Journal articles on the topic 'Market surveys Korea'
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Shin, Jung Cheol, Rae Soo Park, and Jay M. Chung. "A Survey on Critical Success Factor of OCIO Business in Korea." Journal of Derivatives and Quantitative Studies 28, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 103–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37270/jdqs.28.1.4.
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This paper reviews the history of OCIO (outsourced chief investment officer) and surveys the critical success factors of OCIO business in Korea. The market size of OCIO business in Korea has rapidly grown up, and the asset management for the retirement pension fund is expected to be the blue ocean for OCIO business. Survey study for OCIO business shows that the main interest of incumbent OCIOs and the potential candidates of Korea is the profitability, although OCIOs in the major foreign financial markets have their main interest in the risk management and/or the effectiveness of in-house supports. This result suggests that the potential OCIOs who prepare the entrance to the OCIO business should consider the needs and/or the purpose of the OCIO adopters and their practical constraints. OCIOs should develop their own unique professional field rather than the general expertise. Also, the Korean financial regulator is supposed to introduce the financial institutions specialized in OCIO business only.
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Cui, Zhe-Hao, Yuan-Yuan Li, Guang-Yi Jin, and Jin Young Chung. "Exploratory understanding of the Korean-Chinese tourists to Korea." Convergence Tourism Contents Society 8, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22556/jctc.2022.8.2.53.
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Purpose This study aims to explore the characteristics of the Korean-Chinese outbound tourism to South Korea by particularly focusing on VFR market. The vast majority of the ethnic group reportedly visit South Korea to see and reunite their families, friends and/or relatives. Despite the significance of Chinese inbound tourism market in South Korea, academic understanding of the heterogeneous segments in the market is still lacking.
Methods Online and offline surveys which were conducted in 2019, for adults and college students group and young students group, respectively.
Results It showed that VFR is the ethnic group’s main purpose of traveling to South Korea (average 75.1%), which is consistently true to all segments including adults, college students, and young students in this study. They also collected travel information from reference groups including families and relatives alongwith the Internet and commercial travel information, and, in contrast to general Chinese outbound tourists, different destinations in Korea were preferred by the target groups (e.g., Incheon) and their travel behavior is different in terms of the length of staying and expenditure behavior.
Conclusion Findings contribute to better understanding Chinese VFR tourism market and accommodating the unique needs of the segment. In particular, this study will prompt timely actions to deal with the recovery and resilience of the travel and tourism sector after the COVID- 19 pandemic.
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Ahn, Young-Joo, Seul Ki Lee, Unji Baek, and Jin-Young Kim. "Determinants of homebound travel during Korean Thanksgiving." Tourism and Hospitality Research 20, no. 3 (May 17, 2019): 288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358419848132.
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With a large population flow and seasonal demand fluctuation, special holidays have been considered as one of the most important periods of time in tourism market. This study explores one of the biggest national holidays, Chuseok, known as Korean Thanksgiving. The purpose of this study is to examine homebound travel decision by applying a temporary mobility approach. The data are drawn from a nationwide survey in South Korea, and a total of 1170 surveys were used for analysis. A sample selection probit model is used to estimate whether travel decisions during Korean Thanksgiving affects the results of the two-stage correction for reducing selectivity bias. The estimation reduces the potential for self-selection bias, as individuals’ decision to travel during Korean Thanksgiving is a nonrandom decision. The estimated results provide manifestations of different travel demands during Korean Thanksgiving.
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Park, Eun-A. "Why the networks can’t beat Netflix: speculations on the US OTT Services Market." Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 19, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dprg-08-2016-0041.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the dramatically different markets for over-the-top (OTT) TV services that have emerged in the USA, and other leading markets such as Japan and Korea. Whereas OTT TV services emerged as extensions of mainstream audiovisual providers in Korea and Japan, further entrenching their dominance, they emerged in the USA as market-disrupting newcomers such as Netflix. This paper seeks to explain why, putting forward four explanations: lower resistance to disruptive innovation in public TV dominant systems; higher production costs; lower penetration of broadband-capable devices; and more expensive mobile pricing plans. Design/methodology/approach This comparative case study examines news and trade press articles, industry surveys and government reports to identify the reasons behind these contrasting experiences of Japan, South Korea and the USA in the deployment of OTT TV services. Findings To explain why events in the three countries took such dramatically different paths, four explanations were put forward, all complementing one another: lower resistance to disruptive innovation in public TV dominant systems; higher audiovisual production costs in the USA making market-disruptive moves to new technological platforms more risky; lower penetration of broadband-capable devices reducing the profit potential of new OTT-based platforms; and more expensive mobile pricing plans, making it harder for users to access OTT content. Originality/value The global trend in the growth of OTT TV services masks significant differences in growth trends and business initiatives at the national level. This paper aims to examine and understand why OTT TV services have shown such different patterns across countries.
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Hwang, Soo-Young, Jung-Jin Lee, and Yong-Deok Kim. "The Impact of Relationship Lending on Bank Loan Process for Korean SMEs." Korean Journal of Financial Studies 50, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 521–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26845/kjfs.2021.10.50.5.521.
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We investigate the effects of the bank-firm relationships on the decision making process regarding loan application, loan approval, and loan interest rate. To do this, we use data from 2016, and 2017 Surveys of Korea Small Business Finance conducted by Industrial Bank of Korea. We found that a more intense bank-firm relationship increases the likelihood of loan approval. Also, SMEs borrowing from lower number of banks and with more concentrated loans in main bank seem to obtain credit from main bank at lower interest rate than others. But applying for a loan is not related to the bank-firm relationship. This findings suggest that a close bank-firm relationship can reduce information asymmetry problem and alleviate SMEs’ credit constraint. Also bank-firm relationships seem to be important in determining the loan interest rate. As a relsult, our findings support that relationship lending has a beneficial effect on the supply side of the Korean SME credit market.
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Rha, Jong-Youn, Youngwon Nam, Sun Young Ahn, Jihye Kim, Youchung Chang, Jisu Jang, Keiko Kurita, et al. "What drives the use of wearable healthcare devices? A cross-country comparison between the US and Korea." DIGITAL HEALTH 8 (January 2022): 205520762211203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20552076221120319.
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Objective Given the rapid growth of the wearable healthcare device market, we examined the associations among health-related and technology-related characteristics of using wearable healthcare devices and demonstrated how the associations differ between the US and Korean users. Methods Online self-administered surveys were conducted with 4098 participants (3035 in the US and 1063 in Korea) who were recruited through two online survey service providers based on quota sampling. The primary outcome was the use of wearable healthcare devices. Seven health-related, two technology-related, and five socio-demographic factors were included as explanatory variables. Binary logistic regression analyses and a Chow test were conducted. Results The health-related characteristics that were significantly associated with using wearable healthcare devices included disease-related worries (β = 0.11**), health information seeking (β = 0.26***), physical activity (β = 0.62***), and health-related expenditures ($50–$199, β = 0.38***; $200 or more, β = 0.56***). Hedonic (β = 0.33***), social (β = 0.31***), and cognitive innovativeness (β = 0.14*) also exhibited positive relationships. Younger, higher earner, and individuals with a child were more likely to use wearable healthcare devices. However, for Korean users, several associations disappeared including health information seeking, hedonic and social innovativeness, age, and household income. Conclusions Key drivers of using wearable healthcare devices include greater concern about a specific illness, active engagement in health-promoting behaviors, and hedonic and social motivation to adopt new technologies. However, more country-specific considerations are needed in future studies to identify the main benefits for target markets.
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Chung, Angie Y., Kenneth Chen, Gowoon Jung, and Muyang Li. "Thinking Outside the Box: The National Context for Educational Preparation and Adaptation among Chinese and Korean International Students." Research in Comparative and International Education 13, no. 3 (August 2, 2018): 418–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745499918791364.
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Despite growing scholarly interest in international education, few studies have examined how the broader historic, structural, and cultural contexts of sending nations inform the global perspectives and pedagogical strategies of international students before and after migration. Based on surveys and focus groups with Korean and Chinese international students at one public university, the study provides an in-depth look at national differences in learning contexts as they may affect the educational and social adjustment of international students through the lens of gender, family, and nation. We argue that international students view and experience their overseas education through different historical and national understandings of family, economy, and culture within mainland China and South Korea—the former emphasizing geopolitical concepts of family and nation centered on China’s position within the global hierarchy and the latter invoking “compressed” neoliberal frameworks representing a time-space compression of traditional hierarchies and neoliberal free-market ideals in Korea. The study reconciles and synthesizes micro- and macro-levels of analyses by comparing the ways Korean and mainland Chinese international students navigate their educational experiences in the United States based on their respective nationalistic frameworks and shifting gender/family relations in the homeland.
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Huang, Futao. "International Faculty in Japan." International Higher Education, no. 96 (December 5, 2018): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2019.96.10777.
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The 1979 and 2017 national surveys of full-time international faculty at Japanese universities show numerous important changes. The proportion of female academics has increased, and Japanese universities hire more international faculty in high academic positions, doing research in the hard sciences, and originating from China and Korea. Today, the vast majority of international faculty come to Japan for academic reasons, and have more positive perceptions of the Japanese academic market and their Japanese colleagues.
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Craig, Lyn, Judith E. Brown, and Jiweon Jun. "Fatherhood, Motherhood and Time Pressure in Australia, Korea, and Finland." Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 27, no. 2 (March 15, 2019): 312–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxz006.
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Abstract Using nationally representative Time Use Surveys from Australia, Korea, and Finland (n = 19,127 diaries) we examine how parenthood and the age of the youngest child are associated with the recuperative activities of leisure and sleep, the productive activities of market and nonmarket work, and with subjective time stress. Time stress differences by fatherhood are greatest for Finns and least for Koreans; time stress differences by motherhood are absent for Finns and high for Australians and Koreans. Results of the comparative analysis suggest that social policy and average national working hours produce different gendered gaps in both objective and subjective time stress among parents.
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Lee, Myoung-Soung, and Gap-Yeon Jeong. "The Effects of Internal Market Orientation on Service Providers’ Service Innovative Behavior: A Serial Multiple Mediation Effect on Perceived Social Capital on Customers and Work Engagement." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 15891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315891.
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The purpose of this study is to understand the process through which internal market orientation leads to service innovative behavior via a serial multiple mediator model, with perceived social capital on customers and work engagement. It set and verified perceived social capital on customers and work engagement as serial multiple mediation factors between internal market orientation and service innovative behavior. To achieve this, surveys targeting service providers working in the finance and insurance industries in South Korea were conducted. A total of 270 data were collected and used for analysis. The analysis showed that internal market orientation significantly increased perceived social capital on customers, and that perceived social capital on customers positively improved work engagement. In addition, it appeared that work engagement improved service innovative behavior. Regarding the serial multiple mediation effect, the direct effect of internal market orientation on service innovative behavior was not significant, but the serial multiple effect through perceived social capital and work engagement was significant. Thus, perceived social capital and work engagement fully mediated the relationship between internal market orientation and service innovative behavior.
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Lee, Mi-Hyang, and Seung-Hoon Han. "Innovative Evaluation Techniques for Hanok Sustainability Based on Integrative Comfort Indices." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 4 (December 14, 2021): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7040244.
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This study aims to present integrative evaluation techniques that can assess spatial comfort reflecting the unique value of a vernacular building type in Korea called Hanok. For this purpose, current evaluation indices and methods of official standards for normal building performance were analyzed through previous studies, since any certified tools for Hanok evaluation do not exist. This situation has made relevant markets to be deactivated, although Hanok has valuable meanings as the traditional architecture to be succeeded to the next generation in Korea. Accordingly, specific assessment indices were derived to evaluate the Hanok sustainability especially focused on spatial comfort by using a qualitative field surveys with combined quantitative references. Then, actual resident data were collected from a series of Hanok testbeds for specific time-points including summer and winter solstices on the lunar-year system. As a result, resident data could be employed to reveal the characteristics of comfort performance from those target specimens, and show the tendency of the Hanok comfort by suggested innovative criteria for the market as a clue for its commercial potentials. Accordingly, it was concluded that the proposed techniques and indices could be certified for the Hanok evaluation and applied to the field of associated industries to show its specific values and advantages.
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Chung, Sukhoon, Jin-Woo Park, and Sangryeong Lee. "The Influence of CSR on Airline Loyalty through the Mediations of Passenger Satisfaction, Airline Brand, and Airline Trust: Korean Market Focused." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 11, 2022): 4548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084548.
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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a significant factor in determining business sustainability. This trend is particularly evident in the airline industry, as airlines endeavor to navigate highly competitive market circumstances. CSR activities constitute a significant duty as one of the survival strategies and to sustain their business based on the customer loyalty in the airline industry in Korea. The purpose of this research was to explore the influence of CSR on airline loyalty through meaningful mediators within the airline industry in order to elicit important insights and provide relevant conclusions for airline experts to apply toward business sustainability. This study employed three factors—passenger satisfaction, airline brand, and airline trust—as key mediators between CSR and airline loyalty. An online survey was carried out through private SNS channels targeting airline service users, and 312 completed surveys were collected. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) enabled the study to determine that CSR activities among airlines significantly impact passenger satisfaction, airline brand, and airline trust. Moreover, passenger satisfaction and airline trust have a notable influence on airline loyalty. Limitations and implications for both academia and management are also presented based on the results of this research.
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Kim, Sookhyun, Yuri Lee, Aran Jang, Yangim Lee, and Claire Lacoste Kapstein. "Global nation product equity depending on a level of cultural diffusion." Journal of Product & Brand Management 24, no. 3 (May 18, 2015): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-04-2014-0560.
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Purpose – This paper aims to propose the global nation product equity model (GNPE) to measure global consumers’ equity of a product that a country produces, especially a nation’s cultural products (i.e. culducts). The model also examines the significant difference of GNPE depending on a cultural diffusion level. GNPE model proposes that depending on the level of people’s recognition/acceptance/preference of a culture from another country (i.e. cultural diffusion level), the equity of a product from that country could be different in different countries. As variables that affect GNPE, global nation product equity in general, global nation product equity of a product category and nation cultural equity are included in the model. Design/methodology/approach – To test the model, this study developed Hallyu (Korean cultural diffusion)-related Korean culducts and measured global consumers’ equity for the Korean culducts. In all, 351 surveys were collected from China, France, England and the USA. Findings – The results show the significantly different equities and relationships among equities depending on the level of Hallyu diffusion in each country. Therefore, Korea is suggested to focus on different equities in different countries. Originality/value – This research proposed a new model that extends the previous brand equity models to non-branded products (i.e. cultural products). This model proposed new variables that affect equity of a product mentioned above and suggests different equities to improve in different countries depending on their level of cultural diffusion. Also, this cross-cultural study suggests a direction of culduct design, distribution and promotion strategies in the global market.
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Lee, Hyunok. "Gendered Migration in a Changing Care Regime: A Case of Korean Chinese Migrants in South Korea." Social Policy and Society 17, no. 3 (June 5, 2017): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746417000161.
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The feminisation of international migration for care labour has gained prominence in the last three decades. It has been theorised mainly in the context of the changing care regime in the Global North; the changes in other parts of the world have been largely neglected. This article explores the dynamics between changing care regimes, labour markets and international migration in the East Asian context through the case of Korean Chinese migrants to South Korea. Korean Chinese came to South Korea through various legal channels beginning in the late 1980s and occupy the largest share of both male and female migrants in South Korea. Korean Chinese women have engaged in service sector jobs, including domestic work and caregiving, since their influx, yet such work was only legalised during the 2000s in response to demographic changes and the care deficit. This article sheds light on the female Korean Chinese migrants’ engagement in care work in the ambiguous legal space of migration and the care labour market, and their changing roles in the process of development of the care labour market. Based on interviews with Korean Chinese migrants in South Korea, immigration statistics, and the Foreign Employment Survey in 2013, this study explores how the care regime intersects with migration in the process of the care regimes development.
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Kim, Hyeyeon, and Jinkyung Choi. "Measuring emotions toward dining alone by frequency of single dining events." British Food Journal 121, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 642–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-04-2017-0209.
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Purpose The growing prevalence of single-person households in South Korea has started to affect the country’s restaurant business. The phenomenon has led to changes in how the interiors of food service establishments are designed. The purpose of this paper is to measure consumers’ emotions when they ate alone and when they saw someone else eating alone to investigate how these emotions can be used in marketing strategies. Design/methodology/approach The data were collected via self-administered surveys to individuals in Daejeon in South Korea. A total of 163 respondents were surveyed and divided into two groups on the basis of their frequency of eating alone: low frequency of eating alone and high frequency of eating alone (HEA). The HEA group was further sub-divided to identify significant differences in greater detail. An independent t-test and descriptive analyses were conducted on the data. Findings Significant differences were observed in the emotions of “be proud of oneself,” “sadness,” “extroversion,” and “loneliness.” A majority of the respondents ate alone because it saved them time. They also preferred to eat home meal replacements when they ate alone. Originality/value The results of this study help understand consumers’ emotions when eating alone in relation to their behaviors at food service establishments. They can inform decisions on market strategies developed by food businesses targeting single consumers.
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Cho, Yongkyung, and Jaehwan Kim. "A study on setting the direction of digital twin implementation for urban regeneration business." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 9, no. 4 (April 2022): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2022.04.018.
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In Korea, after the period of urban development, many cities entered a period of decline. Accordingly, the market for urban businesses such as urban regeneration, redevelopment, and reconstruction is expanding. However, even though these businesses are large businesses that generate a lot of added value, there is a high risk that it is difficult to accurately predict the direction of the business and the profit and cost of the business. However, if a city digital twin is established from the perspective of an urban digital business, any reasonable market participant can promote urban regeneration, redevelopment, and reconstruction projects as an urban digital business. Therefore, in this study, from the perspective of urban digital business, the purpose of constructing a digital twin for urban regeneration digital business was to be presented by analyzing the case of establishing a digital twin of the urban regeneration project by the town as a case. As a result of analyzing the case site through public DB and on-site surveys, a total of 237 parcels and 156 buildings were analyzed. As a result, a total of 54 public Databases and actual cases were found to be inconsistent. Therefore, in this study, four directions were suggested for the establishment of a digital twin for urban regeneration digital business at the village level. The first is to secure consistency between the current government's public ledgers (public DB). The second is to improve the problem that it is difficult to check information such as empty houses. Third, it is a regular and detailed field survey to improve books that are inconsistent with various current conditions, such as when buildings are actually destroyed, but there are buildings on the ledger or buildings without a building register (most of them are expected to be illegal buildings). Fourth, the government's cost and time to develop and apply digital twin technology for the old cities, which are most cities in Korea, is a step away from what is currently being built/developed around pilot cities such as new towns and smart cities at the government level. It is commitment.
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SCHWEKENDIEK, DANIEL. "BIOSOCIAL COMPARISON OF MID-UPPER ARM CIRCUMFERENCE IN THE TWO KOREAS." Journal of Biosocial Science 45, no. 5 (January 2, 2013): 615–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932012000776.
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SummaryAnthropometric differences between the two Koreas are of considerable public and scientific interest given the unique socio-political status of North Korea and the fact that the nations share the same genetic ancestry. This study provides new biosocial evidence on these differences by analysing mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) as a human welfare indicator. This is the first study to compare the nutritional status of adults surveyed inside North Korea with South Koreans. The MUAC measurements of 2793 North Korean women obtained through a household survey conducted in 2002 were compared with those of 1428 South Korean women surveyed around 2003. Comparative analysis was conducted by plotting centiles and calculating mean differences in MUAC by age. This paper finds that the MUAC of the South Koreans was on average 2.8 cm greater than that of their North Korean peers, with MUAC gaps ranging from 1.6 cm to 3.9 cm and becoming more pronounced with age. This research confirms previous studies on height and weight in the two Germanies and in the two Koreas that have shown that biosocial performance is worse in socialist economies as compared with free-market regimes.
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Lee, Hongbok, and Kwangwoo Park. "Advances in the corporate finance literature: a survey of recent studies on Korea." Managerial Finance 44, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-10-2017-0390.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a survey of recent studies on Korean firms’ financial policies and their interactions with financial markets, and suggest directions for future research. Design/methodology/approach The authors review the finance research on Korean firms and markets, focusing on the articles published in the last 20 years. Findings This survey of the recent Korean finance literature covers the research on the capital structure and the distinct financing behaviors of chaebol-affiliated firms and independent firms; the factors affecting the costs of capital and firms’ preferences for capital budgeting methods; raising capital through public and private equity issuance; corporate governance and the market for corporate control; payout policies; and bank-firm relationship. The authors suggest a number of future research directions that may lead to significant contributions to the literature. Originality/value This paper provides the first comprehensive review of the post-crisis corporate finance literature in Korea.
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Jin, Hyun Joung, and Dae Hee Han. "College Students’ Experience of a Food Safety Class and Their Responses to the MSG Issue." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16 (August 19, 2019): 2977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162977.
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This study examines whether students’ experience in a food safety class affected their responses to the monosodium glutamate (MSG) issue and to message framing. We differentiated students into two groups depending on their involvement in a food safety class. The data were collected through in-class surveys in South Korea. A structural equation model was used where the dependent variable was students’ intention to avoid MSG; the mediating variables were knowledge, trust, attitude, and risk perception; and the exogenous variable was class experience. A difference-in-differences scheme was used to analyze the interaction between class experience and message frame. Empirical results show that students who took the class had relatively more knowledge of MSG along with lower risk perceptions or fears of MSG and thus a reduced intention to avoid it. The class experience also affected their trust in overall food safety in the domestic market as well as in food-related institutions and groups. Students showed sensitivity to message framing, although the sensitivity did not statistically differ by students’ class experience status. Our results imply that cultivating students’ knowledge of food additives through a food safety class enables them to respond more reasonably toward food additives.
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Beuthner, Christoph, Maren Friedrich, Carsten Herbes, and Iris Ramme. "Examining survey response styles in cross-cultural marketing research: A comparison between Mexican and South Korean respondents." International Journal of Market Research 60, no. 3 (March 9, 2018): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470785318762015.
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Modern social and marketing research relies heavily on surveys to collect data. At the same time, it is well established that survey responses are influenced by response style biases that vary across individuals, countries and cultures. Investigating such biases, we focused on Mexico and South Korea, two uprising markets mostly neglected in response style research. Data came from a survey instrument of 28 questions focusing on environmental attitudes, individual responsibilities and green packaging characteristics, administered to 500 Mexican and 525 South Korean respondents. We computed response style metrics and compared these to predictions made using scores on Hofstede and Minkov’s quantitative cultural research scale. The predictions made using this scale were largely confirmed through the response style metrics. While respondents in both countries preferred answering items with “Agree” or “Strongly Agree,” respondents in Mexico were about twice as willing to “Disagree” or “Strongly Disagree” than those in South Korea. Overall, respondents in Mexico showed a bias toward extreme responses, while those in South Korea showed a response bias toward mid-point values. Our approach can be used to assist survey design and to interpret the significance of survey results. Data captured from Mexican and South Korean respondents is now available to add to the general body of knowledge on response styles.
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Baig, Irfan Ahmad, Rai Niaz Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad Baig, and Asghar Ali. "Rural Business Hub: Framework for a New Rural Development Approach in Rain-Fed Areas of Pakistan—A Case of Punjab Province." SAGE Open 9, no. 4 (July 2019): 215824401988513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019885133.
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The purpose of this article is to present a framework that could be used to achieve the objective of sustainable rural development in a community which is characterized by high numbers of smallholders, landless peasants, and unskilled or semi-skilled labor ultimately leading to low productivity and high rates of poverty. The study presents a design inspired by “Saemaul Undong” (New Village Movement) of South Korea. The proposed model is based on proposing a four-tier approach for the working of the village-level cooperatives which will be self-reliant through a network connection to the national and international markets. Existing studies and surveys in Punjab province of Pakistan have established that rural areas are often lacking essential facilities that affect the abilities of these areas to retain skilled manpower thus leading to resource drain and negatively impacting the agricultural productivity. The proposed Village-City Model, “VCM,” was designed to strengthen the local infrastructure and built interest-based cooperatives to develop an environment which can sustain the benefits of higher productivity and translate these into better livelihoods. It is proposed that farmer-centered cooperatives with appropriate institutional arrangements could result in developing village-based cities where skilled manpower can exert to in better resource use efficiency, access to market coupled with rural finance schemes to enhance resource base and access to technology. The cooperatives experience is considered as a bitter experience in Pakistan. However, the analysis of failures of cooperatives in Pakistan revealed many bottlenecks which have been addressed through indigenization of Saemaul Undong.
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Jang and Park. "A Study on Global Investors’ Criteria for Investment in the Local Currency Bond Markets Using AHP Methods: The Case of the Republic of Korea." Risks 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks7040101.
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Global investors’ investment in local currency bonds, especially Korea Treasury Bonds, has increased significantly since the mid-2000s, and their influence on bonds and financial markets has grown consistently. In this paper, we investigate global investor’s priority of decision factors in investing in Korea Treasury Bonds by distributing a pairwise comparative survey to experts and analyzing the results using the analytical hierarchy process technique. For analysis, we created model frames with experts in the field of investment based on literature analysis, selected survey participants by considering their institution of their employment, work experience and region, and obtained responses. We find that investors with short-term investment propensities are more sensitive to international and domestic factors and less to risk factors, and more heavily influenced by U.S. dollar funding conditions. On the other hand, investors with long-term investment tendencies are found to be more sensitive to international and risk factors as opposed to domestic factors, and influenced by: global policy rate decisions and fiscal soundness, sovereign credit rating, possible global economic recession, and geographical risks. Our findings not only contribute to enhancing investors’ understanding of the Korean bond market by discussing consensus among investors, but also provide policy implications for Korean government policymakers who need stable and sustained funding.
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Shin, Dong Hoon, and Dongwook Kim. "Analysis of Offset Emission Permit Pricing Factors in the Korean Carbon Market." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol10.iss10.3912.
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This study aims to empirically analyze the long-run and short-run equilibrium relationship between the price of Korea Offset Unit (KOC) listed and traded on the Korean Exchange since May 2016, and the variables affecting it, such as Korea Allowance Unit (KAU) price, oil, electricity, economic survey prospect index of the general manufacturing business, heating index and cooling index. In general, research on emission permit prices is conducted on the demand side and the supply side. This study analyzes the relationship in the demand side, and weekly time series data for about 6 years from the end of May 2016 were used with the ARDL model. As a result of the empirical analysis, KOC showed a positive correlation between KAU and oil price, and showed a negative correlation with the prospect of Business Survey Index in the long run. In the short term, KAU, oil price, and electricity price showed a positive correlation, and the prospect of Business Survey Index showed a negative correlation.
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Mashevska, Anzhelika. "WAGE PAYMENTS IN THE WORLD." Green, Blue and Digital Economy Journal 1, no. 1 (June 9, 2020): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5169/2020-1-5.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze earnings in different countries of the world. The wages of the population of different countries are analyzed: the USA, Canada, the former Soviet Union countries, the rating of 30 states-leaders on average salary (gross) is made. It is proved that, in addition to national statistical institutions, international organizations are also engaged in the compilation of wage ratings. Their statistical surveys are highly reliable: when calculating the average wage, salaries of employees are taken into account, emphasizing their qualifications and work experience, without taking into account businesspersons, private or individual entrepreneurs, pensioners, assisted persons and others. Method. According to the ratings, the list of the most sought after and highly profitable professions is constantly changing. The labor market is out of place, and before the prestigious specialties cease to be relevant, and their place is occupied by new ones, the demand of representatives of a profession also depends on the region. What has become of further development is that in recent years many popular and unusual professions have appeared in the countries of the Far East: Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and others. For example, many Ukrainian citizens teach English as a "native" language in China. It is important for the Chinese that the teacher be European, and the demand for language courses is enormous (especially in the province). Results. For those citizens who have pronounced Caucasian features, they have blond hair, fair complexion, and eyes that are beautiful and young, with even greater opportunities to earn money, the trend for the European appearance in China, Korea and Japan is huge. Value/originality. According to the analysis of the countries with the highest average salary level, 20 positions belong to the European countries, 2 are from America and Oceania and 6 are Asian. The important products and services can have a serious impact on cost of living, with 100 USD being of different weight in Japan and in Ukraine. Therefore, the inflationary processes that enter the economy significantly affect the level of wages of people, which in turn affects the standard of living of the population.
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Won, An Na, and Won Hwa Hong. "Questionnaire Survey on Boilers Adoption in Residential Sector in Korea." Applied Mechanics and Materials 525 (February 2014): 633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.525.633.
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An actual condition survey was conducted based on literature review and a questionnaire survey in this study. In a literature review, the overview and characteristics of the Korean boiler market were investigated and the efficiency of the boilers used in Korea was organized. A questionnaire survey was prepared on the basis of these contents. A questionnaire survey was conducted for 2,250 households in Korea. An analysis was made on the basic information such as the family members, income level, residential area and living floor area of survey respondents as well as boiler status such as the possession and use of boilers, a boiler replacement cycle and fuel expenses. Lastly, the implications for the spread of high-efficiency boilers were identified based on the types of boiler possession and the use characteristics of boilers by housing type.
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Hoa, Ho Thi Thu, Bui Thi Bich Lien, Tran Thi Anh Tam, Nguyen Van Hinh, and Le Van Thanh. "Critical Factors of Total Logistics Cost: A Survey of Vietnam-Based Logistics Service Providers." Research in World Economy 11, no. 1 (March 6, 2020): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v11n1p202.
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Since 1995, the integration of Vietnam into regional and global trade agreements, for example ASEAN, WTO and recent free trade agreements (FTA) with South Korea, Japan, EU has boosted the country’s import export volume tremendously. The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) formed in late 2015 creates not only opportunities but also challenges for the Vietnamese economy in general and Vietnam's logistics sector in particular enter internationally. In addition, CPTPP (CPTPP - Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership) and EVFTA (EVFTA- EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement) will contribute to expanding markets and increasing exports to 11 member countries (CPTPP, also known as TPP11) as well as 27 European Union member countries (EU). Especially when joining in the global organizations, the price of goods is always a decisive factor in the issue of competition with members in the organizations and outside the organizations. Countries always want to have products with high value but competitive prices to survive and create profits with those advantages and challenges.Logistics costs are considered as one of the factors causing high product’s price, especially Vietnam's leading import-export products, which contributes to reduce the competitive advantage of Vietnamese products in the international market. Therefore, there have been some previous studies to find out the factors that increase logistics costs in order to find solutions to reduce Vietnam's logistics costs, increase product value and increase competitiveness advantages. Many concerns about improving the logistics efficiency and effectiveness of these commodity chains in Vietnam recently have urged for more in-depth studies and academic researches about this topic. In this paper, we are going to conduct an empirical research about the critical factors on logistics cost by sending out surveys to Vietnam-based logistics service providers to interview. The SPSS software version 20 was used to check the suitability of six critical factors and their 41 elements and apply the dataset to build up the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) model. Besides that, the authors also used in-depth interview method on different research subjects including: cargo owners, logistics service providers and associations for listening their difficulties related to logistics factors and finding out the causes for increasing logistics cost. Base on analyzing critical factors and opinions of enterprises, the authors want to suggest some solutions for decreasing logistics cost in Vietnam.
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Yoo, Kwang Eui, and Norman Ashford. "Carrier Choices of Air Passengers in Pacific Rim: Using Comparative Analysis and Complementary Interpretation of Revealed Preference and Stated Preference Data." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1562, no. 1 (January 1996): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196156200101.
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The flight choice behavior of Korean people for long-distance international air trips that take more than 10 hr air journey time was studied. Separate logit choice models were calibrated with revealed preference (RP) data and stated preference (SP) data, and the comparative analysis and the complementary interpretation of RP and SP data were tried. Required data were collected by the survey at Kimpo International Airport in Seoul, Korea, in 1993 and 1994. Journey time, air fare, service frequency, and nationality of airline were identified as major factors influencing flight choice in the market. It is remarkable that Korean airlines were considerably preferred in the market. Most Koreans are not fluent in English or other European languages and are not accustomed to western culture. This results in their preference for Korean airlines. Value of travel time and other trade-off ratios among variables to evaluate the relative importance of each factor were also identified through the results of RP and SP data analysis.
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Juszczyk-Frelkiewicz, Katarzyna. "Do Korean Women Should Work to Make the Marital Relationship Equal? Logistic Regression of Models on Data from the Korean Longitudinal Survey on Women and Families." New Educational Review 70, no. 4 (2022): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/tner.2022.70.4.14.
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South Korea is a country where gender inequality has been observed from the past to the present. Many studies point out that gender inequality in Korean society is a consequence of Confucianism which still exists in the social norms, structure and hierarchy of society and the mentality of contemporary Korean people. It causes that gender inequality remains strong not only in the job market but also in the gender division of homework and care work issues, particularly in the sphere of family life. The main object of this paper is to investigate the possibility of making marital relationships equal while women are economically active. To achieve the paper’s main goal, the statistical analysis was carried out with logistic regression on data from the Korean Longitudinal Survey on Women and Families in 2012 and 2020. The results indicated that despite the significant social and economic changes in Korean society, women’s activity in the job market did not introduce a significant change in the division of household duties among men and women, which shows women’s involvement in economic support of the family it does not make any significant changes to the aspect of equality in the relationship.
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Shupyk, S. "Foreign experience in the development of dairy cattle and directions of its use in domestic practice." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1 (155) (May 21, 2020): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2020-155-1-36-46.
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The article analyzes the support for the US market, where the government has allocated almost $ 22.2 billion for the development of dairy cattle. direct and indirect subsidies to the country's dairy sector (35.02 c/l), which is equivalent to 73% of farmers' milk sales, showed relatively high domestic support, export subsidies, conservation programs, risk management programs, disaster relief programs, loan programs, crop insurance, livestock support. Surveys to support the Indian market, which ranks second in the world in raw milk production (9.5%), have shown that almost 80% of small-scale farmers are small-scale farmers. Milk collection is carried out by 130 thousand dairy cooperatives. NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) under DEDS, provides for subsidies of up to 25% of costs. China is investing heavily in the construction of large dairy farms and livestock complexes with up to 100,000 cows. The Australian market produces 9.3 million tonnes of milk, of which 36% is exported and is the world's fourth exporter of dairy products (6% of the world market). Australia's dairy cattle are characterized by a small amount of direct government support. During 2015-2016, agriculture received financial and commercial assistance over $ 147 million. US in the form of payments to farms. It has been established that price forecasting plays an important role in regulating the milk market in Australia, on the basis of which the profile Ministry, taking into account world prices, generates milk price indices. Analysis of milk production in Switzerland has shown that it remains highly subsidized. In 2013, state support for milk producers amounted to CHF 1.8 billion, incl. direct subsidies are estimated at 1.5 billion Swiss francs, which is 61 thousand Swiss francs per dairy farm, or 0.41 Swiss francs per 1 liter of milk. The state support system for dairy cattle in Canada has been found to include the following instruments: import tariffs that restrict dairy imports; minimum guaranteed prices for raw milk that are set at the maximum amount of milk sold to the dairies within the quota; a system of direct payments to farmers for milk production within the quota. The amount of direct payments per 1 liter of milk is set annually by the government. In order to support Canadian producers in technological modernization aimed at improving the efficiency of milk production, a dairy farm investment program (DFIP) is implemented with state support of $ 250 million. USA According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Iceland, Japan, Norway and Switzerland, the level of support for dairy producers exceeds on average 70% of the gross income of farmers, in Canada, the EU, Hungary, Korea and the USA the amount of support is 40-55%. An analysis of the support for the development of dairy cattle in the EU countries showed that the following instruments are allocated for these purposes: production restrictions (milk production quotas); government interventions and storage; Establishment of product sales regulations / regulations; the dairy package (including regulating contractual relations in the dairy sector); foreign trade (import regulations, export subsidies); government subsidies. It is found that the main factor that increases the profitability of dairy production in developed countries is the improvement of quality and differentiation of the range. Major factors contributing to the successful development of dairy cattle are increased government support and economical use of resources. Also used are a set of financial incentives, including reducing the tax burden. Key words: Livestock, milk market, domestic support, development programs, cooperation, financial incentives, subsidies, import tariffs, quotas.
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Teng Phuah, Kit, Kelly Kai Seng Wong, and Jenn Ling TingJL. "Propensity to Undergo Cosmetic Surgery and Services in Seoul." International Journal of Community Development and Management Studies 3 (2019): 001–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31355/37.
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NOTE: THIS ARTICLE WAS PUBLISHED WITH THE INFORMING SCIENCE INSTITUTE. Aim/Purpose................................................................................................................................................................................................. The focus of this study is to find the relationship between the components in Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) such as attitude, subjective norms (Media), subjective norm (celebrity), psychological attribute (self-esteem) and psychological attributes (social status) which influence Seoul Korea female intention to undergo cosmetic surgery in Seoul, Korea. Background................................................................................................................................................................................................... South Korea was ranked third in the world of cosmetic surgery in 2015. The Korean cosmetic surgery market is a promising market with 24% market share of the total world market. The market data about female willingness to undergo cosmetic surgery strongly suggests that marketers who work in the beauty and health industries associated with cosmetic surgery should pay attention to Seoul Korean women who are in the age group under 40 years old as the potential target market. In Korea, cosmetic surgery is frequently mentioned in normal conversation as a general topic and it is naturally settled as a culture. Methodology................................................................................................................................................................................................... The Seoul Korean female behavior with respect to use of cosmetic surgery is approximately determined by factors underlying the consumer’s behavioral intent. Thus, the theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) is used in this study because it attempts to explain consumer intentions and has a strong power of prediction of utility for a wide range of human behavioral attributes such as attitude, subjective norms (Media), subjective norm (celebrity), psychological attribute (self-esteem) and psychological attributes. A survey was conducted in Seoul, Korea where 400 female were interviewed by self-administrated questionnaire. Descriptive analysis, exploratory factor analysis and multiple regressions were used to examine the factors that influence Seoul Korean female intention to engage in cosmetic surgery. Contribution................................................................................................................................................................................................... This research provides an insight to the health and beauty industry, marketers, decision makers and academics on the factors that influence Seoul Korea female intention to engage with cosmetic surgery. Findings According to the research findings, Seoul Korean female attitude towards cosmetic surgery are generally positive, or favorable intention. That is to say, they usually think that the most effective way to improve their appearance and social status is to undergo cosmetic surgery. The study results (both qualitative and quantitative) support the proposition that the variables such as the media and the celebrities play important role in influencing females to do surgery. The results also provide important information to formulate and design strategies for the development and effective conduct of advertisements and promotions of cosmetic surgery. Lastly, other potential influencing factors were psychological attributes which are self-esteem and social status. Recommendations for Practitioners............................................................................................................................................................. It is suggested that psychologists can try to find the clinical roles in helping the cosmetic surgery patients by identifying patients who may not adjust well psychologically or psycho-socially after surgery. Psychologists can examine the issues related to cosmetic surgery due to the increasing popularity and the link between appearance, body image, eating disorders, sexual functioning and social phobia. Recommendations for Researchers............................................................................................................................................................... To help to fill in the research gaps, it is recommended to examine on how cosmetic surgery makes patients feel, how cosmetic surgery affects those around the recipients and what the effect of cosmetic surgery would be on children and teenagers. Impact on Society The increasing number of cosmetic surgery is having a dramatic impact on the Korean society. In Korea, the number of cosmetic procedures has nearly doubled in the past few years. Distorted perception of self-image, over dependence on the social media is enormous and cannot be overstated had also caused the dramatic rise of cosmetic surgery. The impact of social media has resulted in the rising demand for injectable facial fillers, liposuction, breast implants, buttock augmentation and Botox among younger generation. Future Research.............................................................................................................................................................................................. It is suggested to conduct further research involving Korean females who have undergone cosmetic surgery. The extended research should attempt to determine the level of satisfaction towards non-core and post cosmetic surgery services. That is, after sales services, the skills and knowledge of the doctor, the clinic environment and other attributes that further define the total or augmented product.
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Kim, Daeshik, and Susan Y. Kim. "QUESC: An Instrument for Assessing the Service Quality of Sport Centers in Korea." Journal of Sport Management 9, no. 2 (May 1995): 208–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.9.2.208.
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This research study developed an instrument that would serve as an important part of a quality improvement program for sport centers. The developed instrument may be used on an ongoing basis to identify the kinds of services customers want, the level of service they desire, and specific areas requiring managerial attention. An analysis of survey data from sport center users in Korea shows 33 important customer needs that can be classified into 11 distinct dimensions. Using the QUESC instrument, this study found that the performance of Korean sport centers is lagging behind user expectations. Although data was obtained from Korean sport centers, the approach of this Study and most of its findings may be applied to the North American sport center market as well.
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Wang, Ying, and Ebru Genç. "Path to effective mobile advertising in Asian markets." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 31, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-06-2017-0112.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose and test an integrated model of mobile advertising taking into consideration the unique characteristics of Asian consumers. Design/methodology/approach The survey research method has been used to collect data among young mobile users in China and South Korea. A structural equation model (SEM) technique is employed to analyze the data. Findings The results show that Chinese and South Korean consumers share similar beliefs and attitudes toward mobile advertising. Perceived informational usefulness, perceived entertainment usefulness, perceived ease of ease and credibility emerge as significant belief factors positively influencing attitude in both countries. Irritation, on the other hand, negatively predicts attitude. Attitude toward mobile advertising and subjective norm emerge as the strong predictors of consumers’ intention to use mobile advertising in both countries. The effects of perceived social usefulness on attitude and incentive on intention to use demonstrate different patterns between the Chinese and South Korean samples. Practical implications The findings are particularly relevant to international marketing managers. To effectively reach Asian consumers through mobile, increasing credibility and entertainment values are the keys. Meanwhile, providing relevant information in easy to use format is also an important issue. Originality/value Based on the established advertising theories, this study proposes an integrated model to examine how beliefs, attitude and other influencing factors affect mobile advertising effectiveness among Chinese and South Korean consumers. This research provides insights into the uniqueness and effectiveness of the new mobile medium as opposed to traditional media. Furthermore, this study deepens the understanding of advertising hierarchy effects in an international setting by examining similarities and differences between China and South Korea. Most of existing cross-cultural studies choose cultures that are sharply contrast to gain significant findings and to support established cross-cultural theories. It is also very important for researchers to examine cultures that are relatively similar to gain a better understanding of the impact of culture. The study answers such a call.
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KANG, SUNG-JIN, and ROBERT RUDOLF. "RISING OR FALLING INEQUALITY IN KOREA? POPULATION AGING AND GENERATIONAL TRENDS." Singapore Economic Review 61, no. 05 (December 2016): 1550089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590815500897.
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Using 30 years of the South Korean household income and expenditure surveys (HIES) from 1982 to 2011, this paper argues that Korea experienced significantly differing generational trends in consumption and income inequality when taking demographic changes related to population aging into account. While income inequality stagnated or slightly rose over the past two generations, consumption inequality in fact declined. These antagonistic trends are likely due to better access of poorer households to financial markets as well as the gradual expansion of the welfare state. In the absence of appropriate policies, rapid population aging will substantially increase overall inequality in the future.
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Park, Kwang. "The Relationship between Power Type, Work Engagement, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061015.
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The focus of this study is to investigate if power type improves organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) through work engagement. Based on existing research, power can be classified into two main types: coercive and non-coercive power. Coercive power is divided into the categories of coercion, reward, and legitimate power, and non-coercive power can be divided into information, expert, and reference power. Therefore, this study examines what kind of relationship is formed in the work engagement of organization members based on power type, and ultimately empirically investigates the effects on OCB. Although it is very important in organizational research, no study has yet been conducted on the relationships between power type, work engagement, and OCB. The survey targets of this study were the companies listed on the Korea Composite Stock Price Index (KOSPI), a stock market in South Korea. The companies listed on the KOSPI are the representative companies of South Korea, as announced by the South Korean government based on their market representativeness, liquidity, and industry representativeness. This study sheds new light on the relationships between power type, work engagement, and OCB which have been overlooked from both the academic and practical perspectives. Based on this study, it is expected that power types that have practical influence will be further investigated, and the plans required for the maintenance of better relationships in an organization could then be established.
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Kim, Sang Young, Jeanne H. Freeland-Graves, and Hyun Ja Kim. "Nineteen-year trends in fermented food consumption and sodium intake from fermented foods for Korean adults from 1998 to 2016." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 3 (November 4, 2019): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019002994.
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AbstractObjective:Fermented foods such as kimchi are traditional foods in Korea and could provide beneficial health effects. However, fermented foods also contribute to increased Na intake since salt is added during the fermentation process. The present research aimed to examine trends in the consumption of fermented foods and Na intake over time by Korean adults, using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).Design:KNHANES is a cross-sectional survey; data from 1998 to 2016 were divided into seven groups from KNHANES I to VII.Setting:Demographic information on sex, age, education and income were collected. Assessment of fermented food and Na consumption was conducted via analysis of 24 h dietary recall data. Multivariate linear regressions and logistic regressions were performed to calculate the P for trends by applying strata, cluster and sampling weights by SAS PROC SURVEY.Participants:The target population was Korean adults, aged ≥19 years, who participated in a 24 h dietary recall. The total number was 76 199, with 32 324 men and 43 875 women.Results:A significant decline in fermented food consumption was observed from 1998 to 2016 in both men and women (P < 0·0001). Among fermented foods, kimchi consumption was greatly reduced while pickled vegetables consumption showed a marked increase. Similarly, Na intake from fermented foods declined significantly over time in both men and women (P < 0·0001).Conclusions:The consumption of fermented foods and Na intake from fermented foods by Korean adults decreased significantly over time from 1998 to 2016.
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Kwun, In-Sook, Mi-Sook Do, Hae-Rang Chung, Yang ha Kim, and John H. Beattie. "The impact of rapid economic growth and globalization on zinc nutrition in South Korea." Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 8 (August 2009): 1234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980008003789.
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AbstractObjectiveZn deficiency may be widespread in Asian countries such as South Korea. However, dietary habits have changed in response to rapid economic growth and globalization. Zn nutrition in South Koreans has therefore been assessed during a period (1969–1998) of unprecedented economic growth.Design and methodsCross-sectional food consumption data from the Korean National Nutrition Survey Reports (KNNSR) of South Korea at four separate time points (1969, 1978, 1988 and 1998) were used to calculate Zn, Ca and phytate intakes using various food composition tables, databases and literature values. Nutrient values in local foods were cited from their analysed values.ResultsAverage Zn intake was 5·8, 4·8 and 5·3 mg/d for 1969, 1978 and 1988 respectively, increasing to 7·3 mg/d in 1998 (73 % of the Korean Dietary Reference Intake). The phytate:Zn molar ratio decreased from 21 to 8 during the study period. Dietary Zn depletion due to marked decreases in cereal consumption, particularly barley which has a low Zn bioavailability, was counterbalanced by marked increases in the consumption of meat and fish, which are also Zn-rich foods. Reduced phytate consumption coincident with increased Zn intake suggests that Zn bioavailability also improved, particularly by 1998.ConclusionsAlthough total Zn intake was not greatly affected over the initial period of economic growth in South Korea (1969–1988), Zn contributions from different food sources changed markedly and both Zn intake and potential bioavailability were improved by 1998. The study may have implications for Zn nutrition in other Asian countries currently experiencing rapid economic growth.
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Lee, Jong, Jae Park, and Jong Jun. "Brand Webtoon as Sustainable Advertising in Korean Consumers: A Focus on Hierarchical Relationships." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (March 5, 2019): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051364.
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This study explores the impacts of webtoons as branded entertainment on consumer responses in competitive advertising markets. A webtoon is a digital cartoon format developed in South Korea for Korean audience that do not read comic books often, but are heavy consumers of webtoons. Using general surveys on brand webtoons in Korea, factors influencing consumer attitudes and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) intentions were investigated. The results of this study found that there are hierarchical influences on the use of brand webtoons on consumer emotion, transportation, persuasion knowledge, and advertising believability in order. The pattern of relationships was somewhat different between effects on attitudes toward brand webtoons and eWOM intentions. More specifically, pleasure and arousal influenced both attitudes and eWOM intentions. However, dominance only influenced eWOM intentions, and transportation only influenced attitudes towards branded webtoons. Persuasion knowledge negatively influenced both dependent variables. Advertising believability showed positive influences on attitudes and behavioral intentions.
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Kim, Sollip, Yun Hee Kim, and Won-Ki Min. "Prenatal Serum Marker Screening in Korea: Survey Results." Annals of Laboratory Medicine 27, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3343/kjlm.2007.27.1.28.
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Choi, Seung-Hye, Eun Young Choi, and Haeyoung Lee. "Comparison of Job Quality Indices Affecting Work–Life Balance in South Korea According to Employee Gender." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (July 4, 2020): 4819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134819.
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Maintaining a healthy work–life balance is important for both males and females. Nevertheless, gender segregation still exists in labor markets in South Korea. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate differences in occupational characteristics, job quality indices, and work-life balance between male and female employees. This study was a secondary analysis of the data collected through the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey in South Korea. Generalized ordinal logistic regression analysis was carried out to investigate the associations between job quality indices and work–life balance of employees by gender. The job quality indices were different according to gender. Male employees were mainly affected by working time quality and work intensity, while female employees were affected by both these factors and by the physical environment. Therefore, strategies differentiated by gender are necessary to improve work–life balance. In particular, more careful attention should be paid to female workers’ physical environment.
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Kim, Dongsu, Miyoung Ahn, Jeeyoun Jung, Soohyun Kwon, Eun-Ji Park, Ki Hoon Koo, and Jong-Min Woo. "Perspectives on the Market Globalization of Korean Herbal Manufacturers: A Company-Based Survey." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/515328.
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The growth of herbal markets has increased substantially in South Korea, but the worldwide market share remains small despite significant governmental efforts. This study aimed to characterize manufacturing employment and identify employees’ general perceptions of market expansion. A survey study covering 567 companies was conducted using face-to-face interviews in 2012. Data were analyzed using comparisons among three manufacturing groups (i.e., the herbal dietary supplement manufacturing group, the herbal medicine manufacturing group, and the personal care product manufacturing group) or among the manufacturers themselves. We found that the majority of the manufacturing employee respondents were regular permanent and production workers. The domestic distributors were primarily chain stores/direct outlets or retailers/wholesalers, and the dominant product was red ginseng (hongsam). Although the responding companies exhibited a variety of perspectives, “advertisement/public relations” was cited as the most important factor in the development of the herbal industry. In contrast, “low manpower/seeking business partners” were the most crucial limiting and challenging factors for market globalization. Our results can be used to design a proper national plan by reducing the gaps in perspective between herbal product producers and policy makers.
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Park, JungKun, Te-Lin Chung, and Won-Moo Hur. "The Role of Consumer Innovativeness and Trust for Adopting Internet Phone Services." International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications 3, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jesma.2011010101.
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The Internet phone, which was recently introduced to the communication market, is characterized by its lower cost and increased compatibility. However, its popularity and diffusion is relatively low in the North American market compared with Asian or European markets. This study examines the adoption of Internet phone service in Korea to develop a better understanding of consumers’ acceptance of the Internet phone service application. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model (UTAUT) is used as theoretical background with two additional constructs (consumer innovativeness and perceived trust) in the proposed model. Using a mail survey with 437 responses collected in Korea, the results indicate that consumers’ trust is the major factor affecting adoption of new phone service. The results also indicate that consumers’ innovativeness would influence the effects of trust and facilitating conditions toward intention to use. The performance expectancy shows a dominant effect on trust toward phone services. Although effort expectancy and social influence also significantly contribute to consumers’ trust, the effects are relatively minor. The effect of performance expectancy would be stronger on consumers with lower income.
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Chung, Jiyoon. "The Implementation of Smart Factories: Empirical Evidence from Korean Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises." Institute of Management and Economy Research 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32599/apjb.13.2.202206.79.
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Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine firm-level attributes related to Korean manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises’ (SMEs’) decisions to implement smart factories. Design/methodology/approach - This study uses the <Survey on Actual State of SMEs> provided by the Ministry of SMEs and Startups of Korea and the Korea Federation of SMEs. Manufacturing SMEs’ decisions to implement smart factories in 2018-2019 were analyzed using multinomial logit and ordered logit models. Findings - The findings of this study suggest that firms’ decisions to implement smart factories were positively related to firm size, R&D intensity, international market scope, and transactional relationships with customers. However, smart factory implementation decisions were not related to firm age and CEO gender. Research implications or Originality - This study illuminates firm-level attributes that may drive organizational innovation in the era of Industry 4.0 and thus contributes to the innovation adoption literature. This study also contributes to growing research on smart factories by analyzing the actual, progressive decisions to implement smart factories, as opposed to perceived intentions to implement them.
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Won, Eugene J. S., Yun Kyung Oh, and Joon Yeon Choeh. "Perceptual mapping based on web search queries and consumer forum comments." International Journal of Market Research 60, no. 4 (January 12, 2018): 394–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470785317745971.
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Consumers’ online activities such as keyword searching and writing reviews can provide valuable information that reflects their perception of the market. This study proposes ways to analyze market structure and draw a perceptual map from the following two types of online data: keyword search and online consumer forum data. We apply our methodology to the imported car brands in South Korea automobile market. The multidimensional scaling (MDS) results provide different consumer insights depending on the nature of data. The inter-brand similarity values derived from the proposed two metrics are shown to be correlated. Especially, using consumer forum data, we apply our metric to analyzing the market structure of two sub-markets: midsize sedan and compact crossover sport utility vehicle (SUV). Furthermore, utilizing the proposed measures, we calculate the prototypicality of a brand and demonstrate its positive effect on sales. Marketing managers can apply our technique to understand the market structure and perform longitudinal studies to monitor consumers’ perceptual changes without conducting a time-consuming, traditional survey method.
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Kim, Sang Chul, Jae Hyun Lim, Jun Ho Park, and Tae Hwa Jung. "Diagnosis of Current Employment in Architectural Student Responding to Korean Construction Market." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.140.
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Construction market in Korea has been decreased for 3 or 4 years, and it brought the problem in supply and demand of workforce. Therefore, new workforce in construction industry could not been enter, and some of them have been employed in non-major area. This research intends to analyze construction industry as well as demand and status of construction companies and to diagnose status of new workforce for architectural works, and a survey is conducted for enrolled students and graduates to diagnose problems of current status in order to suggest the alternatives in Korea.
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Shin, Seongmin, and Seongtae Ji. "Consumers’ Willingness to Purchase Imported Cherries towards Sustainable Market: Evidence from the Republic of Korea." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 5420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105420.
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Globalization has led diverse stakeholders to join the market and has resulted in corporate and product diversification; however, some markets remain monopolized by a few countries owing to “shadow trade barriers” influencing willingness to purchase. The Korean cherry market has grown rapidly since 2000 but is monopolized by U.S. cherries, which makes the market unsustainable; however, Uzbekistan cherries are 1.75-times less expensive than U.S. cherries. We examined the potential of Uzbekistan cherries to replace U.S. cherries as cherries are imported only from these countries during the spring–summer season. After collecting data through a web survey, we conducted logistic regression analyses to investigate what specific factors affect Korean consumers’ willingness to purchase Uzbekistan cherries over U.S. cherries: price perception, brand familiarity, perceived risk, and country of origin. Results showed that the more price awareness (price perception), experience (brand familiarity), and higher confidence of safety (perceived risk) that consumers had, the more they were willing to purchase Uzbekistan cherries. Consumers who checked the country of origin were less likely to purchase Uzbekistan cherries. The results provide useful information for exporters, importers, researchers, decision-makers, and policymakers concerning the utilization of products for sustainability in a monopolized market.
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Kim, Youngjune, and Ji Yong Lee. "Effects of Government Payments on Agricultural Productivity: The Case of South Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (April 25, 2020): 3505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093505.
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The South Korean government provides large amounts of its total agricultural budget on direct payments to increase farm productivity due to the importance of the agricultural sector in South Korea. Providing direct payments can positively influence farm productivity by liquidating farm credit in input markets, while it can negatively affect farm productivity by distorting farmers’ behaviors. Therefore, it is necessary to rigorously assess the effect of direct payments on productivity. This study investigated the impact of direct payments on farm productivity with a better estimation strategy, using a farm-level panel dataset from the Korean Farm Household Economy Survey. We first derived an individual farm-level productivity measure using a control function approach. We then estimated the effect of direct payments on farm productivity using the propensity score matching method. Our results showed that direct payments were associated with an increase in agricultural productivity by about 12 percent on average. The results imply that direct payments play an important role in farm production. Given that the South Korean government is currently revising the direct-payment system, our results have implications for the design of the new direct-payment system and deserve attention from policy makers.
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Yoon, Haeyeon, and Jung Hur. "Industrial proximity and vertical integration of multinational firms." Journal of Korea Trade 22, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-11-2017-0100.
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Purpose With the rise of foreign direct investment and global value chain, firms organize their plant allocation across countries to take advantage of production cost reduction opportunities and market access. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the production-supply strategies of Korean firms over foreign and domestic affiliates, using industrial proximity between Korean parent firms and their affiliates. Design/methodology/approach In this paper first, using the Survey of Business Activities provided by Statistics Korea, the authors build a matching data set between a parent firm and each affiliate both in domestic and foreign countries. Second, the authors define their vertical relationship based on the input requirement coefficients of the Input-Output table (IO table). Furthermore, using the same IO table, the authors define the proximity for the pairs of the parent firm and the affiliates in domestic and foreign markets. Then, the authors test the relationship between the parent firm’s choice for foreign affiliate and their proximity index. Findings The main result shows that the stronger the industrial proximity between a final good producing firm and its input supplying affiliate is, the more likely the cross-border vertical integration is to be observed than the domestic vertical integration. Also, the authors find that the firms whose production structure accords the main result outperform and conduct more self-R&D and less R&D on trust than the other firms. Originality/value The finding is novel and original in a sense that the authors showed for the first time at firm-level microdata evidence that there is an optimal pattern of organizing supply chains within a multinational firm.
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Rehman, Sadiq, Asif Ali Abro, Ahmed Raza Ul Mustafa, Najeeb Ullah, and Sanam Wagma Khattak. "AN ANALYSIS OF STOCK MARKET INTEGRATION IN THE ASIAN DEVELOPED AND EMERGING MARKETS." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 3 (June 24, 2021): 1175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.93116.
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Purpose of the study: This study investigates Short-run, Long-run, and Casual relationships in the Asian Developed and Emerging stock market indices for the period of 19 years weekly data of stock market indices of Asian Developed and Emerging Markets which are Japan (Nikkei 225), South Korea (KOSPI), Pakistan (KSE 100), China (SSE Composite), Sri Lanka (ASPI), India (BSE 200) and Malaysia (KLSE composite) from January 2001 to December 2019.
Methodology: To analyze long-run and short-run relationships among the Asian developed and emerging stock markets, this study practices Descriptive Statistics, Correlation Matrix, Unit Root Test, Johansen Co-Integration Test, Vector Error Correction Model, Granger Causality test, Variance Decomposition and Impulse Response Function (IRF).
Main findings: By employing the ADF and P.P. tests, the results specify that the entire variables' data are non-stationary and stationary in exact order, which is 1st difference. The Johnson Co-integration test found one cointegration relationship, where the results are consistent with Granger causality, Variance Decomposition, and Impulse Response Function (IRF).
Application of the study: As the current research has focused on finding out the comovements in the Asian developed and emerging markets. So, the applications are that the survey found short-run and long-run relationships in these countries' stock markets.
The study's originality: The current study has selected seven Asian developed and emerging stock markets and weekly updated time series data to investigate short-term and long-term linkages. So, this study found long-run comovements in these stock indices, which contributes to the literature. In addition, these stock markets have limited diversification benefits for international investors, while short-term diversification benefits may exist.
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Shim, Dongnyok, Changjun Lee, and Inha Oh. "Analysis of OTT Users’ Watching Behavior for Identifying a Profitable Niche: Latent Class Regression Approach." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 17, no. 4 (November 23, 2022): 1564–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer17040079.
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Over-the-top (OTT) firms must overcome the hurdle of the competitive Korean media market to achieve sustainable growth. To do so, understating how users enjoy OTT and analyzing usage patterns is essential. This research aims to empirically identify a profitable niche in the Korean OTT market by applying market segmentation theory. In addition, it investigates an effective content strategy to convert free users into paying customers belonging to profitable niche segments. The latent class regression model was applied to Korean Media Panel Survey data to divide Korean OTT customers into submarkets. According to an empirical analysis, Korean OTT users can be divided into three submarkets based on their OTT usage patterns, with the third segment serving as a profitable niche market. An additional analysis of the profitable niche market revealed that bundling content, such as foreign content, original content, and movies, is a crucial content strategy for increasing paying subscribers in a profitable niche segment.
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Woo, Hongjoo, Byoungho Jin, and Bharath Ramkumar. "Utilizing country image and well-known products for less-known products." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 29, no. 5 (November 13, 2017): 933–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-06-2016-0091.
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Purpose Country image determines consumers’ beliefs toward the country’s products, through halo effect. While the relevant literature is predominantly focused on the context of well-known products from traditionally leading exporters, the purpose of this paper is to examine the two levels of halo effect (i.e. country image as halo and a well-known product category as halo) on a less-known product category from a recently developed country. Design/methodology/approach The purpose of study was carried out by using a quantitative approach. Survey responses were collected from 253 US consumers who are aged between 18 and 67 years. This study only examined South Korea and used the two selected product categories (i.e. cell phones and apparel) as samples for the study. Findings The results of a series of regression analyses confirmed that the positive images of South Korea and Korean cell phones served as halo, thereby enhancing the respondents’ beliefs toward Korean apparel, which is a less-known product category that they have not yet experienced. Further, the respondents’ positive beliefs toward both cell phones and apparel increased their purchase intentions of those two products. Research limitations/implications The findings of this study imply that the general country image and the country’s well-known product images are critical in introducing the country’s less-known product to foreign markets. Originality/value The originality of this study lies in its unique focus on relatively less-known product category of a recently developed country (i.e. Korean apparel), which received limited attention in the past research. This study is also one of the few attempts to examine the role of a country’s well-known products on the country’s less-known products, another level of halo effect in country image.