visualizing characters in real-time. A few projects in the respective field have been constructed but the focus over time is to increase the accuracy and resolution with reduced tension on the timing of producing the resulting image by the system. Air doodle is another project in the respective field where the user can draw characters in real-time with the help of a pre-defined object by feeding it to the system about the object to track in order to let the user draw characters in real-time. The project proposes to reduce the usage of papers, reduce the discomfort of marking an important part in a presentation, and much more. We will be using computer vision in the open cv to build the project. The required language for this project is python, which has exhaustive libraries that would help us attain the desired result. Keywords: Machine learning, OpenCV, Morphing Techniques, Human-Computer Interactions, Air Drawing, Tkinter, Object detection, Colour detection

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Pease, Bruce C., Darren P. Reynolds, and Christopher T. Walsh. "Validation of otolith age determination in Australian longfinned river eels, Anguilla reinhardtii." Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 8 (2003): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf03040.

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The primary objective of the present study was to validate the annual nature of growth rings in otoliths of 'yellow eel stage' (fully pigmented, premigratory) Australian longfinned eels (Anguilla reinhardtii) in New South Wales, Australia, using a combination of laboratory and field experiments. Eels were injected with oxytetracycline (OTC) and tagged with external 'T-bar' tags. Microscopic examination of thin transverse sections of the sagittal otoliths from recaptured eels showed that one opaque annulus was typically formed in the otolith during each year subsequent to OTC marking. The seasonal timing of opaque annulus formation was highly variable, but generally occurred between May and November. Supernumerary (false or incomplete) rings were observed in many of the otoliths. Examination of otolith sections from a sample of very small, untagged yellow eels verifed the age at first annual increment formation. Marked and tagged longfinned eels did not have a significantly higher mortality rate than controls in the laboratory experiment, but tag loss rates may be high. The field study also indicates that Australian longfinned eels generally have a very restricted home range of 300 m or less. This study is believed to provide the first otolith age validation of a tropical anguillid.

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Halász, Júlia, Attila Hegedűs, Ildikó Karsai, Ágnes Tósaki, and László Szalay. "Correspondence between SOC1 Genotypes and Time of Endodormancy Break in Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) Cultivars." Agronomy 11, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071298.

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Knowledge of dormancy traits are important in peach breeding. Traditional method selection of seedlings takes a long time because of the juvenile period of plants; therefore, novel application of marker assisted selection methods are needed to accelerate this work. The aims of this study were to test the extent of variability in the PpSOC1 gene among 16 peach cultivars and to establish whether the variability of SOC1 can be used as a functional marker for the timing of endodormancy break based on a 14-year phenology evaluation covering nine consecutive phenology phases, from string stage to ripening. Based on an SSR motif of SOC1, three allele categories were detected: one peach cultivar was heterozygous (203/209), while five of the 15 homozygous cultivars carried a 203 bp allele and the remainder were characterized with 218 bp. There were significant correlations between the PpSOC1 alleles and the various phenology phases, the strongest one being observed at the string stage, marking the end of endodormancy. At this stage, PpSOC1 explained 82.6% of the phenotypic variance; cultivars with the 203 allele reached the string stage 11.7 days earlier than those with 218 bp allele. This finding makes the PpSOC1 screening a valuable method in breeding.

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Rausch, Cathia, Patrick Weber, Paulina Prorok, David Hörl, Andreas Maiser, Anne Lehmkuhl, Vadim O. Chagin, Corella S. Casas-Delucchi, Heinrich Leonhardt, and M. Cristina Cardoso. "Developmental differences in genome replication program and origin activation." Nucleic Acids Research 48, no. 22 (December 2, 2020): 12751–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa1124.

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Abstract To ensure error-free duplication of all (epi)genetic information once per cell cycle, DNA replication follows a cell type and developmental stage specific spatio-temporal program. Here, we analyze the spatio-temporal DNA replication progression in (un)differentiated mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells. Whereas telomeres replicate throughout S-phase, we observe mid S-phase replication of (peri)centromeric heterochromatin in mES cells, which switches to late S-phase replication upon differentiation. This replication timing reversal correlates with and depends on an increase in condensation and a decrease in acetylation of chromatin. We further find synchronous duplication of the Y chromosome, marking the end of S-phase, irrespectively of the pluripotency state. Using a combination of single-molecule and super-resolution microscopy, we measure molecular properties of the mES cell replicon, the number of replication foci active in parallel and their spatial clustering. We conclude that each replication nanofocus in mES cells corresponds to an individual replicon, with up to one quarter representing unidirectional forks. Furthermore, with molecular combing and genome-wide origin mapping analyses, we find that mES cells activate twice as many origins spaced at half the distance than somatic cells. Altogether, our results highlight fundamental developmental differences on progression of genome replication and origin activation in pluripotent cells.

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Hupp, Brittany N., D. Clay Kelly, James C. Zachos, and Timothy J. Bralower. "Effects of size-dependent sediment mixing on deep-sea records of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum." Geology 47, no. 8 (May 31, 2019): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46042.1.

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Abstract Stratigraphic features of the carbon isotope excursion (CIE) marking the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ca. 55.8 Ma) are used to study ocean-climate change and carbon cycling during this ancient global warming event. Yet discrepancies in its timing and amplitude exist between bulk-carbonate and planktic-foraminifera δ13C records. Here we examine these disparities through the lens of δ13C compositions of size-segregated planktic shells across the pre-CIE to CIE transition in the iconic PETM section of Ocean Drilling Program Site 690 in the Weddell Sea. Our results show that the stratigraphic position of the CIE onset is dependent upon shell size, which we attribute to preferential mixing of smaller shells with pre-CIE δ13C values up into the overlying CIE interval. Hence, the transitory loss of size-dependent δ13C signatures in photosymbiotic planktic foraminifera is a taphonomic artifact, not a geochemical signal of symbiont “bleaching” during the PETM. Our results also indicate that many salient features of the Site 690 bulk-carbonate δ13C record are aberrations caused by size-dependent sediment mixing, and as such, should not be viewed as primary signals of ocean-climate change during what is arguably one of the best ancient analogs for future ocean-climate change.

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Banik, M. V. "Sharp Differences in the Timing of Male and Female Spring Arrival in the European Stonechat, Saxicola Rubicola, and the Whinchat, S. Rubetra (Passeriformes, Muscicapidae), in North-Eastern Ukraine." Vestnik Zoologii 53, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2019-0043.

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Abstract Protandry, or the arrival of males prior to females to the breeding grounds is a widespread phenomenon in migratory birds though rarely examined in related species in which its manifestation can vary. European Stonechat and Whinchat are such a pair studied with use of individual marking in North-Eastern Ukraine in 1993–2008. An apparent protandry was found in Whinchat but not in European Stonechat. The difference between the arrival dates of male and female Whinchats (6 days) was significant. The mean time span between territory establishment by a male and subsequent pair formation was 10.6 days. By contrast, 38% of the first records of European Stonechats in spring were those of already paired birds and the difference between arrival dates of both sexes was non-significant. The proximate cause of protandry in Whinchat and its’ absence in European Stonechat seems to be the differences (or the lack thereof) in the onset of spring migration. The time lapse between the start of migration of male and female Whinchats originates at African wintering grounds and is maintained en route. The absence of the protandry in European Stonechat is probably a relict behaviour from the residency. The protandry in migratory populations of this species is yet to be developed.

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Krumme, U., S. Stötera, K. McQueen, and E. Pahlke. "Age validation of age 0-3 wild cod Gadus morhua in the western Baltic Sea through mark-recapture and tetracycline marking of otoliths." Marine Ecology Progress Series 645 (July 9, 2020): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13380.

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The contrasting zones within otoliths are commonly used to infer age of fish, assuming that 1 opaque zone and 1 translucent zone (TZ) form per year. However, the periodicity of zone formation is often un-validated and susceptible to interpretation errors and uncertainties, which propagate into age-structured calculations. The western Baltic cod Gadus morhua (WBC) stock is currently evaluated through an age-based assessment, using the typical, temperate area assumption that TZs form in autumn/winter. The periodicity of zone formation was evaluated through a mark-recapture experiment with juvenile and young adult WBC. During 2014-2017, 9111 wild cod were tagged externally (T-bar anchor tag) and internally (injection with tetracycline-hydrochloride induced a permanent fluorescent mark on their otoliths) and released. Timing of TZ formation was reconstructed through examination of otoliths from recaptured age 0-3 cod for which all required information and otoliths were available (n = 59, length range: 173-500 mm). Contrary to the assumption that TZs are formed during winter, recaptured cod consistently formed 1 TZ per year, between summer and autumn, in both juveniles (age 0-1) and young adults (age 2-3). A calendar year in the otolith is therefore composed of a TZ with opaque material on either side. Coincidence of TZ formation and recent evidence of shallow-water avoidance and reduced feeding and growth in WBC during peak summer suggests that TZs are formed when metabolic demands cannot be met. The results improve accuracy of WBC age estimates and highlight the feasibility and importance of conducting age validation experiments.

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Kathayat, Gayatri, Hai Cheng, Ashish Sinha, Max Berkelhammer, Haiwei Zhang, Pengzhen Duan, Hanying Li, Xianglei Li, Youfeng Ning, and R. Lawrence Edwards. "Evaluating the timing and structure of the 4.2 ka event in the Indian summer monsoon domain from an annually resolved speleothem record from Northeast India." Climate of the Past 14, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 1869–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1869-2018.

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Abstract. A large array of proxy records suggests that the “4.2 ka event” marks an approximately 300-year long period (∼3.9 to 4.2 ka) of major climate change across the globe. However, the climatic manifestation of this event, including its onset, duration, and termination, remains less clear in the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) domain. Here, we present new oxygen isotope (δ18O) data from a pair of speleothems (ML.1 and ML.2) from Mawmluh Cave, Meghalaya, India, that provide a high-resolution record of ISM variability during a period (∼3.78 and 4.44 ka) that fully encompasses the 4.2 ka event. The sub-annually to annually resolved ML.1 δ18O record is constrained by 18 230Th dates with an average dating error of ±13 years (2σ) and a resolution of ∼40 years, which allows us to characterize the ISM variability with unprecedented detail. The inferred pattern of ISM variability during the period contemporaneous with the 4.2 ka event shares broad similarities and key differences with the previous reconstructions of ISM from the Mawmluh Cave and other proxy records from the region. Our data suggest that the ISM intensity, in the context of the length of our record, abruptly decreased at ∼4.0 ka (∼±13 years), marking the onset of a multi-centennial period of relatively reduced ISM, which was punctuated by at least two multi-decadal droughts between ∼3.9 and 4.0 ka. The latter stands out in contrast with some previous proxy reconstructions of the ISM, in which the 4.2 ka event has been depicted as a singular multi-centennial drought.

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Kang, Elizabeth M., Gilda Linton, Narda Theobald, Sandra Anaya O’Brien, Dianne Hilligoss, and Harry L. Malech. "Treatment of Infections in Patients with X-Linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease (XCGD) with Gene Therapy." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.504.504.

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Abstract CGD is a monogenetic disorder that results in significant morbidity and mortality and is therefore a good candidate for gene therapy techniques. Genetic modification has been used successfully in mouse models of the disease and further, allogeneic bone marrow or peripheral blood transplantation has been shown to be curative in humans. The first clinical trial for CGD performed by Malech et al., (PNAS 1997) done without conditioning, resulted in marking levels of 0.1 to 0.01%. More recently with the use of busulfan 8mg/kg and an SFFV retrovirus, Ott et al., (Nature, 2006) achieved much higher (>20%) peripheral blood levels of corrected cells. Subsequently there was an oligoclonal expansion of those cells in which probable activation of myeloid specific genes EVI1-MDS, SetBP1 or PRDM16 occurred due to vector insertion. While there was low production of superoxide on a per cell basis, there was a clinical benefit to these patients as their underlying infections resolved with the therapy. As such, we have initiated a clinical trial with the primary goal to treat infections in X-CGD patients with genetically modified cells. We used busulfan 10mg/kg over two days as a conditioning agent and a standard ex vivo transduction method using an amphotropic pseudotyped MFGS vector encoding only the gp91phox transgene, culturing the cells for 96 hours in retronectin coated bags and media supplemented with, SCF, Flt-3, IL-3, and MDGF. To date we have treated two patients. The first is a 28 yo male who presented with multiple staph aureus positive liver abscesses not amenable to resection or radio frequency ablation. He received 40x10e6 CD34+cells/kg after the busulfan and the transduction efficiency was 73% as measured from Day 4 of the culture. At day 13 post transplant, the patient had a marking level of 24% that subsequently decreased over time, but now remains at approximately 0.7–1% more than 9 months post treatment. The patient tolerated the treatment well and 6 months after his treatment, his liver abscesses were completely resolved. He remains on routine antibiotic prophylaxis. LAM PCR analysis in this patient has not shown any clonal dominance. We have found one insert in MDS-EVI1 out of 60 insertions found and sequenced, but none in SetBP1 or PRDM16. The second patient, a 31 year old male, was enrolled due to a fungal chest wall infection unresolved despite two years of combination antifungal treatment. The patient’s cells were transduced with the same vector as the first, but using a different production lot with a lower titre. The transduction efficiency was therefore lower with 41% gp91 positive cells at end of transduction. The patient received a total of 71x10e6 CD34+cells/kg and the initial marking was 5% at two weeks post infusion while the neutrophil count was still low but recovering. By day 21 however, the marking had dropped to less than 1%. Interestingly, there was a small positive fraction in the unstimulated control of the DHR, suggesting auto-activation of the cells. Hence given the timing of the drop and the presence of these autostimulated cells, we hypothesize that the patient has had an immune mediated reaction to the gp91phox expressing cells. It does not appear to be silencing as the realtime PCR data also suggests clearance. Studies are in progress to determine if this is a T or more likely, B cell mediated rejection. In the meantime, we will add an immunosuppressant peritransplant to avoid any possible immune mediated rejections in future patients.

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Stokes, Martin, Anne Mather, Angel Rodes, Samantha Kearsey, and Shaun Lewin. "Anatomy, Age and Origin of an Intramontane Top Basin Surface (Sorbas Basin, Betic Cordillera, SE Spain)." Quaternary 1, no. 2 (August 24, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat1020015.

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Collisional mountain belts commonly develop intramontane basins from mechanical and isostatic subsidence during orogenic development. These frequently display a relict top surface, evidencing a change interval from basin infilling to erosion often via capture or overspill. Such surfaces provide markers that inform on orogenic growth patterns via climate and base level interplay. Here, we describe the top surface from the Sorbas Basin, a key intramontane basin within the Betic Cordillera (SE Spain). The surface is fragmentary comprising high elevation hilltops and discontinuous ridges developed onto the variably deformed final basin infill outcrop (Gochar Formation). We reconstruct surface configuration using DEM interpolation and apply 10Be/26Al cosmonuclides to assess surface formation timing. The surface is a degraded Early Pleistocene erosional pediment developed via autogenic switching of alluvial fan streams under stable dryland climate and base level conditions. Base-level lowering since the Middle Pleistocene focused headwards incision up interfan drainages, culminating in fan head capture and fan morphological preservation within the abandoned surface. Post abandonment erosion has lowered the basin surface by 31 m (average) and removed ~5.95 km3 of fill. Regional basin comparisons reveal a phase of Early Pleistocene surface formation, marking landscape stability following the most recent Pliocene-Early Pleistocene mountain building. Post-surface erosion rate quantification is low and in accordance with 10Be denudation rates typical of the low uplift Betic Cordillera.

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Plourde, Marilyn, Pierre-Luc Gamache, Vincent Laflamme, and Simon Grondin. "Using Time-Processing Skills to Predict Reading Abilities in Elementary School Children." Timing & Time Perception 5, no. 1 (February 15, 2017): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134468-00002079.

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This article aims at examining the relationship between temporal skills and reading. According to Tallal, dyslexia may be linked to a global deficit in temporal processing, which would be detrimental for discrimination of phonemes, and thus impair reading acquisition. The temporal deficit hypothesis is not consensual, and the exact nature of the temporal deficits assumed to be associated with dyslexia remains unknown. The aim of the present experiment is to better define the temporal processes involved in reading. To do so, elementary school children from 1st to 6th grade with varied reading skills levels were recruited (from weak to very good readers). Each participant performed four temporal tasks, that is, gap detection, temporal order judgement, interval discrimination and interval reproduction; and each task was performed in two different conditions, i.e., with signals marking time delivered in the visual and in the auditory modalities. The results show positive correlations between reading skills and all temporal tasks, in both modalities. We also established a prediction model of reading skills with visual gap detection sensitivity as the best predictor. The results support Tallal’s theory. Temporal deficits in weak readers are global and transcend sensory modalities. The gap detection task in the visual modality shows clinical potential for identifying timing-related reading difficulties, and could be used in future research.

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Menounos, Brian, Lyssa Maurer, John J. Clague, and Gerald Osborn. "Late Holocene fluctuations of Stoppani Glacier, southernmost Patagonia." Quaternary Research 95 (March 3, 2020): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2019.87.

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AbstractSome lateral moraines contain a rich record of Holocene glacial expansion. Previous workers have used such evidence to document glacial fluctuations in western Canada, Alaska, and the U.S. Pacific Northwest, but similar studies in Patagonia are uncommon. Here we report on the late Holocene behavior of Stoppani Glacier, a 75 km2 glacier sourced in the Cordillera Darwin, southernmost Patagonia. Based on radiocarbon-dated wood and organic material contained in the glacier's northeast lateral moraine, we infer that Stoppani Glacier advanced shortly before 3.8–3.6, at 3.2–2.8, 2.3–2.1, and 0.3–0.2, and possibly sometime before 1.4–1.3 and 0.8–0.7 cal ka BP. These advances culminated at 0.3–0.2 cal ka BP, when the glacier constructed a prominent end moraine, marking its greatest extent of the past 4000 years. Although the timing of several of the advances overlap with the age range of glacial expansion recognized elsewhere in Patagonia, some do not. Asynchronous behavior observed in the glacial record may arise from the type of evidence (e.g., lateral stratigraphy vs. end moraine) used to document glacial fluctuations or variations in climate or glacial response times. A significant difference between the Stoppani record and some other Patagonian records is that the former indicates general expansion of ice over the last 4000 years, whereas the latter indicate a net decrease in extent over that period.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Marking timing'

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