Books on the topic 'Market exclusivity'

Galician literary historiography shows links and ruptures that refer to the cultural history of Galicia itself and to the sequence of historical events that have delineated the social, economic and political development of the country since the nineteenth century. These coordinates comprise a series of processes, including the elaboration and propagation of ideologies aimed at achieving a way out of political subalternity and oriented towards the horizon of national emancipation. Those events and these processes also marked the connection of Galicia with modernity and the dynamics of historical change. As a result of the above, this book analyses critically the institutionalization processes of the history of Galician literature – with special emphasis on historiographic models such as that of Said Armesto, Carvalho Calero, Méndez Ferrín and others – and indicates the need to undertake a productive methodological innovation of the discipline in heuristic, organic and discursive terms. It further argues that this update should pay attention to substantive theoretical debates, not exclusively of specific cultural coordinates, such as Galician ones or any others that could be considered. Among these, the cooperation between history and sociology, the intellection of literary facts as historical facts, the review of the link between literary history and nation, the public uses of literary history, and the inquiry of discursive choices that promote a less self-indulgent and predictable historiography. This essentially involved a challenge, that of permanent dialogue with some of the most powerful critical reinterpretations of the Galician historiographic tradition and with alternative models constituted from feminist thought, postcolonial theories, the sociology of the literary field or the systemic theories of culture, as well as with the contributions made from a post-national understanding of the literary phenomenon.

Contrary to a common picture of relationships in a market economy, people often express communal and membership-seeking impulses via consumption choices, purchasing goods and services because other people are doing so as well. Shared identities are maintained and created in this way. Solidarity goods are goods whose value increases as the number of people enjoying them increases. Exclusivity goods are goods whose value decreases as the number of people enjoying them increases. Distinctions can be drawn among diverse value functions, capturing diverse relationships between the value of goods and the value of shared or unshared consumption. Though markets spontaneously produce solidarity goods, individuals sometimes have difficulty in producing such goods on their own, or in coordinating on choosing them. Here law has a potential role. There are implications for trend setting, clubs, partnerships, national events, social cascades, and compliance without enforcement.

This Chapter examines intellectual property rights in data and information in the European Union and major common law systems. It outlines the principal forms of legal protection or compilations of data and analyzes the competing doctrinal and economic bases for rights in information. The practical legal, economic, and theoretical issues in granting property rights to collections of factual data in major legal systems are examined in the context of European harmonization efforts. The chapter further examines the protection of data and information under the laws of confidentiality and trade secrets, and informational privacy under the common law and statutory data protection laws. Finally, the chapter outlines the scope of data exclusivity rights in respect of pharmaceuticals and the challenges in accommodating the conflicting interests of market participants in data driven economies.

Patent protection, innovation, and profitability are all intimately connected in the pharmaceutical industry. Without patent protection there would be no marketing exclusivity, and competitors would immediately enter any market where there was a new successful drug, eventually driving price down to the marginal production cost. Future R&D would never take place because there would be no way for firms to earn a yield on those investments in developing new pharmaceuticals. Patents, however, entail societal cost, because they raise the diffusion cost of knowledge and makes some innovative drugs prohibitively expensive in the short run. This chapter examines key patent laws applicable to the pharmaceutical industry, including category, duration, scope, infringement, and ground for challenge, both in the United States and in other advanced economies. Examples of strategic behavior by branded and generic firms are discussed. The chapter also provides a review of recent literature critical of the patent system.

This article surveys the entrepreneurship literature as it relates to the labour market. The purpose of this article is to describe, from a mainly but not exclusively economic perspective, the principal theoretical methods and empirical findings in the field. Entrepreneurship intersects with labour markets in several other ways. For example, human capital theory can be used to help explain entrepreneurs' business performance; and labour supply models can be used to help understand their work effort patterns. Both topics attract policy interest, because policy-makers frequently express interest in promoting successful enterprises, and fostering an ‘enterprise culture’ in which hard work is encouraged and rewarded. Policy-makers also promote entrepreneurship because they believe it creates employment growth and reduces unemployment.

The chapter addresses two topics that are crucial to achieving more supervisory convergence in the European Union 27 (EU-27): (1) a more pan-European governance or decision-making structure of the European Supervisory Authorities (ESAs); and (2) more direct supervisory powers to the ESAs, particularly (but not exclusively) to the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA). These topics are analysed and discussed within the framework of the Commission's public consultation on the functioning of the ESAs; the Commission proposal of 29 June 2017 for a Regulation on a pan-European Personal Pension Product; the Commission's FinTech consultation of 23 March 2017; and the Commission proposal of 13 June 2017 to amend the European Market Infrastructure Regulation and the ESMA, which aims to introduce a more pan-European approach to central counterparties supervision.

By adopting a virtue-based approach to neuro-enhancement, I argue that facilitating neuro-enhancement within the therapeutic relationship may pervert the practice of psychiatry in so far as it risks corrupting virtues important to the healing project. I further argue that the neuro-enhancement question emerges more often when exclusively principle-based approaches, supported by market-oriented and technological trends in medicine, frame the debate. Finally, I draw on case studies to clarify some varieties of neuro-enhancement in the context of psychiatric practice as well as to specify the three most important virtues undermined by neuro-enhancement—trustworthiness, respect for the healing project, and engagement.

The Emotional Life of the Great Depression documents how Americans responded emotionally to the crisis of the Great Depression. Unlike most books about the 1930s, which focus almost exclusively on the despair of the American people during the decade, The Emotional Life of the Great Depression explores the 1930s through other, equally essential emotions: righteousness, panic, fear, awe, love, and hope. In expanding the canon of Great Depression emotions, the book draws on an eclectic archive of sources, including the ravings of a would-be presidential assassin, stock market investment handbooks, a Cleveland serial murder case, Jesse Owens’s record-setting long jump at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, King Edward VIII’s abdication from his throne to marry a twice-divorced American woman, and the founding of Alcoholics Anonymous. In concert with these, it offers new readings of the imaginative literature of the period, from obscure Christian apocalyptic novels and H.P. Lovecraft short stories to classics such as John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath and Richard Wright’s Native Son. The upshot is a new take on the Great Depression, one that emphasizes its major events (the stock market crash, unemployment, the passage of the Social Security Act) but also, and perhaps even more so, its sensibilities, its structures of feeling.

Ritual purity was the self-proclaimed foundation of the authority of the Brahmin authors of Dharmaśāstra and the priestly class in general. Observance of purity rules was at the same time a social display of Brahmin exclusivity, a guarantee of meritorious priestly services for the clients, and an internal social-control mechanism. The chapter discusses the historical origins of this theme in the Dharmaśāstra literature and it gives an overview and examples of the fine-tuned vocabulary and systematic typology of these rules. To observe them demanded all-round control of the mental, verbal, bodily, domestic, and social life of a Brahmin but would also serve as a boundary marker protecting the social status and values of the priestly class. Finally, the chapter discusses some of the rich scholarly literature that emerged from the cross-disciplinary interest in this material during the structuralist turn in the humanities from the 1960s and onward.

It has long been acknowledged that co-operatives can buffer economic insecurity, offset some of the vagaries of market capitalism, and enhance social solidarity. An interesting—and in many respects peculiar—facet of the history of co-operativism is how worker (or producer) cooperatives and consumer cooperatives have evolved along completely separate trajectories. Yet production and consumption are inextricably bound up in tight configurations. Moreover, no one is exclusively a producer or consumer and we repeatedly and iteratively change roles, often numerous times during the course of a single day. We seem, though, to be at an auspicious moment to rectify this anomalous situation. This chapter outlines the notion of multi-stakeholder co-operativism and highlights how worker-consumer cooperatives can bridge this enduring divide. These organizations can also inculcate democratic values and solidaristic social relations that will be essential for easing the process of innovating a new system of social organization over the next few decades.

This chapter provides an overview of the legal framework of set-off in the Czech Republic both outside and within the context of insolvency. In the Czech Republic, set-off rights are regulated exclusively by statutory law. General regulations on set-off arrangements are laid down in Sections 1982–1991 of the Czech Civil Code. Other laws relevant to set-off are the Business Corporations Act, the Capital Markets Act, the Financial Collateral Act, and the Act on Insolvency. The chapter first examines set-off between solvent parties, taking into account general regulations, specific regulations under the Business Corporations Act, contractual set-off involving multiple parties, and special regulatory regimes governing set-off in the Czech Republic. It then considers set-off between insolvent parties before concluding with an analysis of set-off issues arising in the cross-border context.

The Avon Lady was a woman who sold cosmetics door-to-door and earned commissions on her sales. In the 1950s, she became famous in a long-running advertising campaign that featured a two-chime doorbell, “Ding Dong!,” followed by the greeting “Avon Calling!” At that time, more than 250,000 women worked as Avon Ladies, and together they represented the largest female direct sales force in the world. Avon began as the California Perfume Company in 1886. Its founder, David McConnell, had sought to provide women with an independent business opportunity largely hoping to soften the seedy reputation of itinerant peddlers. When the company created the Avon brand of cosmetics in the 1930s, changing its name to Avon Products in 1939, it stood as a leader in the direct selling industry and the only company to hire women exclusively as its representatives. This history explores the business of those representatives and the way they were managed. In the second half of the twentieth century, Avon became the largest direct sales company in the United States, spurred by a growing white suburban market. Avon hesitated until the late 1960s to develop recruiting and sales in the African American market, but by the 1970s it was regarded as a leader in affirmative action programs to diversify its workplace and promote women in management. Still, Avon’s executive suite remained a male preserve until Andrea Jung became its first female CEO in 1999. Although Avon closed its doors in 2016, it had earned a solid reputation as a company by women, and for women.

This chapter deals with the growing influence of both Soviet and domestic Communism on the evolution of democracy and the political transformation of Italy. It inserts the political and existential choices of the fledgling democratic society into the overarching context of the time, which was the incipient Cold War. Italy was a microcosm of this global context, because the most important political forces, the Catholics and the Communists, operated with the myth of freedom/America and the myth of the Soviet Union respectively. Yet the struggle was not exclusively pervaded and marked by contrast, fear, and opposition. Party political opponents had fought together in the anti-fascist Resistance and had collaborated in the organization of the democratic institutional arrangement and in the writing of the republican Constitution. The apparently ideological struggle between Catholics and communists was in reality a search for order and meaning between two contested sovereignties.

This chapter examines the changes taking place in the economies, technologies, and markets of women's magazines in the late twentieth century by focusing on three publishers: Hearst Magazines, Condé Nast, and Time, Inc. Although each of these companies produces several women's fashion, beauty, and/or service titles, their organizational structures are becoming quite varied as they reorient departments, positions, and routines to address contemporary industry challenges. The chapter considers the extent to which changes in the magazine industry can be ascribed exclusively to digital innovations, whether such changes are being felt evenly across the industry, and how they have created a perfect storm that has opened up the question of “what is a magazine?” It also discusses the ways that Condé Nast, Time, and Hearst are addressing the challenges of digitization. The chapter shows that women's magazine companies venture into online and digital spaces as part of their concentrated efforts to resuscitate their magazine titles.

Investment in capital, both physical and financial, and innovation in its uses are often considered the linchpins of modern economic growth, while credit and credit markets now seem to determine the wealth—as well as the fate—of nations. This book asks whether it always thus, and whether the Roman economy—large, complex, and sophisticated as it was— looked anything like today’s economies in terms of its structural properties. Through consideration of the allocation and uses of capital and credit and the role of innovation in the Roman world, the contributors to this volume go to the heart of the matter. How was capital in its various forms generated, allocated, and employed in the Roman economy? Did the Romans have markets for capital goods and credit? Did investment in capital lead to innovation and productivity growth? The authors consider multiple aspects of capital use in agriculture, water management, trade, and urban production, and of credit provision, finance, and human capital in different periods of Roman history, in Italy and elsewhere in the Roman world. Using many different types of written and archaeological evidence, and employing a range of modern theoretical perspectives and methodologies, the contributors, an international team of historians and archaeologists, have produced the first book-length contribution to focus exclusively on (physical and financial) capital in the Roman world, a volume that is aimed at experts in the field as well as at economic historians and archaeologists specializing in other periods and places.

The Victorian Baby in Print: Infancy, Infant Care, and Nineteenth-Century Popular Culture explores the representation of babyhood in Victorian Britain. The first study to focus exclusively on the baby in nineteenth-century literature and culture, this critical analysis discusses the changing roles of an iconic figure. A close look at the wide-ranging portrayal of infants and infant care not only reveals how divergent and often contradictory Victorian attitudes to infancy really were, but also prompts us to revise persistent clichés surrounding the literary baby that emerged or were consolidated at the time, and which are largely still with us. Drawing on a variety of texts, including novels by Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Mary Elizabeth Braddon, Mrs Henry Wood, and Charlotte Yonge, as well as parenting magazines of the time, childrearing manuals, and advertisements, this study analyses how their representations of infancy and infant care utilised and shaped an iconography that has become definitional of the Victorian age itself. The familiar clichés surrounding the Victorian baby have had a lasting impact on the way we see both the Victorians and babies, and a close analysis might also prompt a self-critical reconsideration of the still burgeoning market for infant care advice today.

A diurnal (circadian) rhythm in body temperature is a widespread, and possibly universal, feature of endotherms. Some mammals and birds down-regulate their metabolic rate significantly by night, allowing their body temperature to drop sufficiently that they become inactive and enter torpor. Both the minimum temperature achieved and the duration of torpor are highly variable. Daily torpor is principally a response to reduced energy intake, and a drop in ambient temperature. Hibernation is essentially an extreme form of torpor. Small mammals hibernating at high latitudes have regular arousals during which they urinate and may feed. Bears hibernate with relatively high body temperature, and do not undergo arousal. Only one bird, the poorwill, is known to hibernate. Rewarming during arousal may be fuelled exclusively by metabolism (for example in small mammals in the Arctic) or with significant energy input from basking (for example in subtropical arid areas). The capacity for torpor appears to be an ancestral character in both mammals and birds, possibly related to the origin of endothermy in small species subject to marked diurnal and/or seasonal variation in body temperature. Both deep hibernation and strict endothermy are probably derived characteristics.

The languages of Asia are highly diverse. Rather than attempting a review about information structure (IS) in this huge linguistic area, this chapter provides observations about two languages that differ sharply in terms of how they convey IS. Yongning Na (Sino-Tibetan) is an example of a language with abundant morphemes expressing IS, which stand at different points along the grammaticalization path: some are exclusively used for the marking of IS, others (such as demonstratives) are equally common as IS markers and in another function, and others still are used secondarily to indicate IS, in particular particles indicating the relationship that a noun phrase bears to a verb. Vietnamese (Austroasiatic) makes little use of such morphemes, and relies greatly on word order and on a range of passive-like structures. Along with key morphosyntactic facts, this chapter addresses the issue of how intonation contributes to foregrounding and backgrounding strategies in these two tonal languages.

Citizenship was the mark of political belonging in Europe in the twentieth century, while estate, religion, party, class, and nation lost political significance in the century of extremes. This thesis is demonstrated by examining the legal institution of citizenship with its deciding influence on the limits of a political community in terms of inclusion and exclusion. Citizenship determines a person’s protection, equality, and freedom and thus his or her chances in life and survival. This book recounts the history of citizenship in Europe as the history of European statehood in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, doing so from three vantage points: as the development of a legal institution crucial to European constitutionalism; as a measure of an individual’s opportunities for self-fulfilment ranging from freedom to totalitarian subjugation; and as a succession of alternating, often sharply divergent, political regimes, considered from the perspective of their inclusivity and exclusivity, and their justification. The European history of citizenship is discussed for six selected countries: Great Britain, France, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Russia. For the first time, a joint history of citizenship in Western and Eastern Europe is told here, from the heyday of the nation-state to our present day, which is marked by the crises of the European Union. It is the history of a central legal institution that significantly represents and at the same time determines struggles over migration, integration, and belonging. One of the central concerns of this book is the lessons that can be learned from it regarding the future chances of European citizenship.

Status symbols undergo constant changes depending on the ‘zeitgeist’ and the social reference group. For something to be considered a status symbol, access to it must be limited—it's all a question of having what others can't have. But what can one exclusively own in an affluent society? And what impact do technological advancements have on status symbols? In twelve chapters, 16 authors discuss old, changed or unprecedented status symbols. They examine tangible status symbols such as high-tech devices and mobility as well as intangible status symbols that can be found in corporations, art, social networks or the world of gaming. What are your status symbols? Find out in this fascinating book! With contributions by Dr. Nike Dreyer, Dr. Isabella Geis, Prof. Dr. Fabiola H. Gerpott, Lioba A. Gierke, Christopher Hana, Prof. Dr. Dr. Ulrich Hemel, Jonas Hielscher, Dr. Sascha Himmelreich, Christian Holz, Dr. Markus Hühn, Prof. Dr. Rudolf Kerschreiter, Verena Lörsch, Moritz Meißner, Melanie Schrandt, Christin Seidel, Dr. Wiebke Stegh, Jan E. Walsken and Julia Wunderlich.

The Foundational Economy encompasses those goods and services, together with the economic and social relationships that underpin them, that provide the everyday infrastructure of civilized life. Policies that promote commodification, privatization and financialisation have incorporated many of these goods and services within market logics, with profound and damaging impacts on the daily lives of citizens. This edited collection extends theoretical and empirical work on the Foundational Economy to explore its relevance to the civil sphere and to civil repair. Our aim is to advance foundational thinking in three key areas. First, we set out detailed evidence on the impact of growth based and financialised solutions on local democracy, citizenship and civil society and explore alternative approaches to citizenship and social justice that are rooted in the Foundational Economy. Second, we provide, for the first time, important comparative perspectives on the development of foundational thinking. And third we document detailed and critical case studies in core areas of economic and social life. Addressing a range of substantive areas of concern, individual chapters use case studies at different national and regional levels to illustrate the arguments being developed. This unique collection demonstrates that there is clear evidence that The Foundational Economy is already influencing policy making at devolved nation and city region scales and is having international reach. In contrast to exclusively ‘bottom-up’ approaches however, we maintain that a Foundational Economy approach requires us to address the key institutions of our societies and the role of public action in those institutions.

More Time is an extended essay on the contemporary short story focused on four recent collections: Alice Munro’s Dear Life (2012); Andre Dubus’s Dancing After Hours (1996); Joy Williams’s The Visiting Privilege (2015); and Lydia Davis’s Can’t and Won’t (2014). Each publication has appeared near the conclusion of a career devoted all but exclusively to short stories, with each defining a “late style” honed over a lifetime. As well, each diverges from others in ways that have profoundly shaped our generic conceptions, and collectively they represent the four most innovative practitioners of the past half-century (with the arguable exception of Raymond Carver). Yet in an era when writing programs, The New Yorker, and distinguished journals all promulgate the short story, it remains relatively under-examined as a major literary form. We continue to argue about what a story inherently is, ignoring how differences among practitioners enliven the field. Dubus, Munro, Williams, and Davis each defy critical efforts to identify the story form’s presumed constitution, marked by a supposedly special shape or requisite length or distinct narrative trajectory. And the very contrast among their efforts reveals the expansiveness of the genre, though few have taken such a cross-glancing interpretive approach. My effort is to open up discussion, shifting from close analysis into larger speculation about possibilities established by the most innovative ­writers in their later work.

Throughout his oeuvre, Giorgio Agamben makes numerous references to Georges Bataille. Already in the 1977 Stanzas, Bataille’s general economy is afforded one of the scholia of the chapter ‘The Appropriation of Unreality’ and scolded for its alleged simplification of Marcel Mauss’s account of the gift. A brief discussion of the letters that Bataille and Alexandre Kojève exchanged in 1937 is contained in Agamben’s 1982 Language and Death and picked up again in 2002’s The Open: Man and Animal. The only text that exclusively deals with Bataille, however, is Agamben’s 1987 essay ‘Bataille e il paradosso della sovranità’. By the time Agamben begins the Homo Sacer project (1995), and in particular in Means Without End (1996), Bataille has been banished into unambiguously dismissive footnotes or ‘thresholds’ in which Agamben distances himself from Bataille’s definitions of the sacred, sacrifice and sovereignty. Thus, unlike Carl Schmitt, Martin Heidegger, Walter Benjamin or Michel Foucault, Bataille not only cannot be considered one of Agamben’s main informants, but receives all but marginal attention from him – and this despite the fact that Bataille is generally held to be one of the crucial thinkers of the sacred and of sovereignty.

Latin America and the Caribbean, unlike other regions, is still quite young demographically: people over age 60 make up around 11% of the total population. However, the region is expected to experience the fastest rate of population aging in the world over the coming decades. This projected growth of the elderly population raises challenges related to pensions, health, and long-term care. At the same time, it opens up numerous business opportunities in different sectorshousing, tourism, care, and transportation, for examplethat could generate millions of new jobs. These opportunities are termed the “silver economy,” which has the potential to be one of the drivers of post-pandemic economic recovery. Importantly, women play key roles in many areas of this market, as noted in the first report published by the IDB on this subject (Okumura et al., 2020). This report maps the actors whose products or services are intended for older people and examines silver economy trends in the region by sector: health, long-term care, finance, housing, transportation, job market, education, entertainment, and digitization. The mapping identified 245 actors whose products or services are intended for older people, and it yielded three main findings. The first is that the majority of the actors (40%) operate in the health and care sectors. The prevalence of these sectors could be due to the fact that they are made up of many small players, and it could also suggest a still limited role of older people in active consumption, investment, and the job market in the region. The second finding is that 90% of the silver economy actors identified by the study operate exclusively in their countries of origin, and that Mexico has the most actors (47), followed by the Southern Cone countriesBrazil, Chile, and Argentinawhich have the regions highest rates of population aging. The third finding is that private investment dominates the silver economy ecosystem, as nearly 3 out of every 4 actors offering services to the elderly population are for-profit enterprises. The sectors and markets of the silver economy differ in size and degree of maturity. For example, the long-term care sector, which includes residential care settings, is the oldest and has the largest number of actors, while sectors like digital, home automation, and cohousing are still emerging. Across all sectors, however, there are innovative initiatives that hold great potential for growth. This report examines the main development trends of the silver economy in the region and presents examples of initiatives that are already underway. The health sector has a wealth of initiatives designed to make managing chronic diseases easier and to prevent and reduce the impact of functional limitations through practices that encourage active aging. In the area of long term careone of the most powerful drivers of job creationinitiatives to train human resources and offer home care services are flourishing. The financial sector is beginning to meet a wide range of demands from older people by offering unique services such as remittances or property management, in addition to more traditional pensions, savings, and investment services. The housing sector is adapting rapidly to the changes resulting from population aging. This shift can be seen, for example, in developments in the area of cohousing or collaborative housing, and in the rise of smart homes, which are emerging as potential solutions. In the area of transportation, specific solutions are being developed to meet the unique mobility needs of older people, whose economic and social participation is on the rise. The job market offers older people opportunities to continue contributing to society, either by sharing their experience or by earning income. The education sector is developing solutions that promote active aging and the ongoing participation of older people in the regions economic and social life. Entertainment services for older people are expanding, with the emergence of multiple online services. Lastly, digitization is a cross-cutting and fundamental challenge for the silver economy, and various initiatives in the region that directly address this issue were identified. Additionally, in several sectors we identified actors with a clear focus on gender, and these primarily provide support to women. Of a total of 245 actors identified by the mapping exercise, we take a closer look at 11 different stories of the development of the silver economy in the region. The featured organizations are RAFAM Internacional (Argentina), TeleDx (Chile), Bonanza Asistencia (Costa Rica), NudaProp (Uruguay), Contraticos (Costa Rica), Maturi (Brazil), Someone Somewhere (Mexico), CONAPE (Dominican Republic), Fundación Saldarriaga Concha (Colombia), Plan Ibirapitá (Uruguay), and Canitas (Mexico). These organizations were chosen based on criteria such as how innovative their business models are, the current size and growth potential of their initiatives, and their impact on society. This study is a first step towards mapping the silver economy in Latin America and the Caribbean, and the hope is to broaden the scope of this mapping exercise through future research and through the creation of a community of actors to promote the regional integration of initiatives in this field.

The understanding of religious manifestations is assumed as one of the most relevant studies in the dynamics inherent to the process of acculturation occurred between indigenous and Romans in the Portuguese territory. The primary source for this view lies with the votive epigraphy, understood as a provider of divine names, rituals of worship, models of worshiping and forms of thought organization. The Portuguese Beira Interior, possessor a large number of epigraphic testimonies and repository of a remarkable diversity of theonyms and unique words in the region, appears as a singular area for the study of indigenous religious expressions and, consequently, for the study of pre-Roman communities. Taking into account this singularity and based on the joint analysis of the sum of votive monuments dedicated to indigenous deities; we have formulated a proposal of organization of the pre-Roman religious pantheon based on the degree of exclusivity from the theonyms recorded in the region under study. The ultimate goal focused the understanding of regionalism and religious thought established between the different deities, and the organization, in consequence, of the apparent disorder subsequent to such a marked diversity of theonyms. The result of this interpretation has expressed in the individualization of theonyms only mentioning in Beira Interior, in the particularization of regional theonyms which confirm to the possibility of a votive pantheon extended to adjacent regions, and in the distinction of these specifications in relation to a wider geographical scope of theonyms, i.e., in relation to the designations of the divine, widely represented in the rest of Hispanic territory. The proposed organization allowed us to perceive specific geographical areas of each of these groups, thus contributing to the definition of the fields of action of each evoked deities and the consequent definition of their attributes