Journal articles: 'Marking constraints'

1

Chen, YuFeng, Abdulrahman Al-Ahmari, Chi Tin Hon, and NaiQi Wu. "Equivalent Transformation of Nonlinear Constraints to Linear Constraints in Petri Nets." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/640917.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper focuses on the enforcement of nonlinear constraints in Petri nets. An integer linear programming model is formulated to transform a nonlinear constraint to a minimal number of conjunctive linear constraints that have the same admissible marking space as the nonlinear one does in Petri nets. The obtained linear constraints can be easily enforced to be satisfied by a set of control places with a place invariant based method. The control places make up a supervisor that can enforce the given nonlinear constraint. For a case that the admissible marking space decided by a nonlinear constraint is nonconvex, another integer linear programming model is developed to obtain a minimal number of constraints whose disjunctions are equivalent to the nonlinear constraint with respect to the reachable markings. Finally, a number of examples are provided to demonstrate the proposed approach.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Li, Hui Fang, and Fu Jian Feng. "Schedulability Analysis Algorithm of Timing Constraint Petri Nets." Advanced Materials Research 532-533 (June 2012): 1810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.532-533.1810.

Full text

Abstract:

A novel approach to the schedulability analysis is presented in this paper for timing constraint Petri nets, which have wide applications in the workflow management, software engineering, reliability engineering, and so on. The analysis can be conducted in two phases: finding firing sequences and timing constraint analysis, among which the first one is to find the transition sequences that transform the initial marking to a certain marking by using incidence matrix in the underlying Petri net, and the second one is to verify whether the reachable marking found in the first step is reachable with the timing constraints. The proposed method is able to pinpoint out non-schedulable transitions and adjust the timing constraints to make all the transitions schedulable within complex task sequences, while meeting the needs of the managers to schedule the tasks.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

PHUA, Chiew Pheng, and PHUA Chiew Pheng. "The double object constructions in Archaic Chinese*." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 37, no. 1 (2008): 43–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1960602808x00028.

Full text

Abstract:

This article demonstrates that double object constructions in Archaic Chinese display both patterns of direct and indirect object marking (DO+IO) and primary and secondary object marking (PO+SO). We propose two constraints to account for the grammatical distribution of GIVE verbs in the double object construction with PO+SO marking in Archaic Chinese. The first constraint is syntactic and explains why verbs like xiàn ? 'offer' cannot occur in the double object construction with PO+SO marking, unless the semantic role of recipient is available for mapping onto direct object in a monotransitive clause. A second constraint on animacy is proposed to explain the low frequency of two animate, particularly two human NPs, in the postverbal position for verbs like qī ? 'marry'.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Hopp, Holger, and Mayra E. León Arriaga. "Structural and inherent case in the non-native processing of Spanish: Constraints on inflectional variability." Second Language Research 32, no. 1 (October 13, 2015): 75–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658315605872.

Full text

Abstract:

This article reports an eye-tracking study on the native and non-native processing of case in Spanish. Twenty-four native and 27 first language (L1) German non-native speakers of Spanish were tested on their sensitivity to case marking violations involving structural case with objects of ditransitive verbs and to violations of inherent case for objects of transitive verbs (differential object marking; DOM). Both groups distinguished between grammatical and ungrammatical case marking for all sentence types in off-line acceptability judgments. In reading, however, the non-native speakers, unlike the native speakers, were sensitive only to violations of structural case marking with ditransitive verbs and the erroneous realization of DOM with inanimate objects. In contrast, they did not show processing slowdowns for the omission of DOM with animate objects. We interpret the asymmetry in non-native processing as reflecting sensitivity of the parser to grammatical feature hierarchies in that the parser licenses default case markings, yet flags feature clashes occasioned by the suppliance of erroneous inflectional forms with inherent case marking. We discuss the findings in the context of current approaches to second language (L2) acquisition and processing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Faraj, Suhair. "Optimality Theory and Syntactic Constraints in English and Arabic Prepositional Phrases: A Comparative Analysis." International Journal for Scientific Research 2, no. 7 (2023): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.59992/ijsr.2023.v2n7p4.

Full text

Abstract:

This research paper aimed to investigate the syntactic constraints that govern the use of prepositional phrases in English and Arabic, using Optimality Theory (OT) framework. A set of English and Arabic sentences containing prepositional phrases were collected and analyzed for constraint violations. This study compared the syntactic structures of prepositional phrases in both languages by examining the case marking, headedness, and subject-verb agreement requirements of OT. The findings indicated that although prepositional phrases are used similarly in Arabic and English, there are also structural variations between them. In particular, the study finds that Arabic prepositional phrases exhibit more markedness and complexity than English preposition phrases, due to the influence of case marking and agreement constraints in OT. The study contributes to our understanding of the syntactic structures of preposition phrases in both languages and highlights the importance of considering the role of syntactic constraints in language comparison studies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Amin, Nurasiah, Abdul Muhid, and Hilda Hastuti. "Revealing the Form of Constraints and Switched Points in Cewek Smart #2." Humanitatis : Journal of Language and Literature 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30812/humanitatis.v8i2.1823.

Full text

Abstract:

This reserach was done to reveal the dominant form of Constraints and Switched Points of code switching usage in Cewek Smart #2 book by Ria Fariana, which the data is taken from chapter 1 to chapter 6 of total 53 pages. To reveal the form of constraints and switched points of code switching, it was considered to use theory by Poplack about code switching, and the data were analyzed by using a qualitative method. This current research shows that there were 21 forms of constraints and switched points and there are 6 dominant forms used in the book of Cewek Smart #2, namely between Adverb and VP, between NP and zero marking (-), between VP and zero marking (-), between Independent Clause and Zero Marking (-), Between PP and and Zero Marking (-), Between Conj. and zero marking (-). in the book of Cewek Smart #2.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

de Hoop, Helen, and Andrej L. Malchukov. "Case-Marking Strategies." Linguistic Inquiry 39, no. 4 (October 2008): 565–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2008.39.4.565.

Full text

Abstract:

Two strategies of case marking in natural languages are discussed. These are defined as two violable constraints whose effects are shown to converge in the case of differential object marking but diverge in the case of differential subject marking. The discourse prominence of the case-bearing arguments is shown to be of utmost importance for case-marking and voice alternations. The analysis of the case-marking patterns that are found crosslinguistically is couched in a bidirectional Optimality Theory analysis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Tian, Wei, Xianwang Yu, and Haohao Hu. "Interactive Attention Learning on Detection of Lane and Lane Marking on the Road by Monocular Camera Image." Sensors 23, no. 14 (July 20, 2023): 6545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146545.

Full text

Abstract:

Vision-based identification of lane area and lane marking on the road is an indispensable function for intelligent driving vehicles, especially for localization, mapping and planning tasks. However, due to the increasing complexity of traffic scenes, such as occlusion and discontinuity, detecting lanes and lane markings from an image captured by a monocular camera becomes persistently challenging. The lanes and lane markings have a strong position correlation and are constrained by a spatial geometry prior to the driving scene. Most existing studies only explore a single task, i.e., either lane marking or lane detection, and do not consider the inherent connection or exploit the modeling of this kind of relationship between both elements to improve the detection performance of both tasks. In this paper, we establish a novel multi-task encoder–decoder framework for the simultaneous detection of lanes and lane markings. This approach deploys a dual-branch architecture to extract image information from different scales. By revealing the spatial constraints between lanes and lane markings, we propose an interactive attention learning for their feature information, which involves a Deformable Feature Fusion module for feature encoding, a Cross-Context module as information decoder, a Cross-IoU loss and a Focal-style loss weighting for robust training. Without bells and whistles, our method achieves state-of-the-art results on tasks of lane marking detection (with 32.53% on IoU, 81.61% on accuracy) and lane segmentation (with 91.72% on mIoU) of the BDD100K dataset, which showcases an improvement of 6.33% on IoU, 11.11% on accuracy in lane marking detection and 0.22% on mIoU in lane detection compared to the previous methods.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Bax, Anna, and Michael Diercks. "Information structure constraints on object marking in Manyika." Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 30, no. 2 (June 2012): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2012.737596.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Cameron, Richard. "Ambiguous agreement, functional compensation, and nonspecific tú in the Spanish of San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Madrid, Spain." Language Variation and Change 5, no. 3 (October 1993): 305–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001526.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTRichness of subject-verb agreement is implicit in the functional compensation interpretation of variable second person /-s/ in Puerto Rican Spanish (PRS). Because /-s/ is not variable in Madrid Spanish (MS), richer agreement is assumed, and a lower rate of pronominal expression is expected. Central to this interpretation are effects associated with ambiguous marking of person on finite singular verbs. Although an increase of pronominal expression correlates to ambiguous marking for PRS speakers, a similar result has not been reported for MS speakers. Nonetheless, a varbrul analysis yields similar weights for this constraint in both dialects. Moreover, ambiguity effects are best understood as constraints on null subject variation that interact with switch reference. Identity of varbrul weights for constraints on pronominal and null subject variation in PRS and MS also supports the Constant Rate Hypothesis. However, the two dialects do show a diametrically opposed effect associated with nonspecific tú.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Plug, Leendert. "Discourse constraints on prosodic marking in lexical replacement repair." Journal of Pragmatics 87 (October 2015): 80–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.07.005.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Mir, Shahid Hussain, and Ayaz Afsar. "The pronunciation constraints of syllable stress-coloration in Pakistani English." Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 5, no. 1 (February 18, 2024): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/5.1.2.

Full text

Abstract:

Pakistani English speakers struggle with pronunciation issues due to unfamiliarity with the morphological and phonological aspects of the English language. The challenging aspect of teaching English pronunciation in an ESL environment in Pakistan is pronunciation. The study looks at Pakistani ESL students' pronunciation problems and aims to pinpoint Pakistani English speakers’ pronunciation issues in an ESL setting. This is a descriptive study, and information from ten ESL students is acquired through recording. The study uses the PRAAT as a framework for data analysis and points to the syllable break and stress marking in PE. Based on L1, the speakers were chosen, and only Kashmiri speakers of Pakistani English were included. The study concludes that studying English helps ESL students speak effectively with people from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds, promoting intercultural understanding and fostering international collaboration. The lack of excitement, self-doubt, willingness, shyness, and language proficiency are the main causes of pronunciation problems. L1 also affects English pronunciation. According to the study, students’ L1 influences lead them to struggle with stress marking, syllabification, and transcription of English words. Additionally, epenthesis, the insertion of a short vowel at the beginning, and improper stress marking were prevalent issues.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Tuckfield, John. "Marking Latin Unseen Translations." Journal of Classics Teaching 19, no. 38 (2018): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2058631018000223.

Full text

Abstract:

The unseen translation - translation of a passage of Latin that the student has not seen before, under constraints of time and with limited access to resources - is a persistent element of Latin courses, especially at school level. It is present in A Level courses in England (for example, OCR 2017), in the Scottish Highers (SQA, 2017), in the New Zealand curriculum (NZQA, 2017), and in Australia (VCAA, 2004; Board of Studies, 2009), to name but a few examples. In Victoria, courses have undergone various changes in the last 30 years, but the unseen has remained a constant: there seems to be a consensus among teachers and examiners that the ability to translate a passage of Latin on the spot is a rigorous and enduring test of at least one aspect of a student's skills in Latin.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Daleszynska-Slater, Agata, Miriam Meyerhoff, and James A. Walker. "Order in the creole speech community." Language Ecology 3, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 58–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/le.17007.dal.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Creolists and variationists often conceptualize variation in multilectal speech communities as a continuum of linearly ordered linguistic features. Using the variationist comparative method, we analyze variation in past tense marking in a creole speech community (Bequia, St Vincent and the Grenadines), comparing across groups of speakers (communities and age-groups) in terms of frequencies of past-marking, language-internal constraints on past-marking and the ranking of factors within those constraints. Based on these multiple lines of evidence, the analysis shows that placing groups on a continuum is not straightforward, in line with local language ideologies. We argue that linear models of variation may reify relationships between varieties in terms of differences that are not sustained across different levels of analysis. We also show that the relationships between lects even in quite small communities are subject to change across generations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Laleko, Oksana, and Maria Polinsky. "Marking Topic or Marking Case: A Comparative Investigation of Heritage Japanese and Heritage Korean." Heritage Language Journal 10, no. 2 (September 30, 2013): 178–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.10.2.3.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper, we examine the relationship between grammatical and discourse-related domains of linguistic organization in heritage speakers by comparing their knowledge of categories mediated at different structural levels: grammatical case marking, which is mediated within the structure of the clause, and the marking of information structure, grammatically mediated at the syntax-discourse interface. To this end, we examine the knowledge of case and topic particles in heritage speakers and L2 learners of Japanese and Korean as assessed through a series of rating tasks. We find that heritage speakers in both languages experience different degrees of difficulty with elements that belong to different linguistic modules: phenomena which involve semantic and discourse computation are found to be more difficult than phenomena governed primarily by structural syntactic constraints.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Assmann, Muriel, Daniel Büring, Izabela Jordanoska, and Max Prüller. "Focus constraints on ellipsis - an unalternatives account." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 60 (January 1, 2018): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.60.2018.457.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper presents a new account of the generalization that focused elements cannotbe elided, framed within Unalternative Semantics, a framework that does away with syntacticF-marking. We propose the mirror image of the generalization: what is elided cannot introducealternatives. We implement this as a focus restriction in UAS and then go on to show howto account for MAXELIDE effects using the same technique, without making reference to anytransderivational constraints.Keywords: focus, ellipsis, alternative semantics, unalternative semantics, MaxElide, secondaryfocus.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Scherre, Maria Marta Pereira, and Anthony J. Naro. "The serial effect on internal and external variables." Language Variation and Change 4, no. 1 (March 1992): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000636.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTExamination of three variable concord phenomena in spoken Portuguese of Rio de Janeiro (noun phrase, subject/predicate adjective, subject/verb) demonstrates that the most consistent and strongest variable constraint on the use of concord is the discourse level serial (or parallel processing) effect, that is, a preference for similar forms to co-occur in sections of discourse, even if this results in redundancy or lack of economy. Given the strength of this constraint, we separated the data into two subsets such that one contains only serial occurrences, where parallel processing can operate, whereas the other contains only isolated or first occurrences, where there is no preceding form to trigger the parallel effect. In the serial set, the parallel effect is so strong that other nonsocial constraints are not selected. External forces, such as the normative pressure of the school system toward fully redundant marking, have no significant effect on the serial tokens, although education does correlate with increased use of concord in isolated/first tokens. Thus, in the serial context the linguistic system is so highly constrained that external, and even internal, influences are blocked. We conclude that strong constraints should be identified, and that data in which they are operative should be analyzed separately from data in which they are not present in order to understand the interplay of the diverse forces in the linguistic system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Nakamura, Wataru. "An Optimality-Theoretic Account of the Japanese Case System." Studies in Language 23, no. 3 (December 31, 1999): 597–649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.23.3.06nak.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper provides an Optimality-Theoretic account of the Japanese case system within the framework of Role and Reference Grammar [RRG] (Van Valin 1993; Van Valin and LaPolla 1997). It is shown that a particular ranking of universal constraints may accommodate not only the regular case marking patterns of Japanese, but the irregular ones displayed by inversion, causative, and a variety of double-nominative constructions. Finally, it is suggested that characterizing case systems in terms of the way universal constrainst are ranked opens up a way to a principled typology of case systems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Shain, Cory, and Judith Tonhauser. "The synchrony and diachrony of differential object marking in Paraguayan Guaraní." Language Variation and Change 22, no. 3 (October 2010): 321–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394510000153.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThis paper explores the synchrony and diachrony of differential object marking in Paraguayan Guaraní on the basis of a quantitative study of a corpus of naturally occurring data of the modern language and an investigation of object marking in a 17th-century catechism. We show that both animacy and topicality, but not definiteness, affect whether a direct object is marked in modern Guaraní, a finding that has implications for cross-linguistic theories of differential object marking, not all of which recognize topicality as a factor. We also find no categorical constraints on differential object marking in Guaraní, contrary to Bossong (1985b). Our study of the 17th-century catechism provides further support for Bossong's (1985b, 2009) claim that Guaraní did not have differential object marking when it came into contact with Spanish. The paper concludes with a discussion of the hypothesis that differential object marking in Guaraní resulted from contact with Spanish.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

ÖZÇALIŞKAN, ŞEYDA. "Ways of crossing a spatial boundary in typologically distinct languages." Applied Psycholinguistics 36, no. 2 (July 25, 2013): 485–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716413000325.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTExpression of spatial motion shows wide variation as well as patterned regularities across the world's languages (Talmy, 2000), and events involving the traversal of a spatial boundary impose the tightest typological constraints in the lexicalization of motion, providing a true test of cross-linguistic differences. Speakers of verb-framed languages are required by their language not to use manner verbs in marking the change of location across boundaries (Aske, 1989). Here we test the strength of the boundary-crossing constraint and ask how speakers convey motion events when the constraints imposed by the experimental task are at odds with the constraints imposed by their native language. We address this question by comparing adult speakers’ description of motion scenes that involve the traversal of a spatial boundary in two typologically distinct languages: English and Turkish. Using an experimental paradigm that imposes competing demands with the semantic structure of Turkish, we compare Turkish speakers’ description of boundary-crossing scenes to that of English speakers. We find strong cross-linguistic differences in speakers’ verb choice (manner vs. path) and event segmentation (one vs. many), suggesting that boundary-crossing constraint can serve as a reliable test to detect the typological class of a language.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Anderson, Evan M. "A Marking Heuristic for Materials in a Shared Print Agreement." Library Resources & Technical Services 61, no. 1 (January 23, 2017): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/lrts.61n1.04.

Full text

Abstract:

Shared print agreements are increasingly being used to account for space and budgetary constraints. However, there is a dearth of information in both the literature and in the available program documentation regarding quotidian, yet essential, practicalities such as additional physical marking of materials that have been committed to be retained. This paper argues for the necessity of specific program-based marking on the basis of levels of access stipulated by agreements, that traditional rationales for marking are still relevant, and that these rationales are subject to the contexts of specific shared print agreements. Lastly, it proposes a heuristic based on access to guide policy makers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Major, Tom. "Marking the un-markable: visible implant elastomer in wild juvenile snakes." Herpetological Journal, Volume 30, Number 3 (July 1, 2020): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hj30.3.173176.

Full text

Abstract:

Marking individuals is a key component of many ecological studies, but with some animals, such as juvenile snakes, it has proven problematic because of size constraints. This impedes our understanding of their habits in the wild. We marked juvenile Aesculapian snakes (Zamenis longissimus) in North Wales with visible implant elastomer (VIE), and recaptured them the following season. Our results demonstrate that the use of VIE is an effective marking method for small snakes, negating the need for tissue removal when marking. We suggest it represents a promising development in the ecological study of snakes, and is especially useful in species that undergo ontogenetic pattern changes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Becker, Roland, and Shipeng Mao. "Quasi-optimality of an Adaptive Finite Element Method for an Optimal Control Problem." Computational Methods in Applied Mathematics 11, no. 2 (2011): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cmam-2011-0006.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract We prove quasi-optimality of an adaptive finite element algorithm for a model problem of optimal control including control constraints. The quasi-optimility expresses the fact that the decrease of error with respect to the number of mesh cells is optimal up to a constant. The considered algorithm is based on an adaptive marking strategy which compares a standard residualtype a posteriori error estimator with a data approximation term in each step of the algorithm in order to adapt the marking of cells.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

ATLI, M., A. SAVA, Z. ACHOUR, and N. REZG. "Control Synthesis for Partially Controlled Marked Graph Subject to Marking Exclusion Constraints." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 43, no. 8 (2010): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20100712-3-fr-2020.00029.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Roy, Joseph, Janna B. Oetting, and Christy Wynn Moland. "Linguistic Constraints on Children's Overt Marking of BE by Dialect and Age." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56, no. 3 (June 2013): 933–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/12-0099).

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

SANDE, HANNAH. "Phonologically determined nominal concord as post-syntactic: Evidence from Guébie." Journal of Linguistics 55, no. 4 (November 19, 2018): 831–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226718000476.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper brings novel data to bear on whether nominal concord relationships are formed in the narrow syntax or post-syntactically. In Guébie, a Kru language spoken in Côte d’Ivoire, nominal concord marking on non-human pronouns and adjectives is determined not by syntactic or semantic features of the concord-triggering noun, but by the phonological form of the noun. Specifically, concord marking on pronouns and adjectives surfaces as a vowel with the same backness features as the vowels of the head noun. Assuming that syntax is phonology-free (Pullum & Zwicky 1986, 1988), the fact that we see phonological features conditioning nominal concord in Guébie means that nominal concord must take place in the post-syntax. I expand on post-syntactic models of nominal concord in Distributed Morphology (Kramer 2010, Norris 2014, Baier 2015) showing that when combined with a constraint-based phonology, such an approach can account for both phonologically and syntactico-semantically determined concord systems. Additionally, the proposed analysis includes a formal account of ellipsis via constraints during the phonological component.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Poplack, Shana, and Sali Tagliamonte. "There's no tense like the present: Verbal -s inflection in early Black English." Language Variation and Change 1, no. 1 (March 1989): 47–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000119.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTThis article contributes to the understanding of the origin and function of verbal -s marking in the Black English grammar by systematically examining the behaviour of this affix in two corpora on early Black English. To ascertain whether the variation observed in (early and modern Black English) -s usage has a precedent in the history of the language, or is rather an intrusion from another system, we focus particularly on the linguistic and social contexts of its occurrence, within a historical and comparative perspective. Our results show that both third person singular and nonconcord -s are subject to regular, parallel environmental conditioning. The finding that both insertion and deletion are conditioned by the same factors suggests that verbal -s marking is a unitary process, involving both concord and nonconcord contexts. Moreover, the (few) variable constraints on verbal -s usage reported throughout the history of the English language remain operative in early Black English. These results, taken in conjunction with indications that -s marking across the verbal paradigm was a prestige marker in the dialect at some earlier point in time, lead us to hypothesize that the contemporary pattern might be a synchronic reflex of the constraint ranking on -s usage in the varieties of English that provided the linguistic model for the slaves. Many of the conditioning effects we report would have been subsequently overridden by the grammaticalization of -s as the Standard English agreement marker. We conclude that present-tense marking via verbal -s formed an integral part of the early Black English grammar.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Bagasheva, Alexandra. "An Upper Take on Doubler-Uppers." Languages 9, no. 3 (March 10, 2024): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages9030091.

Full text

Abstract:

Against the background of comparatively insufficient, expressly dedicated studies on double particle verb person nominalisations, this paper offers a qualitative, cognitive-constructionist approach to the properties of doubler-upper nominalisations of particle verbs in English and a reappraisal of some of the available analyses thereof. On the assumption of the validity of the flexicon stance on the organisation of words in the human mind, and on the basis of a preliminary semantic analysis of 300 types of doubler-upper nouns extracted from two corpora and Urban Dictionary, it is claimed that there are no identifiable constraints on the possibility of double-er marking over any of the positionally specified single markings and no particular properties of particle verbs as bases to preclude double -er marking. A hypothesis is formulated that, despite their deviance, doubler-uppers strike the optimal balance between complexity and unity and appear to be the most natural and morphophonologically best-fitting pattern for particle verb -er nominalisation (at least in spoken discourse and the media).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Rodríguez-Ordóñez, Itxaso. "Reexamining Differential Object Marking as a Linguistic Contact-Phenomenon in Gernika Basque." Journal of Language Contact 10, no. 2 (May 19, 2017): 318–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01002004.

Full text

Abstract:

The present study aims to show that Basque Differential Object Marking (dom) is the result of intense contact with the Basque-Spanish Leísta Dialect (bld) and to determine the process by which Basque dom is a contact feature. Following theories of contact-induced phenomena in variationist sociolinguistics (Poplack and Levey, 2010), theories of dom (Aissen, 2003) and grammaticalization theory (Heine and Kuteva, 2005), the speech of 29 native speakers of Gernika Basque are examined, stratified by age and language dominance. Results from oral data show that animacy and specificity are the strongest predictors of Basque dom, followed by person and number. In terms of language specific constraints, the use of Spanish borrowed verbs and the null object character of the language strongly favors dom in Gernika Basque. It is proposed that Basque dom involves a complex process of ‘replica grammaticalization’, explaining the intertwined relationship between typological factors, contact-induced forces and language-specific constraints.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Knop, Krzysztof. "Elimination of constraints in the production process of power equipment components and the analysis of the resulting benefits." Production Engineering Archives 24, no. 24 (September 1, 2019): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2019.24.09.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The article presents the results regarding the elimination of constraints in the production process of a power equipment subassembly, a boiler chamber, together with an analysis of the benefits resulting from this, both financial and non-financial. The significance of bottlenecks in the production process, ways of its identification and limitations - in general - are presented. The article is a case-study of an attempt to eliminate the bottleneck in the production process of the boiler chamber, which turned out to be the process of drilling and marking-off, and work stations representing these processes. In order to eliminate the limitation, it was decided to replace the existing tracing and drilling work with a numerically controlled device - a boring machine moved from the liquidated department.. As a result, labor-intensive, manual chambers marking-off and the process of drilling holes with a smaller diameter drill have been eliminated. A number of benefits has been demonstrated resulting from the elimination of the bottleneck in the process, first of all, it was possible to reduce the duration of the marking-off and drilling operations and reduce the costs of the boiler chamber production process.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Irimia, Monica Alexandrina. "Oblique differential object marking and types of nominals." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 66, no. 4 (December 2021): 486–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2021.28.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe question of whether differentially marked objects should be linked with Case licensing or some other mechanism in the grammar has given rise to numerous debates. Addressing contexts of differential object marking (DOM) with oblique morphology, this article shows that, while the Case licensing approach might be adequate for varieties of Spanish, oblique differential marking rather signals an independent licensing operation, beyond Case, in languages like Romanian, Gujarati or Mandarin Chinese. This additional mechanism, relevant at the syntax-semantics-pragmatics interface, tracks the role of grammaticalized animates or how the speaker relates to other entities in the discourse. Additionally, the data examined here indicate that objects can come in a variety of sizes and structures, with distinct licensing constraints, such that the divide Case licensed/unlicensed or Case licensing/(pseudo-)incorporation is not enough.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Nesrine, Ben Afia, Amari Said, and Messaoud Hassani. "Switching models and control of Petri Nets with shared resources under marking constraints." International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing 35, no. 2 (October 12, 2021): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0951192x.2021.1972463.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Meinhardt, Günter, and Malte Persike. "The preview benefit in single-feature and conjunction search: Constraints of visual marking." Journal of Vision 15, no. 13 (September 18, 2015): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/15.13.13.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Bobyleva, Ekaterina. "Variable plural marking in Jamaican Patwa and Tok Pisin: A linguistic perspective." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 56, no. 1 (March 2011): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100001742.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThis article is concerned with plural marking in two English-lexified creoles, Jamaican Patwa and Tok Pisin. In addition to bare plurals, these creoles possess two overt strategies of plural marking—a free-standing morpheme and the suffix -s. The analytic and inflectional plural markers occur according to different linguistic constraints. It appears that the creoles use two conceptually and typologically different number marking systems — that of set noun languages, based on the opposition between singleton and collective sets, and that of singular object noun languages, based on the opposition between singular and plural individuals. This poses problems for the definition of the lexical semantics of the creole nouns if one assumes the existence of cross-linguistic differences. The analysis proposed here is based on the universalist approach to lexical semantics. Under this approach, individuated and collective (set) interpretations of plurals are encoded in the noun phrase structure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Falaschi, Moreno, Maurizio Gabbrielli, Carlos Olarte, and Catuscia Palamidessi. "Dynamic Slicing for Concurrent Constraint Languages." Fundamenta Informaticae 177, no. 3-4 (December 10, 2020): 331–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-2020-1992.

Full text

Abstract:

Concurrent Constraint Programming (CCP) is a declarative model for concurrency where agents interact by telling and asking constraints (pieces of information) in a shared store. Some previous works have developed (approximated) declarative debuggers for CCP languages. However, the task of debugging concurrent programs remains difficult. In this paper we define a dynamic slicer for CCP (and other language variants) and we show it to be a useful companion tool for the existing debugging techniques. We start with a partial computation (a trace) that shows the presence of bugs. Often, the quantity of information in such a trace is overwhelming, and the user gets easily lost, since she cannot focus on the sources of the bugs. Our slicer allows for marking part of the state of the computation and assists the user to eliminate most of the redundant information in order to highlight the errors. We show that this technique can be tailored to several variants of CCP, such as the timed language ntcc, linear CCP (an extension of CCPbased on linear logic where constraints can be consumed) and some extensions of CCP dealing with epistemic and spatial information. We also develop a prototypical implementation freely available for making experiments.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Tebani, Karima, and Said Amari. "Min-Plus realizable control design for partially observable timed event graphs under marking constraints." European Journal of Control 57 (January 2021): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcon.2020.12.002.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Tebani, Karima, Said Amari, and Redouane Kara. "State‐Feedback Control for a Class of Timed Petri Nets Subject to Marking Constraints." Asian Journal of Control 21, no. 2 (April 19, 2018): 934–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asjc.1787.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Muranaka-Vuletich, Hiromi. "Violations of the basic Japanese referential system in reintroductions." Journal of Japanese Linguistics 40, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jjl-2024-2002.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Referential systems are language specific, and the Japanese referential system is achieved by using grammatical particles (wa and ga) as well as ellipsis. While there are basic patterns, violations of these patterns commonly occur. This study examined the reasons why violations could occur by focusing on reintroductions. The data were collected from ten oral narratives and five written narratives. The results demonstrated that grammatical constraints and additional functions constituted the two main reasons why the most expected referential markings were not used. Other observed factors included the centeredness of the character in the story and the different types of referential markings. It was also found that referential markers were highly related to predicates that could predict which particle would predominantly be used. However, predicates themselves were not the only primary driver of particle selection. Instead, other components of the sentence outside the predicates may have contributed to the selection of referential marking.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Fritz, Raphael, and Ping Zhang. "Fault-tolerant tracking control of petri nets." at - Automatisierungstechnik 66, no. 1 (January 12, 2018): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2017-0090.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract In this paper, the fault-tolerant tracking control of petri nets is considered. The control aim is to steer a petri net in case of faults from an initial marking into a destination marking by an appropriate firing sequence. Sensor, actuator and process faults in the plant are modeled based on four types of faulty transitions. Depending on the characteristics of the faults, two approaches are proposed to handle the faults. The tracking control problem is realized by solving two integer linear programming problems. This two-step approach reduces the computational effort significantly. Faults are taken into account as constraints and by adapting the firing sequence. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the proposed fault-tolerant tracking control approach.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

MARTEN, LUTZ, and HANNAH GIBSON. "Structure building and thematic constraints in Bantu inversion constructions." Journal of Linguistics 52, no. 3 (August 14, 2015): 565–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226715000298.

Full text

Abstract:

Bantu inversion constructions include locative inversion, patient inversion (also called subject–object reversal), semantic locative inversion and instrument inversion. The constructions show a high level of cross-linguistic variation, but also a core of invariant shared morphosyntactic and information structural properties. These include: that the preverbal position is filled by a non-agent NP triggering verbal agreement, that the agent follows the verb obligatorily, that object marking is disallowed, and that the preverbal NP is more topical, and the postverbal NP more focal. While previous analyses have tended to concentrate on one inversion type, the present paper develops a uniform analysis of Bantu inversion constructions. Adopting a Dynamic Syntax perspective, we show how the constructions share basic aspects of structure building and semantic representation. In our analysis, cross-linguistic differences in the distribution of inversion constructions result from unrelated parameters of variation, as well as from thematic constraints related to the thematic hierarchy. With some modification, the analysis can also be extended to passives.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Patrick, Peter L. "Creoles at the intersection of variable processes: -t,d deletion and past-marking in the Jamaican mesolect." Language Variation and Change 3, no. 2 (July 1991): 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095439450000051x.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT-t,d deletion is a well-known variable phonological process subject to the influence of both external social factors and internal structural constraints, including phonetic environmental and morphosyntactic effects. Its profile of variation has been widely investigated in American English dialects. However, it interacts with another grammatical process – the regular affixation of final /-t, -d/ as a past-tense marker – that strongly distinguishes these dialects from English-related creoles, where past-marking by this mechanism is infrequent or non-occurrent. Investigation of -t,d deletion in mesolectal Jamaican Creole (JC) thus raises important questions about the intersection of variable processes, the generality of phonetic environmental constraints, and the degree of difference between English-related creoles and metropolitan standard and non-standard Englishes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Vezzosi, Letizia. "John his book vs. John's book : possession marking in English." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 15 (January 1, 2000): 168–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.15.2000.27.

Full text

Abstract:

The unusual development of the PDE [present-day English] s-genitive can be historically motivated, if the 's form is supposed to be not a mere leftover of the Old English (henceforth OE) casemarking, but the outcome of the merging of two patterns: the inflectional genitive ending (levelled to -s) and the construction "John his book" (henceforth 'possessive-linked genitive') during the Middle and the Early Modem English phases. As my corpus analysis will show, the semantic and syntactic constraints ruling the occurrence of the 's pattern in the time interval of the rise of the 's-pattern (1400 - 1650) are the same ones as those ruling the occurrence of the possessive-linked genitive. This hypothesis is further confirmed by cross-language comparison (with the other West Germanic languages, especially Afrikaans).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Pfau, Roland, and Markus Steinbach. "Optimal reciprocals in German Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 6, no. 1 (December 17, 2003): 3–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.6.1.03pfa.

Full text

Abstract:

Unlike most spoken languages, German Sign Language (DGS) does not have a single means of reciprocal marking. Rather, different strategies are used, which crucially depend on phonological (one-handed sign vs. two-handed sign) and morphosyntactic (plain verb vs. agreement verb) properties of the underlying verb. Moreover, with plain verbs DGS shows dialectal variation. Altogether there are four different ways of realizing reciprocal marking in DGS. In this paper, we compare a rule-based analysis for the reciprocal data (based on Brentari’s 1998 feature hierarchy) to an optimality-theoretic analysis. We argue that an OT-account allows for a more straightforward explanation of the facts. In particular, we show that the different strategies as well as the variation can be accounted for by the interaction of four, independently motivated constraints.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Tagliamonte, Sali A., Alexandra D'Arcy, and Bridget Jankowski. "Social work and linguistic systems: Marking possession in Canadian English." Language Variation and Change 22, no. 1 (March 2010): 149–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394510000050.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe system of stative possession has been subject to variation and change since at least the Early Modern period, with have got rising in frequency in British and Antipodean varieties of English. In Canadian English, as represented by data from the largest city, Toronto, have predominates. Nonetheless, the full set of constraints previously reported for this variable are operative, corroborating the longitudinal maintenance of linguistic factors across time and space (Kroch, 1989). At the same time, variation among possessive forms is conditioned by robust sociolinguistic patterns. Have is correlated with education and with female speakers, whereas less-educated men favor have got and got. Such findings demonstrate that the domination of one form or another in a variable system can be the result of historical accident, in this case a founder effect at a particular point in history, and that the social value of forms is a product of local circumstances at the time of change.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Callahan, Erin. "Interlanguage and Cross-Generational Assimilation: Past Tense Unmarking in Hispanicized English." Journal of English Linguistics 45, no. 2 (May 3, 2017): 103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424217702948.

Full text

Abstract:

This study analyzes an emerging variety of North Carolina Hispanicized English in terms of the grammatical variable of past tense marking. It compares variation in Durham, North Carolina, Hispanicized English at increasing lengths of residency to generational varieties of Hispanicized English in a comparison sample, another contact-influenced ethnic variety of English, spoken by a longstanding Chicano community in south Texas. In this way, it tests the hypothesis that interlanguage (socio)linguistic development may in fact recapitulate generational changes in different sociodemographic speech settings. Results indicate that for the speakers in this study, the -t/-d variable indicates not only the constraints of the phonological process of deletion, but two morphosyntactic constraints: (1) the effects of verb class and (2) a grammatical process of past tense unmarking.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Montgomery, Michael, Janet M. Fuller, and Sharon DeMarse. "“The black men has wives and Sweet harts [and third person plural -s] Jest like the white men”: Evidence for verbal -s from written documents on 19th-century African American speech." Language Variation and Change 5, no. 3 (October 1993): 335–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001538.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTThe analysis of letters written by 19th-century African Americans shows constraints on verbal -s marking which parallel those found in the writing of Scotch-Irish immigrants in the same time period and region, specifically a subject type constraint and a proximity to subject constraint. This correlation is highly suggestive for the study of the development of African American Vernacular English (AAVE). This study finds no support for a basis from a creole or from Standard English for AAVE in verbal concord and concludes that some, perhaps many, African Americans used varieties of English with little or no creole influence. Earlier studies have assumed that standard dialects of English constituted the superstrate in colonial and antebellum America; this analysis makes it clear that we must examine the features of the local varieties, black and white, before making any claims about the influences of language contact on a given variety. Further, the consistent patterns of inflections found in this study show that written documents, in particular letters written by semiliterate African Americans, are a good source for further linguistic study of 19th-century language.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Xiao, Jinsheng, Wenxin Xiong, Yuan Yao, Liang Li, and Reinhard Klette. "Lane Detection Algorithm Based on Road Structure and Extended Kalman Filter." International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics 12, no. 2 (April 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdcf.2020040101.

Full text

Abstract:

Lane detection still demonstrates low accuracy and missing robustness when recorded markings are interrupted by strong light or shadows or missing marking. This article proposes a new algorithm using a model of road structure and an extended Kalman filter. The region of interest is set according to the vanishing point. First, an edge-detection operator is used to scan horizontal pixels and calculate edge-strength values. The corresponding straight line is detected by line parameters voted by edge points. From the edge points and lane mark candidates extracted above, and other constraints, these points are treated as the potential lane boundary. Finally, the lane parameters are estimated using the coordinates of the lane boundary points. They are updated by an extended Kalman filter to ensure the stability and robustness. Results indicate that the proposed algorithm is robust for challenging road scenes with low computational complexity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Peirce, Gina. "Representational and Processing Constraints on the Acquisition of Case and Gender by Heritage and L2 Learners of Russian." Heritage Language Journal 15, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.15.1.5.

Full text

Abstract:

Morphological errors are prevalent in adult second language production, particularly among learners whose first languages have less complex inflectional systems. Thus, U.S. learners of Russian can provide a testing ground for competing approaches to L2 morphological acquisition. This study utilizes the Russian Learner Corpus of Academic Writing (2017) to compare case and gender-marking error frequencies in timed versus untimed essays by advanced heritage and traditional L2 learners in Portland State University’s Russian Language Flagship program. It was predicted that higher error rates in timed compositions would support the position that advanced learners’ morphological errors reflect processing difficulties under time pressure. However, such differences did not reach significance for either heritage or L2 learners; in the latter group, error rates were higher in students’ untimed texts. These results could be interpreted as demonstrating representational deficits in interlanguage grammar, particularly in the L2 group. However, greater complexity (words per T-unit) of the untimed essays provides an alternative explanation for the higher untimed error rate among this group. The heritage group had lower overall case and gender-marking error rates than the L2 group, suggesting heritage learners are less likely to show evidence of possible representational deficits of nominal functional features in their interlanguage grammar.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Yanti, NFN, Tim McKinnon, Peter Cole, and Gabriella Hermon. "THE TYPOLOGY OF APPLICATIVE/CAUSATIVE MARKING IN TAPUS." Linguistik Indonesia 39, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v39i1.188.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper constitutes an initial examination of the applicative/causative suffix -ge in Tapus, a divergent traditional Minangkabau variety spoken in rural Western Sumatra. Our aim is to show that the similarities and divergences from Standard Indonesian of traditional rural varieties provides insight into the properties of “Indonesian-type” languages in general. The distribution of applicatives/causatives in Tapus is interesting for several reasons. First, applicative/causative suffixes in Indonesian-type languages are well-known for the use of the same morphology for a variety of purposes. The fact that a single form is used for these different functions raises the question of whether the applicative/causative morphemes are two (or more) distinct morphemes or whether the form has a unitary linguistic function. We will show that the unitary analysis for causative and benefactive uses of the applicative/causative suffix cannot account for the data in Tapus. Another area of interest with regard to this suffix relates to constraints on movement. We show that the Extreme Locality Hypothesis cannot account for the Tapus data based on the interaction between the applicative/causative suffix and information question formation/relativization. Finally, we demonstrate that Pylkkänen’s typology of applicatives makes incorrect predictions with respect to the interpretations available for benefactives in Tapus and other Indonesian-type languages, showing the necessity for an expanded taxonomy of applicative forms. Our general conclusion is that the detailed examination of grammatical constructions in divergent Malayic varieties leads to new and surprising insights into the grammatical profile of Indonesian-type languages.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Potter, K. D., M. R. Wisnom, M. V. Lowson, and R. D. Adams. "Innovative approaches to composite structures." Aeronautical Journal 102, no. 1012 (February 1998): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000065659.

Full text

Abstract:

The precise birth date of the aerospace composites industry cannot readily be identified; perhaps one should really talk about its rebirth as the first aircraft relied on natural composites such as wood. McMullen gives 1946 as the date that work on cellulose based composites for aircraft use was abandoned in favour of much more stable inorganic reinforcement fibres. This change in the direction of approach was crucial to further developments and can be thought of as marking the start of the aerospace composites industry that can be seen today. Whatever the exact date the industry is now about 50 years old so this golden jubilee edition seems an appropriate place to look at the constraints on the use of composite materials and at recent work at Bristol University aimed at reducing these constraints.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Marking constraints'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles