Academic literature on the topic 'Market exclusivity'
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Journal articles on the topic "Market exclusivity"
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Luchetti, Cynthia. "Market Exclusivity Strategies for Pharmaceuticals." Pharmaceutical Medicine 23, no. 2 (April 2009): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03256753.
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Downing, Nicholas S. "Market Exclusivity for Top-Selling Pharmaceuticals." JAMA Internal Medicine 175, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7972.
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Grootendorst, Paul, Minsup Shim, Adam Falconi, Tyler Robinson, and Joel Lexchin. "Intellectual Property Protection and Drug Plan Coverage: Evidence From Ontario." International Journal of Health Services 48, no. 4 (July 24, 2018): 702–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731418789610.
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Canada has strengthened intellectual property (IP) protections for pharmaceutical drugs several times over the last 3 decades. This study investigates whether the IP changes had an effect on the market exclusivity time of brand products on the Ontario Drug Benefit (ODB) formulary. We constructed a database that included the first brand approval date for drugs launched between 1974 and 2012, the first ODB listing date of the brand drug, and the first ODB listing date of the generic form of the drug. We then calculated the time of formulary exclusivity to detect any changes in market exclusivity times associated with changes to Canada’s IP regimen. There were 595 drugs launched between 1974 and 2012 that were available for analysis. Exclusivity gradually declined from the late 1970s to 1990. Drugs approved in 2004 received 7.6 years of exclusivity, and drugs approved in 2005 received 5 years of exclusivity. Over the time period we analyzed, market exclusivity time of brand drugs experienced marked changes, but we did not detect any systematic effects of Canada’s stronger pharmaceutical IP laws on the market exclusivity.
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Dunn, Michael K. "Timing of patent filing and market exclusivity." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 10, no. 7 (July 2011): 487–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd3494.
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Goldman, Dana P., Darius N. Lakdawalla, and Tomas J. Philipson. "Market Exclusivity For Drugs: The Authors Reply." Health Affairs 30, no. 4 (April 2011): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0308.
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Argenton, Cédric, and Bert Willems. "Exclusivity Contracts, Insurance and Financial Market Foreclosure." Journal of Industrial Economics 60, no. 4 (December 2012): 609–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joie.12000.
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Kesselheim, Aaron S. "Adalimumab Pricing and Market Exclusivity for Biologics." New England Journal of Medicine 363, no. 24 (December 9, 2010): 2374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmc1012150.
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Chirieac Roxana Maria. "Considerations on exclusivity clauses." Technium Social Sciences Journal 14 (December 10, 2020): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v14i1.2229.
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In the context of internet sales can we still speak about a traditional exclusivity clause inserted in commercial contracts? As a market development, we can see that even without the COVID 19 pandemic, Internet sales were boosted all over the world. With international actors such as Amazon, JD.com Inc., E-bay or Apple as well as many others, we have seen ecommerce sale rise up to 3.46 trillion US dollars in 2019 alone. Even if these sales only amount to 16.4% of global sales, according to digital commerce specialists, the numbers will be much higher during and post pandemic. This being said, is there any place left for traditional exclusivity clauses inserted in many commercial contracts such as franchise, distribution or agency contracts? What will happen with specific clauses that grant one of the parties the right to an exclusive use of a territory or the right to address a certain population? During the years, doctrine as well as jurisprudence has shown that exclusivity clauses must be drafted with balance; the risk is huge in the sense that it might restrict the free access to the market, offer clients products that are of lesser quality or lead to a stranglehold of the market. On the other hand, the use of contracts that contain exclusivity clauses might become irrelevant for the beneficiary as they will no longer offer the protection and specific interest. The study aims to analyse exclusivity clauses as defined in the national and international regulations as well as study the current framework and the jurisprudence’s position on exclusivity clauses, especially the ones related to e-commerce.
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Ashoori, Minoo, Eric Schmidbauer, and Axel Stock. "Exclusivity as a Signal of Quality in a Market with Word-of-Mouth Communication." Review of Marketing Science 18, no. 1 (August 19, 2020): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/roms-2020-0022.
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AbstractIn some markets consumers seek exclusive consumption experiences, yet in these markets businesses sometimes market their goods widely and at low prices during an introduction period. We use a two-period game-theoretic model to provide a signaling explanation for this phenomenon. In our model, exclusivity-seeking consumers must infer product quality from its price and level of exclusivity in the initial stage. After purchase consumers communicate the true learned quality through word-of-mouth (WOM) so that the entire market becomes informed, including a group of new consumers whose size depends on the number of introductory purchasers and the strength of WOM. We show that a high-quality seller signals by marketing widely when the desire for exclusivity is intermediate and WOM is strong.
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Kesselheim, Aaron S. "Using Market-Exclusivity Incentives to Promote Pharmaceutical Innovation." New England Journal of Medicine 363, no. 19 (November 4, 2010): 1855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmhle1002961.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Market exclusivity"
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Golfín, Felipe Flores. "Exclusivity contracts and competition : the case of the Brazilian fuels market." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/16500.
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Exclusivity contracts can help stations by providing brand-value that allows them to obtain higher profits, relative to unbranded retailers. However, branded retailers may have a stronger negative effect over its competitors’ profits. It is not clear which one of these two effects dominates (brand-value vs competition effect). Therefore, the impact of exclusivity over the number of participants in the downstream market is not determined. In this paper, I empirically study the effects of exclusivity agreements on competition in the Brazilian gasoline sector. In order to do so, I estimate an entry model of endogenous product-type choices using data of retailers’ locations and contract choices along with data from the 2010 Brazilian Census. I use my estimates to simulate entry decisions under two counterfactual scenarios: i) mandatory exclusivity and ii) no exclusivity.
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Mrowiec, Filip. "Barriers to liquidity in market-based intermediation." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOU10009.
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L'objectif principal de ma thèse est de comprendre les obstacles à la liquidité dans la finance de marché. Comprendre ce nouveau paradigme du système financier est important car il réalise une part croissante de la transformation de la maturité. Alors que les régulateurs des banques traditionnelles peuvent s'appuyer sur un vaste corpus d'études scientifiques, notre compréhension des banques parallèles et des autres institutions financières manque d'un fondement académique aussi complet. Dans le premier chapitre, j'étudie comment et quand la transparence peut être désavantageuse compte tenu de plusieurs contreparties (symétriques). De nombreux marchés de prêts garantis sont opaques, ce qui permet potentiellement aux emprunteurs de dissimuler plusieurs relations d'emprunt. Le débat politique a proposé la transparence pour limiter les risques cachés. Dans cet article, je montre que la transparence peut avoir l'effet inverse en raison d'un rationnement accru du crédit dans le cadre d'emprunts multiples. Dans un marché transparent, un prêteur opportuniste peut facilement se coordonner avec l'emprunteur aux dépens d'un prêteur préexistant. Cela devient plus difficile dans un marché opaque, car un prêteur opportuniste peut plus facilement se retrouver victime d'un mouvement opportuniste différent de l'emprunteur. Les prêteurs sont donc plus prudents dans un marché opaque. Cela peut restaurer la deuxième meilleure allocation. Je montre que le surdimensionnement joue un rôle clé dans ce mécanisme car il limite la capacité de l'emprunteur à augmenter son effet de levier de manière opportuniste. Enfin, je fournis une caractérisation claire du moment où l'opacité atteint des allocations qui dominent celles qui peuvent être réalisées dans le cadre de la transparence du marché en termes de bien-être.Dans mon deuxième chapitre, j'étudie comment certains prêteurs se protègent contre la malédiction du gagnant sur le marché du repo. Les teneurs de marché financent leurs stocks par le biais d'accords de rachat, en utilisant des titres de stocks comme garantie. Ils font face à une variété de contreparties plus ou moins sophistiquées quant à leur capacité à évaluer les titres. Théoriquement, les contreparties moins sophistiquées devraient craindre la malédiction du gagnant de recevoir de moins bonnes garanties. Dans mon modèle, un teneur de marché cherche un prêteur plus sophistiqué pour financer de meilleures garanties à des taux plus bas. Le prêteur moins sophistiqué ne peut pas observer le comportement du teneur de marché et facture des taux d'intérêt plus élevés pour compenser. Je teste la prédiction de mon modèle et trouve un support pour une compensation qui est plus élevée pour les teneurs de marché avec un plus grand nombre de contacts avec des prêteurs sophistiqués. L'augmentation de l'incertitude pendant la pandémie de Covid-19 sert de variation exogène de l'avantage informationnel des prêteurs plus sophistiqués.Mes travaux suggèrent que l'opacité exacerbe la fragilité des emprunteurs bien connectés.Dans mon troisième chapitre, j'étudie comment les contraintes de capital peuvent retarder les transactions bilatérales. Après la crise financière, de nombreux praticiens des obligations d'entreprises ont déploré le mauvais état de la liquidité, tandis que la recherche universitaire a brossé un tableau peu concluant. Motivé par cette tension, je trouve théoriquement que la rareté des capitaux et les restrictions à ne négocier que sur les transactions au comptant peuvent retarder les transactions. La restriction du commerce au comptant implique une incomplétude du marché dans laquelle les agents doivent échanger des lots de créances. En cas de pénurie, l'acheteur s'inquiète du capital gaspillé sur des créances sans gains commerciaux. L'attente peut dégrouper les réclamations. Par conséquent, je soutiens que la rareté des capitaux après la crise financière peut expliquer des transactions plus petites et des retards commerciauxThe overarching goal of my thesis is to understand barriers to liqudity in market-based finance. Understanding this new financial system paradigm is important because it performs an increasing share of the maturity transformation. While regulators of traditional banks can rely on an extensive body of scientific studies, our understanding of shadow banks and other financial institutions lacks such a complete academic underpinning. My thesis collects insights on collateralized lending, repo markets and liqudity in corporate bond markets.In the first chapter, I study how and when transparency can be disadvantageous given multiple (symmetric) counterparties. Many secured lending markets are opaque, allowing borrowers potentially to conceal multiple borrowing relationships. The policy debate has proposed transparency to curtail hidden risk. In this paper, I show that transparency may backfire due to increased credit rationing under multiple borrowing. In a transparent market, an opportunistic lender can easily coordinate with the borrower at the expense of a pre-existing lender. This becomes more difficult in an opaque market, as an opportunistic lender may more easily find himself at the receiving end of a different opportunistic move by the borrower. Lenders are therefore more cautious in an opaque market. This can restore the second-best allocation. I show that over-collateralization plays a key role in this mechanism as it constrains the borrower's ability to increase leverage opportunistically. Finally, I provide a clear characterization of when opacity achieves allocations that dominate those that can be achieved under market transparency in terms of welfare. In my second chapter, I study how some lenders protect against a winner's curse in the repo market. Market-makers finance their inventories through repurchase agreements, using inventory securities as collateral. They face a variety of counterparties of varying degrees of sophistication regarding their ability to value the securities. Theoretically, less sophisticated counterparties should fear the winner's curse of receiving worse collateral. In my model, a market-maker seeks a more sophisticated lender to finance better collateral at lower rates. The less sophisticated lender cannot observe the market-maker's behaviour and charges higher interest rates to compensate. I test my model prediction and find support for a compensation that is higher for market-makers with a higher number of sophisticated lender contacts. The increase in uncertainty during the Covid-19 pandemic serves as an exogenous variation in the informational advantage of more sophisticated lenders.My work suggests that opacity exacerbates fragility for well-connected borrowers, as less sophisticated lenders charge higher rates to compensate for the possibility of hidden cherry-picking.In my third chapter, titled "Dynamic Liquidity Provision for Corporate Bonds under Capital Constraints", I study how capital constraints can delay bilateral trades. After the financial crisis, many corporate bond practitioners lamented the poor state of market liquidity for large corporate bond trades, while academic research painted an inconclusive picture of liquidity conditions. Motivated by this tension, I find theoretically that scarce capital and restrictions to only bargain on spot trades can delay trades. The spot trade restriction implies a market incompleteness under which agents must trade bundles of claims. Under scarcity, the buyer frets over capital wasted on claims without gains from trade. Waiting can unbundle claims. Therefore, I argue that scarce capital after the financial crisis can explain smaller trades and trade delays. The deterioration in the time dimension of liquidity explains the practitioners' claims of deteriorated liquidity conditions. My model relates trade timing to the scarcity of capital, bargaining power distribution and dynamics of gains from trade
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Higuchi, Marcelo Makoto. "Digital games platforms: a literature review, an empirical assessment of quality and exclusivity in video-game market and a study on project management." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3136/tde-23052018-114837/.
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Digital games are part of the creative industries, which is based on value creation through ideas and creativity. This market has gained relevance due to technology development that attracted both new firms and users. The present dissertation aims to explore three themes: (1) video game market as a two-sided market; (2) the effects of characteristics and behavior of game titles on consoles sales; and (3) project management to develop digital games. Those themes were explored through three articles: the first is a literature review and a bibliometric study of the economic concepts on two-sided market, which focused at identifying main topics, research trends and avenues for futures research. The second text is an analysis on the simultaneous influence of games\' quality and exclusivity on console sales. The last one is a qualitative, multiple-case study to understand, explore and suggest improvements to game project management in the Brazilian market. Findings include: (1) the main authors and topics, trends and developments, from and avenues for future research; (2) combinations of quality and exclusivity can affect console sales either positively or negatively, (3) quality has a predominant effect on sales over games non-exclusivity; and (4) the use of agile methodologies and Design Thinking are diffused among game developers.Sem resumo.
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Burnett, Tim. "Exclusivity, bundling and switching in communications markets." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2013. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/47969/.
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This thesis empirically analyses two case studies of markets associated with high-tech goods or services. In both cases the analysis includes an extensive literature review and in-depth study of market characteristics. These serve to inform the investigations and also provide technical background. The first part of the thesis examines the international distribution of the Apple iPhone and the incentives of the manufacturerto distribute the product exclusively to mobile network operators. The study uses a novel application of a double-hurdle model to analyse a cross-sectional dataset of 187 countries featuring industry-specific and demographic variables drawn from both off-the-shelf sources and from an analysis of several hundred individual sources of evidence. The results show that the mechanisms determining the duration of exclusivity agreements differ from those factors determining their initial imposition. In addition, it is shown that the level of competitiveness and concentration in the downstream market are significant determinants of both the decision to sell in a country and the duration of any exclusivity agreements. The presence of competing technological standards is also shown to result in longer periods of exclusivity indicating slower diffusion of the product in these countries. The second part of the thesis empirically examines the incentives of individuals to switch provider of their household communication services in the presence of bundling of services. The study uses a random effects probit method to analyse survey data of 2,871 households' communication subscriptions. The results indicate that when service subscriptions are bundled there is a significant reduction in the likelihood of an individual switching their provider. Furthermore, this effect is intensified when the bundle includes services in which the provider specialises. The results of both studies are consistent with economic predictions of, respectively, the use of key differentiators by firms to gain competitive advantages, and the use of bundling to create switching costs for consumers. Both studies represent significant contributions to the study of vertical restraints, and consumer switching behaviour.
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Selosse, Philippe. "Le régime juridique du produit de luxe." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL20002/document.
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Le produit de luxe n’est pas un bien comme les autres. Ses qualités matérielles et immatérielles lui confèrent une valeur particulière qui oblige son producteur à le vendre dans un environnement commercial adapté. La règle de droit peut-elle considérer cette particularité économique ? Paradoxalement, la France est leader mondiale du marché des produits de luxe, mais nul n’est en mesure d’affirmer avec précision ce qu’est le luxe. Intégrer une notion aussi insaisissable au sein d’un raisonnement juridique semble difficile. Pourtant, les atteintes subies par les titulaires des droits du produit de luxe ont convaincu le juge européen de mettre en place des règles protectrices spéciales. Le but poursuivi est légitime. Il s’agit de protéger les investissements réalisés pour vendre et promouvoir le produit de luxe. Mais cette démarche légale s’appuie sur une méthode de qualification qui n’est pas satisfaisante. L’«aura», le «prestige» ou la «sensation» de luxe qui émanent du produit marqué, sont des critères trop subjectifs pour assurer l’application systématique et cohérente de règles protectrices. C’est pourquoi, outre la démonstration d’un corpus de règles applicables au produit de luxe, il convient d’analyser les fondements de sa reconnaissance par le droit positif, ainsi que l’instauration d’un régime unifié reposant sur des critères de définition précis, prenant en considération les qualités intrinsèques de ce bien particulierThe luxury product is not a product like any other. Its material and immaterial qualities confer a special value that requires its producer to sell it in a proper business environment. The rule of law can it consider this economic feature ? Paradoxically, France is world's leading luxury goods market, but no one is able to state precisely what is luxury. The law seems unsuited to integrate a concept as elusive as luxury. Yet, violations suffered by the owners of luxury product rights have convinced the European judge to set up special protective rules. The aim is legitimate. This is to protect the investments made to sell and promote luxury products. But this legal approach is based on a method of qualification which is not satisfactory. The "will", "prestige" or the "feel" of luxury emanating frombranded product, are too subjective criteria to ensure systematic and consistent implementation of protective rules. Therefore, in addition to the demonstration of a body of rules applicable to the luxury product, it should analyze the foundations of its recognition by positive law and the establishment of a unified system based on criteria precise definition, taking into account the intrinsic qualities of that particular property
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Wu, Tai-Chin, and 吳岱瑾. "The exclusivity contract in heterogeneous Bertrand duopoly market." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/y4598b.
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碩士國立中山大學
經濟學研究所
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A price competition model with heterogeneous commodities is established in this research to discuss effects including buyer''s risk-sharing,social welfare and entry barriers after buyer and incumbent signing an exclusivity contract. Moreover, assuming that there are financial investors,we analyze the impacts of signing the exclusivity contract on the financial market. After signing the exclusivity contract, our results indicate that , with different costs of production, both restricting and ecouraging entry are possible, and the financial market is unable to develop even when the potential financial investors are available. However, the financial market can be established if we only allow the buyer to sign forward contract with the incumbent for price risk-sharing reason. Hence, every contract has its advantages and disadvantages, we should choose the appropriate one depending on different circumstances.
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Jiang, Shibing (Marshall). "Technology licensing as a market entry strategy : empirical investigations on licensing exclusivity and licensing duration /." 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR29498.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2006. Graduate Programme in Business Administration.Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-131). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR29498
Books on the topic "Market exclusivity"
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Health and the Environment. Granting additional market exclusivity to the drug Ansaid: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, February 20, 1992. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.
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Casas, Arturo. Procesos da historiografía literaria galega Para un debate crítico. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-530-8.
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Galician literary historiography shows links and ruptures that refer to the cultural history of Galicia itself and to the sequence of historical events that have delineated the social, economic and political development of the country since the nineteenth century. These coordinates comprise a series of processes, including the elaboration and propagation of ideologies aimed at achieving a way out of political subalternity and oriented towards the horizon of national emancipation. Those events and these processes also marked the connection of Galicia with modernity and the dynamics of historical change. As a result of the above, this book analyses critically the institutionalization processes of the history of Galician literature – with special emphasis on historiographic models such as that of Said Armesto, Carvalho Calero, Méndez Ferrín and others – and indicates the need to undertake a productive methodological innovation of the discipline in heuristic, organic and discursive terms. It further argues that this update should pay attention to substantive theoretical debates, not exclusively of specific cultural coordinates, such as Galician ones or any others that could be considered. Among these, the cooperation between history and sociology, the intellection of literary facts as historical facts, the review of the link between literary history and nation, the public uses of literary history, and the inquiry of discursive choices that promote a less self-indulgent and predictable historiography. This essentially involved a challenge, that of permanent dialogue with some of the most powerful critical reinterpretations of the Galician historiographic tradition and with alternative models constituted from feminist thought, postcolonial theories, the sociology of the literary field or the systemic theories of culture, as well as with the contributions made from a post-national understanding of the literary phenomenon.
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Ayling, Pere. Distinction, Exclusivity and Whiteness: Elite Nigerian Parents and the International Education Market. Springer, 2019.
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US GOVERNMENT. Granting additional market exclusivity to the drug Ansaid: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and ... Congress, second session, February 20, 1992. For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, 1992.
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Ullmann-Margalit, Edna. Solidarity in Consumption. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802433.003.0010.
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Contrary to a common picture of relationships in a market economy, people often express communal and membership-seeking impulses via consumption choices, purchasing goods and services because other people are doing so as well. Shared identities are maintained and created in this way. Solidarity goods are goods whose value increases as the number of people enjoying them increases. Exclusivity goods are goods whose value decreases as the number of people enjoying them increases. Distinctions can be drawn among diverse value functions, capturing diverse relationships between the value of goods and the value of shared or unshared consumption. Though markets spontaneously produce solidarity goods, individuals sometimes have difficulty in producing such goods on their own, or in coordinating on choosing them. Here law has a potential role. There are implications for trend setting, clubs, partnerships, national events, social cascades, and compliance without enforcement.
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Beverley-Smith, Huw. Rights in Data and Information. Edited by Rochelle Dreyfuss and Justine Pila. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.26.
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This Chapter examines intellectual property rights in data and information in the European Union and major common law systems. It outlines the principal forms of legal protection or compilations of data and analyzes the competing doctrinal and economic bases for rights in information. The practical legal, economic, and theoretical issues in granting property rights to collections of factual data in major legal systems are examined in the context of European harmonization efforts. The chapter further examines the protection of data and information under the laws of confidentiality and trade secrets, and informational privacy under the common law and statutory data protection laws. Finally, the chapter outlines the scope of data exclusivity rights in respect of pharmaceuticals and the challenges in accommodating the conflicting interests of market participants in data driven economies.
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Schweitzer, Stuart O., and Z. John Lu. Patent Protection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623784.003.0012.
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Patent protection, innovation, and profitability are all intimately connected in the pharmaceutical industry. Without patent protection there would be no marketing exclusivity, and competitors would immediately enter any market where there was a new successful drug, eventually driving price down to the marginal production cost. Future R&D would never take place because there would be no way for firms to earn a yield on those investments in developing new pharmaceuticals. Patents, however, entail societal cost, because they raise the diffusion cost of knowledge and makes some innovative drugs prohibitively expensive in the short run. This chapter examines key patent laws applicable to the pharmaceutical industry, including category, duration, scope, infringement, and ground for challenge, both in the United States and in other advanced economies. Examples of strategic behavior by branded and generic firms are discussed. The chapter also provides a review of recent literature critical of the patent system.
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Parker, Simon C. Entrepreneurship, Self-employment and the Labour Market. Edited by Anuradha Basu, Mark Casson, Nigel Wadeson, and Bernard Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546992.003.0016.
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This article surveys the entrepreneurship literature as it relates to the labour market. The purpose of this article is to describe, from a mainly but not exclusively economic perspective, the principal theoretical methods and empirical findings in the field. Entrepreneurship intersects with labour markets in several other ways. For example, human capital theory can be used to help explain entrepreneurs' business performance; and labour supply models can be used to help understand their work effort patterns. Both topics attract policy interest, because policy-makers frequently express interest in promoting successful enterprises, and fostering an ‘enterprise culture’ in which hard work is encouraged and rewarded. Policy-makers also promote entrepreneurship because they believe it creates employment growth and reduces unemployment.
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Busch, Danny. A Stronger Role for the European Supervisory Authorities in the EU27. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813392.003.0003.
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The chapter addresses two topics that are crucial to achieving more supervisory convergence in the European Union 27 (EU-27): (1) a more pan-European governance or decision-making structure of the European Supervisory Authorities (ESAs); and (2) more direct supervisory powers to the ESAs, particularly (but not exclusively) to the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA). These topics are analysed and discussed within the framework of the Commission's public consultation on the functioning of the ESAs; the Commission proposal of 29 June 2017 for a Regulation on a pan-European Personal Pension Product; the Commission's FinTech consultation of 23 March 2017; and the Commission proposal of 13 June 2017 to amend the European Market Infrastructure Regulation and the ESMA, which aims to introduce a more pan-European approach to central counterparties supervision.
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Hansen, Jennifer L. A Virtue-Based Approach to Neuro-Enhancement in the Context of Psychiatric Practice. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.42.
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By adopting a virtue-based approach to neuro-enhancement, I argue that facilitating neuro-enhancement within the therapeutic relationship may pervert the practice of psychiatry in so far as it risks corrupting virtues important to the healing project. I further argue that the neuro-enhancement question emerges more often when exclusively principle-based approaches, supported by market-oriented and technological trends in medicine, frame the debate. Finally, I draw on case studies to clarify some varieties of neuro-enhancement in the context of psychiatric practice as well as to specify the three most important virtues undermined by neuro-enhancement—trustworthiness, respect for the healing project, and engagement.
Book chapters on the topic "Market exclusivity"
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Bijukumar, V. "Interrogating Neoliberal Market Rationality and the Exclusivity of Higher Education." In Critical Sites of Inclusion in India’s Higher Education, 21–39. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8256-8_2.
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Hoen, Ellen ‘t. "Protection of Clinical Test Data and Public Health: A Proposal to End the Stronghold of Data Exclusivity." In Access to Medicines and Vaccines, 183–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83114-1_7.
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AbstractTest data demonstrating the efficacy, safety and quality of a medicine is required by drug regulatory agencies before a new treatment obtains marketing approval and can be made available to patients. Because test data can be costly and time-consuming to produce, certain countries have ‘data exclusivity’ regimes that restrict use of test data to the originator company for a period of time. Generic and biosimilar companies rely on originator test data to obtain marketing approval for generic products, so data exclusivity periods can delay entry of lower-cost treatments to the market. While data exclusivity is not required by the World Trade Organization, countries such as the United States and the European Union often push their stronger data exclusivity provisions on other countries through free trade agreements (FTAs). While a small number of countries have waivers to data exclusivity for cases of emergency or other public health need, most do not. This can hamper the timely and affordable availability of needed medicines. Waivers to data exclusivity should be included in legislation to protect public health, and other ways to protect test data against unfair commercial use should be explored.
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Guadagni, Alessandro, and Umberto Pascucci. "Identikit and features of the "successfull" entrepreneur." In Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche, 48. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-044-3.48.
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Which are the most important characteristics that an entrepreneur must have? Is it possible to combine being a good entrepreneur and a successful farmer? These are the questions we tried to answer in the lesson. In fact, a good farmer must possess the typical skills of the entrepreneur together with the technical skills related to his specific production area. Certainly the agricultural world is not simple: small farmers live in a risky environment and the "dangers" increase when they produce exclusively for the market.
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Jeannet, Jean-Pierre, Thierry Volery, Heiko Bergmann, and Cornelia Amstutz. "Production Footprint Choices." In Masterpieces of Swiss Entrepreneurship, 151–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65287-6_14.
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AbstractHow SMEs decided on how to arrange their production footprint, trading-off production in Switzerland vs. offshoring, and how they decided on component sourcing, as well as how they dealt with asset plays related to production, is reviewed in this chapter. Starting as exporters, some firms have retained an exclusively Swiss-based production footprint. As companies grew, they increasingly adopted a modified Swiss manufacturing footprint with core steps still produced in Switzerland. Beyond, some firms have adopted both Swiss and international production where some international markets are supplied with Swiss produced products. Some of the largest firms in the research have pursued a globally distributed production where only a small portion of value added is produced in Switzerland. Offshoring, with no production operation in Switzerland, is the adopted model of very few companies.
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Hurmekoski, Elias, Jyri Seppälä, Antti Kilpeläinen, and Janni Kunttu. "Contribution of Wood-Based Products to Climate Change Mitigation." In Forest Bioeconomy and Climate Change, 129–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_7.
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AbstractForest-based products––often referred to as harvested-wood products (HWPs)––can influence the climate through two separate mechanisms. Firstly, when wood is harvested from forests, the carbon contained in the wood is stored in the HWP for months to decades. If the amount of wood entering the market exceeds the amount of wood being discarded annually, this can lead to a HWP sink impact. Secondly, HWPs typically have a lower fossil carbon footprint than alternative products, so, for example, using wood in construction can lower fossil emissions by reducing the production of cement and steel, resulting in a substitution impact. The international greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting conventions and the related Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidance covers the HWP sink impact, but not the substitution impacts. The HWP sink impact is restricted to tracing biogenic carbon flows, whereas the substitution impact typically covers fossil carbon flows exclusively. Importantly, the substitution and HWP sink impacts do not represent the climate- change mitigation impact of wood use, as such. Instead, they are important pieces of the broader puzzle of GHG flows related to the forest sector. This chapter presents the state-of-the-art approaches for determining the HWP sink and substitution impacts, and concludes with the policy and research implications.
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"Data and Market Exclusivity Rights." In A User’s Guide to Intellectual Property in Life Sciences. Bloomsbury Professional, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781526511782.chapter-016.
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"Regulatory Exclusivity Rights and Medicines." In The Law and Regulation of Medicines and Medical Devices, edited by Gareth Morgan and Alasdhair McDonald, 382–410. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847546.003.0014.
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This chapter provides a detailed analysis of the rules that govern the award of regulatory exclusivity rights, which focuses on the EU law. It talks about the arrangements around Northern Ireland that will incentivize the UK and EU to stay in close alignment in heavily regulated product markets, such as pharmaceuticals. It also sets out an overview of the law surrounding the full and abridged generic marketing authorization applications from an exclusivity perspective. The chapter covers some of the seminal judicial decisions, which demonstrate the legal challenges and decisions that have shaped the current position. It provides a summary of the basics of data and market exclusivity in the EU.
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"Intellectual Property, Data Exclusivity, Innovation and Market Access." In Negotiating Health, 111–46. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781849772082-18.
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Peter J., Neumann, Cohen Joshua T., and Ollendorf Daniel A. "The Prescription Drug Market." In The Right Price, 14–37. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197512883.003.0002.
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This chapter describes how prescription drug markets deviate from “normal” competitive markets. On the demand side, there is considerable uncertainty in disease prognosis and treatment effects; buyers have much less information than sellers; consumers usually do not pay directly for their prescriptions but rather have health insurance, which protects them from a drug’s full price; and physicians and insurers play a major role in consumer choices. On the supply side, firms are heavily regulated, subject to laws requiring that drugs undergo extensive testing before entering the marketplace. Monopolies are a system feature, designed to incentivize companies to invest in expensive and risky drug discovery by providing the prospect of a big payoff if the investment succeeds. Patents and market exclusivity restrict competition and provide drug developers considerable pricing power. The challenge for policymakers is how to achieve reasonable or fair drug prices in light of these market distortions.
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Watal, Jayashree. "Balancing Market and Non-Market Objectives." In The Oxford Handbook of International Trade Law (2e), 651—C24.P81. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868381.013.25.
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Abstract Lack of access to medicines could be either because they are not available or because even when available, they are not affordable to most patients in a country as the prices are disproportionately high compared to average income levels in the country. The focus of the criticism of the current pharmaceutical innovation model is the alleged use (or misuse) of the intellectual property system that allows the originator to control both the availability and affordability of essential medicines during the patent or market exclusivity term. However, patents are found to be uniquely important to capture profits from innovation in the chemicals and pharmaceutical sectors. In an attempt to balance market and public health objectives, the WTO TRIPS Agreement obliges the acceptance of product and process patents for pharmaceuticals while permitting several solutions, such as compulsory licensing or parallel imports, to attenuate problems of availability and affordability. These TRIPS solutions were the result of hard-fought North-South negotiating battles during the Uruguay Round and have been reiterated in 2001 through the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health. A new TRIPS provision, Article 31bis, permits 100 per cent exports of pharmaceutical production under special compulsory licences to countries that have no manufacturing capacity. Perceived gaps in the TRIPS text are sought to be filled in by the demandeurs for stronger intellectual property protection through provisions in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), on test-data protection, patent-term extension and patent linkage, among others. Properly balancing market and public health objectives may entail an international agreement in future to encourage differential pricing of patented medicines that would ensure affordable prices in all countries.
Conference papers on the topic "Market exclusivity"
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Dane, A., A. Klein Gebbink, JC Brugma, CA Uyl-De Groot, and PHM Van Der Kuy. "6ER-028 Market exclusivity expiry has limited effect on prices of brand-name orphan drugs." In 26th EAHP Congress, Hospital pharmacists – changing roles in a changing world, 23–25 March 2022. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2022-eahp.373.
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Vučković, Jelena. "ULOGA INTERNETA U PRUŽANjU MEDIJSKIH USLUGA." In XVIII Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xviiimajsko.555v.
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In the paper, the author suggests that the emergence of the Internet as a global network that exceeds spatial and time limits has accelerated and qualitatively changed the way media services are provided. While grass-media outlets such as radio, radio and even television have been slow to develop their media offerings, The internet has accelerated this offer and made it more diverse and accessible to more users, especially middle and younger ages, who are more understanding and understanding. Unlike earlier times, the amount of time it takes to provide a media service to audiences has been reduced to a minimum. The speed of technoloc development leads to a complete service at a time, from portals, to video on the substew, podcasts, video sharing platforms, etc. The world of media exclusivity has long been the same. The media communication on the market is two-way, and the information comes from a variety of sources that aren't always easily verified. A citizen becomes a participant in the online space and online marketplace with a single click on a computer or mobile phone screen. Internet platform owners are racing to find a better business model for themselves, managing to gradually suppress traditional media from the media market. These days, modern societies are affected on two levels. The first is political and the second is economic. Democratic institutions and freedom of expression are threatened by the emergence of malign intelligence, misinformation and disinformation, which affects the quality of electoral prostitution and the work of political institutions. The essence of democratic tissue is in serious danger. The economic aspect is reflected in the construction of a special click-based online model, in which internet businesses create challenges of competitiveness, fairness and opportunities to enter markets, as the main online platforms more or less control the ecosystems of the digital economy. The media service market is experiencing a deep "platformization," making the internet platform a dominant infrastructure and economic model in the media sector. An important role in both of these pro-öes, political and economic, has etho-chambers, i.e. algorithms for monitoring the behaviour of internet users. The media ecosystem is becoming more viral and less realistic. This gives science research these phenomena the characteristics of a thought experiment or paradox.
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Dhyani, Ritesh. "City Gas Distribution Challenges: Challenges Faced by CGD, IGL — A Case Study With Solutions Adopted." In ASME 2019 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2019-4582.
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There are some issues and concerns that need urgent attention. Chief among these are delays in securing multiple clearances, lack of well-defined market potential, entry barriers, deficient pipeline connectivity and uncertainty regarding domestic gas supply. The challenges during the reward of license revolve around issues affecting project Internal Rate of Return (IRR), project investment rate of return, market exclusivity, gas allocation, gas availability issues, logistic and manpower issues. With the formation of PNGRB, the safety practices and guidelines were looked into and framed. But once allocation process is over and operation is in progress, there are still several challenges that are being faced as: • Safety Management • Space Constraint for CNG station facilities • Queue Management • GIS for CGD network • Third party damages • Coordination with other utility Companies • Compliance of emission norms • Equipment Availability • Customer satisfaction (Services, Metering, billing) • Threat of alternate energy solutions • Embrace digital technology in conjunction with analytics intervention. • Compliance of stringent targets by the ministry. For IGL, being into the operation at the capital of the nation the major concern with CGD is safety, customer friendly operation and on-time solutions. This paper will discuss in detail the work adopted by IGL to cater the problem of space constraint, queue management and external threats. Apart from this, it also covers the various technologies and automation strategies adopted towards safety system, metering, billing, equipment availability etc. CGD companies must embrace digital technology in conjunction with analytics intervention to enjoy technology renaissance. It will help in achieving improvements and address issues in PNG, CNG and management of assets, among others. Emphasis will be given to provide a few such initiatives in detail, mentioned above, such as the pilot project going for HCNG plant, SCADA system for online monitoring of equipment, GIS system for pipeline integrity, automation of safety system and customer satisfaction.
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Rozga, Ante. "Problem of statistical education in Croatia." In Proceedings of the First Scientific Meeting of the IASE. International Association for Statistical Education, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.93407.
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The process of statistical education in Croatia can be considered to be as complex as it is in all other developing countries. As a part of former Yugoslavia, Croatia was a communist county with an inherited system of secondary and university education. However, the country is also in the process of economic development. Statistical education has been based mostly on the style of the Soviet Union, with the emphasis on statistical theory rather than practice. The available official statistics have been exclusively focused on planning the economy, especially when the new Yugoslav economy is shifting towards a market-oriented economy, statistical research and applications must play a much greater role in all aspects of Coratian everyday life and scientific research. Now, the statistical treatment of scientific problems is speaking everywhere.
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Rudohradská, Simona, Regina Hučková, and Gabriela Dobrovičová. "PRESENT AND FUTURE - A PREVIEW STUDY OF FACEBOOK IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SUBMITTED PROPOSAL FOR DIGITAL MARKTES ACT." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22440.
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In this paper authors analyse a case of Facebook which was assessed by German competition authority – Bundeskartellamt. Facebook has been suspected of abusing its dominant position in the context of protection of personal data. This case was subsequently considered by the competent national judicial authorities, which finally referred the questions to the Court of Justice of the European Union (Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf ) in case C-252/21. At the present stage of the proceedings are published exclusively Application and Request for preliminary ruling. The authors aim heads to examine the disputed action of platform in the context of the proposed Digital Markets Act and to confront them with the obligations imposed by this proposal for a regulation for new category of entities – so called- gatekeepers.
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Iden, Michael E., and Thomas Kennedy. "New Locomotives & Technologies: Reducing Operating & Market Failures Through Aggressive Use of Reliability Growth Testing (RGT)." In 2021 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2021-58360.
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Abstract Because of increasing interest and ongoing demand for reducing locomotive emissions, railroads and locomotive manufacturers may become involved in new propulsion technologies (such as fuel cells and new battery technologies) as eventual replacements for diesel-electric locomotives. Railroads and locomotive manufacturers (in the U.S. and elsewhere) have unfortunately had mixed results for decades in successfully introducing new locomotive models, power plants and new locomotive technologies with episodes of unacceptable levels of road failures, and post-delivery underperformance in terms of reliability, maintainability and operability. Occasionally, accumulative failures and performance shortfalls have resulted in excessive maintenance expenses and even premature retirement and scrappage of relatively “young” locomotive assets. A tool that should be used before new designs of locomotives (and locomotives with significant amounts of new technology) enter commercial production is Reliability Growth Testing (RGT). RGT requires and involves having a statistically significant number of “preproduction” locomotives (not experimental prototypes) operated and maintained under “real railroad” conditions (not exclusively at dedicated test facilities). RGT is always preceded by engineering analyses and design, production of preproduction components, test bench and test cell validation, etc, and is always followed by necessary redesign of components experiencing significant failures so that when commercial production is started the products have a high probability of meeting railroad customer expectations and requirements. Failure to do adequate RGT can produce a high risk of post-delivery failure for locomotive (and component) manufacturers, railroads and financial entities that mortgage new locomotives. RGT units can then, in fact, be reconfigured at the conclusion of RGT activity and delivered to a railroad as being “production compliant” units. Once any new locomotive has been “sold to the customer” it becomes a customer asset. Having to modify (“fix”) a marginal or “bad” locomotive design after a railroad customer has accepted it (sometimes multiple times!) is an unacceptable outcome in a locomotive’s early life.
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Erdei, Renáta J., and Anita R. Fedor R. Fedor. "The Phenomenon and the Characteristics of Precariate in Hungary: Labormarket situation, Precariate, Subjective health." In CARPE Conference 2019: Horizon Europe and beyond. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carpe2019.2019.10284.
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Anita R. Fedor- Renáta J. Erdei Abstract The focus of our research is labor market integration and the related issues like learning motivation, value choices, health status, family formation and work attitudes. The research took place in the North Great Plain Region – Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county, Nyíregyháza, Nyíregyháza region, Debrecen, Cigánd district (exception), we used the Debrecen and the national database of the Graduate Tracking System. Target groups: 18-70 year-old age group, women and women raising young children, 15-29 year-old young age group, high school students (graduate ones) fresh university graduates. The theorethical frameworks of the precariate research is characterized by a multi-disciplinar approach, as this topic has sociological, economic, psychological, pedagogical, legal and health aspects. Our aim is to show whether There is relevance between the phenomenon of precariate and labor market disadvantage and how individual insecurity factors affect a person’s presence in the labor market. How the uncertainties in the workplace appear in different regions and social groups by expanding the theoretical framework.According to Standing precariate is typical to low gualified people. But I would like to see if it also typical to highly qualifiled young graduates with favourable conditions.It is possible or worth looking for a way out of the precarious lifestyle (often caused by objective reasons) by combining and using management and education.Are there definite features in the subjective state of health of groups with classic precariate characteristics? Results The research results demonstrate that the precarious characteristics can be extended, they are multi-dimensional.The personal and regional risk factors of labor market exclusion can develop both in different regions and social groups. Precarized groups cannot be connected exclusively to disadvantaged social groups, my research has shown that precarious characteristics may also appear, and the process of precarization may also start among highly qualified people. Precariate is a kind of subjective and collective crisis. Its depth largely depends on the economic environment, the economic and social policy, and the strategy and cultural conditions of the region. The results show, that the subjective health of classical precar groups is worse than the others.
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Shevchenko, Anna, Natalya Bugaec, Nadiia Murygina, Yevhen Korostelov, and Gintas Viselga. "ANALYSIS OF EXISTING PASSENGER TRAFFIC BY MODE OF TRANSPORT AND ASSESSMENT THE COMPETITIVENESS HIGH-SPEED TRAFFIC IN UKRAINE." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.689.
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The article analyses the volume of passenger traffic from 1990 to 2019 for land, water and air transport. From the materials obtained and the experience of the networks of European and world high-speed railways, goals are set. High-speed lines designed exclusively for passenger traffic. This moment plays an important role in reducing the cost of construction, increasing the market and economic profitability. According to the data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, it is possible to calculate the passenger flow based on the known parameters for 2020–2032 in the direction of Kiev-Lviv. The design of high-speed lines should meet general requirements aimed at satisfying the basic characteristics of a high-speed railway system, which works in conjunction with the European High-Speed Railway network. The compatibility of the parameters of high-speed lines with the parameters of traditional lines is part of the operational requirements for the gradual introduction of a network of high-speed railways. Possible scenarios to achieve the required compatibility should cover all subsystems.
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Ugnenko, Yevheniia, Olha Tymchenko, Elena Uzhviieva, Nataliia Sorochuk, and Gintas Viselga. "Innovative Geoinformation Systems for the Design of Communication Paths." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.693.
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The article analyses the volume of passenger traffic from 1990 to 2019 for land, water and air transport. From the materials obtained and the experience of the networks of European and world high-speed railways, goals are set. High-speed lines designed exclusively for passenger traffic. This moment plays an important role in reducing the cost of construction, increasing the market and economic profitability. According to the data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, it is possible to calculate the passenger flow based on the known parameters for 2020–2032 in the direction of Kiev–Lviv. The design of high-speed lines should meet general requirements aimed at satisfying the basic characteristics of a high-speed railway system, which works in conjunction with the European High-Speed Railway network. The compatibility of the parameters of high-speed lines with the parameters of traditional lines is part of the operational requirements for the gradual introduction of a network of high-speed railways. Possible scenarios to achieve the required compatibility should cover all subsystems.
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Casals, F. J., R. Moreno, L. Alfonso, A. Alonso, and R. Guerrero. "INCIDENCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MACROTHROMBOCYTOPENIA IN A MEDITERRANEAN AREA." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644575.
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Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP) is diagnosed by exclusion in presence of a chronic thrombocytopenia, with evidence of bone marrow megakaryocytes and exclusion of associated diseases shortened platelet survival (PS), increased platelet volume (PV) and platelet associated immunoglobulin G (PAIgG) support this diagnosis. In subjects from mediterranean area, the idiopathic macrothrombocytopenia (IM) has been reported. This entity could be erroneously considered as a moderate type of ITP.To evaluate the incidence and characteristics of the IM we studied in 147 patients with not secondary megakaryocytic chronic thrombocytopenia, the PS by the 111-Indium-Oxine method, the PV distribution in citrated blood with the Coulter ZBI- Channelyzer C1000 and the PAIgG by the antiglobulin consumption assay.In 20 cases we found a macrothrombocytopenia, along with normal PS in 12 (Group A) or a near normal PS but marked facts of idiopathic hyperesplenism in the other eight (Group B ).25 % patients in the Group A and 57%in the Group B had increased PAIgG , more marked in the latter.Out of 147 patients studied, we found 40 with moderate thrombocytopenia (>40×10 plts/l) and 20 subjects were studied in remission (>100×10 plts/l), in all cases the PS was shortened.In conclusion we think that idiopathic macrothrombocytopenia and the idiopathic hypersplenic thrombocytopenia could be the broad spectrum of the same entity, with a high prevalence inthe mediterranean area. 14% of the patients studied had this alteration and this incidence increase to 35% when considering exclusively the moderate thrombocytopenias.
Reports on the topic "Market exclusivity"
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Higgins, Matthew, Mathias Kronlund, Ji Min Park, and Joshua Pollet. The Role of Assets In Place: Loss of Market Exclusivity and Investment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27588.
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Aitken, Murray, Ernst Berndt, Barry Bosworth, Iain Cockburn, Richard Frank, Michael Kleinrock, and Bradley Shapiro. The Regulation of Prescription Drug Competition and Market Responses: Patterns in Prices and Sales Following Loss of Exclusivity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19487.
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Kanner, Joseph, Dennis Miller, Ido Bartov, John Kinsella, and Stella Harel. The Effect of Dietary Iron Level on Lipid Peroxidation of Muscle Food. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604282.bard.
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Biological oxidations are almost exclusively metal ion-promoted reactions and in ths respect iron, being the most abundant, is the commonly involved. The effect of dietary iron levels on pork, turkey and chick muscle lipid peroxidation and various other related compounds were evaluated. Crossbred feeder pigs were fed to market weight on corn-soy rations containing either 62, 131 or 209 ppm iron. After slaughter, the muscles were dissected, cooked and stored at 4°C. Heavily fortifying swine rations with iron (>200 ppm) increase nn-heme iron (NHI), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and decrease a-tocopherol in cooked stored pork but did not increase warmed-over aroma (WOA). NHI and TBARS were higher in cooked pork from pigs fed high-iron diets. Liver iron correlated with muscle iron. TBARS were strongly related with WOA. The role of dietary vitamin E and ascorbic acid on Fe-induced in vivo lipid peroxidation in swine was also evaluated. Moderate elevation in iron stores had a marked effect on oxidative stress, especially as indicated by liver TBARS. Supplemental vitamin E, and to a lesser extent vitamin C, protect against this oxidative stress. Unsupplementation of Fe in the regular diet of turkeys did not affect body weight, blood hemoglobin level, or iron pool in the liver or muscle. The reason being that it contained "natural" ~120 mg Fe/kg feed, and this amount is high enough to keep constant the pool of iron in the body, liver or muscle tissues. Only Fe-supplementation with high amounts of Fe (500 ppm) significantly increased turkey blood hemoglobin and total iron in the liver, in 1 out of 3 experiments, but only slightly affects iron pool in the muscles. It seems that the liver accumulates very high concentations of iron and significantly regulates iron concentration in skeletal muscles. For this reason, it was very difficult to decrease muscle stability in turkeys through a diet containing high levels of Fe-supplementation. It was shown that the significant increase in the amount of iron (total and "free") in the muscle by injections with Fe-dextran accelerated its lipid peroxidation rate and decreased its a-tocopherol concentration. The level and metabolism of iron in the muscles affects the intensity of in vivo lipid peroxidation. This process was found to ifluence the turnover and accumulation of a-tocopherol in turkey and chick muscles. Treatments which could significantly decrease the amount and metabolism of iron pool in muscle tissues (or other organs) may affect the rate of lipid peroxidation and the turnover of a-tocopherol. Several defense enzymes were determined and found in the turkey muscle, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Glutathione peroxidase was more active in muscles with a high trend of lipid peroxidation, lmore so in drumsticks than in breast muscles, or muscles with a low a-tocopherol content. The activity of glutathione peroxidase increased several fold in muscle stored at 4°C. Our work demonstrated that it will be much more practical to increase the stability of muscle tissues in swine, turkeys and chickens during storage and processing by increasing the amount of vitamin E in the diet than by withdrawing iron supplementation.
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Hulata, Gideon, Thomas D. Kocher, Micha Ron, and Eyal Seroussi. Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Determination in Cultured Tilapias. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697106.bard.
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Tilapias are among the most important aquaculture commodities worldwide. Commercial production of tilapia is based on monosex culture of males. Current methods for producing all-male fingerlings, including hormone treatments and genetic manipulations, are not entirely reliable, in part because of the genetic complexity of sex determination and sexual differentiation in tilapias. The goals of this project are to map QTL and identify genes regulating sex determination in commonly cultured tilapia species, in order to provide a rational basis for designing reliable genetic approaches for producing all-male fingerlings. The original objectives for this research were: 1) to identify the gene underlying the QTL on LG1 through positional cloning and gene expression analysis; 2) to fine map the QTL on LG 3 and 23; and 3) to characterize the patterns of dominance and epistasis among QTL alleles influencing sex determination. The brain aromatase gene Cyp19b, a possible candidate for the genetic or environmental SD, was mapped to LG7 using our F2 mapping population. This region has not been identified before as affecting SD in tilapias. The QTL affecting SD on LG 1 and 23 have been fine-mapped down to 1 and 4 cM, respectively, but the key regulators for SD have not been found yet. Nevertheless, a very strong association with gender was found on LG23 for marker UNH898. Allele 276 was found almost exclusively in males, and we hypothesized that this allele is a male-associated allele (MAA). Mating of males homozygous for MAA with normal females is underway for production of all-male populations. The first progeny reaching size allowing accurate sexing had 43 males and no females. During the course of the project it became apparent that in order to achieve those objectives there is a need to develop genomic infrastructures that were lacking. Efforts have been devoted to the development of genomic resources: a database consisting of nearly 117k ESTs representing 16 tissues from tilapia were obtained; a web tool based on the RepeatMasker software was designed to assist tilapia genomics; collaboration has been established with a sequencing company to sequence the tilapia genome; steps have been taken toward constructing a microarray to enable comparative analysis of the entire transcriptome that is required in order to detect genes that are differentially expressed between genders in early developmental stages. Genomic resources developed will be invaluable for studies of cichlid physiology, evolution and development, and will hopefully lead to identification of the key regulators of SD. Thus, they will have both scientific and agricultural implications in the coming years.
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Shpigel, Muki, Allen Place, William Koven, Oded (Odi) Zmora, Sheenan Harpaz, and Mordechai Harel. Development of Sodium Alginate Encapsulation of Diatom Concentrates as a Nutrient Delivery System to Enhance Growth and Survival of Post-Larvae Abalone. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7586480.bard.
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The major bottlenecks in rearing the highly priced gastropod abalone (Haliotis spp.) are the slow growth rate and the high mortality during the first 8 to 12 weeks following metamorphosis and settling. The most likely reason flor these problems is related to nutritional deficiencies in the diatom diet on which the post larvae (PL) feed almost exclusively in captivity. Higher survival and improved growth rate will reduce the considerable expense of hatchery-nursery resisdence time and thereflore the production costs. BARD supported our research for one year only and the support was given to us in order to prove that "(1) Abalone PL feed on encapsulated diatoms, and (2) heterotrophic diatoms can be mass produced." In the course of this year we have developed a novel nutrient delivery system specifically designed to enhance growth and survival of post-larval abalone. This approach is based on the sodium-alginate encapsulation of heterotrophically grown diatoms or diatom extracts, including appetite-stimulating factors. Diatom species that attract the PL and promote the highest growth and survival have been identified. These were also tested by incorporating them (either intact cells or as cell extracts) into a sodium-alginate matrix while comparing the growth to that achieved when using diatoms (singel sp. or as a mixture). A number of potential chemoattractants to act as appetite-stimulating factors for abalone PL have been tested. Preliminary results show that the incorporation of the amino acid methionine at a level of 10-3M to the sodim alginate matrix leads to a marked enhancement of growth. The results ol these studies provided basic knowledge on the growth of abalone and showed that it is possible to obtain, on a regular basis, survival rates exceeding 10% for this stage. Prior to this study the survival rates ranged between 2-4%, less than half of the values achieved today. Several diatom species originated from the National Center for Mariculture (Nitzchia laevis, Navicula lenzi, Amphora T3, and Navicula tennerima) and Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2083, 2084, 2085, 2086 and 2087 UTEX strains, Austin TX) were tested for heterotrophic growth. Axenic colonies were initially obtained and following intensive selection cycles and mutagenesis treatments, Amphora T3, Navicula tennerima and Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2083 UTEX strain) were capable of growing under heterotrophic conditions and to sustain highly enriched mediums. A highly efficient selection procedure as well as cost effective matrix of media components were developed and optimized. Glucose was identified as the best carbon source for all diatom strains. Doubling times ranging from 20-40 h were observed, and stable heterotroph cultures at a densities range of 103-104 were achieved. Although current growth rates are not yet sufficient for full economical fermentation, we estimate that further selections and mutagenesis treatments cycles should result in much faster growing colonies suitable for a fermentor scale-up. As rightfully pointed out by one of the reviewers, "There would be no point in assessing the optimum levels of dietary inclusions into micro-capsules, if the post-larvae cannot be induced to consume those capsules in the first place." We believe that the results of the first year of research provide a foundationfor the continuation of this research following the objectives put forth in the original proposal. Future work should concentrate on the optimization of incorporation of intact cells and cell extracts of the developed heterotrophic strains in the alginate matrix, as well as improving this delivery system by including liposomes and chemoattractants to ensure food consumption and enhanced growth.
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Elbaum, Michael, and Peter J. Christie. Type IV Secretion System of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Components and Structures. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699848.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: The overall goal of the project was to build an ultrastructural model of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens type IV secretion system (T4SS) based on electron microscopy, genetics, and immunolocalization of its components. There were four original aims: Aim 1: Define the contributions of contact-dependent and -independent plant signals to formation of novel morphological changes at the A. tumefaciens polar membrane. Aim 2: Genetic basis for morphological changes at the A. tumefaciens polar membrane. Aim 3: Immuno-localization of VirB proteins Aim 4: Structural definition of the substrate translocation route. There were no major revisions to the aims, and the work focused on the above questions. Background: Agrobacterium presents a unique example of inter-kingdom gene transfer. The process involves cell to cell transfer of both protein and DNA substrates via a contact-dependent mechanism akin to bacterial conjugation. Transfer is mediated by a T4SS. Intensive study of the Agrobacterium T4SS has made it an archetypal model for the genetics and biochemistry. The channel is assembled from eleven protein components encoded on the B operon in the virulence region of the tumor-inducing plasmid, plus an additional coupling protein, VirD4. During the course of our project two structural studies were published presenting X-ray crystallography and three-dimensional reconstruction from electron microscopy of a core complex of the channel assembled in vitro from homologous proteins of E. coli, representing VirB7, VirB9, and VirB10. Another study was published claiming that the secretion channels in Agrobacterium appear on helical arrays around the membrane perimeter and along the entire length of the bacterium. Helical arrangements in bacterial membranes have since fallen from favor however, and that finding was partially retracted in a second publication. Overall, the localization of the T4SS within the bacterial membranes remains enigmatic in the literature, and we believe that our results from this project make a significant advance. Summary of achievements : We found that polar inflations and other membrane disturbances relate to the activation conditions rather than to virulence protein expression. Activation requires low pH and nutrient-poor medium. These stress conditions are also reflected in DNA condensation to varying degrees. Nonetheless, they must be considered in modeling the T4SS as they represent the relevant conditions for its expression and activity. We identified the T4SS core component VirB7 at native expression levels using state of the art super-resolution light microscopy. This marker of the secretion system was found almost exclusively at the cell poles, and typically one pole. Immuno-electron microscopy identified the protein at the inner membrane, rather than at bridges across the inner and outer membranes. This suggests a rare or transient assembly of the secretion-competent channel, or alternatively a two-step secretion involving an intermediate step in the periplasmic space. We followed the expression of the major secreted effector, VirE2. This is a single-stranded DNA binding protein that forms a capsid around the transferred oligonucleotide, adapting the bacterial conjugation to the eukaryotic host. We found that over-expressed VirE2 forms filamentous complexes in the bacterial cytoplasm that could be observed both by conventional fluorescence microscopy and by correlative electron cryo-tomography. Using a non-retentive mutant we observed secretion of VirE2 from bacterial poles. We labeled the secreted substrates in vivo in order detect their secretion and appearance in the plant cells. However the low transfer efficiency and significant background signal have so far hampered this approach.